何(he)(he)尚之(zhi)(382年—460年),字彥(yan)德。廬江郡灊(qian)縣(xian)(今(jin)安徽霍山)人。南(nan)(nan)北朝時期劉宋大臣,東晉(jin)散騎侍(shi)郎何(he)(he)準曾孫、南(nan)(nan)康太(tai)守何(he)(he)恢之(zhi)孫、金紫(zi)光祿大夫何(he)(he)叔度之(zhi)子。官(guan)至侍(shi)中、左(zuo)光祿大夫、開府(fu)儀同三司,兼領中書令(ling)。
何尚(shang)之年輕時輕佻放(fang)蕩,喜歡(huan)賭博(bo),不(bu)(bu)過(guo)長大后(hou)改變志向(xiang)走上(shang)正(zheng)道,憑(ping)操守為人所稱(cheng)道。何尚(shang)之素來為陳郡人謝混(hun)了(le)解,和他交(jiao)往相處(chu)。因為家(jia)境貧困,于是出任臨津(jin)令,后(hou)獲劉(liu)(liu)裕征為府(fu)主簿,并隨(sui)同(tong)北(bei)伐(fa)后(hou)秦(qin),期間(jian)因公事(shi)免官(guan)。不(bu)(bu)過(guo),劉(liu)(liu)裕滅秦(qin)后(hou)仍因隨(sui)同(tong)征伐(fa)的(de)功勛獲賜爵都鄉侯。宋少帝即(ji)位后(hou),何尚(shang)之任廬(lu)陵王劉(liu)(liu)義(yi)真的(de)車騎咨(zi)議參軍,當時劉(liu)(liu)義(yi)真與執政的(de)徐羨之、傅亮等不(bu)(bu)和,何尚(shang)之曾作出勸諫但不(bu)(bu)被接納。
景平二年(nian)(nian)(424年(nian)(nian)),徐羨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廢義真為庶人,何尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遂調(diao)作中書侍郎(lang)。同年(nian)(nian)宋(song)文帝即位后(hou),何尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歷任(ren)(ren)臨川內史、黃門侍郎(lang)、尚(shang)(shang)書吏部郎(lang)及(ji)左衛將(jiang)軍,直至(zhi)元嘉八年(nian)(nian)(431年(nian)(nian))尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父何叔度去世,何尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才離職守喪,守喪期完結后(hou)便復任(ren)(ren)左衛將(jiang)軍,領太子中庶子。何尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一向喜(xi)好(hao)文學義理,常能儀態從容地(di)玩(wan)賞聚(ju)會,很(hen)受宋(song)文帝賞識。
元嘉十二(er)年(435年)遷任侍中(zhong),并像從前一樣(yang)兼任太子中(zhong)庶子,不久又改領游擊將(jiang)軍。
元嘉十三(san)年(436年),彭城王劉義康想任命其(qi)親信司徒左(zuo)長史劉斌為丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)尹(yin),宋文(wen)帝不答應。于是就任命何尚之(zhi)為丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)尹(yin),何尚之(zhi)在丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)外城南(nan)外建造宅(zhai)院,設置玄(xuan)學(xue)校(xiao),聚集學(xue)生。東海人(ren)(ren)徐秀、廬(lu)江人(ren)(ren)何曇、黃回(hui)、潁川人(ren)(ren)荀子華(hua)、太(tai)原人(ren)(ren)孫宗昌、王延秀、魯郡人(ren)(ren)孔惠宣,因為仰慕丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡興(xing)盛的玄(xuan)學(xue)前來游學(xue),稱(cheng)為南(nan)學(xue)。
何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)雖(sui)與(yu)義(yi)(yi)康(kang)近臣劉湛(zhan)(zhan)是姻(yin)親(qin)(qin),但他們關系(xi)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)親(qin)(qin)密,劉湛(zhan)(zhan)想(xiang)兼(jian)任(ren)(ren)丹陽尹,于是宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)改任(ren)(ren)何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)為祠部(bu)尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu),兼(jian)任(ren)(ren)國子祭酒。何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)感到很(hen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平。元嘉十七(qi)年(nian)(440年(nian)),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)誅(zhu)殺(sha)劉湛(zhan)(zhan),何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)遷吏(li)部(bu)尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)。后(hou)國子學建(jian)成,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)讓(rang)尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)領國子祭酒,及(ji)后(hou)又領建(jian)平王(wang)師(shi),轉任(ren)(ren)中書(shu)(shu)令、中護軍(jun)。元嘉二十二年(nian)(445年(nian)),何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)遷尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)右仆射,加散騎(qi)常侍。