孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),字稚繩,生于明(ming)嘉靖四十二年(nian)(1563年(nian))正(zheng)月二十五日(ri)(2月17日(ri))(另(ling)一(yi)(yi)說(shuo):正(zheng)月初八(ba)即1月31日(ri)),相貌奇偉,胡須張開像戟一(yi)(yi)樣,聲音(yin)渾厚(hou)。孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)曾先后在大(da)理寺右丞姜(jiang)壁和兵(bing)備道(dao)房(fang)守士等朝(chao)廷官(guan)(guan)員的家中,做家庭教師(shi).后來(lai),因房(fang)守士升(sheng)任大(da)同(tong)巡撫,孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)隨行。大(da)同(tong)是當時(shi)明(ming)朝(chao)的邊城重(zhong)鎮(zhen),承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)邊境教書(shu)時(shi),對軍(jun)事有著濃(nong)厚(hou)興趣。喜歡(huan)和邊關老兵(bing)和低級軍(jun)官(guan)(guan)交談(tan),詢問(wen)(wen)一(yi)(yi)些關于邊關防務的問(wen)(wen)題,慢慢的對邊關的軍(jun)務有所了解(jie)。
萬歷三十二(er)年(nian)(1604年(nian)),孫(sun)承宗中進士第(di)二(er)名(ming),授(shou)翰林院編(bian)修,而(er)后(hou)轉(zhuan)拜中允(yun)。
萬歷(li)四(si)十三年(1615年),張(zhang)差手執木棍,闖進太(tai)子(zi)(zi)住的慈慶宮,打傷(shang)守門太(tai)監(jian),被抓住后(hou)自稱是受鄭(zheng)貴妃(fei)(fei)指使,朝中大(da)臣懷疑(yi)是鄭(zheng)貴妃(fei)(fei)想謀(mou)害太(tai)子(zi)(zi),但(dan)明(ming)神宗與太(tai)子(zi)(zi)都不愿深(shen)究,以瘋癲奸徒罪將張(zhang)差處死(si)。大(da)學士吳(wu)道(dao)南詢問孫承(cheng)宗這(zhe)事(shi)該怎么處理(li),孫承(cheng)宗說:“這(zhe)件事(shi)關系(xi)到(dao)(dao)東宮,不能(neng)(neng)放任不理(li),但(dan)是又(you)涉及到(dao)(dao)后(hou)宮,不能(neng)(neng)追查(cha)的太(tai)徹底。龐(pang)保、劉(liu)成以下的小人(ren)(ren)物要追查(cha)到(dao)(dao)底,龐(pang)保、劉(liu)成上面(mian)的人(ren)(ren)物牽扯太(tai)多,應(ying)當適可而(er)止。”吳(wu)道(dao)南于是按(an)孫承(cheng)宗所說的去(qu)做,將此(ci)事(shi)平(ping)息了下來。
同年(nian)(1615年(nian)),孫承(cheng)宗(zong)主持(chi)應天鄉試,因為試題上寫了(le)孫承(cheng)宗(zong)的(de)語(yu)錄,而(er)遭到(dao)黨(dang)人的(de)忌恨,黨(dang)人試圖利用官員(yuan)每(mei)三(san)年(nian)一次的(de)考核將孫承(cheng)宗(zong)逐出京師(shi),學士劉一燝力(li)保孫承(cheng)宗(zong),孫承(cheng)宗(zong)得以豁免。
萬歷四十八年(nian)(1620年(nian)),明熹宗朱由校即位,孫(sun)承宗以左庶子充(chong)當日講(jiang)官。
天啟元年(nian)(1621年(nian)),孫(sun)承(cheng)宗官升少詹(zhan)事(shi)。同(tong)年(nian),后(hou)金(jin)進攻(gong)遼(liao)東(dong)(dong),沈陽、遼(liao)陽先(xian)后(hou)被攻(gong)陷,遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)經略(lve)袁應泰自殺。御(yu)史方震孺奏請熹(xi)宗朱由校以孫(sun)承(cheng)宗代替崔景榮為(wei)(wei)兵部尚書(shu),朝中大(da)臣也認為(wei)(wei)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗知曉兵事(shi),推(tui)舉孫(sun)承(cheng)宗為(wei)(wei)兵部添設侍郎,主持遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)防務,但明熹(xi)宗不(bu)(bu)想(xiang)讓(rang)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗離開講席,二次上疏都不(bu)(bu)被同(tong)意。天啟二年(nian)(1622)提(ti)拔為(wei)(wei)禮部右侍郎,協(xie)助管理詹(zhan)事(shi)府。
不久(jiu),清兵(bing)(bing)進(jin)逼廣寧,王(wang)化貞棄城(cheng)逃跑,熊廷弼跟他一(yi)起(qi)進(jin)入(ru)關(guan)內(nei)。兵(bing)(bing)部尚(shang)書張(zhang)鶴鳴害怕(pa)獲罪(zui),外出巡(xun)視邊(bian)(bian)防(fang)。皇帝(di)對(dui)東邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)戰局也很著急,于(yu)是(shi)任(ren)命孫承宗(zong)為兵(bing)(bing)部尚(shang)書兼東閣大學(xue)士,入(ru)朝辦事(shi)(shi)。過了幾(ji)天,命令(ling)他以(yi)閣臣(chen)身份掌管兵(bing)(bing)部事(shi)(shi)務。孫承宗(zong)上疏請(qing)求重視武將,并奏上安(an)撫西部、救濟(ji)遼(liao)陽的(de)(de)難(nan)民、檢查京(jing)師部隊、增設永平大帥(shuai)、修筑(zhu)薊鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)道(dao)路、開辟(pi)京(jing)東地區的(de)(de)屯(tun)田等(deng)對(dui)策(ce)。皇帝(di)高興地采納(na)了。這時邊(bian)(bian)防(fang)多次告急,內(nei)閣大臣(chen)只希望暫時相(xiang)安(an)無事(shi)(shi),而議(yi)論卻一(yi)天比一(yi)天紛擾起(qi)來(lai)。孫承宗(zong)于(yu)是(shi)參劾(he)熊廷弼、給(gei)事(shi)(shi)中明時舉(ju)、御史李(li)達、遼(liao)東巡(xun)撫方震(zhen)孺、登(deng)萊監軍(jun)梁之垣、薊州(zhou)兵(bing)(bing)備邵可(ke)立等(deng)人,諸人皆受(shou)處分,而那些仇視他、怨(yuan)恨孫承宗(zong)的(de)(de)人也很多。
熊廷弼被罷免后,朝廷以王(wang)在晉(jin)(jin)(jin)為(wei)遼東經略。王(wang)在晉(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)任后打算(suan)襲取廣(guang)寧,但總督王(wang)象乾認為(wei)就算(suan)能攻(gong)取廣(guang)寧,但也不(bu)容(rong)易守(shou)(shou)住,還不(bu)如重(zhong)守(shou)(shou)山(shan)(shan)海關防(fang)衛京都。于是王(wang)在晉(jin)(jin)(jin)在山(shan)(shan)海關外(wai)八里(li)鋪修筑重(zhong)關,留四萬人(ren)馬去守(shou)(shou)。袁崇煥認為(wei)王(wang)在晉(jin)(jin)(jin)此舉不(bu)是好的策略,與王(wang)在晉(jin)(jin)(jin)爭辯無果后,上(shang)書給首輔葉(xie)向高(gao)。葉(xie)向高(gao)卻認為(wei)不(bu)能憑主觀猜測,于是孫承(cheng)宗請求(qiu)親自前(qian)往遼東決斷。朱由校(xiao)非常高(gao)興,加封孫承(cheng)宗為(wei)太子太保,并賞賜蟒袍(pao)、玉(yu)帶、銀幣等(deng)。
