黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公,曲陽人,春秋(qiu)戰國時(shi)期諸子百家的(de)流派之一,與鬼谷子齊名(ming)。嬰兒時(shi)被棄(qi)于(yu)黃(huang)(huang)山,謂之黃(huang)(huang)公。他(ta)隱居黃(huang)(huang)山著書(shu)立說,留下《太公兵法(fa)》(兵書(shu))、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公略》和《雕刻(ke)天(tian)(tian)書(shu)》。他(ta)把(ba)《太公兵法(fa)》《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公略》傳給張良,把(ba)《雕刻(ke)天(tian)(tian)書(shu)》傳給曲陽的(de)宋天(tian)(tian)昊(hao)、楊(yang)藝源二位(wei)弟子,才使曲陽人學會(hui)了雕刻(ke),后來曲陽縣成為“雕刻(ke)之鄉”,聞名(ming)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)下。
黃(huang)石公(gong),下(xia)邳(今江蘇邳縣)人。世人稱(cheng)黃(huang)石公(gong)“圯上老(lao)人”、“下(xia)邳神(shen)人”。黃(huang)石公(gong)本為秦漢時(shi)人,后被道教納入神(shen)譜。皇甫(fu)謐(mi)《高士傳(chuan)》:黃(huang)石公(gong)者(zhe),下(xia)邳人也(ye),遭秦亂,自(zi)隱姓名,時(shi)人莫知者(zhe)。
黃石(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong),是下邳(pi)人(ren)。遇上(shang)(shang)秦時(shi)候(hou)的(de)戰亂(luan),自己隱姓埋(mai)名,當時(shi)的(de)人(ren)沒有知道(dao)他(ta)(ta)的(de)。起初張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)改(gai)名換姓,藏在下邳(pi),在沂水的(de)橋上(shang)(shang)去(qu)(qu)散步游(you)逛(guang)時(shi),遇到一位老(lao)人(ren),還(huan)沒有互(hu)相拜見(jian),黃石(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)故意把(ba)(ba)鞋拋到橋下,看著(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)說(shuo)(shuo):“小(xiao)子,下去(qu)(qu)把(ba)(ba)鞋取上(shang)(shang)來!”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)預先(xian)不(bu)知道(dao)是詐,有些(xie)愕(e)然想揍他(ta)(ta);因為(wei)見(jian)他(ta)(ta)年歲(sui)大了(le)(le),才(cai)強(qiang)忍怒火,下了(le)(le)橋,給他(ta)(ta)把(ba)(ba)鞋取上(shang)(shang)來。于是就(jiu)(jiu)跪(gui)(gui)著(zhu)給他(ta)(ta)穿上(shang)(shang)。那位老(lao)人(ren)伸(shen)出腳來,讓張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)把(ba)(ba)鞋穿好,笑著(zhu)走(zou)了(le)(le)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)感到很(hen)驚詫。他(ta)(ta)大約走(zou)出一里遠,又返了(le)(le)回(hui)來,對張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)說(shuo)(shuo):“年輕人(ren)倒是可(ke)以教育(yu)的(de)!五(wu)(wu)天(tian)后(hou)(hou)的(de)清(qing)晨(chen),你(ni)(ni)在這里和我(wo)(wo)會(hui)面。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)更覺得(de)奇怪,又跪(gui)(gui)下說(shuo)(shuo):“是。”五(wu)(wu)天(tian)后(hou)(hou)的(de)早(zao)晨(chen),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)約定(ding)的(de)地(di)方,黃石(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)生(sheng)氣的(de)說(shuo)(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)與老(lao)人(ren)約定(ding),為(wei)什(shen)么后(hou)(hou)來?”再五(wu)(wu)天(tian)后(hou)(hou)的(de)早(zao)晨(chen)約定(ding),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)天(tian)不(bu)亮就(jiu)(jiu)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le),黃石(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)又早(zao)在那里了(le)(le),又生(sheng)氣的(de)說(shuo)(shuo):“為(wei)什(shen)么晚來?”又五(wu)(wu)天(tian)的(de)早(zao)晨(chen)的(de)約定(ding),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)半(ban)夜就(jiu)(jiu)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)。過了(le)(le)一會(hui),黃石(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)也(ye)來了(le)(le),高興(xing)的(de)說(shuo)(shuo):“孺子可(ke)教也(ye)!”于是拿(na)出一本(ben)兵書給張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang),說(shuo)(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)回(hui)去(qu)(qu)讀他(ta)(ta),就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以做帝(di)王的(de)老(lao)師了(le)(le)。十(shi)三(san)年之后(hou)(hou),你(ni)(ni)見(jian)到的(de)濟北谷城山下的(de)黃石(shi)(shi)(shi),就(jiu)(jiu)是我(wo)(wo)了(le)(le)。”于是離去(qu)(qu),看不(bu)見(jian)了(le)(le)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)天(tian)亮翻開書一看竟然是《太公(gong)兵法》。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)認為(wei)這事很(hen)神(shen)異,于是把(ba)(ba)自己的(de)學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo)四(si)處游(you)說(shuo)(shuo),他(ta)(ta)們(men)都(dou)不(bu)采納。后(hou)(hou)來與沛公(gong)在陳(chen)留(liu)相遇,沛公(gong)采納他(ta)(ta)的(de)話,最終有了(le)(le)功業。
