共(gong)工(gong)怒觸不周山是(shi)一(yi)個著名的(de)上古神(shen)話傳說(shuo)。又名共(gong)工(gong)觸山,且與女(nv)媧補天、后羿射日(ri)、嫦娥奔月并稱中國(guo)古代(dai)著名的(de)四大神(shen)話。
共工,又稱共工氏,是中國古代(dai)神(shen)話中的(de)(de)水神(shen),掌(zhang)控洪水。在西晉(jin)張湛《列(lie)子·湯問(wen)》中記載,傳說共工素來與顓頊不合(he),發(fa)生驚天動地(di)(di)的(de)(de)大戰,最后(hou)以共工失敗(bai)而憤(fen)怒地(di)(di)撞上(shang)不周山(shan)而告(gao)終。
另一個版(ban)本:共工(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)水利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程計(ji)劃(hua),顓頊(xu)不(bu)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi),顓頊(xu)與共工(gong)(gong)(gong)之間發(fa)生了(le)大(da)戰,共工(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)能得到(dao)民眾的支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi),他決心(xin)撞斷(duan)不(bu)周山(shan),以示決心(xin)。
這一傳說反映了遠(yuan)古(gu)部族間的斗爭,同時涉及到(dao)古(gu)代天(tian)文學(xue)上的“蓋天(tian)說”。
共工,炎帝裔。據(ju)《山海(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)內(nei)經(jing)》:“炎帝之妻、赤水(shui)之子聽訞(yāo)生(sheng)(sheng)炎居(ju),炎居(ju)生(sheng)(sheng)節并(bing),節并(bing)生(sheng)(sheng)戲器(qi)(qi),戲器(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)祝融,祝融降處于(yu)江(jiang)水(shui),生(sheng)(sheng)共工。“
《路史·后紀(ji)二》注(zhu)引《歸藏·啟筮》:“共(gong)工人面蛇(she)身(shen)朱發。”
相傳共工為(wei)水(shui)神。《左傳·昭公(gong)十七年》:“共工氏以水(shui)紀,故為(wei)水(shui)師而水(shui)名。
《管子·揆度(du)》:“共工之王,水處什工與顓頊之戰。
《淮南子·天文(wen)訓》:“昔者共(gong)工與顓頊(xu)爭為帝(di),怒而(er)觸(chu)不周之(zhi)山,天柱折,地維絕(jue),天傾西北,故(gu)日(ri)月星辰移焉;地不滿東南,故(gu)水潦(liao)塵埃歸(gui)焉。”
此戰(zhan)又或傳為共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與高辛(《淮南(nan)子·原道》),神(shen)農(《雕玉集·壯力(li)》),祝(zhu)融(rong)(《史(shi)記(ji)·補三皇本紀》),女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)(《路史(shi)·太吳紀》)之爭(zheng)。其他(ta)如禹(yu)逐(zhu)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),禹(yu)殺共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)之臣相(xiang)柳等傳說,由禹(yu)為黃(huang)帝(di)系統人(ren)物,當亦系黃(huang)炎戰(zhan)爭(zheng)之余(yu)緒。今(jin)河南(nan)杞縣流傳的“女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)補天(tian)”傳說則謂(wei):共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、祝(zhu)融(rong)、女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)、棺人(ren)為兄妹(mei)。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與祝(zhu)融(rong)因吃天(tian)鵝蛋相(xiang)爭(zheng),共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)怒觸(chu)不周山,天(tian)塌洪水泛(fan)濫,女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)乃有補天(tian)之舉,似更原始(shi)。
《史記·補三皇本紀》:“諸侯有共工(gong)氏,任智刑以強霸(ba)而(er)不(bu)王;以水(shui)乘木,乃(nai)與祝融戰。不(bu)勝而(er)怒,乃(nai)頭觸(chu)不(bu)周山(shan)崩,天(tian)柱折,地維絕(jue)。”此戰或又傳說為顓頊,神農,女(nv)媧,高辛與共工(gong)之(zhi)爭。
《國語·魯語上》載:“共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)之(zhi)伯九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)。”“伯九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)”也就是(shi)(shi)霸(ba)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州。實際上是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)一度(du)是(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州的(de)(de)伯(霸(ba))主,即中(zhong)原部(bu)落聯盟的(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)首(shou)領。這(zhe)反(fan)映了(le)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)氏(shi)族住(zhu)在九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)方,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)在其中(zhong)居于首(shou)要地(di)(di)位(wei)。徐旭生(sheng)說(shuo)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)居住(zhu)地(di)(di)在今河(he)南(nan)省輝縣。郭沫若說(shuo):共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)長(chang)期活(huo)動的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方是(shi)(shi)今河(he)南(nan)西(xi)部(bu)的(de)(de)伊水和洛(luo)水流(liu)域(yu)。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)方古(gu)代稱為九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州,可能(neng)來(lai)源于共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)的(de)(de)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)氏(shi)。后來(lai),這(zhe)里往西(xi)的(de)(de)山區中(zhong)還(huan)有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州之(zhi)戎(rong),大概是(shi)(shi)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)的(de)(de)余(yu)部(bu)延續下來(lai)的(de)(de)。
共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是古(gu)代(dai)傳說中神農(nong)氏的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),屬于炎帝一族,身(shen)為水神,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有人的(de)(de)面孔、手足和蛇的(de)(de)身(shen)體。在黃帝的(de)(de)繼承(cheng)人顓頊(xu)治(zhi)世(shi)的(de)(de)時代(dai)反(fan)叛,被(bei)顓頊(xu)擊(ji)敗,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒而(er)頭撞(zhuang)不周山(傳說中支(zhi)撐世(shi)界的(de)(de)支(zhi)柱),造成世(shi)界向西北傾斜。之后(hou)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)仍(reng)不斷地作亂(luan)(代(dai)表洪(hong)水的(de)(de)爆(bao)發),最后(hou)被(bei)禹殺死(si)(指(zhi)治(zhi)水成功)。