孫承宗到(dao)達山海關后,巡行(xing)邊塞,袁崇(chong)煥向孫承宗請示道:“在寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠駐扎(zha)五千(qian)(qian)兵力,以(yi)壯十(shi)(shi)三(san)山的聲勢,然后派(pai)遣將領帶(dai)兵去救援十(shi)(shi)三(san)山。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠距離十(shi)(shi)三(san)山只有兩百里,可以(yi)輕易占據錦州,如(ru)果(guo)不行(xing)再(zai)退(tui)守寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠,怎(zen)么能(neng)放(fang)棄(qi)十(shi)(shi)萬難民?”孫承宗于是與總督(du)王象乾(qian)商議,王象乾(qian)認為(wei)駐扎(zha)關上的軍隊剛(gang)剛(gang)打了敗仗,士氣沮喪,不如(ru)調動插部護關的軍隊三(san)千(qian)(qian)人前(qian)往寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠,孫承宗同意(yi)后一(yi)方(fang)面調兵前(qian)往寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠,一(yi)方(fang)面去救難民,救援失敗,十(shi)(shi)萬難民只救回(hui)六千(qian)(qian)人。
孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)對(dui)此詢問(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin):“新(xin)城(cheng)修(xiu)筑(zhu)好以(yi)后(hou),是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)將(jiang)舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng)的(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬移(yi)四萬人(ren)來駐守(shou)?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)說(shuo):“應(ying)該另外(wai)設立一支四萬人(ren)的(de)軍隊。”孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo):“這(zhe)(zhe)樣一來,八(ba)(ba)里(li)鋪(pu)就有(you)八(ba)(ba)萬兵(bing)(bing)(bing)了,可是(shi)(shi)(shi)一片石西北不(bu)派兵(bing)(bing)(bing)駐守(shou)嗎?在(zai)(zai)(zai)八(ba)(ba)里(li)鋪(pu)內修(xiu)筑(zhu)重關,新(xin)城(cheng)后(hou)面就是(shi)(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng),舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng)前(qian)(qian)面埋的(de)地雷是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)來對(dui)付敵人(ren)的(de),還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)來對(dui)付自己新(xin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)?新(xin)城(cheng)可以(yi)守(shou)的(de)話,還(huan)用(yong)得著(zhu)舊(jiu)(jiu)城(cheng)嗎?新(xin)城(cheng)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)能守(shou),四萬守(shou)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)倒(dao)戈,你(ni)(ni)是(shi)(shi)(shi)打算開關放敵人(ren)進來,還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)閉關投降敵人(ren)?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)說(shuo):“關外(wai)有(you)三(san)(san)道關可以(yi)進入(ru)。”孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo):“如(ru)果這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)話,敵人(ren)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)臨城(cheng)下,士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)像先前(qian)(qian)那樣逃跑,哪里(li)還(huan)用(yong)得上重關?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)說(shuo):“準備在(zai)(zai)(zai)山上建三(san)(san)座營(ying)寨(zhai),防止士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)潰逃。”孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo):“士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)沒有(you)潰敗就修(xiu)筑(zhu)營(ying)寨(zhai)等待他們(men),你(ni)(ni)這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)教士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)逃跑嗎?況且逃跑的(de)士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)可以(yi)進來,敵人(ren)也可以(yi)尾隨他們(men)進來。你(ni)(ni)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)為恢復做(zuo)打算,卻在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)閉關自守(shou),把關外(wai)防線全部撤離,還(huan)天(tian)天(tian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)朝(chao)廷爭斗,京都以(yi)東(dong)還(huan)有(you)安寧(ning)之日(ri)嗎?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)無話可說(shuo)。(《三(san)(san)朝(chao)遼事實(shi)錄》的(de)說(shuo)法與此不(bu)同,參見“相關爭議”部分(fen))孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)召集諸將(jiang)商議關外(wai)防守(shou)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題。袁(yuan)崇煥主張(zhang)守(shou)寧(ning)遠,閻鳴泰主張(zhang)守(shou)覺(jue)華島,王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)主張(zhang)守(shou)中前(qian)(qian)所。孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)采用(yong)袁(yuan)崇煥的(de)建議,并親自鎮(zhen)守(shou)關門。而后(hou)明熹宗(zong)(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)孫承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)建議下罷免了王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)的(de)遼東(dong)經略之職。