十三年后,跟隨(sui)高(gao)祖退到濟北谷城山(shan)(今山(shan)東(dong)省平陰縣東(dong)阿鎮黃(huang)(huang)山(shan))下,得到一塊黃(huang)(huang)石(shi),張(zhang)良(liang)于是像對(dui)寶貝似(si)的建祠供(gong)奉起來。一直(zhi)到張(zhang)良(liang)死,將他與石(shi)頭一起埋葬了。
案黃石(shi)公事見《史記》,《三略》之名,始見于《隋(sui)書(shu)·經籍志》,云下邳(pi)神人撰,成氏注。唐宋(song)《藝文志》所載并同。
嘉錫(xi)案:《困學(xue)紀聞》卷十云(yun):“魏(wei)李蕭遠(yuan)《運(yun)命論(lun)》張良受黃石(shi)之符,誦《三(san)略(lve)》之說(shuo),言三(san)略(lve)者,始見于此(ci)。”自注云(yun):“漢(han)光武詔引《黃石(shi)公記》,未有《三(san)略(lve)》之名(ming)。”是則《三(san)略(lve)》名(ming)之源起,《困學(xue)紀聞》已明言之,其名(ming)初不始于《隋經(jing)籍志》;《紀聞》非僻書,《提要(yao)》乃略(lve)不一考,何也?
相傳其(qi)源出(chu)于太(tai)公,圯(yi)上老人以(yi)(yi)一(yi)編書(shu)授張良者,即此。蓋(gai)自漢以(yi)(yi)來言兵法者,往往以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)石(shi)(shi)公為名。史志所(suo)載,有(you)《黃(huang)石(shi)(shi)公記》三(san)卷、《黃(huang)石(shi)(shi)公略注》三(san)卷、《黃(huang)石(shi)(shi)公陰謀乘斗魁剛(gang)行軍(jun)秘(mi)》一(yi)卷、《黃(huang)石(shi)(shi)公神光(guang)輔星秘(mi)訣》一(yi)卷。又《兵法》一(yi)卷、《三(san)鑒圖》一(yi)卷、《兵書(shu)統要(yao)》一(yi)卷。今雖(sui)多亡佚,然大抵出(chu)于附會。是書(shu)文(wen)義(yi)不古,當(dang)亦后(hou)人所(suo)依托。鄭瑗《井觀(guan)瑣言》稱(cheng)其(qi)剽竊(qie)老氏遺(yi)意,迂緩(huan)支(zhi)離,不適于用(yong),其(qi)知足戒貪等(deng)語。蓋(gai)因子房之(zhi)(zhi)明哲(zhe)而(er)為之(zhi)(zhi)辭,非(fei)子房反有(you)得于此。其(qi)非(fei)圯(yi)橋授受之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu),明甚。然后(hou)漢光(guang)武帝詔書(shu)引黃(huang)石(shi)(shi)公“柔能(neng)制剛(gang),弱能(neng)制強”之(zhi)(zhi)語,實出(chu)書(shu)中所(suo)載軍(jun)讖之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen),其(qi)為漢詔援據此書(shu),或為此書(shu)剽竊(qie)漢詔,雖(sui)均無可考,疑以(yi)(yi)傳疑,亦姑過而(er)存之(zhi)(zhi)焉。
案史(shi)志(zhi)所(suo)載(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)以黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為名者,《隋(sui)書(shu)(shu)(shu)·經(jing)(jing)籍志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)》有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)內記(ji)(ji)敵法》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云下邳(pi)神(shen)人撰,成(cheng)(cheng)氏(shi)注(zhu)。梁又有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan),《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)略注(zhu)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)奇(qi)法》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云梁有《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《張良(liang)(liang)經(jing)(jing)》與(yu)《三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略》,往往同(tong),亡。〕《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)五壘圖(tu)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)陰(yin)(yin)謀(mou)行軍秘(mi)法》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云梁有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)秘(mi)經(jing)(jing)》二(er)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五行家(jia)(jia)》有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)北(bei)斗(dou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)奇(qi)法》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《舊(jiu)》《新·唐志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)》除《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略》、《成(cheng)(cheng)氏(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略訓》〔《舊(jiu)志(zhi)》無(wu)(wu)成(cheng)(cheng)氏(shi)二(er)字〕各三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)外,有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)陰(yin)(yin)謀(mou)乘斗(dou)魁剛行軍秘(mi)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。