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人物簡介

黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)，曲陽(yang)(yang)人，春秋戰國(guo)時期諸子(zi)百家的(de)流派之(zhi)一，與鬼(gui)谷子(zi)齊名。嬰兒時被棄(qi)于黃(huang)山，謂之(zhi)黃(huang)公(gong)。他隱居黃(huang)山著書立說，留下《太公(gong)兵(bing)法》(兵(bing)書)、《黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)略》和《雕(diao)(diao)刻天(tian)書》。他把《太公(gong)兵(bing)法》《黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)略》傳給張良，把《雕(diao)(diao)刻天(tian)書》傳給曲陽(yang)(yang)的(de)宋天(tian)昊、楊藝源二(er)位弟子(zi)，才使曲陽(yang)(yang)人學(xue)會了雕(diao)(diao)刻，后來曲陽(yang)(yang)縣成為“雕(diao)(diao)刻之(zhi)鄉”，聞名于天(tian)下。

主要經歷

黃(huang)石(shi)公，下邳（今江蘇(su)邳縣）人(ren)。世(shi)人(ren)稱黃(huang)石(shi)公“圯上老人(ren)”、“下邳神(shen)人(ren)”。黃(huang)石(shi)公本為秦漢時人(ren)，后(hou)被道教納入神(shen)譜。皇甫謐《高士傳》：黃(huang)石(shi)公者，下邳人(ren)也，遭秦亂，自隱姓名，時人(ren)莫知者。

黃石公(gong)(gong)，是(shi)(shi)下邳人。遇(yu)上(shang)秦時候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰亂，自(zi)己隱姓埋名(ming)，當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人沒有(you)知道他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。起(qi)初(chu)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)改名(ming)換姓，藏在(zai)(zai)下邳，在(zai)(zai)沂水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)上(shang)去(qu)(qu)散步(bu)游逛時，遇(yu)到(dao)一位老人，還沒有(you)互(hu)相拜見，黃石公(gong)(gong)故意把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)拋到(dao)橋(qiao)下，看(kan)著張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)說(shuo)(shuo)：“小子(zi)，下去(qu)(qu)把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)取上(shang)來(lai)！”張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)預先(xian)不知道是(shi)(shi)詐(zha)，有(you)些愕(e)然(ran)想揍(zou)他(ta)；因為(wei)(wei)見他(ta)年(nian)歲大了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，才強(qiang)忍(ren)怒火(huo)，下了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)橋(qiao)，給(gei)(gei)他(ta)把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)取上(shang)來(lai)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)跪著給(gei)(gei)他(ta)穿上(shang)。那位老人伸出腳(jiao)來(lai)，讓張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)穿好，笑著走(zou)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)感到(dao)很驚詫。他(ta)大約走(zou)出一里遠(yuan)，又(you)(you)返了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)回來(lai)，對張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)說(shuo)(shuo)：“年(nian)輕人倒是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)教(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)！五(wu)(wu)天(tian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清晨，你(ni)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里和我會(hui)面。”張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)更覺得奇怪，又(you)(you)跪下說(shuo)(shuo)：“是(shi)(shi)。”五(wu)(wu)天(tian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早晨，張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)，黃石公(gong)(gong)生氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)：“你(ni)與老人約定，為(wei)(wei)什么后來(lai)？”再五(wu)(wu)天(tian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早晨約定，張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)天(tian)不亮(liang)就(jiu)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，黃石公(gong)(gong)又(you)(you)早在(zai)(zai)那里了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，又(you)(you)生氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)：“為(wei)(wei)什么晚來(lai)？”又(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早晨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約定，張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)半夜就(jiu)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。過了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一會(hui)，黃石公(gong)(gong)也來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，高興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)：“孺子(zi)可教(jiao)也！”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)拿出一本兵書給(gei)(gei)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)，說(shuo)(shuo)：“你(ni)回去(qu)(qu)讀他(ta)，就(jiu)可以(yi)做帝王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老師(shi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。十三(san)年(nian)之后，你(ni)見到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濟北谷城山下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃石，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)我了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)離(li)去(qu)(qu)，看(kan)不見了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)天(tian)亮(liang)翻開(kai)書一看(kan)竟然(ran)是(shi)(shi)《太公(gong)(gong)兵法(fa)》。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)認為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)事很神(shen)異(yi)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)把(ba)(ba)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學說(shuo)(shuo)四處游說(shuo)(shuo)，他(ta)們(men)都不采納(na)。后來(lai)與沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)陳留相遇(yu)，沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)采納(na)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，最終有(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)功業。

十三年(nian)后，跟隨高祖(zu)退到濟(ji)北谷城山（今(jin)山東省平陰縣東阿(a)鎮黃山）下，得(de)到一塊黃石，張(zhang)良(liang)于是像對(dui)寶貝(bei)似的建祠供奉起(qi)(qi)來。一直(zhi)到張(zhang)良(liang)死，將他與石頭一起(qi)(qi)埋葬了。

主要作品

案黃石公事見《史記》，《三略》之名(ming)，始見于《隋書·經籍志》，云下邳神人(ren)撰，成氏注。唐宋《藝(yi)文(wen)志》所(suo)載并(bing)同。

嘉錫案：《困(kun)學(xue)紀聞》卷十(shi)云：“魏李蕭遠《運命論》張良受黃石(shi)之符，誦(song)《三略(lve)》之說，言三略(lve)者，始(shi)見于此(ci)。”自注云：“漢光武詔引《黃石(shi)公記》，未有《三略(lve)》之名(ming)。”是則《三略(lve)》名(ming)之源(yuan)起，《困(kun)學(xue)紀聞》已明言之，其(qi)名(ming)初不始(shi)于《隋經籍志》；《紀聞》非僻書(shu)，《提要》乃略(lve)不一考，何也(ye)？

