孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),字稚繩(sheng),生于明嘉靖四十二年(nian)(1563年(nian))正月(yue)(yue)二十五(wu)日(ri)(ri)(2月(yue)(yue)17日(ri)(ri))(另(ling)一(yi)說:正月(yue)(yue)初八(ba)即1月(yue)(yue)31日(ri)(ri)),相貌奇偉,胡須張開像戟(ji)一(yi)樣(yang),聲音渾厚。孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)曾先后在大(da)理(li)寺右丞姜壁和(he)(he)兵備道房守(shou)士等朝廷官員的(de)(de)(de)家中,做家庭教(jiao)師.后來,因房守(shou)士升任大(da)同巡(xun)撫,孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)隨行。大(da)同是(shi)當時明朝的(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)城重(zhong)鎮,承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)邊(bian)境教(jiao)書時,對軍事有(you)著濃厚興趣。喜歡和(he)(he)邊(bian)關(guan)老兵和(he)(he)低級軍官交(jiao)談,詢問一(yi)些關(guan)于邊(bian)關(guan)防務的(de)(de)(de)問題,慢慢的(de)(de)(de)對邊(bian)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)軍務有(you)所了解。
萬歷三十二年(nian)(1604年(nian)),孫承宗中進士第(di)二名,授翰林院(yuan)編修,而后(hou)轉拜中允。
萬歷四十三年(1615年),張(zhang)(zhang)差手執木(mu)棍,闖進(jin)太子(zi)住(zhu)的慈慶宮,打(da)傷守門太監,被抓住(zhu)后(hou)自稱(cheng)是(shi)受鄭貴妃指使,朝中(zhong)大(da)臣懷疑(yi)是(shi)鄭貴妃想謀害太子(zi),但明神宗與太子(zi)都不(bu)愿深(shen)究(jiu),以(yi)瘋癲奸徒罪將張(zhang)(zhang)差處(chu)死。大(da)學(xue)士(shi)吳道南詢問孫(sun)承宗這(zhe)事該(gai)怎么處(chu)理,孫(sun)承宗說:“這(zhe)件事關系到(dao)東宮,不(bu)能放任不(bu)理,但是(shi)又涉(she)及到(dao)后(hou)宮,不(bu)能追(zhui)查的太徹底。龐保(bao)、劉(liu)(liu)成(cheng)以(yi)下(xia)的小人(ren)物要(yao)追(zhui)查到(dao)底,龐保(bao)、劉(liu)(liu)成(cheng)上面的人(ren)物牽扯太多,應當適可而(er)止。”吳道南于是(shi)按孫(sun)承宗所(suo)說的去(qu)做(zuo),將此事平息了下(xia)來(lai)。
同年(nian)(1615年(nian)),孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)主持(chi)應天鄉(xiang)試,因為試題(ti)上寫了孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)語錄,而遭到黨人的(de)忌恨,黨人試圖利(li)用官員每三(san)年(nian)一次(ci)的(de)考核將孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)逐出京師(shi),學士劉一燝力保孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)得以豁免(mian)。
萬歷四(si)十八年(1620年),明熹宗(zong)朱由校即位,孫(sun)承宗(zong)以左(zuo)庶子充當日講官。
天(tian)啟元年(nian)(1621年(nian)),孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)官升少詹事(shi)。同年(nian),后金(jin)進攻遼東(dong),沈(shen)陽、遼陽先(xian)后被(bei)攻陷,遼東(dong)經略袁應泰(tai)自殺(sha)。御史方(fang)震孺奏請熹(xi)宗(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)由校以孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)代(dai)替崔景榮為兵部(bu)尚書(shu),朝中大臣(chen)也認為孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)知曉兵事(shi),推舉(ju)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)為兵部(bu)添設侍(shi)郎,主持(chi)遼東(dong)防務,但明熹(xi)宗(zong)(zong)不想讓孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)離開(kai)講席,二次上(shang)疏都不被(bei)同意。天(tian)啟二年(nian)(1622)提(ti)拔為禮部(bu)右侍(shi)郎,協助(zhu)管理詹事(shi)府。
不久,清兵(bing)進(jin)(jin)逼廣寧,王(wang)化貞棄城逃跑,熊廷弼跟他(ta)一起進(jin)(jin)入關內。兵(bing)部(bu)(bu)尚書張鶴(he)鳴害怕(pa)獲罪,外出巡視邊防。皇帝(di)對(dui)東邊的(de)(de)戰局也很著急(ji),于是(shi)任命孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)為兵(bing)部(bu)(bu)尚書兼(jian)東閣(ge)(ge)大(da)學士,入朝辦(ban)事。過了(le)(le)幾天(tian),命令他(ta)以閣(ge)(ge)臣身份(fen)掌管兵(bing)部(bu)(bu)事務。孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)上疏(shu)請求重視武將,并奏上安(an)撫(fu)西部(bu)(bu)、救濟遼(liao)陽的(de)(de)難民、檢查京(jing)(jing)師部(bu)(bu)隊(dui)、增設永平大(da)帥、修筑薊鎮的(de)(de)道路、開辟京(jing)(jing)東地區的(de)(de)屯田(tian)等(deng)對(dui)策。皇帝(di)高興地采納了(le)(le)。這時邊防多(duo)(duo)次告急(ji),內閣(ge)(ge)大(da)臣只希望暫時相安(an)無(wu)事,而議論卻一天(tian)比一天(tian)紛擾起來。孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于是(shi)參劾熊廷弼、給事中明時舉、御史(shi)李達、遼(liao)東巡撫(fu)方震孺、登萊監軍梁之(zhi)垣、薊州(zhou)兵(bing)備邵可立等(deng)人,諸人皆(jie)受處(chu)分,而那些仇視他(ta)、怨恨孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)人也很多(duo)(duo)。