〔疑即(ji)《隋(sui)志(zhi)》之(zhi)(zhi)《陰(yin)(yin)謀(mou)行軍秘(mi)法》,而(er)名不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。〕《宋史(shi)·藝文(wen)志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)》除《成(cheng)(cheng)氏(shi)注(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)外,有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)神(shen)光輔(fu)星秘(mi)訣(jue)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan),又《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)鑒圖(tu)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)統要(yao)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略秘(mi)要(yao)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五行家(jia)(jia)》有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)備氣三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)元經(jing)(jing)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)地鏡訣(jue)》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宅》一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《提要(yao)》隨手拾掇,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)備,觀其(qi)(qi)去取,漫無(wu)(wu)義(yi)例,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知其(qi)(qi)何說(shuo)也。至于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)真偽,則(ze)(ze)《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)·留侯世家(jia)(jia)》明(ming)云:“父出一(yi)(yi)編(bian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)曰,讀此則(ze)(ze)為王(wang)者師(shi)矣。旦日,觀其(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu),乃《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法》也。”使張良(liang)(liang)果有受書(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)事,則(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)當即(ji)在《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法》八十五篇之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。蓋良(liang)(liang)既親受之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)老父,知其(qi)(qi)為太公(gong)(gong)(gong)書(shu)(shu)(shu),則(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)后與(yu)韓(han)信序次兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法,定著為三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十五家(jia)(jia),〔事見《漢志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)略》〕自當次入太公(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)內,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應別(bie)(bie)有所(suo)謂《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》與(yu)《三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)略》也。使良(liang)(liang)并無(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)事也,則(ze)(ze)即(ji)因《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法》而(er)附(fu)會,蓋流俗人震于(yu)(yu)留侯之(zhi)(zhi)籌策如神(shen),因轉相傳(chuan)言,以為是嘗受太公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)下邳(pi)神(shen)人云爾,尤不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當別(bie)(bie)有此書(shu)(shu)(shu)也。此其(qi)(qi)出于(yu)(yu)偽作(zuo),可(ke)據(ju)《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)》一(yi)(yi)言而(er)決(jue),何必更(geng)較量其(qi)(qi)文(wen)義(yi)耶?
黃石公(gong)雖(sui)然隱居,但內(nei)心(xin)一直憂國(guo)憂民,就把一生的知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)與理想傾(qing)注(zhu)在筆墨上。按現代人的說(shuo)法,他(ta)既是文學家(jia),也是思想家(jia)、軍事家(jia)、政治家(jia),神學和天文地理知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)也相當豐富(fu)。