《淮南子·天文訓》:“昔(xi)者共(gong)工與顓頊爭為(wei)帝,怒(nu)而觸不(bu)周之山,天柱(zhu)折,地(di)(di)維絕。天傾西北,故日(ri)月星辰移焉;地(di)(di)不(bu)滿(man)東南,故水(shui)潦塵埃歸(gui)焉。”
意思是:從前,共(gong)工與顓頊(xu)爭奪為帝,失敗了,于是共(gong)工發怒(用頭)去撞不周山,支撐天的柱(zhu)子(zi)折了,系掛(gua)地的繩子(zi)斷了。天向(xiang)西北方向(xiang)傾斜,所以太陽、月亮、星星都朝(chao)西北方移動;地的東南角陷塌了,所以江湖流水(shui)都朝(chao)東南方向(xiang)流去。
這(zhe)則神話反映了遠古(gu)部(bu)族間的斗爭同時涉及到(dao)古(gu)代天文學上的“蓋天說”,來(lai)解(jie)釋“日月星辰都朝西北方移(yi)動”“江河泥(ni)沙(sha)都朝東南方向流去”的現象(xiang)。
《淮南子·天(tian)文訓(xun)》云:昔者(zhe),共工與(yu)顓頊爭為帝,怒而(er)觸不(bu)周之山,天(tian)柱折,地(di)維(wei)絕。天(tian)傾西北,故(gu)日月(yue)星辰(chen)移焉(yan);地(di)不(bu)滿(man)東南,故(gu)水潦塵埃歸焉(yan)。
這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)記(ji)載的故事是顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)與共工爭帝(di)位而戰,那么時間就是顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)時期(qi),據說也就是因(yin)為(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)樣,才(cai)有女(nv)媧補天的故事。
依(yi)據《山海經》記(ji)載,共工為炎帝后裔。《史記(ji)·補三皇本紀》云:諸侯有共工氏,任智(zhi)刑以強霸而(er)不(bu)王;以水乘(cheng)木,乃(nai)與祝融戰。不(bu)勝而(er)怒,乃(nai)頭觸(chu)不(bu)周山崩,天柱折,地維(wei)缺。
霸(ba)道的共工(gong),又和(he)祝(zhu)融打起來了。傳說(shuo)祝(zhu)融為顓頊帝孫重黎,高辛氏火正之官,黃帝賜他姓“祝(zhu)融氏”。
神(shen)農氏代替燧人(ren)氏
公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)5800年(nian)開始,南(nan)(nan)(nan)方杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou)河(he)(he)(he)姆渡褐色人種伏羲(xi)女(nv)媧(wa)朱雀祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)就(jiu)想(xiang)要進(jin)入中原,那(nei)時玄(xuan)(xuan)武顓頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)還是他(ta)們的(de)部(bu)下,通過排干南(nan)(nan)(nan)陽盆地(di)終于突入了(le)中原,華朝主家共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)下的(de)的(de)九(jiu)州(zhou)(zhou)聯盟對入侵加以抗(kang)爭失敗后(hou)(hou),之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)又堅守黃河(he)(he)(he)防(fang)線繼續抗(kang)戰(zhan),擔(dan)任(ren)祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)先鋒的(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)武顓頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)攻破了(le)黃河(he)(he)(he)防(fang)線后(hou)(hou),又退守陜(shan)西(xi)防(fang)線。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)5000年(nian),擔(dan)任(ren)祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)先鋒的(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)武顓頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),與(yu)共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)下的(de)九(jiu)州(zhou)(zhou)聯盟在(zai)陜(shan)西(xi)不周之(zhi)山附近展開最后(hou)(hou)的(de)決戰(zhan)。就(jiu)在(zai)這(zhe)時,隕石(shi)墜落(luo)引發大海(hai)嘯,甚至連(lian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)陽盆地(di)和(he)淮河(he)(he)(he)流域都受到洪(hong)水影響(xiang)而與(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方斷絕(jue)了(le)聯系。祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)老(lao)巢(chao)杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou)更是被(bei)(bei)洪(hong)水損(sun)失慘(can)重,無力北上(shang)作戰(zhan)。被(bei)(bei)隔絕(jue)在(zai)北方的(de)祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤踞(ju)在(zai)山東(dong),玄(xuan)(xuan)武顓頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)女(nv)媧(wa)的(de)指引下投降(jiang)了(le)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)的(de)華朝分支(zhi)家夏族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)神龍氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),定居在(zai)他(ta)們附近,并幫助他(ta)們防(fang)御(yu)東(dong)面(mian)的(de)祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),和(he)幫助神龍氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)取(qu)代共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)九(jiu)州(zhou)(zhou)聯盟的(de)首領(ling),共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)從(cong)此定居在(zai)陜(shan)西(xi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)6000-前(qian)(qian)(qian)2000年(nian)甘肅大地(di)灣馬家窯文(wen)化。神龍氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)神農氏(shi)的(de)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)4800─前(qian)(qian)(qian)4300年(nian)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)東(dong)部(bu)半坡文(wen)化。殘(can)余的(de)祝融(rong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)洪(hong)水退去后(hou)(hou)下山與(yu)神龍氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)融(rong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)4500—前(qian)(qian)(qian)2500年(nian)山東(dong)大汶口文(wen)化。玄(xuan)(xuan)武顓頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)封(feng)在(zai)東(dong)北繼續對抗(kang)山東(dong),成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)4000~前(qian)(qian)(qian)3000年(nian)遼寧紅山文(wen)化。