天啟二年(1622年)八(ba)月,孫承(cheng)宗(zong)自請為督(du)師,還讓薊、遼(liao)等原來的(de)將(jiang)領監管各處,見機行(xing)事時不(bu)必受(shou)到其(qi)他人的(de)限制。孫承(cheng)宗(zong)用(yong)閻鳴泰為遼(liao)東巡撫,又用(yong)鹿善繼、王則古為贊畫,并(bing)請求從國庫帶走(zou)八(ba)十萬錢。皇帝朱由校同意后,親自將(jiang)孫承(cheng)宗(zong)送(song)出宮門(men),并(bing)賜給孫承(cheng)宗(zong)尚方寶劍、坐(zuo)蟒等,內閣大(da)臣將(jiang)孫承(cheng)宗(zong)直送(song)到崇文門(men)外。
孫承(cheng)宗(zong)上任后,讓(rang)江應詔制(zhi)定軍(jun)事編(bian)制(zhi),讓(rang)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥建造(zao)營房,李(li)秉誠(cheng)訓練火器裝備,鹿(lu)善(shan)繼、王(wang)則古(gu)處理軍(jun)需物資,沈(shen)棨、杜應芳維(wei)修(xiu)甲仗,孫元(yuan)化修(xiu)筑炮臺,宋獻、程侖(lun)購買軍(jun)馬,萬有孚采(cai)伐樹(shu)木,祖大壽輔助金冠(guan)守(shou)覺華島,陳諫助趙率(lv)教守(shou)前屯(tun),魯之(zhi)甲拯救難民(min),楊應乾(qian)招募遼人編(bian)制(zhi)成軍(jun)隊(dui)。
孫(sun)承宗(zong)發現先(xian)前關上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵沒有紀律,而且有大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不符合條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人冒領(ling)軍餉,于是孫(sun)承宗(zong)閱兵后,將河南(nan)、真定等地不符合條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵全部遣回。將魯之(zhi)甲所(suo)拯救出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)民(min)征(zheng)召(zhao)七千人出(chu)來去駐守前屯,楊應乾招募的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遼(liao)人軍隊去鎮守寧遠,請(qing)求朝鮮聲援遼(liao)東,又(you)犒(kao)賞東江鎮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毛文(wen)龍(long)(long)(long),讓他四面防衛(wei)。并傳令給(gei)沈有容進據(ju)廣鹿島。而后江應詔(zhao)被彈劾,孫(sun)承宗(zong)請(qing)求讓馬(ma)(ma)世(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)代(dai)替,并讓尤世(shi)祿、王世(shi)欽為(wei)南(nan)北帥,聽馬(ma)(ma)世(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)調遣。朱由校聽從孫(sun)承宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建議并賜給(gei)馬(ma)(ma)世(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)尚方寶劍。
登萊(lai)巡(xun)撫袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)立與孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)同(tong)為天啟二(er)年殿試同(tong)考官,共同(tong)主遼期(qi)間滿人(ren)蜷伏。孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)將遼海防務委之于袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)立,十分倚重。他說(shuo)道:“讀后(hou)先大疏,皎(jiao)皎(jiao)揭日(ri)月,行中天而底里洞徹,殊(shu)令(ling)人(ren)可(ke)(ke)味,可(ke)(ke)展布(bu)四體,仰酬(chou)國恩”(孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)《高陽集·答袁(yuan)節寰登撫》)。
朝廷(ting)有(you)人(ren)重(zhong)山海(hai)輕(qing)沿海(hai),甚至有(you)人(ren)請求裁撤登萊(lai)巡(xun)撫。但孫承宗認為“恢遼全著,必(bi)資(zi)于海(hai)。”請求“皇上敕(chi)該部(bu)分部(bu)兩鎮汛地(di),酌給登鎮(沈有(you)容)兵(bing)丁,敕(chi)登萊(lai)撫臣(袁可立(li))用心(xin)料理,仍令節制兩鎮,凡一應兵(bing)馬錢糧(liang)、徵收調遣(qian)、防剿功(gong)罪盡歸經理。”
皇帝(di)朱(zhu)由(you)校(xiao)喜歡視察邊關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),經常(chang)派(pai)(pai)東廠的人(ren)到(dao)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)門,然(ran)后將(jiang)邊關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的事情上報給朝(chao)廷。魏忠(zhong)賢掌(zhang)權后派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)自己的黨羽劉朝(chao)、胡良(liang)輔(fu)、紀用(yong)(yong)等(deng)四十(shi)(shi)五人(ren)帶(dai)著數萬(wan)武器裝備來到(dao)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)門,供給邊關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)軍(jun)隊(dui),又用(yong)(yong)白(bai)金(jin)十(shi)(shi)萬(wan),蟒、麒麟、獅子、虎、豹等(deng)銀幣(bi)賞(shang)賜將(jiang)士,賜給孫承(cheng)宗蟒服、白(bai)金(jin)等(deng),表(biao)面上是(shi)慰勞軍(jun)隊(dui),實際上是(shi)窺探軍(jun)情。孫承(cheng)宗出(chu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)巡視寧遠,聽到(dao)這個消息立刻(ke)上書給朱(zhu)由(you)校(xiao),說不(bu)能(neng)讓宦(huan)官監軍(jun),但朱(zhu)由(you)校(xiao)卻(que)回復說這沒(mei)什么。使(shi)者到(dao)邊關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)后,孫承(cheng)宗只用(yong)(yong)茶水招(zhao)待。