熊廷弼被罷免后,朝廷以(yi)王(wang)在(zai)晉為遼東(dong)經略(lve)。王(wang)在(zai)晉上任后打(da)算(suan)襲(xi)取廣(guang)寧(ning),但總督王(wang)象乾認(ren)為就算(suan)能攻取廣(guang)寧(ning),但也不(bu)容易守(shou)(shou)住,還不(bu)如重守(shou)(shou)山海關防衛(wei)京都。于是(shi)(shi)王(wang)在(zai)晉在(zai)山海關外(wai)八里(li)鋪(pu)修筑重關,留四萬人(ren)馬去(qu)守(shou)(shou)。袁(yuan)崇煥認(ren)為王(wang)在(zai)晉此舉不(bu)是(shi)(shi)好的策略(lve),與(yu)王(wang)在(zai)晉爭辯(bian)無果后,上書給首輔(fu)葉向高(gao)(gao)(gao)。葉向高(gao)(gao)(gao)卻認(ren)為不(bu)能憑主觀猜測,于是(shi)(shi)孫承(cheng)宗請求(qiu)親自前往遼東(dong)決斷。朱由校非(fei)常高(gao)(gao)(gao)興(xing),加封孫承(cheng)宗為太子太保,并賞賜蟒袍、玉帶、銀(yin)幣等。
孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)到(dao)達(da)山海(hai)關(guan)后,巡行(xing)邊塞,袁(yuan)崇煥向孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)請示道:“在寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)駐扎五(wu)千(qian)兵力(li),以壯十(shi)(shi)三山的(de)聲(sheng)勢,然(ran)后派遣將領帶(dai)兵去(qu)救(jiu)援十(shi)(shi)三山。寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)距離十(shi)(shi)三山只有兩百里(li),可以輕(qing)易占據錦州(zhou),如果不行(xing)再退守寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),怎么能放棄十(shi)(shi)萬難民(min)?”孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)于是與總督王(wang)象(xiang)乾商議,王(wang)象(xiang)乾認為駐扎關(guan)上的(de)軍隊剛(gang)剛(gang)打(da)了敗仗,士(shi)氣沮喪,不如調(diao)動插部護關(guan)的(de)軍隊三千(qian)人(ren)(ren)前往寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)同(tong)意后一方面調(diao)兵前往寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),一方面去(qu)救(jiu)難民(min),救(jiu)援失(shi)敗,十(shi)(shi)萬難民(min)只救(jiu)回六千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。
孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)對此(ci)詢問(wen)王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin):“新城(cheng)修筑(zhu)好以(yi)后(hou)(hou),是(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)要將舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬移四(si)(si)萬(wan)人來(lai)(lai)駐(zhu)(zhu)守(shou)?”王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)說(shuo)(shuo):“應(ying)該另外(wai)設立一支四(si)(si)萬(wan)人的(de)(de)(de)軍隊。”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“這樣(yang)(yang)一來(lai)(lai),八里(li)鋪就有(you)八萬(wan)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)了(le),可(ke)是(shi)(shi)一片石西北不派兵(bing)(bing)(bing)駐(zhu)(zhu)守(shou)嗎(ma)?在(zai)(zai)八里(li)鋪內修筑(zhu)重關(guan)(guan),新城(cheng)后(hou)(hou)面就是(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng),舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng)前(qian)面埋的(de)(de)(de)地(di)雷是(shi)(shi)用(yong)來(lai)(lai)對付(fu)(fu)敵人的(de)(de)(de),還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)來(lai)(lai)對付(fu)(fu)自己新兵(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)?新城(cheng)可(ke)以(yi)守(shou)的(de)(de)(de)話,還(huan)(huan)用(yong)得著舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng)嗎(ma)?新城(cheng)要是(shi)(shi)不能守(shou),四(si)(si)萬(wan)守(shou)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)倒戈,你(ni)(ni)是(shi)(shi)打算開關(guan)(guan)放敵人進(jin)來(lai)(lai),還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)閉(bi)關(guan)(guan)投降(jiang)敵人?”王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)說(shuo)(shuo):“關(guan)(guan)外(wai)有(you)三(san)道關(guan)(guan)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)入。”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“如(ru)果這樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)話,敵人兵(bing)(bing)(bing)臨城(cheng)下,士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)像先前(qian)那樣(yang)(yang)逃(tao)跑(pao),哪里(li)還(huan)(huan)用(yong)得上重關(guan)(guan)?”王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)說(shuo)(shuo):“準備(bei)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)上建三(san)座營(ying)寨,防止士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)潰逃(tao)。”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)沒有(you)潰敗就修筑(zhu)營(ying)寨等(deng)待他(ta)們,你(ni)(ni)這是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)教士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)逃(tao)跑(pao)嗎(ma)?況且逃(tao)跑(pao)的(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)來(lai)(lai),敵人也可(ke)以(yi)尾隨(sui)他(ta)們進(jin)來(lai)(lai)。