盤(pan)古開天辟地女(nv)媧造人之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)向(xiang)與火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)不(bu)(bu)合,他(ta)(ta)(ta)向(xiang)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)發動進攻。擔當先鋒(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)將相(xiang)柳、浮游,猛撲(pu)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏居(ju)住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光明(ming)宮,把光明(ming)宮四周長年不(bu)(bu)熄的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)弄滅了。大(da)(da)地頓時一(yi)(yi)片漆黑(hei)。火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)駕著遍身冒著烈(lie)焰(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)龍出(chu)來(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)。所到(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),云(yun)霧廓清,雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)齊收;黑(hei)暗(an)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)退(tui)去,大(da)(da)地重現光明(ming)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)惱羞(xiu)成怒,命令(ling)相(xiang)柳和浮游將三江五海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)汲上來(lai)(lai),往祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)那里(li)傾去。剎時間長空(kong)(kong)中濁(zhuo)浪飛瀉(xie)(xie),黑(hei)濤翻(fan)騰,白(bai)云(yun)被(bei)淹沒,神(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)又(you)(you)被(bei)澆熄了。可(ke)是(shi)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)退(tui),神(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)又(you)(you)燒了起(qi)來(lai)(lai),加上祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)請來(lai)(lai)風神(shen)(shen)(shen)幫(bang)忙,風助火(huo)威,火(huo)乘風勢,熾熾烈(lie)烈(lie)地直撲(pu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)想(xiang)留住(zhu)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)來(lai)(lai)御火(huo),可(ke)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)瀉(xie)(xie)千里(li),哪里(li)留得(de)(de)住(zhu)。火(huo)焰(yan)又(you)(you)長舌般地卷(juan)來(lai)(lai),共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)被(bei)燒得(de)(de)焦(jiao)頭爛額,東倒西歪。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)率領水(shui)(shui)(shui)軍且戰(zhan)(zhan)且退(tui),逃回大(da)(da)海(hai)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)滿以為祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)遇到(dao)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui),肯(ken)定(ding)會知難而退(tui)。因(yin)此立在水(shui)(shui)(shui)宮,得(de)(de)意起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。不(bu)(bu)料祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)這(zhe)次下了必勝的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)心,他(ta)(ta)(ta)全速追擊。火(huo)龍所到(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)由滾滾向(xiang)兩旁翻(fan)轉,讓開了一(yi)(yi)條大(da)(da)路。祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)直逼(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)宮,水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)只好(hao)硬著頭皮出(chu)來(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)。代表光明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)獲得(de)(de)了全勝。浮游活活氣死,相(xiang)柳逃之(zhi)(zhi)夭夭,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)心力交(jiao)瘁,無法再戰(zhan)(zhan),狼狽地向(xiang)天邊逃去。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)直逃到(dao)不(bu)(bu)周山,回頭一(yi)(yi)看,追兵(bing)已(yi)近。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)(you)羞(xiu)又(you)(you)憤(fen),就一(yi)(yi)頭向(xiang)山腰撞去,“嘩(hua)啦啦”一(yi)(yi)聲巨響,不(bu)(bu)周山竟給共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)撞折了。不(bu)(bu)周山一(yi)(yi)倒,大(da)(da)災難降臨(lin)了。原來(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)周山是(shi)根(gen)撐天的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)柱(zhu),柱(zhu)子一(yi)(yi)斷,半邊天空(kong)(kong)就坍塌下來(lai)(lai),露出(chu)石骨嶙峋的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)窟(ku)窿,頓時天河(he)傾瀉(xie)(xie),洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)泛濫。著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)火(huo)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)容(rong)”典故即源于這(zhe)場大(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)。后(hou)來(lai)(lai)才有了女(nv)媧煉五彩石補天的(de)(de)(de)(de)事跡,大(da)(da)地重回正常。
水神共工氏和(he)火(huo)神祝融氏的這場(chang)(chang)大戰(zhan),皆因“水火(huo)不相容”而(er)發生,一方面說明(ming)(ming)了水火(huo)相克的原理(li),即水火(huo)天(tian)(tian)生不睦;另一方面說明(ming)(ming)了有些事(shi)物是(shi)(shi)自(zi)然界的基本(ben)本(ben)能,非人力所(suo)能干(gan)擾。縱觀遠古時代水神和(he)火(huo)神的這場(chang)(chang)驚天(tian)(tian)動(dong)地(di)的大戰(zhan),沒有什么所(suo)謂正(zheng)義和(he)公理(li),只有大自(zi)然的力量在搏擊。而(er)敗陣(zhen)的水神共工因惱怒去(qu)撞不周山,女媧補天(tian)(tian)算是(shi)(shi)拯救了自(zi)然世界。
