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人物簡介

黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)，曲(qu)陽人(ren)，春秋(qiu)戰國(guo)時期(qi)諸子(zi)百家的流派之(zhi)一，與(yu)鬼谷(gu)子(zi)齊名。嬰兒時被(bei)棄于黃(huang)山，謂之(zhi)黃(huang)公(gong)。他隱居(ju)黃(huang)山著書立說(shuo)，留下(xia)(xia)《太(tai)公(gong)兵(bing)法》(兵(bing)書)、《黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)略》和(he)《雕刻(ke)天書》。他把《太(tai)公(gong)兵(bing)法》《黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)略》傳給張良(liang)，把《雕刻(ke)天書》傳給曲(qu)陽的宋天昊、楊藝源(yuan)二位弟子(zi)，才使曲(qu)陽人(ren)學會了雕刻(ke)，后來(lai)曲(qu)陽縣成為“雕刻(ke)之(zhi)鄉”，聞名于天下(xia)(xia)。

主要經歷

黃石公，下(xia)邳(pi)（今江蘇邳(pi)縣）人(ren)。世人(ren)稱黃石公“圯上老人(ren)”、“下(xia)邳(pi)神(shen)人(ren)”。黃石公本為秦漢時人(ren)，后被道(dao)教納(na)入神(shen)譜(pu)。皇甫謐《高士傳》：黃石公者，下(xia)邳(pi)人(ren)也，遭(zao)秦亂，自隱姓名(ming)，時人(ren)莫(mo)知者。

黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)，是下邳人(ren)。遇(yu)上(shang)(shang)秦時候的(de)(de)戰亂，自(zi)己隱姓(xing)埋名，當時的(de)(de)人(ren)沒(mei)有(you)知道他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)。起初張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)改名換姓(xing)，藏在(zai)下邳，在(zai)沂水的(de)(de)橋上(shang)(shang)去(qu)(qu)散步(bu)游(you)逛(guang)時，遇(yu)到一位(wei)老(lao)(lao)人(ren)，還沒(mei)有(you)互相拜見(jian)，黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)故意把(ba)鞋拋到橋下，看著(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“小(xiao)子，下去(qu)(qu)把(ba)鞋取上(shang)(shang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)！”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)預先不(bu)知道是詐，有(you)些愕然(ran)(ran)想揍他(ta)(ta)；因為(wei)(wei)見(jian)他(ta)(ta)年歲大(da)了(le)(le)，才(cai)強(qiang)忍(ren)怒火，下了(le)(le)橋，給他(ta)(ta)把(ba)鞋取上(shang)(shang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)。于(yu)是就跪著(zhu)給他(ta)(ta)穿上(shang)(shang)。那位(wei)老(lao)(lao)人(ren)伸出(chu)(chu)腳來(lai)(lai)(lai)，讓張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)把(ba)鞋穿好，笑(xiao)著(zhu)走了(le)(le)。張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)感到很驚詫。他(ta)(ta)大(da)約(yue)(yue)走出(chu)(chu)一里(li)遠，又返(fan)了(le)(le)回來(lai)(lai)(lai)，對張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“年輕人(ren)倒是可以教(jiao)育的(de)(de)！五(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)后(hou)的(de)(de)清晨，你在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)和我(wo)會(hui)面(mian)。”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)更覺得奇怪，又跪下說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“是。”五(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)后(hou)的(de)(de)早(zao)晨，張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)地方，黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)生氣的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“你與(yu)老(lao)(lao)人(ren)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，為(wei)(wei)什么(me)后(hou)來(lai)(lai)(lai)？”再五(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)后(hou)的(de)(de)早(zao)晨約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)天(tian)(tian)不(bu)亮就去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)，黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)又早(zao)在(zai)那里(li)了(le)(le)，又生氣的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“為(wei)(wei)什么(me)晚來(lai)(lai)(lai)？”又五(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)早(zao)晨的(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)半夜(ye)就去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)。過了(le)(le)一會(hui)，黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)也來(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)，高興的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“孺子可教(jiao)也！”于(yu)是拿(na)出(chu)(chu)一本兵(bing)書(shu)給張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“你回去(qu)(qu)讀他(ta)(ta)，就可以做帝王的(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)師了(le)(le)。十三年之后(hou)，你見(jian)到的(de)(de)濟北谷(gu)城山下的(de)(de)黃(huang)石(shi)，就是我(wo)了(le)(le)。”于(yu)是離去(qu)(qu)，看不(bu)見(jian)了(le)(le)。張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)天(tian)(tian)亮翻開書(shu)一看竟然(ran)(ran)是《太(tai)公(gong)兵(bing)法》。張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)認為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)事很神異，于(yu)是把(ba)自(zi)己的(de)(de)學說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)四處游(you)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，他(ta)(ta)們都不(bu)采納。后(hou)來(lai)(lai)(lai)與(yu)沛公(gong)在(zai)陳(chen)留相遇(yu)，沛公(gong)采納他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)話，最終有(you)了(le)(le)功業。