你(ni)(ni)現在(zai)(zai)不為恢復(fu)做(zuo)打算,卻(que)在(zai)(zai)這閉(bi)關(guan)(guan)自守(shou),把關(guan)(guan)外(wai)防線(xian)全部撤離,還(huan)(huan)天天在(zai)(zai)朝廷爭斗,京都以(yi)東(dong)還(huan)(huan)有(you)安寧之日嗎(ma)?”王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)無話可(ke)說(shuo)(shuo)。(《三(san)朝遼事實錄》的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法與(yu)此(ci)不同,參見(jian)“相關(guan)(guan)爭議”部分(fen))孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)于是(shi)(shi)召集諸將商議關(guan)(guan)外(wai)防守(shou)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。袁崇煥主(zhu)張守(shou)寧遠,閻鳴泰(tai)主(zhu)張守(shou)覺華島(dao),王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)主(zhu)張守(shou)中前(qian)所。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)采(cai)用(yong)袁崇煥的(de)(de)(de)建議,并親自鎮守(shou)關(guan)(guan)門。而后(hou)(hou)明熹宗(zong)在(zai)(zai)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)建議下罷(ba)免了(le)王在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)遼東(dong)經略之職。
天啟二年(1622年)八(ba)月,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)自(zi)請為(wei)督師,還(huan)讓薊、遼(liao)等原(yuan)來的將領監管各處(chu),見機行(xing)事(shi)時不必受(shou)到其他人的限制(zhi)。孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)用(yong)閻鳴泰為(wei)遼(liao)東巡撫,又用(yong)鹿(lu)善繼、王(wang)則古為(wei)贊畫,并請求從(cong)國庫帶走八(ba)十萬錢。皇(huang)帝朱由校同(tong)意(yi)后,親(qin)自(zi)將孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)送(song)出宮門,并賜(si)給孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)尚方寶劍、坐蟒等,內閣大(da)臣(chen)將孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)直送(song)到崇文(wen)門外。
孫承(cheng)宗上(shang)任后,讓(rang)江應(ying)(ying)詔制定軍(jun)事編制,讓(rang)袁崇煥建(jian)造營房,李秉誠(cheng)訓練火(huo)器裝備,鹿善(shan)繼、王(wang)則古(gu)處理軍(jun)需(xu)物資,沈棨(qi)、杜應(ying)(ying)芳維修甲仗(zhang),孫元化修筑炮(pao)臺,宋(song)獻、程(cheng)侖購買軍(jun)馬(ma),萬有孚采伐樹木,祖大壽輔助金冠守覺華島(dao),陳諫助趙(zhao)率教守前屯,魯之甲拯救難民,楊應(ying)(ying)乾(qian)招(zhao)募遼(liao)人編制成軍(jun)隊。
孫承宗(zong)發現(xian)先前關(guan)上的(de)(de)士兵沒有(you)紀律,而(er)且(qie)有(you)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)條件的(de)(de)人冒領(ling)軍(jun)餉,于是孫承宗(zong)閱兵后,將河南(nan)、真定等地不(bu)符(fu)合(he)條件的(de)(de)士兵全部遣回。將魯之(zhi)甲所拯救出的(de)(de)難民征召七千(qian)人出來(lai)去駐(zhu)守前屯,楊應乾招募的(de)(de)遼(liao)人軍(jun)隊去鎮守寧遠,請求朝鮮(xian)聲(sheng)援遼(liao)東,又犒賞(shang)東江鎮的(de)(de)毛文龍,讓(rang)他四面防衛。并(bing)傳令(ling)給(gei)沈有(you)容進(jin)據廣鹿島。而(er)后江應詔被彈劾,孫承宗(zong)請求讓(rang)馬世(shi)龍代(dai)替,并(bing)讓(rang)尤(you)世(shi)祿(lu)、王(wang)世(shi)欽(qin)為(wei)南(nan)北帥(shuai),聽馬世(shi)龍調遣。朱由校(xiao)聽從孫承宗(zong)的(de)(de)建議并(bing)賜(si)給(gei)馬世(shi)龍尚(shang)方寶劍。
登(deng)萊巡撫袁(yuan)可立與孫承宗(zong)同為天啟二年殿(dian)試同考官,共同主遼(liao)期間滿人(ren)(ren)蜷伏。孫承宗(zong)將(jiang)遼(liao)海(hai)防務委之(zhi)于袁(yuan)可立,十分倚重。他說道(dao):“讀后先大疏(shu),皎(jiao)皎(jiao)揭日月,行中天而(er)底里洞徹,殊令人(ren)(ren)可味,可展布四體,仰(yang)酬國恩”(孫承宗(zong)《高陽集(ji)·答(da)袁(yuan)節寰(huan)登(deng)撫》)。
朝(chao)廷有(you)人重(zhong)山海輕沿海,甚至有(you)人請(qing)求(qiu)裁撤登萊巡撫。但(dan)孫承宗認為“恢遼全著,必資于(yu)海。”請(qing)求(qiu)“皇上敕(chi)該部(bu)分(fen)部(bu)兩鎮(zhen)(zhen)汛地,酌(zhuo)給登鎮(zhen)(zhen)(沈有(you)容)兵丁,敕(chi)登萊撫臣(chen)(袁可立(li))用心料理,仍令節(jie)制兩鎮(zhen)(zhen),凡一(yi)應兵馬(ma)錢糧、徵(zhi)收調遣、防(fang)剿功罪盡歸經理。”
皇帝朱由(you)校(xiao)喜歡視(shi)察(cha)邊關,經常派東(dong)廠的人(ren)到(dao)關門,然后將(jiang)邊關的事情上(shang)(shang)報(bao)給(gei)(gei)朝廷。魏(wei)忠賢掌權后派遣自己的黨羽劉朝、胡良(liang)輔(fu)、紀用(yong)等(deng)四十(shi)(shi)五人(ren)帶著數萬武器(qi)裝備來到(dao)關門,供(gong)給(gei)(gei)邊關軍(jun)隊,又用(yong)白金十(shi)(shi)萬,蟒、麒麟(lin)、獅(shi)子、虎、豹等(deng)銀(yin)幣賞賜(si)(si)將(jiang)士,賜(si)(si)給(gei)(gei)孫承(cheng)宗蟒服、白金等(deng),表面上(shang)(shang)是慰(wei)勞軍(jun)隊,實際(ji)上(shang)(shang)是窺探軍(jun)情。孫承(cheng)宗出關巡(xun)視(shi)寧遠,聽到(dao)這個消(xiao)息立刻(ke)上(shang)(shang)書給(gei)(gei)朱由(you)校(xiao),說不能讓宦官監軍(jun),但(dan)朱由(you)校(xiao)卻回(hui)復說這沒什么(me)。使(shi)者(zhe)到(dao)邊關后,孫承(cheng)宗只(zhi)用(yong)茶(cha)水招(zhao)待(dai)。