伏羲(xi)時期,在華夏有一個長(chang)于(yu)耍陰謀(mou)詭計的(de)部族叫(jiao)做共(gong)工(gong)氏。共(gong)工(gong)氏在天上對應著(zhu)一個壞水神(shen)(shen),叫(jiao)共(gong)工(gong),它(ta)人面蛇身,有紅色的(de)頭發,性(xing)情十分兇(xiong)惡(e)(e)(e),嗜殺成性(xing)。共(gong)工(gong)手(shou)下有兩個惡(e)(e)(e)名昭彰的(de)惡(e)(e)(e)神(shen)(shen):一個是(shi)長(chang)著(zhu)九個腦袋(dai)的(de)相柳,它(ta)也是(shi)人面蛇身,全身青色,性(xing)情殘酷貪婪,專以殺戮為樂;另一個是(shi)長(chang)的(de)兇(xiong)神(shen)(shen)惡(e)(e)(e)煞一般的(de)浮游,也是(shi)一個作(zuo)惡(e)(e)(e)多端的(de)家伙。
共工(gong)氏的(de)人(ren)說(shuo)話好(hao)聽(ting)的(de)很,天(tian)花亂墜,但(dan)做起(qi)事來(lai)邪僻,表面上恭敬,實際上無法無天(tian)。共工(gong)氏的(de)頭(tou)子叫康回(hui),生的(de)髦身朱發,鐵(tie)臂虬筋,身高一(yi)丈有余,力大(da)(da)無窮(qiong)。康回(hui)為人(ren)表面恭敬但(dan)內心狡詐,陰謀百出(chu),只是(shi)礙于伏羲的(de)大(da)(da)威大(da)(da)德而暫時(shi)隱忍(ren)為上。伏羲離去后,華(hua)夏之民尊(zun)奉女媧,康回(hui)因此嫉恨,倚仗自(zi)己封地的(de)地勢高險,決滔天(tian)洪水(shui)危害中原,致使華(hua)夏天(tian)地間一(yi)片汪洋。女媧忍(ren)無可忍(ren),決定(ding)引領華(hua)夏之民鏟除共工(gong)。華(hua)夏堯(yao)(yao)帝(di)時(shi)期(qi),天(tian)下洪水(shui)泛(fan)濫,在鯀治水(shui)不成功(gong)的(de)情況(kuang)下,堯(yao)(yao)派鯀的(de)兒子禹去治理(li)洪水(shui)。大(da)(da)禹領著(zhu)百姓治水(shui),一(yi)直(zhi)將(jiang)黃河治理(li)到邙山東頭(tou),再向東的(de)河道就不好(hao)治了(le),因為有共工(gong)在作怪搗亂。
顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)為(wei)華(hua)夏(xia)上古時期(qi)五帝(di)(di)(黃帝(di)(di)、顓頊(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)嚳、唐堯(yao)、虞舜(shun))之(zhi)一,被稱為(wei)北方水德之(zhi)帝(di)(di)。顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)為(wei)人(ren)仁德、智慧(hui),當時世,四(si)方慕德而(er)(er)服(fu),鳥獸盡皆感(gan)化。顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)自幼受叔(shu)父少昊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熏陶,特別愛好音樂。當他聽(ting)到八方來(lai)風掠過大地(di)發出熙(xi)熙(xi)凄(qi)凄(qi)鏘(qiang)鏘(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音時,感(gan)覺十(shi)分悅耳,便(bian)讓八條飛(fei)龍仿(fang)效風聲(sheng)而(er)(er)長吟,命名為(wei)《承云曲》,專門用來(lai)紀念黃帝(di)(di)。他又突發異(yi)想,令揚(yang)子(zi)鱷(e)做音樂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倡導者。揚(yang)子(zi)鱷(e)鳴聲(sheng)如鼓,背上披(pi)有(you)堅厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗(lin)甲,成天躺在池(chi)沼底部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洞穴內(nei)睡覺,對音樂向來(lai)生疏。但它接令后不敢怠慢,立刻翻轉笨重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身軀(qu)仰(yang)臥,揮動粗大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾巴敲打鼓凸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰(hui)肚(du)皮,發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音果然嘹亮(liang)。人(ren)間受到顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,用揚(yang)子(zi)鱷(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮來(lai)蒙鼓。這種鼓十(shi)分貴重,叫鼉鼓。
顓頊(xu)帝(di)時(shi)期(qi),人們的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)已經(jing)發(fa)生了變化。顓頊(xu)帝(di)直屬的(de)(de)北方(fang)(fang)三(san)十(shi)六州道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)高(gao)尚,而其他地(di)方(fang)(fang)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)已經(jing)衰(shuai)微了。“君臣富(fu)貴皆由德(de)(de)而生”,因(yin)此,原本(ben)不(bu)(bu)停運(yun)轉的(de)(de)太陽(yang)、月亮(liang)和(he)星星開(kai)始被牢(lao)牢(lao)拴在天(tian)穹的(de)(de)北邊,固定在北方(fang)(fang)三(san)十(shi)六州上空。上古時(shi)期(qi),華(hua)夏之民敬神拜天(tian),因(yin)此就有很(hen)多(duo)人想象不(bu)(bu)到的(de)(de)福(fu)分。伏羲(xi)時(shi)期(qi),天(tian)、地(di)雖也分開(kai),但(dan)距離較近,而且還有天(tian)梯相(xiang)通,這天(tian)梯即(ji)是各地(di)的(de)(de)高(gao)山與(yu)大樹(shu)。天(tian)梯原為(wei)神、仙、巫而設,但(dan)人間的(de)(de)智者(zhe)、勇(yong)士,卻(que)能憑(ping)著智謀和(he)勇(yong)敢(gan)攀登天(tian)梯,直達天(tian)庭。那時(shi)候,凡人有了冤苦之事,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)直接到天(tian)上去向(xiang)天(tian)帝(di)申訴,神亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)隨便至凡界游山玩水,人與(yu)神的(de)(de)界限不(bu)(bu)是很(hen)明確的(de)(de)。后來由于地(di)上蚩尤叛亂,對神不(bu)(bu)敬,擾(rao)亂天(tian)庭。為(wei)此顓頊(xu)帝(di)命令孫兒重和(he)黎去把天(tian)地(di)的(de)(de)通路截(jie)斷,以(yi)維持(chi)宇宙秩序。
共(gong)工(gong)(gong)是個壞(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神,性情(qing)兇狠,處(chu)事蠻橫,專與(yu)華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民作對。它經(jing)常在(zai)(zai)(zai)心(xin)(xin)血來潮時(shi),施展(zhan)神力(li),呼(hu)風喚雨,用洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)傷害天下的(de)百姓,把(ba)一(yi)(yi)個好端端的(de)華夏(xia)(xia)弄的(de)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)汪(wang)洋。百姓們哭(ku)天叫地,苦熬日月。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)找(zhao)到共(gong)工(gong)(gong),勸(quan)說其(qi)不要(yao)再呼(hu)風喚雨,發洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)坑害百姓,給華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民留條生(sheng)路,積些德行。