早在(zai)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)消滅義(yi)(yi)康(kang)親(qin)(qin)黨時(shi),何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)為得(de)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)親(qin)(qin)待、參與(yu)機密、時(shi)任(ren)(ren)左(zuo)衛將軍(jun)的范曄有異志,于是就稟(bing)告宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)應當出京任(ren)(ren)職(zhi)廣州,如果(guo)范曄在(zai)京城謀亂事成,不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)對(dui)其(qi)施加刑(xing)罰,如此屢次誅(zhu)殺(sha)大臣,有傷皇化。不(bu)(bu)(bu)過文(wen)帝(di)(di)以范曄未露形跡(ji),且為免(mian)被認(ren)為容不(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)有才之(zhi)(zhi)人,故(gu)沒有調(diao)走他。至此年(nian),范曄與(yu)孔熙(xi)先(xian)(xian)等謀立劉義(yi)(yi)康(kang)的事被揭發,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)稱(cheng)許何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)有先(xian)(xian)見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)明,然宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)看見(jian)被捕的孔熙(xi)先(xian)(xian)“望風(feng)吐款(kuan),辭氣不(bu)(bu)(bu)橈”,亦(yi)對(dui)其(qi)十分欣(xin)賞,指責曾任(ren)(ren)吏(li)部(bu)尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)的何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao):“讓(rang)孔熙(xi)先(xian)(xian)快將三十歲才當散騎(qi)郎,誰不(bu)(bu)(bu)做賊呀!”同年(nian),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)建(jian)玄武(wu)湖,并圖在(zai)湖中建(jian)方丈、蓬萊及(ji)瀛州三座仙(xian)山,因(yin)何尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)懇切進諫(jian)才打消念頭。當時(shi)亦(yi)在(zai)修建(jian)華林園,尚(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)時(shi)值盛夏(xia)而進諫(jian),望讓(rang)工人休息一下(xia),然宋(song)(song)(song)(song)文(wen)帝(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答應,說:“小人常常自己曬背,這點(dian)工程(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以使(shi)百姓辛勞(lao)。”
當時宋文帝到處巡幸,還(huan)經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)秉燭夜游(you),何尚之又(you)上(shang)表勸(quan)諫說(shuo):“萬乘(cheng)大國應當自重(zhong),尊威不(bu)可(ke)忽視,這本應是(shi)陛下圣(sheng)心明鑒的(de),哪里需要(yao)用(yong)我來(lai)說(shuo)明呢(ni)。圣(sheng)上(shang)近來(lai)連連游(you),還(huan)經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)徹夜游(you)賞(shang),朝廷上(shang)下群情反對,實在是(shi)不(bu)能(neng)安寧。清理道(dao)路而行動,帝王要(yao)建立(li)法度,這是(shi)古今帝王深深警誡的(de)事,安定(ding)的(de)時候不(bu)忘記(ji)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)有危險的(de)時候。如果遇(yu)上(shang)汲(ji)黯、辛毗那樣的(de)忠臣,也(ye)一(yi)定(ding)會(hui)不(bu)惜冒犯(fan)龍顏極力(li)勸(quan)諫,只是(shi)我們這些人碌碌無為,常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)心存恭順靜(jing)默罷了。臣特別希望陛下稍微采(cai)納一(yi)下我的(de)誠摯的(de)愚見(jian),想著(zhu)親自自我省(sheng)察,不(bu)因為我廢棄(qi)我的(de)真言,才可(ke)以寬慰天下人的(de)期(qi)望。”宋文帝最終也(ye)下詔采(cai)納了他(ta)的(de)意(yi)見(jian)并嘉獎他(ta)。