十三(san)年后，跟隨高祖退到濟北谷(gu)城山（今山東省(sheng)平陰縣東阿鎮(zhen)黃(huang)山）下，得到一(yi)塊黃(huang)石(shi)，張良于是像對寶貝似的建祠供奉起(qi)來。一(yi)直到張良死，將他與石(shi)頭(tou)一(yi)起(qi)埋葬(zang)了。

主要作品

案黃石(shi)公事(shi)見(jian)《史記》，《三略》之名，始(shi)見(jian)于《隋書·經籍志》，云下邳神人撰，成氏注(zhu)。唐宋《藝文志》所載并同。

嘉錫(xi)案(an)：《困學紀聞》卷十云：“魏李(li)蕭遠《運命論》張(zhang)良受黃(huang)石(shi)之(zhi)符，誦《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》之(zhi)說，言三(san)略(lve)(lve)者，始見于此。”自注云：“漢光武詔引《黃(huang)石(shi)公(gong)記》，未(wei)有(you)《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》之(zhi)名。”是則《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》名之(zhi)源(yuan)起(qi)，《困學紀聞》已(yi)明言之(zhi)，其(qi)名初不(bu)始于《隋經籍志》；《紀聞》非僻書(shu)，《提要》乃略(lve)(lve)不(bu)一考，何(he)也？

相(xiang)傳其(qi)源(yuan)出(chu)(chu)于太(tai)公，圯上老人(ren)以一(yi)編(bian)書(shu)(shu)授(shou)張良者，即此。蓋自漢以來言兵(bing)(bing)法者，往(wang)往(wang)以黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公為(wei)名(ming)。史志所載(zai)，有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公記(ji)》三(san)卷、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公略注》三(san)卷、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公陰謀乘斗魁剛(gang)行軍(jun)秘》一(yi)卷、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公神(shen)光(guang)輔星秘訣(jue)》一(yi)卷。又《兵(bing)(bing)法》一(yi)卷、《三(san)鑒(jian)圖》一(yi)卷、《兵(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)統要》一(yi)卷。今(jin)雖多亡佚，然大抵出(chu)(chu)于附(fu)會。是書(shu)(shu)文義不古，當亦后人(ren)所依托。鄭(zheng)瑗《井觀(guan)瑣(suo)言》稱其(qi)剽(piao)竊老氏遺意，迂緩支離，不適于用，其(qi)知足戒貪等(deng)語(yu)。蓋因子房之(zhi)明哲而為(wei)之(zhi)辭，非子房反有得(de)于此。其(qi)非圯橋授(shou)受(shou)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)，明甚。然后漢光(guang)武帝詔書(shu)(shu)引黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公“柔能(neng)制剛(gang)，弱能(neng)制強”之(zhi)語(yu)，實出(chu)(chu)書(shu)(shu)中所載(zai)軍(jun)讖之(zhi)文，其(qi)為(wei)漢詔援據此書(shu)(shu)，或為(wei)此書(shu)(shu)剽(piao)竊漢詔，雖均(jun)無(wu)可考，疑以傳疑，亦姑(gu)過而存之(zhi)焉。