天啟三年(nian)(1623年(nian))孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)推(tui)薦(jian)閻(yan)鳴泰當遼東巡撫以(yi)后,認為他沒(mei)有實際才(cai)能,所(suo)以(yi)軍事上的事很多(duo)都不(bu)(bu)跟他商議,閻(yan)鳴泰因(yin)此感到不(bu)(bu)高興,朝廷議論后,將(jiang)閻(yan)鳴泰罷(ba)免,用張鳳(feng)翼(yi)接替(ti),但張鳳(feng)翼(yi)膽小,又主張退守山海(hai)關(guan)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)對此感到不(bu)(bu)高興,出關(guan)巡視寧(ning)遠(yuan),召(zhao)集眾將(jiang)開會(hui),多(duo)數將(jiang)領都想(xiang)退守山海(hai)關(guan),馬(ma)世龍建議守中后所(suo),袁崇(chong)煥等(deng)主張守寧(ning)遠(yuan)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)采用袁崇(chong)煥的主張,于是讓祖(zu)大壽修(xiu)建防御工事,令袁崇(chong)煥、滿桂駐守寧(ning)遠(yuan)。
孫(sun)承宗(zong)擔(dan)心自(zi)己的(de)權利受到限制,上書朱由校(xiao)說督(du)師和總督(du)不(bu)能同(tong)時設立,請求(qiu)將自(zi)己罷免。朱由校(xiao)于是終止總督(du)的(de)推(tui)選(xuan),令遼東巡(xun)撫移駐寧遠(yuan)(yuan),張鳳翼(yi)(yi)覺(jue)(jue)得這是置自(zi)己于死地,與萬有孚等詆(di)毀馬世龍(long)。沒(mei)過(guo)多久,萬有孚被薊州巡(xun)撫岳和聲彈劾,張鳳翼(yi)(yi)于是稱(cheng)馬世龍(long)和袁(yuan)崇煥陷害,捏造謊話(hua)欺瞞朝廷,試圖阻撓出關的(de)計劃(hua)。給(gei)事(shi)中(zhong)解(jie)學龍(long)也大力陳說馬世龍(long)的(de)罪(zui)過(guo),孫(sun)承宗(zong)非常(chang)生氣(qi),上書給(gei)朱由校(xiao)說邊關的(de)防守策略,說寧遠(yuan)(yuan)、覺(jue)(jue)華不(bu)能放棄,并為馬世龍(long)辯解(jie),又揭發萬有孚與張鳳翼(yi)(yi)等勾結的(de)罪(zui)狀。
天(tian)啟四年(nian)(1624年(nian)),寧遠城修復,關外的守(shou)備器械也已建造完畢,孫承宗上(shang)書(shu)朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)校請求(qiu)發軍餉二十四萬,這樣就(jiu)可以大舉進攻了,但兵部(bu)和工部(bu)卻(que)橫加(jia)阻撓(nao),向朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)校進讒不(bu)能給錢,孫承宗上(shang)書(shu)催促無(wu)果,孫承宗大軍因此沒有(you)出(chu)征。
孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗坐鎮遼東的(de)(de)四(si)年,與天津巡撫(fu)李邦(bang)華(hua)、登(deng)萊(lai)巡撫(fu)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立遙(yao)相呼應,“關(guan)門息警(jing),中(zhong)朝(chao)宴(yan)然,不復以邊事(shi)為慮矣。”在(zai)(zai)這樣相對安(an)定的(de)(de)大(da)背景下,按照戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)功(gong)來衡量,似乎孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗有(you)些碌碌無(wu)(wu)為。然當(dang)時的(de)(de)兵(bing)部尚書王永光對孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗積(ji)極防御的(de)(de)一(yi)番作為作過很中(zhong)肯的(de)(de)評價(jia):“兵(bing)家有(you)云,善(shan)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)者(zhe),無(wu)(wu)赫赫之(zhi)功(gong)!”兩(liang)年下來,孫(sun)閣老和(he)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)門一(yi)直沒有(you)發動大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役(yi)的(de)(de)機會(hui),而發動戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)總反(fan)攻把(ba)后金趕出去的(de)(de)機會(hui)又不成熟。但反(fan)過來說,孫(sun)閣老在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)中(zhong)為朝(chao)廷(ting)省(sheng)下了(le)許多軍(jun)(jun)費,確保了(le)山海關(guan)安(an)然無(wu)(wu)恙,使明朝(chao)有(you)了(le)更多的(de)(de)機會(hui)養(yang)精蓄銳(rui),充分顯示了(le)天朝(chao)的(de)(de)不戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)威(wei)。”首(shou)輔(fu)孔貞運評價(jia)道:“公(gong)久歷海上,凡地形(xing)(xing)險易,軍(jun)(jun)儲盈縮(suo),將吏(li)能否,虜情向背皆(jie)洞若燭照,故登(deng)萊(lai)終公(gong)(袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立)之(zhi)任(ren)銷(xiao)鋒臥鼓。”(《兵(bing)部尚書節寰袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)墓志(zhi)銘》)這也從(cong)另(ling)一(yi)方面肯定了(le)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗和(he)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立積(ji)極防御之(zhi)功(gong)。令人(ren)惋惜的(de)(de)是,正當(dang)孫(sun)、袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二公(gong)積(ji)數年之(zhi)力準備大(da)有(you)作為組織大(da)反(fan)攻之(zhi)時,閹黨已全面掌控局勢,逼迫袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立和(he)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗先后去職。
孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)與袁(yuan)可立(li)是很好的(de)搭(da)檔,但(dan)從(cong)后(hou)來柳河之(zhi)役的(de)失敗來看,袁(yuan)可立(li)的(de)離任對孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)的(de)軍事行動有(you)很大的(de)影響。從(cong)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭結果看,袁(yuan)可立(li)的(de)實(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)能(neng)力更強,在登(deng)萊(lai)缺糧少(shao)援的(de)弱勢(shi)狀態下,竟(jing)然能(neng)在數月內(nei)組(zu)合優勢(shi)兵力縱(zong)橫海(hai)上(shang),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)線綿延上(shang)千(qian)里,調度兩鎮兵馬多次奇兵突襲,以反間計策(ce)反后(hou)金(jin)女婿劉(liu)愛(ai)塔,連克金(jin)、復、蓋(gai)三衛及旅順、紅嘴(zui)、望(wang)海(hai)、永寧等多堡要地,使后(hou)金(jin)數年間蜷縮(suo)一(yi)隅無(wu)以西(xi)窺。袁(yuan)可立(li)的(de)登(deng)萊(lai)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)區竟(jing)然成為了明清戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭史上(shang)唯一(yi)主動出擊叫戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)正面戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)場(chang)。袁(yuan)可立(li)離任不久,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)也(ye)因為柳河之(zhi)敗離職了。
而(er)此時魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢企圖擴張權利,見到(dao)(dao)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)功勞非常高,想要攀附,于(yu)是(shi)派劉應坤向孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)表明自(zi)己的意思。但孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)見到(dao)(dao)劉應坤之后與(yu)他一(yi)句話也(ye)不說(shuo)(shuo),魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢因此記恨孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢迫害朝中(zhong)大臣,將(jiang)楊漣、趙南星、高攀龍(long)等驅(qu)逐出京(jing),孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)正(zheng)在巡視薊(ji)州一(yi)帶,想到(dao)(dao)上反(fan)對(dui)奏書皇上未必會親自(zi)閱覽,于(yu)是(shi)以(yi)賀壽為(wei)由(you)請求(qiu)入朝面(mian)奏,借機彈(dan)劾魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廣微(wei)聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)后將(jiang)這個消(xiao)息告訴(su)了(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢,說(shuo)(shuo)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)打算(suan)以(yi)清君側(ce)為(wei)由(you)殺掉(diao)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢,魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢于(yu)是(shi)跑(pao)到(dao)(dao)皇帝(di)朱(zhu)由(you)校床(chuang)前,哭著求(qiu)情,顧秉謙也(ye)說(shuo)(shuo)沒有圣旨私自(zi)離(li)開(kai)防守的地方,不合法度。于(yu)是(shi)朱(zhu)由(you)校連夜召見兵(bing)部(bu)尚書,派三(san)人(ren)騎(qi)快馬阻(zu)止孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢又假傳圣旨給九門(men)的宦(huan)官,若(ruo)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)齊化門(men),就將(jiang)他綁了(le)(le)。孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)到(dao)(dao)達通州后,接到(dao)(dao)朱(zhu)由(you)校的旨意,只好返(fan)回遼東。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢又讓(rang)黨羽李蕃(fan)、崔呈秀、徐大化上書詆毀孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是(shi)請求(qiu)罷官。
天(tian)啟五年(1625年),給(gei)事中郭(guo)興治請(qing)求朝中大(da)臣討(tao)論(lun)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的去留問題,很(hen)多(duo)人都(dou)彈劾孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo)他冒(mao)領(ling)軍(jun)餉(xiang),而吏部尚書崔景榮支持孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),朱由校(xiao)于是下詔讓孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)繼續督(du)師遼東(dong),卻讓孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)精兵(bing)簡將(jiang),減少軍(jun)餉(xiang)。而孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)派遣諸將(jiang)分別(bie)駐守錦州(zhou)、大(da)小凌河、松(song)山(shan)、杏山(shan)、石屯等地(di),擴張二百里,將(jiang)尤世(shi)祿、李秉(bing)誠等將(jiang)罷免(mian),裁剪軍(jun)隊一萬(wan)七(qi)千人,節省開支六十八萬(wan)。孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)利用(yong)自己穩扎穩打的策略逐漸向前推(tui)進,努(nu)爾(er)哈赤懾(she)于孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的威力,竟然舍棄了新都(dou)城遼陽,北遷首都(dou)于沈陽。