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)根本(ben)不聽(ting)大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)好言相勸(quan),說:“我發我的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),和你(ni)有啥關系(xi)?”大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不愿(yuan)再理(li)這(zhe)號靈(ling)魂低劣之(zhi)壞(huai)神,只好水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)里(li)(li)來,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)里(li)(li)去,頂風冒雨,察看(kan)地形,尋找(zhao)黃(huang)河(he)(he)向東的(de)出路。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)看(kan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)心(xin)(xin)要(yao)治住洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),疏導(dao)黃(huang)河(he)(he),讓華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民過上(shang)(shang)正(zheng)常的(de)生(sheng)活,頓時(shi)火冒三丈,幾乎(hu)將自己(ji)的(de)全部神力(li)都使了(le)出來,中原一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)于(yu)是四處(chu)漫溢,到處(chu)橫流(liu),洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)更大(da)(da)(da)(da)了(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)東奔(ben)西跑(pao),費盡(jin)了(le)力(li)氣,地上(shang)(shang)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)卻越(yue)聚越(yue)多,黃(huang)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也是四處(chu)八方(fang)亂竄。有共(gong)工(gong)(gong)搗亂,黃(huang)河(he)(he)沒法疏導(dao),大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)忍(ren)無可忍(ren),決心(xin)(xin)帶(dai)(dai)領華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民驅逐共(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)把(ba)隨他治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)應龍(long)、黃(huang)龍(long)、白龍(long)、蒼龍(long)都叫來,并鼓勵華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民一(yi)(yi)起(qi)出戰(zhan)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)由于(yu)四處(chu)作惡,早(zao)就(jiu)聲名狼藉,百姓聽(ting)說大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)趕走共(gong)工(gong)(gong),紛紛前來參戰(zhan)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帶(dai)(dai)著大(da)(da)(da)(da)家在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中攔住共(gong)工(gong)(gong),雙方(fang)廝殺(sha)起(qi)來。整整大(da)(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan)了(le)一(yi)(yi)個月,大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帶(dai)(dai)華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民輪流(liu)上(shang)(shang)陣。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)漸漸疲憊不堪,敗下陣后,倉(cang)惶而逃(tao),大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)窮追不舍。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)看(kan)著自己(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)劫難逃(tao),便(bian)向大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)下跪,發誓永遠不再侵(qin)犯華夏(xia)(xia),再不發水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)行惡了(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin)一(yi)(yi)軟(ruan),放走了(le)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)率華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民趕走共(gong)工(gong)(gong)后,一(yi)(yi)鼓作氣,把(ba)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排完,又馬不停蹄(ti)地把(ba)黃(huang)河(he)(he)疏導(dao)到東海,并用太行山的(de)石頭(tou),在(zai)(zai)(zai)黃(huang)河(he)(he)兩邊筑(zhu)起(qi)又高(gao)又厚(hou),十分堅固的(de)堤岸。
大(da)力(li)神(shen)重和黎(li)接旨,運足(zu)了力(li)氣,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)兩手托天(tian)(tian),一(yi)(yi)個(ge)雙(shuang)掌按(an)地(di),吆喝一(yi)(yi)聲,一(yi)(yi)齊發力(li),托天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)盡(jin)力(li)往上舉,按(an)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)拼命向下(xia)壓,天(tian)(tian)漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)往上升,地(di)漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)向下(xia)沉,本來(lai)相隔不(bu)(bu)遠的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)地(di)就變(bian)成現在這樣,遙(yao)遙(yao)而不(bu)(bu)可及了,高山、大(da)樹(shu),再(zai)也起不(bu)(bu)到天(tian)(tian)梯的(de)(de)(de)作用了。從此,托天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)重為南正(zheng),專管天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神(shen)之事(shi);按(an)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)黎(li)為火正(zheng),專管人間之事(shi)。顓頊帝還(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)定出各種(zhong)禮儀制(zhi)(zhi)度來(lai)維護(hu)社(she)會道德(de)(de)(de),規(gui)定婦女在路上遇見男人必須先回避,不(bu)(bu)然要拉到十字大(da)街上示眾(zhong),還(huan)規(gui)定兄(xiong)妹不(bu)(bu)準通婚,并(bing)讓百姓按(an)時(shi)祭祀祖先和天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神(shen)。顓頊帝的(de)(de)(de)為人道德(de)(de)(de)、智慧,使四(si)方慕德(de)(de)(de)而服,鳥獸盡(jin)皆感化。