相傳其(qi)(qi)源出于(yu)(yu)太公，圯上老人以一(yi)編書(shu)(shu)授(shou)張良者，即此(ci)(ci)。蓋(gai)自(zi)漢(han)(han)以來言兵法者，往往以黃石公為(wei)(wei)(wei)名。史志所載(zai)，有《黃石公記》三卷(juan)(juan)、《黃石公略注(zhu)》三卷(juan)(juan)、《黃石公陰謀乘斗魁(kui)剛行(xing)軍(jun)秘》一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)、《黃石公神光(guang)輔(fu)星秘訣》一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)。又《兵法》一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)、《三鑒圖》一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)、《兵書(shu)(shu)統(tong)要》一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)。今雖(sui)多亡佚，然大抵出于(yu)(yu)附會。是(shi)書(shu)(shu)文義不古，當亦后人所依托。鄭瑗《井觀瑣(suo)言》稱其(qi)(qi)剽竊老氏遺意，迂緩支離，不適(shi)于(yu)(yu)用(yong)，其(qi)(qi)知足(zu)戒貪等語(yu)。蓋(gai)因(yin)子房之(zhi)明哲而為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)辭(ci)，非(fei)子房反有得(de)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)。其(qi)(qi)非(fei)圯橋授(shou)受(shou)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)，明甚。然后漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)帝詔(zhao)(zhao)書(shu)(shu)引黃石公“柔(rou)能制剛，弱能制強(qiang)”之(zhi)語(yu)，實(shi)出書(shu)(shu)中所載(zai)軍(jun)讖(chen)之(zhi)文，其(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢(han)(han)詔(zhao)(zhao)援據(ju)此(ci)(ci)書(shu)(shu)，或為(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)書(shu)(shu)剽竊漢(han)(han)詔(zhao)(zhao)，雖(sui)均無可(ke)考，疑以傳疑，亦姑過而存之(zhi)焉(yan)。

案史志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)載之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)以黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為名(ming)者，《隋書(shu)(shu)·經籍志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家》有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)內(nei)記(ji)敵法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原(yuan)注(zhu)云(yun)下(xia)邳神(shen)人(ren)(ren)撰，成(cheng)氏(shi)注(zhu)。梁(liang)又有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)注(zhu)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)奇法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原(yuan)注(zhu)云(yun)梁(liang)有(you)(you)(you)《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《張良經》與《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)》，往(wang)往(wang)同，亡。〕《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)(wu)壘圖》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)陰謀行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)秘法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原(yuan)注(zhu)云(yun)梁(liang)有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)秘經》二卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五(wu)(wu)行(xing)家》有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)北斗(dou)三(san)(san)(san)奇法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《舊》《新(xin)·唐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家》除(chu)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)》、《成(cheng)氏(shi)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)訓(xun)》〔《舊志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》無成(cheng)氏(shi)二字〕各三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)外(wai)，有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)陰謀乘斗(dou)魁剛(gang)行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)秘》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。〔疑即《隋志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《陰謀行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)秘法(fa)(fa)》，而名(ming)不(bu)(bu)同。〕《宋史·藝文志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家》除(chu)《成(cheng)氏(shi)注(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)外(wai)，有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)神(shen)光(guang)輔星(xing)秘訣》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，又《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)鑒圖》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)統要(yao)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)秘要(yao)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五(wu)(wu)行(xing)家》有(you)(you)(you)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)備氣三(san)(san)(san)元經》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)地鏡訣》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宅》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《提要(yao)》隨手拾掇，不(bu)(bu)完不(bu)(bu)備，觀其(qi)(qi)(qi)去取(qu)，漫無義(yi)例(li)，不(bu)(bu)知其(qi)(qi)(qi)何說也(ye)。至于(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真(zhen)偽，則(ze)(ze)(ze)《史記(ji)·留侯世(shi)家》明云(yun)：“父(fu)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)編書(shu)(shu)曰，讀此(ci)則(ze)(ze)(ze)為王者師矣。旦日，觀其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)，乃《太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》也(ye)。”使(shi)張良果有(you)(you)(you)受書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，則(ze)(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)當即在《太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》八(ba)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)篇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中。蓋良既親受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)老(lao)父(fu)，知其(qi)(qi)(qi)為太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)書(shu)(shu)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)后與韓信序次(ci)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)，定著(zhu)為三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)家，〔事見《漢(han)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)》〕自當次(ci)入(ru)太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)，不(bu)(bu)應別(bie)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)謂(wei)《黃石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)》與《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)》也(ye)。使(shi)良并無其(qi)(qi)(qi)事也(ye)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)即因《太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》而附會(hui)，蓋流(liu)俗人(ren)(ren)震(zhen)于(yu)留侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)籌策如神(shen)，因轉相傳言，以為是嘗受太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)于(yu)下(xia)邳神(shen)人(ren)(ren)云(yun)爾(er)，尤不(bu)(bu)當別(bie)有(you)(you)(you)此(ci)書(shu)(shu)也(ye)。此(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)于(yu)偽作，可(ke)據《史記(ji)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言而決(jue)，何必更較量其(qi)(qi)(qi)文義(yi)耶？

人物評價

黃石公雖然(ran)隱居，但內心一直憂(you)國憂(you)民，就(jiu)把一生(sheng)的(de)知識與理想(xiang)傾注(zhu)在筆墨上。按現代人(ren)的(de)說法，他既是文(wen)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)，也(ye)是思想(xiang)家(jia)、軍事家(jia)、政治家(jia)，神學(xue)(xue)和天文(wen)地理知識也(ye)相當豐富。