這時,有(you)人懷疑孫承宗的堡壘戰(zhan)術過于(yu)勞民傷財,不(bu)可久持。兵科給事(shi)(shi)中李魯(lu)生言:“從(cong)古征(zheng)戰(zhan)未(wei)有(you)陳師(shi)境上數年(nian)不(bu)進者(zhe),亦未(wei)有(you)去(qu)敵既遠虛設十余(yu)萬(wan)之眾(zhong)坐食(shi)自困者(zhe),有(you)之則守(shou)戍之眾(zhong)而(er)非進取之旅也(ye)。戰(zhan)守(shou)機宜專(zhuan)決于(yu)外,臣(chen)何敢(gan)遙度。但戰(zhan)則有(you)戰(zhan)法(fa),秣馬厲兵,簡卒(zu)剋乘,刻期舉事(shi)(shi),即有(you)大費,可期永省。守(shou)則有(you)守(shou)法(fa),遠斥堠(hou),固營(ying)壘,高城深池,屯田積谷,以(yi)待(dai)事(shi)(shi)會。兵不(bu)須眾(zhong),馬不(bu)須多,庶堪持久。今以(yi)十四(si)萬(wan)之眾(zhong),歲費六百(bai)萬(wan),雖言唯敵是求(qiu),其(qi)實(shi)百(bai)事(shi)(shi)不(bu)辦,戰(zhan)固未(wei)能,守(shou)亦羞(xiu)稱(cheng),虛糜自弊(bi)而(er)不(bu)虞其(qi)后,臣(chen)所(suo)為中夜彷徨,當食(shi)廢著也(ye)。樞輔當審時度勢,知(zhi)彼量己。可戰(zhan)則用(yong)戰(zhan)法(fa),可守(shou)則用(yong)守(shou)法(fa)。”(《熹宗實(shi)錄(lu)》卷(juan)六十)
同(tong)年九(jiu)月(yue),馬世(shi)龍誤信(xin)降人(ren)降將劉伯漒,派(pai)魯(lu)之甲、李承先襲(xi)取耀(yao)州(zhou),中(zhong)計身死,損(sun)失四百(bai)余人(ren)。于(yu)是魏忠(zhong)賢黨羽趁機彈劾(he)馬世(shi)龍和孫承宗(zong),孫承宗(zong)于(yu)是強(qiang)烈請(qing)求辭官(guan),十月(yue),朱由(you)校同(tong)意孫承宗(zong)辭官(guan),并給孫承宗(zong)加特(te)進(jin)光祿大(da)夫,兒(er)子(zi)世(shi)襲(xi)中(zhong)書(shu)舍(she)人(ren),又賞賜蟒服、銀幣等(deng),并派(pai)人(ren)保護孫承宗(zong)回家。而讓兵部尚書(shu)高第為(wei)遼東經略(lve)。沒過多久,安性(xing)也罷官(guan),朱由(you)校于(yu)是不再設立巡撫(fu)。
天啟六(liu)年(nian)(1626年(nian)),高(gao)第(di)(di)上(shang)任后(hou),將兩百里(li)守兵全部(bu)撤(che)回,退守山(shan)海關(guan)。而清(qing)努爾哈赤得知孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)辭職后(hou),率(lv)軍(jun)大(da)舉(ju)進攻。袁(yuan)崇煥抗拒高(gao)第(di)(di)的命令,不肯撤(che)出寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng),與(yu)滿桂(gui)、祖大(da)壽等依靠(kao)昔日(ri)與(yu)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)做的軍(jun)事準備將清(qing)軍(jun)擊退,取(qu)得寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)大(da)捷(jie)。而高(gao)第(di)(di)卻試圖以(yi)寧(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)被(bei)圍,關(guan)門兵只有五萬(wan)彈劾孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)告訴(su)戶部(bu)說:“高(gao)第(di)(di)到山(shan)海關(guan)時領了(le)十一萬(wan)七(qi)千人(ren)的軍(jun)餉(xiang),現在只給五萬(wan)人(ren)的軍(jun)餉(xiang)就可以(yi)了(le)。”于是高(gao)第(di)(di)以(yi)妄言被(bei)治罪。魏忠賢也想陷害孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),但也失敗。
孫(sun)承(cheng)宗督師遼(liao)東四(si)年(nian)(nian),前后修復九座(zuo)大(da)城,四(si)十五(wu)(wu)座(zuo)堡(bao)壘,招練兵馬十一萬,建立十二(er)個車營、五(wu)(wu)個水(shui)營、兩個火器營,八個前鋒后勁營,制造甲胄、軍用器械、弓(gong)矢(shi)、炮石等打仗用的(de)裝備(bei)有幾百萬,開疆(jiang)擴土(tu)四(si)百里,屯田(tian)五(wu)(wu)千頃,年(nian)(nian)收入(ru)十五(wu)(wu)萬。朱由校記孫(sun)承(cheng)宗大(da)功,讓(rang)他的(de)兒子世(shi)襲錦衣衛千戶。
崇禎(zhen)元年(1628年),明熹宗(zong)(zong)朱由校(xiao)駕崩,其弟明思宗(zong)(zong)朱由檢即位,王(wang)在晉(jin)得以入朝為兵部尚(shang)書。王(wang)在晉(jin)對孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)痛恨不已,堅持說馬(ma)世(shi)龍和茅元儀迷惑中樞,敗(bai)壞了邊關(guan)事,又唆使諫官等交口詆(di)毀(hui)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),來阻止(zhi)他出來做(zuo)官。極力(li)詆(di)毀(hui)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)以及馬(ma)世(shi)龍,阻攔孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的出仕。
崇(chong)禎二年(nian)(1629年(nian))十(shi)一月,清軍大舉進攻,從(cong)大安口直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取遵(zun)化,快要直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逼都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)。朝中大臣奏(zou)請朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)應該(gai)召來孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)下詔仍以孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)原來的官(guan)職兼任(ren)兵(bing)部尚(shang)書去(qu)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)州。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)入宮后(hou),朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)平臺(tai)召見,問孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的退敵策略,孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”我聽說(shuo)袁崇(chong)煥駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)薊州,滿桂駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)順義(yi),侯(hou)世祿駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河(he),這是(shi)(shi)(shi)防守(shou)(shou)(shou)的好策略。但又聽說(shuo)尤(you)世威回昌平,侯(hou)世祿駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)州,有些不合時(shi)宜(yi)。“朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)問:”你打算守(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河(he)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么意思(si)?“孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”守(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河(he)可以阻止敵人(ren)(ren)西奔,遏制(zhi)敵人(ren)(ren)南下。“朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)覺得孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的計策很好,又問:”那又要怎么保(bao)(bao)衛京都(dou)(dou)。“孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”在(zai)危(wei)急的時(shi)刻,不能讓(rang)(rang)守(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)忍受饑餓寒冷,整備好軍備,犒勞將(jiang)士們,鞏固人(ren)(ren)心。“孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的計策朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)(dou)覺得很好,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”你可以不去(qu)通(tong)州,就在(zai)京城(cheng)總(zong)督內外軍務,運籌帷幄。“于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)讓(rang)(rang)首(shou)輔韓爌(kuang)修筑(zhu)關(guan)防,又親自(zi)到都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)各處巡防,第二天半夜(ye),朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)突然傳(chuan)旨(zhi)讓(rang)(rang)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)去(qu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)州。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)領二十(shi)七名騎兵(bing)出東(dong)便門(men)(men),直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奔通(tong)州,與(yu)保(bao)(bao)定(ding)(ding)巡撫解經傳(chuan)、御史方(fang)大任(ren)、總(zong)兵(bing)楊國棟固守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)州。但不久(jiu)之后(hou),清軍繞道直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逼京都(dou)(dou),孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)派遣(qian)尤(you)岱率領三(san)千騎兵(bing)支援,派遣(qian)劉(liu)國柱率領二千兵(bing)馬(ma)與(yu)尤(you)岱回合,調三(san)千密云兵(bing)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)東(dong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men),五千保(bao)(bao)定(ding)(ding)兵(bing)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)廣寧門(men)(men),又派人(ren)(ren)收復馬(ma)蘭、三(san)屯二城(cheng)。
同年十二(er)月,袁崇煥因一系列罪(zui)行被下獄,將(jiang)領(ling)祖大壽(shou)在城(cheng)外(wai)與(yu)清軍(jun)作戰時被自家軍(jun)隊用炮石砸擊,祖大壽(shou)進退兩(liang)難,與(yu)副(fu)將(jiang)何可綱率領(ling)五千人往東潰走。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗得知(zhi)后(hou),急忙派遣賈登科帶(dai)著(zhu)自己的(de)(de)書(shu)信去撫(fu)(fu)慰祖大壽(shou),又派石柱國撫(fu)(fu)慰其它將(jiang)士(shi)。祖大壽(shou)卻不(bu)為(wei)所動。但(dan)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗也認為(wei)袁崇煥有罪(zui),但(dan)仍然上(shang)書(shu)朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian),力保祖大壽(shou),說祖大壽(shou)不(bu)會真的(de)(de)反叛。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗又派人讓祖大壽(shou)上(shang)奏(zou)章說明(ming)自己為(wei)什么往東潰逃,祖大壽(shou)于是向皇帝(di)朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian)上(shang)書(shu),朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian)非常高興,不(bu)怪罪(zui)祖大壽(shou)。而(er)遼東將(jiang)士(shi)大多馬世龍部(bu)曲,朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian)命孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗移(yi)鎮關門(men),潰逃的(de)(de)將(jiang)領(ling)聽聞孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗與(yu)馬世龍到來,才安心回歸。
崇(chong)禎三(san)年(nian)(1630年(nian)),清軍(jun)(jun)占據遵化(hua)、永平、遷(qian)安,又(you)(you)分兵(bing)攻取撫寧,撫寧是(shi)祖可法(fa)在守(shou),清軍(jun)(jun)攻取不下(xia)(xia),又(you)(you)轉攻山(shan)海(hai)關(guan),又(you)(you)攻不下(xia)(xia),于是(shi)清軍(jun)(jun)又(you)(you)攻撫寧及昌黎,可還是(shi)攻不下(xia)(xia)。而孫(sun)承(cheng)宗撫慰潰軍(jun)(jun),祖大(da)壽等重歸于麾下(xia)(xia),又(you)(you)有馬世龍及四(si)方援軍(jun)(jun),孫(sun)承(cheng)宗又(you)(you)招募大(da)量死士沿海(hai)守(shou)衛直達京師。