天(tian)啟三年(nian)(1623年(nian))孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)推薦(jian)閻(yan)鳴泰(tai)當遼東巡撫以后(hou),認為他沒有實際才能,所以軍事(shi)(shi)上的事(shi)(shi)很多(duo)都(dou)不(bu)(bu)跟(gen)他商(shang)議,閻(yan)鳴泰(tai)因此(ci)感到不(bu)(bu)高興,朝廷議論(lun)后(hou),將閻(yan)鳴泰(tai)罷免,用(yong)張(zhang)鳳翼(yi)(yi)接替,但張(zhang)鳳翼(yi)(yi)膽小,又(you)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)退(tui)守(shou)(shou)山海關。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)對此(ci)感到不(bu)(bu)高興,出關巡視(shi)寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan),召(zhao)集眾將開會,多(duo)數將領(ling)都(dou)想(xiang)退(tui)守(shou)(shou)山海關,馬世龍建議守(shou)(shou)中后(hou)所,袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)等主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)守(shou)(shou)寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)采用(yong)袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)的主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang),于是(shi)讓(rang)祖大壽修建防(fang)御工事(shi)(shi),令袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)、滿桂駐守(shou)(shou)寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)。
孫(sun)(sun)承宗擔心自己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)權利受(shou)到限制(zhi),上(shang)書朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)校(xiao)說(shuo)(shuo)督(du)師和(he)總督(du)不能同時設立(li),請求將(jiang)自己(ji)(ji)罷免。朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)校(xiao)于(yu)是(shi)終(zhong)止總督(du)的(de)(de)推(tui)選,令遼(liao)東巡撫(fu)移駐寧遠(yuan),張(zhang)(zhang)鳳翼(yi)覺(jue)得這是(shi)置自己(ji)(ji)于(yu)死(si)地,與(yu)萬(wan)有孚(fu)等(deng)詆毀馬世(shi)龍。沒過(guo)多久,萬(wan)有孚(fu)被薊(ji)州巡撫(fu)岳和(he)聲彈劾,張(zhang)(zhang)鳳翼(yi)于(yu)是(shi)稱馬世(shi)龍和(he)袁崇煥陷害,捏造謊話欺瞞朝廷,試圖阻撓出(chu)關的(de)(de)計(ji)劃。給事中解學龍也大力陳(chen)說(shuo)(shuo)馬世(shi)龍的(de)(de)罪過(guo),孫(sun)(sun)承宗非(fei)常生氣,上(shang)書給朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)校(xiao)說(shuo)(shuo)邊(bian)關的(de)(de)防守策(ce)略,說(shuo)(shuo)寧遠(yuan)、覺(jue)華不能放棄(qi),并為馬世(shi)龍辯(bian)解,又揭發萬(wan)有孚(fu)與(yu)張(zhang)(zhang)鳳翼(yi)等(deng)勾結的(de)(de)罪狀。
天啟四(si)年(1624年),寧遠城(cheng)修復,關外(wai)的守備(bei)器械(xie)也已建造完畢,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗上書朱由校請求發軍餉二十四(si)萬,這樣就可以大舉進攻了,但兵部和工部卻橫加阻撓,向(xiang)朱由校進讒不能給錢,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗上書催(cui)促(cu)無果,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗大軍因此沒(mei)有出(chu)征。
孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)坐鎮(zhen)遼(liao)東(dong)的(de)(de)四(si)年(nian),與天津巡撫李邦華、登萊巡撫袁(yuan)可立(li)遙相呼應,“關門(men)息警,中(zhong)(zhong)朝宴然,不(bu)復(fu)以邊事為慮(lv)矣。”在這樣(yang)相對(dui)安定的(de)(de)大背(bei)景(jing)下,按(an)照戰功來衡量,似乎孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)有些碌碌無為。然當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)兵(bing)部尚(shang)書(shu)王永光對(dui)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)積(ji)(ji)極防御的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)番作(zuo)為作(zuo)過很中(zhong)(zhong)肯(ken)的(de)(de)評價(jia):“兵(bing)家有云,善(shan)戰者,無赫赫之(zhi)功!”兩(liang)年(nian)下來,孫(sun)閣老(lao)和袁(yuan)軍門(men)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)沒有發動大戰役的(de)(de)機會,而(er)發動戰略總反(fan)攻(gong)把后(hou)金趕出(chu)去的(de)(de)機會又(you)不(bu)成(cheng)熟。但反(fan)過來說,孫(sun)閣老(lao)在無形中(zhong)(zhong)為朝廷省下了(le)(le)許(xu)多軍費,確保(bao)了(le)(le)山(shan)海(hai)關安然無恙,使明(ming)朝有了(le)(le)更多的(de)(de)機會養精(jing)蓄(xu)銳,充分顯示了(le)(le)天朝的(de)(de)不(bu)戰之(zhi)威(wei)。”首(shou)輔(fu)孔貞運評價(jia)道:“公(gong)(gong)久歷海(hai)上(shang),凡地形險易,軍儲盈(ying)縮,將吏能否,虜情(qing)向背(bei)皆洞若燭照,故登萊終(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(袁(yuan)可立(li))之(zhi)任銷鋒(feng)臥鼓。”(《兵(bing)部尚(shang)書(shu)節寰(huan)袁(yuan)公(gong)(gong)墓志銘》)這也從另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面肯(ken)定了(le)(le)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)和袁(yuan)可立(li)積(ji)(ji)極防御之(zhi)功。令人惋惜的(de)(de)是,正(zheng)當(dang)孫(sun)、袁(yuan)二公(gong)(gong)積(ji)(ji)數年(nian)之(zhi)力準(zhun)備大有作(zuo)為組織大反(fan)攻(gong)之(zhi)時(shi),閹黨(dang)已全面掌控局(ju)勢(shi),逼迫袁(yuan)可立(li)和孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)先后(hou)去職。
孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗與袁可(ke)立是很(hen)好(hao)的(de)搭檔,但從后來(lai)柳河之役的(de)失敗來(lai)看(kan),袁可(ke)立的(de)離(li)(li)任(ren)對孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗的(de)軍事行動有很(hen)大的(de)影響。從戰(zhan)爭結果(guo)看(kan),袁可(ke)立的(de)實戰(zhan)能力更強(qiang),在登萊缺糧少(shao)援(yuan)的(de)弱勢狀(zhuang)態下,竟然(ran)能在數月內(nei)組合優(you)勢兵(bing)(bing)力縱橫海(hai)上(shang),戰(zhan)線綿(mian)延(yan)上(shang)千里,調度(du)兩鎮(zhen)兵(bing)(bing)馬多次(ci)奇兵(bing)(bing)突襲(xi),以(yi)反(fan)間計策反(fan)后金(jin)女婿(xu)劉愛塔,連克金(jin)、復、蓋三衛(wei)及旅順(shun)、紅嘴、望(wang)海(hai)、永寧等多堡要地,使后金(jin)數年間蜷縮一隅無(wu)以(yi)西窺。袁可(ke)立的(de)登萊戰(zhan)區竟然(ran)成為(wei)了明清戰(zhan)爭史上(shang)唯一主動出(chu)擊(ji)叫(jiao)戰(zhan)的(de)正面戰(zhan)場。袁可(ke)立離(li)(li)任(ren)不久,孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗也因為(wei)柳河之敗離(li)(li)職(zhi)了。
而此(ci)(ci)時魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)企圖擴張權利,見到孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)功勞非常高(gao),想要(yao)攀(pan)(pan)附(fu),于(yu)是派劉(liu)(liu)應(ying)(ying)坤(kun)向孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)表(biao)明自(zi)己的(de)意(yi)思。但(dan)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)見到劉(liu)(liu)應(ying)(ying)坤(kun)之后(hou)與他一(yi)句話也不說(shuo),魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)因此(ci)(ci)記(ji)恨孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)迫害朝(chao)中大臣,將楊漣、趙南(nan)星、高(gao)攀(pan)(pan)龍等驅逐出京,孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)正在巡視薊州(zhou)一(yi)帶(dai),想到上反對(dui)奏書(shu)皇上未必會親自(zi)閱覽,于(yu)是以賀壽為由(you)請求入朝(chao)面奏,借機彈劾魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)。魏(wei)(wei)廣微聽說(shuo)后(hou)將這個消(xiao)息告訴了魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian),說(shuo)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)打(da)算以清(qing)君側為由(you)殺掉(diao)魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian),魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)于(yu)是跑到皇帝朱由(you)校床前,哭著求情,顧秉謙也說(shuo)沒有(you)圣旨(zhi)私自(zi)離開(kai)防守的(de)地方,不合法(fa)度(du)。于(yu)是朱由(you)校連夜(ye)召(zhao)見兵部尚(shang)書(shu),派三人騎(qi)快馬阻(zu)止(zhi)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)又(you)假傳圣旨(zhi)給九門的(de)宦(huan)官,若孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)到了齊化(hua)門,就(jiu)將他綁了。孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)到達通州(zhou)后(hou),接(jie)到朱由(you)校的(de)旨(zhi)意(yi),只(zhi)好(hao)返回遼東。魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)又(you)讓黨羽李蕃、崔呈秀、徐大化(hua)上書(shu)詆毀(hui)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是請求罷官。
天啟五年(nian)(1625年(nian)),給(gei)事中郭興治請(qing)求朝(chao)中大(da)臣討論孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)去留問題,很多人(ren)(ren)都(dou)彈劾孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)說他冒領軍(jun)(jun)餉(xiang),而吏部尚書(shu)崔(cui)景(jing)榮支(zhi)持孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong),朱(zhu)由校(xiao)于是下(xia)詔讓(rang)孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)繼續(xu)督師(shi)遼東(dong),卻讓(rang)孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)精兵簡(jian)將,減少軍(jun)(jun)餉(xiang)。而孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)剛剛派遣諸(zhu)將分別駐守(shou)錦州、大(da)小凌河、松(song)山(shan)、杏山(shan)、石屯等地,擴張二百里(li),將尤世祿、李秉誠等將罷(ba)免,裁剪軍(jun)(jun)隊一萬七千人(ren)(ren),節(jie)省(sheng)開支(zhi)六十八(ba)萬。孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)利(li)用自己穩(wen)扎穩(wen)打的(de)策略逐漸(jian)向前推進,努爾哈赤懾于孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)威力,竟然(ran)舍棄了新都(dou)城遼陽,北(bei)遷首都(dou)于沈陽。
這時(shi)(shi),有人懷疑孫承宗的堡(bao)壘戰術(shu)過于勞民傷(shang)財,不(bu)可久持。兵科給事中(zhong)(zhong)李魯生言:“從古征(zheng)戰未(wei)有陳師(shi)境上(shang)數年不(bu)進(jin)者,亦(yi)未(wei)有去(qu)敵既遠虛設十余(yu)萬之(zhi)眾坐食自困者,有之(zhi)則(ze)守(shou)戍之(zhi)眾而(er)非進(jin)取之(zhi)旅也。戰守(shou)機(ji)宜專(zhuan)決于外,臣何敢(gan)遙度。但(dan)戰則(ze)有戰法(fa),秣馬(ma)(ma)厲兵,簡(jian)卒剋乘(cheng),刻期(qi)舉事,即有大費,可期(qi)永省。守(shou)則(ze)有守(shou)法(fa),遠斥堠,固營壘,高城深池(chi),屯田(tian)積谷(gu),以(yi)(yi)待事會。兵不(bu)須(xu)眾,馬(ma)(ma)不(bu)須(xu)多,庶堪持久。今(jin)以(yi)(yi)十四萬之(zhi)眾,歲費六百萬,雖言唯敵是求(qiu),其實(shi)百事不(bu)辦,戰固未(wei)能,守(shou)亦(yi)羞(xiu)稱,虛糜自弊而(er)不(bu)虞其后(hou),臣所為中(zhong)(zhong)夜(ye)彷(pang)徨,當食廢著也。樞輔當審時(shi)(shi)度勢,知彼量己。可戰則(ze)用戰法(fa),可守(shou)則(ze)用守(shou)法(fa)。”(《熹宗實(shi)錄》卷六十)