案(an)史(shi)志(zhi)(zhi)所載之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)以黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)名者，《隋(sui)書(shu)·經(jing)籍志(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)內(nei)記(ji)(ji)敵法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云(yun)下邳神(shen)人(ren)撰，成氏注(zhu)。梁又有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)略(lve)注(zhu)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)奇法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云(yun)梁有(you)(you)(you)(you)《兵(bing)(bing)書(shu)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《張(zhang)良(liang)經(jing)》與《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)》，往往同，亡。〕《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五壘圖》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陰(yin)(yin)謀(mou)行(xing)軍(jun)秘法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云(yun)梁有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)秘經(jing)》二(er)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)書(shu)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五行(xing)家(jia)(jia)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)北斗三(san)(san)(san)奇法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《舊(jiu)》《新·唐志(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)》除《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)》、《成氏三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)訓》〔《舊(jiu)志(zhi)(zhi)》無成氏二(er)字〕各三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)外，有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陰(yin)(yin)謀(mou)乘斗魁(kui)剛行(xing)軍(jun)秘》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。〔疑即(ji)(ji)《隋(sui)志(zhi)(zhi)》之(zhi)(zhi)《陰(yin)(yin)謀(mou)行(xing)軍(jun)秘法(fa)(fa)》，而名不同。〕《宋史(shi)·藝(yi)文志(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)》除《成氏注(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)外，有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)神(shen)光輔星秘訣》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，又《兵(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)鑒圖》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《兵(bing)(bing)書(shu)統要》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)秘要》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五行(xing)家(jia)(jia)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)備氣三(san)(san)(san)元經(jing)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)鏡訣》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宅》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《提要》隨(sui)手(shou)拾(shi)掇，不完不備，觀其(qi)(qi)去(qu)取，漫(man)無義例，不知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)何(he)說也(ye)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)真偽，則(ze)《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)·留侯世家(jia)(jia)》明云(yun)：“父出一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)編書(shu)曰，讀此(ci)則(ze)為(wei)(wei)王者師(shi)矣。旦日，觀其(qi)(qi)書(shu)，乃《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》也(ye)。”使張(zhang)良(liang)果有(you)(you)(you)(you)受書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)事，則(ze)其(qi)(qi)書(shu)當(dang)即(ji)(ji)在《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》八十五篇(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)中。蓋(gai)良(liang)既(ji)親受之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)老父，知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)書(shu)，則(ze)其(qi)(qi)后與韓信序次(ci)兵(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)，定著為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)十五家(jia)(jia)，〔事見《漢志(zhi)(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)書(shu)略(lve)》〕自當(dang)次(ci)入(ru)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)，不應別有(you)(you)(you)(you)所謂《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》與《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)》也(ye)。使良(liang)并無其(qi)(qi)事也(ye)，則(ze)即(ji)(ji)因(yin)《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》而附會，蓋(gai)流俗人(ren)震于(yu)(yu)(yu)留侯之(zhi)(zhi)籌策如神(shen)，因(yin)轉相傳言，以為(wei)(wei)是嘗受太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)下邳神(shen)人(ren)云(yun)爾，尤(you)不當(dang)別有(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)書(shu)也(ye)。此(ci)其(qi)(qi)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)偽作，可據(ju)《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言而決，何(he)必更較量其(qi)(qi)文義耶(ye)？

人物評價

黃石公雖(sui)然隱居，但(dan)內(nei)心(xin)一直憂國憂民，就把一生的知識與理(li)想傾注在筆墨上。按現(xian)代人的說法，他(ta)既是(shi)文學(xue)家(jia)(jia)，也是(shi)思想家(jia)(jia)、軍(jun)事(shi)家(jia)(jia)、政治(zhi)家(jia)(jia)，神學(xue)和天文地理(li)知識也相當豐(feng)富。