京都戒(jie)嚴(yan)后,全國各地來(lai)勤王(wang)的士兵(bing)多達二十萬,在薊(ji)門及京畿(ji)一帶(dai)駐扎。馬(ma)世龍于是(shi)建議孫承宗(zong)先收(shou)復遵(zun)化,但孫承宗(zong)認為遵(zun)化在北,容易攻取卻很(hen)難守,不如收(shou)復灤州(zhou)。計劃好后,孫承宗(zong)于是(shi)令東西各營(ying)一起進兵(bing)。五月,祖大壽、尤世祿等(deng)攻克(ke)灤州(zhou),王(wang)維城等(deng)攻克(ke)遷安,孫承宗(zong)占據(ju)永平,謝尚政攻克(ke)遵(zun)化,清(qing)軍潰敗而走。皇帝朱由檢于是(shi)加封孫承宗(zong)為太傅,再賜蟒服、金幣等(deng),子孫世襲錦衣衛指揮僉(qian)事。
崇禎四(si)年(1631年),孫承宗巡(xun)視松山、錦州(zhou)等,上書(shu)朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)關內外政事,朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)全部采納,又(you)加孫承宗太傅,兼(jian)領尚(shang)書(shu)的封路,子孫世襲尚(shang)寶司丞(cheng),又(you)賞賜蟒服錢幣等。
同年七月,因(yin)先前(qian)高第盡撤寧(ning)錦防線(xian),右屯、大(da)凌(ling)河等城(cheng)被(bei)毀(hui),孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗派人對其進行重(zhong)新修筑,但不久之(zhi)后清軍卻(que)突然來圍攻。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗趕赴錦州,派遣吳襄、宋偉前(qian)往救援,而遼東巡(xun)撫邱(qiu)禾嘉多(duo)次改變出師(shi)(shi)的日期,導致吳襄、宋偉在(zai)(zai)長山被(bei)清軍大(da)敗。十月,祖大(da)壽(shou)投降,大(da)凌(ling)河剛被(bei)修好(hao)就被(bei)損毀(hui)。朝(chao)中大(da)臣于是責怪孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗修復舊城(cheng)導致失敗,喪師(shi)(shi)辱國。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗于是以(yi)病請辭。而后孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗在(zai)(zai)高陽城(cheng)回(hui)鄉居住。
崇禎十一(yi)年(1638年),清軍大舉(ju)進攻,十一(yi)月(yue),進攻高陽。賦閑在家的孫承(cheng)宗率(lv)全城軍民守城,城破被擒,自縊而死(《初學集(ji)》、《明史(shi)》及民國版《高陽縣志》等均(jun)持此說)。他(ta)的五個兒(er)子(zi),六個孫子(zi),兩個侄子(zi),八(ba)個侄孫戰死,孫家百余人遇難,孫承(cheng)宗時年七十六歲。朱由檢聞(wen)訊(xun)后哀傷悲(bei)嘆,命有關官員從優撫恤(xu)。
弘光(guang)元年(1644年)九月十(shi)三(san)日,南明弘光(guang)帝朱由崧追(zhui)贈孫(sun)承宗(zong)太師,謚號“文忠”。
清朝乾隆年間,撰《欽定(ding)(ding)勝(sheng)朝殉節諸臣錄》,追謚孫承宗“忠定(ding)(ding)”。
孫承宗(zong)于崇禎四年歸鄉(xiang),在高陽(yang)縣居住,將自己(ji)所作的詩賦收(shou)錄編成《高陽(yang)集(ji)》。
孫承(cheng)宗遺留的(de)(de)軍事著作有《車(che)營(ying)(ying)(ying)扣(kou)答(da)(da)合編》。這(zhe)是他在(zai)督師薊遼,經營(ying)(ying)(ying)遼西(xi)防務時,籌劃反(fan)攻遼東(dong)與其屬下討論軍事問題的(de)(de)記錄整理而成的(de)(de)。全書(shu)共一(yi)百零八(ba)個問答(da)(da),由(you)《車(che)營(ying)(ying)(ying)總說(shuo)》、《車(che)營(ying)(ying)(ying)百八(ba)扣(kou)》、《車(che)營(ying)(ying)(ying)百八(ba)答(da)(da)》和《車(che)營(ying)(ying)(ying)百八(ba)說(shuo)》等四(si)部分組(zu)成,通過問、答(da)(da)、說(shuo)、圖等對車(che)營(ying)(ying)(ying)編組(zu)方法、營(ying)(ying)(ying)陣(zhen)布列、行軍作戰(zhan)、后勤(qin)保(bao)障等問題,作了詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)分析和解說(shuo)。在(zai)作戰(zhan)指(zhi)導思想上(shang),很重視發揮火器的(de)(de)作用與各兵種的(de)(de)協同(tong)動作。如說(shuo):“用車(che)在(zai)用火”,“用火在(zai)疊陣(zhen)”。所謂(wei)“用火”即(ji)是發揚火力(li);所謂(wei)疊陣(zhen)即(ji)步、騎、炮重疊配(pei)置,彼此協同(tong),長短相補。
戰斗隊形(xing)也(ye)要因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜,靈(ling)活機(ji)動地(di)使用方(fang)、圓、曲、直、銳(rui)等各種隊形(xing),向人們展(zhan)(zhan)示了火器和冷兵器并用時代,步、騎、炮(pao)等諸(zhu)兵種協同(tong)作戰的雛形(xing),在軍事思想(xiang)發展(zhan)(zhan)史上,具(ju)有重要的史料(liao)價(jia)值。但《車營百八答》則多出自(zi)贊畫(hua)鹿善繼、副總兵官茅元儀等人之手(shou)。當時由(you)于保(bao)密,未能全(quan)部(bu)刊行。清同(tong)治七年(1868)才(cai)匯刻成書,四卷,7萬(wan)余字。
朱由檢:①漢則孔(kong)明,唐則裴度。②舊輔孫承宗前勞(lao)難泯,死義更烈。
夏允彝(yi):自有(you)遼事,所用人,鮮能有(you)勝(sheng)任(ren)者。當時所望成功(gong),惟熊廷(ting)弼、袁崇煥、孫承宗為庶幾;而武臣(chen)如劉綎(ting)、杜(du)松(song)、滿桂(gui)、祖大壽、吳三桂(gui),其最著(zhu)也。
錢謙益:惟公之(zhi)立人(ren)本朝,志在于正朝廷,清宮府,杜私門(men),破朋黨。譬諸青天白晝(zhou),橫目四足,皆仰其(qi)清明,而秋霜夏(xia)日,善人(ren)君子,亦憚其(qi)凜烈。小夫(fu)壬人(ren),不寒而栗(li),視以為骨仇(chou)血(xue)怨(yuan),生擠而死排之(zhi),固其(qi)宜也。
張(zhang)廷(ting)玉主(zhu)編(bian)《明史(shi)》:承宗以宰相再(zai)視師,皆粗有成(cheng)效矣,奄豎斗筲,后先齮扼,卒(zu)屏諸田野,至闔(he)門膏(gao)斧钅質,而(er)(er)(er)恤典不加。國是如此,求無危,安可得也。夫攻不足(zu)者(zhe)守有余,度彼之才,恢復(fu)固(gu)未易言,令專任之,猶足(zu)以慎(shen)固(gu)封守;而(er)(er)(er)廷(ting)論紛(fen)呶,亟行翦除(chu)。蓋天眷有德(de),氣運將更(geng),有莫之為(wei)而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)者(zhe)夫。
汪榮寶:明自用(yong)兵(bing)以來,督師(shi)者如(ru)熊廷弼、袁崇(chong)煥(huan)、孫(sun)承宗輩(bei),皆(jie)以蓋世之才,能(neng)稱其職;而諸將委身許(xu)國,效死不屈(qu)者亦(yi)前(qian)后(hou)相望。
蔡東(dong)藩:熊(xiong)廷(ting)弼(bi)、孫承宗二人,為明(ming)季良將,令久于(yu)其位,何患(huan)乎滿洲?廷(ting)弼(bi)可殺,承宗可罷,鎮遼無人,滿軍自(zi)乘間而入。明(ming)之(zhi)禍(huo),滿洲之(zhi)福也(ye)。雖(sui)曰天命,寧非人事?