據《史記(ji)·五帝(di)本(ben)紀》記(ji)載(zai),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轄區非常大,“北(bei)至于(yu)幽靈,南(nan)至于(yu)交阯,西(xi)(xi)至于(yu)流沙,東至于(yu)蟠木,動(dong)靜之物,大小之神,日月(yue)(yue)所照,莫不(bu)(bu)砥(di)屬。”但(dan)是,林子大了(le),什么(me)鳥都有。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大德智慧(hui),使善(shan)者從之,卻使邪惡(e)及無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)無(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共工(gong)恨(hen)(hen)之,共工(gong)妒(du)忌的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡直發了(le)狂(kuang),便(bian)糾集一(yi)(yi)些同樣鼓吹無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)無(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)而對顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)不(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)壞神組建成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)隊,輕(qing)騎(qi)短刃,突(tu)襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國京都。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)聞(wen)變(bian),泰然自若,一(yi)(yi)面(mian)點(dian)燃七十(shi)二座(zuo)烽火臺,大戰開始后(hou)(hou)(hou),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)率(lv)軍(jun)將(jiang)共工(gong)部眾從天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上追逐(zhu)到(dao)凡(fan)界,再從凡(fan)界廝殺(sha)到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上,幾個回(hui)合過去(qu)后(hou)(hou)(hou),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾越殺(sha)越多,長著兩個蜂窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲(chong)領毒蜂由(you)平逢山(shan)趕至;共工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部落被(bei)殺(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人仰馬翻,幾乎全軍(jun)覆(fu)沒(mei)。共工(gong)輾轉(zhuan)殺(sha)到(dao)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)下(xia),身邊僅剩一(yi)(yi)十(shi)三(san)騎(qi)。不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)奇崛突(tu)兀,頂天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)立地(di),擋住了(le)這伙賊寇的(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)路(lu)。這不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)是一(yi)(yi)根(gen)撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨柱(zhu),是顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)維持宇宙秩序的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要憑藉(jie)之一(yi)(yi)。這時,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)率(lv)軍(jun)從四面(mian)八(ba)方沖來,喊殺(sha)聲(sheng)(sheng)、勸降聲(sheng)(sheng)驚(jing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)動(dong)地(di),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地(di)網已經布成(cheng)(cheng)。共工(gong)到(dao)死還想壞一(yi)(yi)把,不(bu)(bu)顧(gu)一(yi)(yi)切后(hou)(hou)(hou)果發泄怨恨(hen)(hen),他向不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)撞去(qu)。在轟隆(long)(long)隆(long)(long)、潑喇(la)(la)喇(la)(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨響聲(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong),那(nei)撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)拄地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)竟被(bei)它攔腰撞斷,橫(heng)塌下(xia)來。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)折斷后(hou)(hou)(hou),整個宇宙便(bian)隨之發生了(le)大變(bian)動(dong),西(xi)(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)撐持而向下(xia)傾(qing)斜(xie),使拴(shuan)系在北(bei)方天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月(yue)(yue)亮和星(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)在原來位置上再也站不(bu)(bu)住腳(jiao),身不(bu)(bu)由(you)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)掙(zheng)脫束縛,朝低(di)斜(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)滑去(qu),成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)我們今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)日月(yue)(yue)星(xing)(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行路(lu)線(xian)。
不周(zhou)山被撞斷(duan)后,天就(jiu)塌下(xia)半邊(bian)來,還露出(chu)很多大窟窿;地面也裂(lie)開了(le)(le),出(chu)現一條條的深(shen)坑裂(lie)縫。在天崩(beng)地裂(lie)的情況下(xia),山林燃(ran)燒起(qi)熊熊大火(huo),地底噴(pen)出(chu)了(le)(le)滔滔洪水(shui),周(zhou)圍也竄(cuan)出(chu)了(le)(le)各(ge)種兇猛野獸(shou),大地就(jiu)象一個(ge)人間地獄。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)女(nv)媧(wa),看到自己(ji)創造出來的(de)(de)(de)人受到這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)苦難(nan),痛心極(ji)了(le)(le)(le)。為了(le)(le)(le)讓人們重新(xin)過上自然的(de)(de)(de)生活(huo),女(nv)媧(wa)決定(ding)去(qu)(qu)修補殘破的(de)(de)(de)蒼天(tian)(tian)(tian)。這是(shi)一(yi)件極(ji)其困難(nan)繁雜的(de)(de)(de)工作,女(nv)媧(wa)先在江河揀了(le)(le)(le)許多五(wu)色(se)石子(zi),又(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)大火把(ba)(ba)石子(zi)燒(shao)了(le)(le)(le)九天(tian)(tian)(tian)九夜,煉成紅、黃、青、白(bai)、黑五(wu)色(se)混和(he)的(de)(de)(de)石漿,然后一(yi)勺一(yi)勺的(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)石漿灌(guan)進天(tian)(tian)(tian)上的(de)(de)(de)窟窿,把(ba)(ba)崩裂的(de)(de)(de)地方修補好。