同年九月,馬(ma)世(shi)(shi)龍(long)誤(wu)信降人(ren)(ren)降將劉伯漒,派魯(lu)之甲、李承(cheng)先襲取(qu)耀州,中計身死(si),損失四百余人(ren)(ren)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)魏忠賢黨(dang)羽趁機彈(dan)劾(he)馬(ma)世(shi)(shi)龍(long)和孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)強烈請求辭官(guan),十月,朱由校同意孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)辭官(guan),并給孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)加特進光(guang)祿大(da)夫,兒(er)子世(shi)(shi)襲中書(shu)舍(she)人(ren)(ren),又賞賜(si)蟒服、銀(yin)幣等,并派人(ren)(ren)保護孫承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)回家。而讓(rang)兵部尚(shang)書(shu)高第為遼東經略。沒過(guo)多久,安性(xing)也罷官(guan),朱由校于(yu)(yu)是(shi)不再設立(li)巡撫。
天啟(qi)六(liu)年(1626年),高(gao)第(di)(di)上(shang)任后,將兩百里守兵全(quan)部撤回,退(tui)守山海關(guan)(guan)。而清努爾(er)哈赤得知(zhi)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗辭(ci)職后,率(lv)軍大舉進攻(gong)。袁崇煥抗拒高(gao)第(di)(di)的(de)命令,不肯撤出寧遠(yuan)城,與(yu)滿桂(gui)、祖大壽(shou)等依靠昔日與(yu)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗做的(de)軍事準備(bei)將清軍擊退(tui),取得寧遠(yuan)大捷。而高(gao)第(di)(di)卻(que)試(shi)圖(tu)以(yi)寧遠(yuan)被圍(wei),關(guan)(guan)門兵只有五萬彈劾(he)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗告訴戶部說:“高(gao)第(di)(di)到山海關(guan)(guan)時領了十(shi)一萬七千人(ren)(ren)的(de)軍餉,現在(zai)只給五萬人(ren)(ren)的(de)軍餉就可以(yi)了。”于是高(gao)第(di)(di)以(yi)妄言被治罪。魏忠賢也(ye)想陷(xian)害孫(sun)承(cheng)宗,但也(ye)失敗。
孫承宗督師遼東四年,前后(hou)修復九座大城,四十(shi)五(wu)(wu)座堡壘,招練兵馬十(shi)一萬,建(jian)立十(shi)二個車營、五(wu)(wu)個水(shui)營、兩(liang)個火器營,八個前鋒(feng)后(hou)勁營,制造甲胄、軍用器械、弓矢、炮石等(deng)打仗(zhang)用的裝備有幾百(bai)萬,開(kai)疆擴土四百(bai)里,屯田五(wu)(wu)千頃,年收入十(shi)五(wu)(wu)萬。朱由校(xiao)記孫承宗大功,讓他的兒子世襲錦衣衛千戶。
崇禎元年(1628年),明熹宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱由校(xiao)駕崩,其弟明思宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱由檢即位,王(wang)在晉得以入朝為兵部尚書。王(wang)在晉對孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)痛恨不已,堅持(chi)說馬(ma)世龍(long)和茅(mao)元儀迷惑中樞,敗壞了邊關(guan)事,又(you)唆使諫官(guan)等(deng)交口詆(di)毀孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong),來(lai)阻止他出來(lai)做官(guan)。極力詆(di)毀孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)以及馬(ma)世龍(long),阻攔孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)出仕。
崇禎二(er)年(1629年)十一月,清軍(jun)大舉進攻,從大安口直(zhi)取(qu)遵化,快要(yao)(yao)直(zhi)逼(bi)都城(cheng)。朝中大臣奏請(qing)朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)應該(gai)召(zhao)來孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下詔仍以孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)原來的(de)官職(zhi)兼任兵(bing)部尚書去駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)州。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)入宮后,朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在平臺召(zhao)見(jian),問孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)退敵策(ce)略(lve),孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):”我聽說(shuo)(shuo)袁崇煥駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)薊州,滿桂駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)順義,侯世(shi)祿(lu)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河(he),這是(shi)(shi)防守(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)好(hao)策(ce)略(lve)。但(dan)又(you)聽說(shuo)(shuo)尤世(shi)威(wei)回昌平,侯世(shi)祿(lu)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)州,有些不(bu)合(he)時宜。“朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)問:”你打算守(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河(he)是(shi)(shi)什么意(yi)思?“孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):”守(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河(he)可以阻(zu)止敵人(ren)西奔,遏制(zhi)敵人(ren)南下。“朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)覺得孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)計策(ce)很好(hao),又(you)問:”那又(you)要(yao)(yao)怎么保衛京都。“孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):”在危(wei)急的(de)時刻,不(bu)能讓守(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)人(ren)忍受饑餓寒冷,整(zheng)備好(hao)軍(jun)備,犒勞將士們,鞏固人(ren)心。“孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)計策(ce)朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都覺得很好(hao),于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)對孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):”你可以不(bu)去通(tong)(tong)州,就在京城(cheng)總(zong)督內外軍(jun)務,運籌帷(wei)幄。“于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)讓首輔韓爌修筑關防,又(you)親(qin)自到(dao)都城(cheng)各處巡防,第二(er)天(tian)半夜,朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)突(tu)然傳旨讓孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)去守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)州。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)領(ling)二(er)十七(qi)名騎兵(bing)出東便門(men)(men)(men),直(zhi)奔通(tong)(tong)州,與保定巡撫解經(jing)傳、御史方大任、總(zong)兵(bing)楊國(guo)棟固守(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)州。但(dan)不(bu)久之后,清軍(jun)繞道直(zhi)逼(bi)京都,孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)派(pai)遣(qian)尤岱(dai)率領(ling)三(san)千(qian)騎兵(bing)支援,派(pai)遣(qian)劉(liu)國(guo)柱率領(ling)二(er)千(qian)兵(bing)馬與尤岱(dai)回合(he),調三(san)千(qian)密云兵(bing)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)東直(zhi)門(men)(men)(men),五(wu)千(qian)保定兵(bing)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)廣寧門(men)(men)(men),又(you)派(pai)人(ren)收復(fu)馬蘭(lan)、三(san)屯二(er)城(cheng)。
同年十(shi)二月,袁崇(chong)煥因一系列罪(zui)行被下(xia)獄,將(jiang)領祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)在(zai)城外與清(qing)軍作戰時被自家軍隊用(yong)炮(pao)石砸擊,祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)進退(tui)兩難,與副將(jiang)何可(ke)綱率領五千人往東潰走。孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)得(de)知后,急(ji)忙派(pai)遣(qian)賈登科帶著(zhu)自己(ji)的(de)書(shu)信去撫(fu)慰祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),又派(pai)石柱國(guo)撫(fu)慰其它將(jiang)士(shi)。祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)卻不(bu)為所動。但孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)也認(ren)為袁崇(chong)煥有罪(zui),但仍然上書(shu)朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢,力保祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),說(shuo)祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)不(bu)會真的(de)反叛。孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)又派(pai)人讓(rang)祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)上奏章說(shuo)明自己(ji)為什么往東潰逃,祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)于是向皇帝朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢上書(shu),朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢非常高興,不(bu)怪罪(zui)祖(zu)大(da)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。而遼東將(jiang)士(shi)大(da)多馬(ma)世(shi)龍部曲,朱(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)(you)檢命孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)移鎮關(guan)門,潰逃的(de)將(jiang)領聽(ting)聞孫(sun)(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)與馬(ma)世(shi)龍到來,才安心回歸。
崇禎三(san)年(1630年),清軍(jun)(jun)占據遵化(hua)、永(yong)平、遷安,又分兵(bing)攻(gong)(gong)取撫(fu)寧,撫(fu)寧是祖可法在守,清軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)取不(bu)下,又轉攻(gong)(gong)山(shan)海(hai)關,又攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下,于(yu)是清軍(jun)(jun)又攻(gong)(gong)撫(fu)寧及昌黎,可還是攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下。而孫承(cheng)宗撫(fu)慰(wei)潰軍(jun)(jun),祖大(da)壽(shou)等重歸于(yu)麾下,又有馬世龍(long)及四方援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun),孫承(cheng)宗又招募大(da)量死士(shi)沿海(hai)守衛直達(da)京師。
京都戒嚴后,全(quan)國(guo)各(ge)地(di)來勤王的士(shi)兵多(duo)達二(er)十萬,在薊門及京畿(ji)一(yi)帶(dai)駐扎。馬世(shi)龍于(yu)是建議孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗先(xian)收復遵(zun)化,但孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗認為遵(zun)化在北(bei),容易攻(gong)取(qu)卻很難守(shou),不如收復灤州。計劃好(hao)后,孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗于(yu)是令東西各(ge)營一(yi)起(qi)進兵。五月,祖大壽、尤世(shi)祿等攻(gong)克(ke)灤州,王維(wei)城等攻(gong)克(ke)遷安(an),孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗占(zhan)據永(yong)平,謝尚政攻(gong)克(ke)遵(zun)化,清軍潰敗而走(zou)。皇帝朱由檢于(yu)是加封孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗為太傅,再(zai)賜蟒服、金幣等,子孫(sun)世(shi)襲錦衣衛指揮僉事。