元嘉二十四年(447年),因應(ying)民間取(qu)較重(zhong)的古(gu)錢(qian)中的銅(tong)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)四銖錢(qian)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)嚴重(zhong),江夏王劉(liu)義恭(gong)建議(yi)將古(gu)錢(qian)定(ding)值作(zuo)大錢(qian),一個當(dang)兩個小錢(qian),以(yi)杜絕(jue)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)。但何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)認為此舉只增(zeng)加(jia)大錢(qian)表面價值,令(ling)富(fu)者愈(yu)富(fu),貧(pin)在愈(yu)貧(pin);又建議(yi)解決私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)應(ying)從加(jia)強執(zhi)法(fa)下手,讓懸賞機制名實俱有,并加(jia)強檢舉效率,以(yi)求遏止私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)風。何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)發言(yan)得庾炳之(zhi)(zhi)等人贊同(tong),不(bu)過(guo)其(qi)時沈演之(zhi)(zhi)贊同(tong)義恭(gong)提議(yi),宋文(wen)帝亦采納其(qi)言(yan),遂作(zuo)推行。不(bu)過(guo)一段時間后(hou)發現并不(bu)便利,于是作(zuo)罷(ba)。
元(yuan)嘉二十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(448年(nian)(nian)(nian)),何(he)尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)遷尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)左仆射,加散騎常侍,領汝(ru)陰(yin)王師。元(yuan)嘉二十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(451年(nian)(nian)(nian))轉(zhuan)尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)令,領太子詹事。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)何(he)尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)退(tui)休,當時(shi)文帝不許,何(he)尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)沒有堅持,又(you)再復職出(chu)仕。及后文帝對何(he)尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)就更為倚重,連北伐(fa)時(shi)給軍(jun)隊的物資都交由尚(shang)(shang)之(zhi)處理(li)。
元(yuan)嘉三十(shi)年(nian)(453年(nian)),太子劉劭(shao)起兵弒父奪位,進何(he)尚之(zhi)為司空、領(ling)(ling)尚書(shu)令。不過武陵王劉駿(jun)等諸(zhu)(zhu)王旋即發兵討伐(fa)劉劭(shao),諸(zhu)(zhu)王將領(ling)(ling)參佐們的家(jia)眷當時還在建康,劉劭(shao)遂(sui)意圖全部誅(zhu)殺,只因何(he)尚之(zhi)成(cheng)功勸止(zhi)才得保住性命。同年(nian)劉劭(shao)兵敗被殺,劉駿(jun)即位,即宋(song)孝武帝(di),以何(he)尚之(zhi)復任尚書(shu)令,領(ling)(ling)吏部。孝建元(yuan)年(nian)(454年(nian))遷侍中、左光祿大夫,領(ling)(ling)護軍將軍;不久又(you)辭領(ling)(ling)護軍將軍,轉加特進,又(you)再(zai)領(ling)(ling)尚書(shu)令。
大明二年(nian)(nian)(458年(nian)(nian)),何尚之轉侍中(zhong)、左光祿大夫、開府儀同三司(si)。后又曾(ceng)兼領中(zhong)書令。大明四年(nian)(nian)(460年(nian)(nian))去(qu)世,享年(nian)(nian)七十九歲,以(yi)本(ben)官加贈(zeng)司(si)空。賜謚號簡(jian)穆。
元嘉之(zhi)時,佛(fo)法(fa)日益興盛,塔寺與(yu)出家僧人日漸增(zeng)多,隨之(zhi)也(ye)引起了傳統觀念的(de)(de)疑難。為此,何(he)尚之(zhi)對佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)濟世之(zhi)功進行了透辟的(de)(de)闡釋,平實了當。在于其所(suo)稱(cheng)揚佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)在維(wei)系(xi)世道人心、輔(fu)助現實政治中(zhong)的(de)(de)巨大作用,言(yan)簡意(yi)賅,契理契機,在整個佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)發展史上(shang)產生了廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)(de)影響,實開后世具有代表性的(de)(de)佛(fo)法(fa)輔(fu)政論之(zhi)濫(lan)觴,是研究佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)原有文(wen)(wen)化相(xiang)融通全部過程中(zhong)之(zhi)重要(yao)一環(huan)。
劉(liu)義隆:釋(shi)門有(you)卿,亦猶孔(kong)氏之有(you)季(ji)路,所(suo)謂(wei)惡(e)言不入于耳。
《宋(song)(song)書(shu)》:江左以(yi)來,樹根(gen)本于(yu)揚(yang)越,任推轂于(yu)荊(jing)(jing)楚。揚(yang)土自廬、蠡(li)以(yi)北,臨(lin)海而極大江;荊(jing)(jing)部則包括湘、沅,跨巫山而掩鄧塞。民戶境域(yu),過半于(yu)天(tian)下。晉世幼主在位,政歸輔臣(chen),荊(jing)(jing)、揚(yang)司(si)牧,事同(tong)二陜。宋(song)(song)室(shi)受命,權不能移,二州之(zhi)重,咸歸密(mi)戚。是以(yi)義宣藉(jie)西楚強(qiang)富,因十載之(zhi)基,嫌隙(xi)既樹,遂規(gui)問鼎。而建郢分(fen)揚(yang),矯枉(wang)過直,籓(fan)城既剖,盜實(shi)人單,閫外(wai)之(zhi)寄,于(yu)斯而盡(jin)。若(ruo)長君南面,威刑自出,至親在外(wai),事不患強(qiang)。若(ruo)運經盛衰,時艱(jian)主弱,雖(sui)近臣(chen)懷禍,止(zhi)有外(wai)憚,呂宗不競(jing),實(shi)由齊(qi)、楚,興(xing)喪之(zhi)源,于(yu)斯尤著。尚之(zhi)言并合,可謂識(shi)治也矣!