隨之的(de)(de)(de)工作,便是(shi)要把(ba)(ba)天(tian)(tian)(tian)撐(cheng)起來。女(nv)媧(wa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)只大烏龜(gui)的(de)(de)(de)四只腳,用(yong)(yong)(yong)來代(dai)替天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱,豎(shu)立在大地的(de)(de)(de)四方,把(ba)(ba)天(tian)(tian)(tian)空(kong)象架帳篷(peng)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)撐(cheng)起來。柱子(zi)很(hen)結(jie)實(shi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)空(kong)再也不(bu)會塌下來了(le)(le)(le)。女(nv)媧(wa)又(you)趕走了(le)(le)(le)到處為患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)兇禽惡獸,又(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)蘆草燒(shao)成的(de)(de)(de)灰去(qu)(qu)填(tian)(tian)塞洪水(shui)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)補好了(le)(le)(le),地也填(tian)(tian)平(ping)了(le)(le)(le),華夏(xia)之民又(you)重新(xin)過上了(le)(le)(le)自然幸福的(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)。
相傳帝(di)(di)舜(shun)時期(約(yue)公元前22世紀),禹(yu)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)進攻(gong)共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(今河(he)南嵩縣北(bei)黃河(he)附近)的作戰。原始社會晚期,中原地(di)(di)區生活(huo)著黃帝(di)(di)族系的部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(今山西南部(bu)(bu)),舜(shun)為首領。當(dang)時,黃河(he)經常泛濫成(cheng)災,禍及人民,舜(shun)命禹(yu)治(zhi)水。炎帝(di)(di)族系的共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng),長期與舜(shun)領導的部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)爭奪生存地(di)(di)域,并(bing)為治(zhi)水發(fa)生沖突(tu)。于是,禹(yu)率領本部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)進攻(gong)共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi),將其擊(ji)敗(bai)并(bing)驅離(li)治(zhi)水地(di)(di)區,以便(bian)治(zhi)水。從此共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)再也(ye)無力與黃帝(di)(di)族系部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)抗衡。
水神(shen)(shen)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)是炎帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔,與(yu)黃帝(di)家族本(ben)來(lai)(lai)(lai)就(jiu)矛盾重(zhong)重(zhong)。帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊接掌宇(yu)(yu)宙(zhou)統治權后(hou),不(bu)(bu)僅毫不(bu)(bu)顧惜人(ren)類,同時(shi)也(ye)(ye)用強權壓制(zhi)其他(ta)派系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen),以至(zhi)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)上人(ren)間(jian),怨聲(sheng)(sheng)鼎沸。共工(gong)(gong)(gong)見時(shi)機成(cheng)熟,約集心懷不(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)們(men)(men),決心推(tui)翻(fan)帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治,奪取主宰神(shen)(shen)位(wei)。反叛的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸神(shen)(shen)推(tui)選共工(gong)(gong)(gong)為盟主,組建成(cheng)一(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)軍隊,輕騎短刃(ren),突襲(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)國京都。帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊聞變,倒(dao)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)甚驚惶,他(ta)一(yi)面點燃七十(shi)二座(zuo)烽火臺,召四方諸侯疾速支(zhi)(zhi)援;一(yi)面點齊護(hu)衛京畿的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵馬,親(qin)自(zi)掛帥,前去(qu)(qu)迎戰。一(yi)場(chang)酷烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰斗展(zhan)開了(le)(le)(le),兩(liang)股人(ren)馬從(cong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)上廝殺(sha)到(dao)(dao)凡(fan)界,再(zai)從(cong)凡(fan)界廝殺(sha)到(dao)(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)上,幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)來(lai)(lai)(lai)回過去(qu)(qu),帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾越(yue)殺(sha)越(yue)多(duo),人(ren)形虎尾的(de)(de)(de)(de)泰逢駕萬道(dao)(dao)祥光(guang)由(you)和山(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi),龍頭(tou)人(ren)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計蒙挾疾風驟雨由(you)光(guang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi),長著兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)蜂窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲領毒蜂毒蝎由(you)平逢山(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi);共工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾越(yue)殺(sha)越(yue)少,柜比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脖(bo)子(zi)被砍得只剩一(yi)層皮,披頭(tou)散(san)發,一(yi)只斷臂也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)丟到(dao)(dao)哪兒去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)(le),王子(zi)夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙手雙腳、頭(tou)顱胸腹(fu)甚至(zhi)牙(ya)齒全被砍斷,七零八落地(di)(di)散(san)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)地(di)(di)。共工(gong)(gong)(gong)輾轉(zhuan)殺(sha)到(dao)(dao)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)下,身(shen)邊(bian)僅剩一(yi)十(shi)三騎。