崇禎四年(nian)(nian)(1631年(nian)(nian)),孫(sun)承宗巡視(shi)松山、錦州等(deng),上書朱(zhu)由(you)檢關內外政(zheng)事,朱(zhu)由(you)檢全(quan)部采納(na),又加孫(sun)承宗太傅,兼領尚書的封路(lu),子孫(sun)世襲尚寶司丞(cheng),又賞賜蟒服錢(qian)幣等(deng)。
同年七月,因先前高第盡撤寧錦防線,右屯、大(da)凌河等城(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)(bei)毀,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)派(pai)人對(dui)其進行(xing)重新修筑,但(dan)不久之(zhi)后(hou)清(qing)軍(jun)卻突然來圍攻。孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)趕赴(fu)錦州,派(pai)遣吳襄(xiang)、宋偉(wei)前往救援(yuan),而遼東巡(xun)撫邱禾(he)嘉多次改變(bian)出(chu)師的日期,導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)吳襄(xiang)、宋偉(wei)在長山被(bei)(bei)清(qing)軍(jun)大(da)敗(bai)。十月,祖大(da)壽(shou)投(tou)降,大(da)凌河剛被(bei)(bei)修好就被(bei)(bei)損毀。朝中大(da)臣(chen)于是責怪孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)修復(fu)舊城(cheng)(cheng)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)失敗(bai),喪(sang)師辱國。孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于是以病(bing)請(qing)辭。而后(hou)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)在高陽城(cheng)(cheng)回鄉(xiang)居住。
崇(chong)禎十一年(1638年),清軍大舉進(jin)攻,十一月,進(jin)攻高(gao)陽。賦(fu)閑在家的(de)孫(sun)承宗(zong)率全城軍民(min)守城,城破被(bei)擒,自縊而(er)死(《初(chu)學集》、《明史》及民(min)國版《高(gao)陽縣志》等(deng)均(jun)持此(ci)說(shuo))。他(ta)的(de)五個(ge)兒子(zi),六個(ge)孫(sun)子(zi),兩個(ge)侄子(zi),八(ba)個(ge)侄孫(sun)戰死,孫(sun)家百余人(ren)遇難,孫(sun)承宗(zong)時年七十六歲(sui)。朱由檢(jian)聞訊(xun)后哀傷悲嘆,命有關官員從(cong)優撫恤。
弘光元年(1644年)九(jiu)月十三日,南明弘光帝朱由崧追(zhui)贈孫(sun)承宗(zong)太師,謚號“文忠”。
清(qing)朝(chao)乾隆年間(jian),撰《欽定(ding)勝(sheng)朝(chao)殉節諸臣錄(lu)》,追謚孫承宗(zong)“忠定(ding)”。
孫承宗于崇禎四年歸鄉,在高(gao)陽(yang)縣(xian)居(ju)住,將(jiang)自己所作的詩賦(fu)收錄編成《高(gao)陽(yang)集》。
孫承宗遺留的(de)(de)(de)軍事著作有《車(che)營(ying)(ying)扣(kou)答合編(bian)》。這是(shi)他(ta)在(zai)(zai)督師薊遼(liao),經(jing)營(ying)(ying)遼(liao)西防務時,籌劃反攻遼(liao)東與其屬下討(tao)論軍事問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)記錄整理而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。全書共一百零(ling)八個(ge)問(wen)答,由(you)《車(che)營(ying)(ying)總說(shuo)(shuo)》、《車(che)營(ying)(ying)百八扣(kou)》、《車(che)營(ying)(ying)百八答》和《車(che)營(ying)(ying)百八說(shuo)(shuo)》等(deng)四部分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng),通(tong)過問(wen)、答、說(shuo)(shuo)、圖等(deng)對車(che)營(ying)(ying)編(bian)組方(fang)法、營(ying)(ying)陣布列(lie)、行軍作戰、后勤保障(zhang)等(deng)問(wen)題,作了詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析和解說(shuo)(shuo)。在(zai)(zai)作戰指導思想上,很重視發揮(hui)火(huo)器的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)與各兵(bing)種的(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)動作。如說(shuo)(shuo):“用(yong)(yong)車(che)在(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)火(huo)”,“用(yong)(yong)火(huo)在(zai)(zai)疊陣”。所(suo)謂“用(yong)(yong)火(huo)”即(ji)是(shi)發揚火(huo)力;所(suo)謂疊陣即(ji)步(bu)、騎、炮重疊配置(zhi),彼此(ci)協同(tong),長短相(xiang)補。
戰斗隊形也要因地制宜,靈活機動(dong)地使用方、圓、曲、直、銳等(deng)各種(zhong)隊形,向(xiang)人們展(zhan)(zhan)示了火器(qi)(qi)和冷兵器(qi)(qi)并用時代,步、騎、炮等(deng)諸兵種(zhong)協同(tong)作(zuo)戰的(de)雛形,在軍事思想發展(zhan)(zhan)史上,具有(you)重要的(de)史料價值。但《車營百八答》則多出自贊畫鹿善繼、副總兵官茅元儀(yi)等(deng)人之手。當(dang)時由(you)于保密,未能全部刊行(xing)。清同(tong)治七年(nian)(1868)才匯刻(ke)成書,四卷,7萬余字(zi)。
朱由檢:①漢則孔明,唐則裴度。②舊輔孫承(cheng)宗前(qian)勞難泯,死義更烈。
夏允彝:自有遼(liao)事,所(suo)用人,鮮能(neng)有勝任(ren)者。當(dang)時所(suo)望成功,惟熊廷弼、袁崇煥、孫(sun)承宗為庶幾(ji);而武臣(chen)如劉綎、杜松、滿桂、祖大壽、吳三桂,其(qi)最著也。
錢謙益:惟公之立人本朝(chao),志在于(yu)正朝(chao)廷,清(qing)宮府,杜(du)私門,破朋黨。譬諸(zhu)青天白晝,橫(heng)目四足(zu),皆仰其清(qing)明(ming),而秋霜夏日,善(shan)人君(jun)子(zi),亦憚其凜烈。小(xiao)夫(fu)壬人,不寒而栗,視以(yi)為骨仇血怨,生(sheng)擠(ji)而死排(pai)之,固(gu)其宜也(ye)。
張廷(ting)玉(yu)主(zhu)編《明史》:承宗(zong)以(yi)宰(zai)相再視師,皆粗有成(cheng)效矣(yi),奄豎(shu)斗筲(shao),后先齮扼(e),卒屏諸田野,至(zhi)闔門膏(gao)斧(fu)钅質(zhi),而恤(xu)典不加。國是如此,求無危,安可得也。夫(fu)攻(gong)不足者(zhe)(zhe)守有余,度彼之才,恢復固未易言,令專任之,猶足以(yi)慎固封守;而廷(ting)論紛呶,亟行翦除。蓋天(tian)眷有德,氣運將更,有莫之為而為者(zhe)(zhe)夫(fu)。
汪(wang)榮寶(bao):明(ming)自(zi)用(yong)兵以來(lai),督師者如熊廷(ting)弼、袁崇煥、孫(sun)承宗輩,皆以蓋世之才,能稱(cheng)其職;而諸將委身(shen)許國,效死(si)不屈者亦前后相望。
蔡(cai)東藩(fan):熊廷弼、孫(sun)承(cheng)宗二人,為明(ming)季良將,令久于其位,何患乎滿(man)洲(zhou)?廷弼可殺,承(cheng)宗可罷,鎮遼(liao)無(wu)人,滿(man)軍自(zi)乘間而(er)入。明(ming)之禍,滿(man)洲(zhou)之福(fu)也。雖曰天命(ming),寧非人事?