他(ta)舉目望去(qu)(qu),不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)奇崛突兀(wu),頂天(tian)(tian)(tian)立地(di)(di),擋住了(le)(le)(le)去(qu)(qu)路,他(ta)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao),此(ci)山(shan)(shan)(shan)其實是一(yi)根(gen)撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨柱(zhu),是帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊維(wei)持宇(yu)(yu)宙(zhou)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要憑藉之(zhi)一(yi)。身(shen)后(hou),喊殺(sha)聲(sheng)(sheng)、勸降聲(sheng)(sheng)接連傳來(lai)(lai)(lai),天(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地(di)(di)網(wang)已經布成(cheng)。共工(gong)(gong)(gong)在絕望中(zhong)發出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)憤(fen)怒的(de)(de)(de)(de)吶喊,他(ta)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)獅子(zi)甩頭(tou),朝不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)拼命撞去(qu)(qu),只聽得轟隆隆、潑喇(la)喇(la)一(yi)陣巨響,那(nei)撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)拄地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)竟被他(ta)攔腰撞斷,橫塌(ta)下來(lai)(lai)(lai)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)既經折斷,整個(ge)(ge)宇(yu)(yu)宙(zhou)便隨(sui)之(zhi)發生了(le)(le)(le)大變動(dong):西(xi)北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)(qu)撐持而(er)向下傾斜,使拴(shuan)系(xi)(xi)在北(bei)(bei)方天(tian)(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月亮和星(xing)星(xing)在原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)(lai)位(wei)置上再(zai)也(ye)(ye)站不(bu)(bu)住腳,身(shen)不(bu)(bu)由(you)己地(di)(di)掙脫束縛,朝低(di)斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)滑去(qu)(qu),成(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)我們(men)(men)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)月星(xing)辰(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行線(xian)路,解除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)當時(shi)人(ren)們(men)(men)所遭受的(de)(de)(de)(de)白晝永(yong)是白晝,黑(hei)夜永(yong)是黑(hei)夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)苦(ku)。另一(yi)方面,懸吊大地(di)(di)東南角的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨繩被劇(ju)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)震動(dong)崩斷了(le)(le)(le),東南大地(di)(di)塌(ta)陷下去(qu)(qu),成(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)我們(men)(men)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)高(gao)、東南低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)勢(shi),和江河東流、百川歸海的(de)(de)(de)(de)情景。
共工(gong)氏行(xing)為最后(hou)(hou)得到了人(ren)們(men)的尊敬。在共工(gong)氏死后(hou)(hou),人(ren)們(men)奉(feng)他為水師(shi)(司水利(li)之神)。他的兒子后(hou)(hou)土也被(bei)人(ren)們(men)奉(feng)為社(she)神(即土地神),后(hou)(hou)來(lai)人(ren)們(men)發(fa)誓時說“蒼(cang)天(tian)在上后(hou)(hou)土在下(xia)”,就指的是(shi)他,由此可見人(ren)們(men)對他們(men)的敬重。
1.斡維(wei)焉系,天極焉加?八柱何當(dang),東南何虧(kui)?(屈(qu)原《天問》)
2.這又是北部人民對于地(di)形及現世界的(de)并未十分(fen)美滿(man)所起的(de)一種解答。在(zai)開辟神話中,這該是尾聲了。他生于若水而居帝丘(qiu)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)濮(pu)陽(yang)東南(nan)),正處黃河(he)(約當(dang)今(jin)(jin)衛河(he))東岸附近(jin)。炎帝的(de)后裔(yi)共工(gong),已(yi)成為炎帝族分(fen)支共工(gong)氏部落聯盟的(de)首領,居九有(即九州)黃河(he)中游(you)河(he)西(xi)地(di)區(約在(zai)今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)輝縣(xian)境(jing))。(茅(mao)盾《神話研究》)
原文
(課(ke)文見《語文》人(ren)民教(jiao)育出版社(she)七年級下(xia)冊(ce)第25課(ke)(198頁)版權歸人(ren)民教(jiao)育出版社(she)所有)
昔(xi)者(zhe),共工(gong)與顓(zhuan)頊爭為(wei)帝,怒(nu)而觸不(bu)周之山,天(tian)柱折,地維絕。天(tian)傾西北,故(gu)日月星辰移焉(yan);地不(bu)滿東南,故(gu)水潦(liao)塵埃歸焉(yan)。
譯文
從前,共工(gong)與顓頊爭奪部落天帝(di)之(zhi)位,(共工(gong)在大(da)戰中慘敗,)憤怒地(di)撞擊不周山,支(zhi)撐天的柱子折(zhe)了(le)(le),系著大(da)地(di)的繩(sheng)索斷(duan)了(le)(le)。(所以(yi)(yi))天向(xiang)(xiang)西北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜(xie),所以(yi)(yi)日月、星辰都向(xiang)(xiang)西北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)移動了(le)(le);大(da)地(di)的東南角塌陷了(le)(le),所以(yi)(yi)江河泥沙都朝東南方向(xiang)(xiang)流去。
注釋
共工:傳(chuan)說中的部落領(ling)袖,炎帝的后裔。
觸:碰、撞。
不周山(shan)(shan):山(shan)(shan)名(ming),傳(chuan)說在昆侖西北。《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經·大(da)荒西經》載:“大(da)荒之隅(yu),有山(shan)(shan)而不合,名(ming)曰不周。”
昔者:從前。
而:表順承。
顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(zhuānxū):傳說(shuo)中的五帝之一(yi),黃(huang)帝的后裔。
為:做。
天(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)折,地(di)維絕:支撐天(tian)(tian)的(de)柱(zhu)子(zi)折了,掛地(di)的(de)繩(sheng)子(zi)斷了。古(gu)人認(ren)為(wei)天(tian)(tian)圓(yuan)地(di)方,有八根柱(zhu)子(zi)支撐、地(di)的(de)四角有大繩(sheng)系(xi)掛。維,繩(sheng)子(zi)。絕,斷。
傾:傾斜。
西北:名詞用作狀語,向西北。
移:移動。
焉:兼詞,與“于是”或“于此“相當,文中譯為“這,這里”。
水(shui)潦(lǎo):泛指(zhi)江(jiang)湖流水(shui)。潦,積水(shui)。
塵埃:塵土,這(zhe)里(li)指泥(ni)沙。
故:所以。
歸:匯集。
絕:斷。