家桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(Bombyx mori L.)是(shi)一(yi)種以桑(sang)葉(xie)為食料的鱗(lin)翅目(mu)泌絲昆蟲,屬無脊椎動物(wu),節肢動物(wu)門蠶(can)(can)蛾科蠶(can)(can)蛾屬桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)種。栽(zai)桑(sang)養蠶(can)(can)的主要(yao)目(mu)的物(wu)是(shi)蠶(can)(can)繭和(he)(he)絲綢,蠶(can)(can)一(yi)生(sheng)經過(guo)卵(luan)、幼蟲、蛹、成(cheng)蟲4個(ge)形態上(shang)(shang)和(he)(he)生(sheng)理機能(neng)上(shang)(shang)完全不同(tong)的發(fa)育(yu)階段,每一(yi)個(ge)發(fa)育(yu)階段的不同(tong)部(bu)位(wei)及其代謝(xie)物(wu)都有廣泛(fan)的藥用價值。
漢語發音:sāngcán
桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)又稱(cheng)家(jia)蠶(can)(can),簡稱(cheng)蠶(can)(can),是以桑(sang)葉為食(shi)(shi)料(liao)的(de)吐絲結繭的(de)經(jing)濟昆蟲之一。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)屬(shu)鱗翅目,蠶(can)(can)蛾科(ke),學名為Bombyx mori Linnaeus。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)起源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)中(zhong)國,由(you)古代棲息于(yu)桑(sang)樹(shu)的(de)原始蠶(can)(can)馴化(hua)而來,與中(zhong)國現(xian)今食(shi)(shi)害桑(sang)樹(shu)的(de)野桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)同源(yuan)(yuan),染色(se)體都是28對。
蠶蛾幼蟲,吃(chi)桑葉,在化蛹前吐出(chu)作繭用的(de)大(da)量(liang)蠶絲是重要的(de)紡織原料。桑蠶是完全變(bian)(bian)態(tai)昆(kun)蟲,一生(sheng)經過(guo)卵、幼蟲、蛹、成(cheng)蟲等四個(ge)形態(tai)上和生(sheng)理(li)機能(neng)上完全不同的(de)發(fa)育階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。卵是胚胎發(fa)生(sheng)、發(fa)育形成(cheng)幼蟲的(de)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),幼蟲是攝(she)取食物(wu)營(ying)養(yang)的(de)生(sheng)長階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),蛹是從幼蟲向成(cheng)蟲過(guo)渡的(de)變(bian)(bian)態(tai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),成(cheng)蟲是交配產卵繁(fan)殖后代的(de)生(sheng)殖階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。整個(ge)世代只幼蟲期(qi)攝(she)食,并(bing)為蛹和成(cheng)蟲期(qi)的(de)生(sheng)命(ming)活動積貯營(ying)養(yang)。
吐(tu)絲結繭是桑蠶適應環境(jing)而生存的(de)(de)一種本能。“中國綢都”四川南(nan)充的(de)(de)絲綢是中國西部絲綢文化(hua)的(de)(de)中心地帶(dai)。
物種名稱:桑蠶
別名(ming):家蠶(can)(Bombyx mori L.),簡稱蠶(can)。昆蟲綱鱗翅目(Lepidoptera)蠶(can)蛾科(ke)(Bombycidae)。
雌雄鑒(jian)別:雌蠶在(zai)蠶的(de)(de)尾部第(di)(di)八和(he)第(di)(di)九腹(fu)節(jie)腹(fu)面,左右對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)地各有(you)(you)一對(dui)乳白(bai)色的(de)(de)小(xiao)圓點(dian)(共四點(dian)),稱(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)渡氏腺,又分別稱(cheng)(cheng)生殖前(qian)盤(pan)和(he)生殖后盤(pan),雄蠶則在(zai)第(di)(di)九腹(fu)節(jie)的(de)(de)腹(fu)面前(qian)緣中(zhong)央有(you)(you)一個橢圓形的(de)(de)乳白(bai)色小(xiao)點(dian),稱(cheng)(cheng)赫氏腺,又稱(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)囊體(ti)、囊狀體(ti)。
栽(zai)桑養蠶(can)的主要(yao)目的物是(shi)蠶(can)繭和(he)絲綢,蠶(can)一生經過卵(luan)、幼蟲、蛹、成蟲4個形態(tai)上和(he)生理機能上完全不同的發育(yu)階段。
長(chang)圓筒形(xing),由頭、胸(xiong)、腹(fu)(fu)(fu)3部(bu)分構(gou)成。頭部(bu)外包灰褐(he)色(se)(se)骨(gu)質頭殼,胸(xiong)部(bu)3個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)各有(you)1對(dui)胸(xiong)足;腹(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)10個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)有(you)4對(dui)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)足和1對(dui)尾足,第(di)(di)8腹(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)背(bei)面(mian)(mian)中央有(you)1個(ge)尾角(jiao);第(di)(di)1胸(xiong)節(jie)(jie)和第(di)(di)1至(zhi)第(di)(di)8腹(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)體(ti)側各有(you)1對(dui)氣門。剛(gang)孵化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲,遍(bian)體(ti)著生(sheng)(sheng)黑褐(he)色(se)(se)剛(gang)毛,體(ti)軀細小似(si)螞蟻,稱(cheng)蟻蠶(can)(can)。蟻蠶(can)(can)借攝食桑(sang)(sang)葉而迅速長(chang)大,體(ti)色(se)(se)逐(zhu)漸(jian)轉(zhuan)成青(qing)白(bai)(bai)。其(qi)體(ti)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)表皮要(yao)發生(sheng)(sheng)多(duo)次(ci)脫換,這種現象稱(cheng)蛻(tui)皮,是(shi)(shi)蠶(can)(can)體(ti)內咽側體(ti)分泌(mi)的(de)(de)(de)保幼(you)(you)激素與前(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)腺(xian)分泌(mi)的(de)(de)(de)蛻(tui)皮激素共同作用的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果。蛻(tui)皮前(qian)(qian),幼(you)(you)蟲停止食桑(sang)(sang),吐(tu)絲于蠶(can)(can)座上(shang),用腹(fu)(fu)(fu)足和尾足固(gu)定蠶(can)(can)體(ti),靜止不動,稱(cheng)眠(mian)。眠(mian)是(shi)(shi)分齡(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)界限(xian),每眠(mian)一次(ci)增(zeng)(zeng)加1齡(ling)(ling)(ling)。體(ti)重(zhong)和體(ti)積隨齡(ling)(ling)(ling)期增(zeng)(zeng)進而顯著增(zeng)(zeng)大。蛻(tui)皮次(ci)數的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)稱(cheng)眠(mian)性(xing),受遺傳控制,但生(sheng)(sheng)活條件的(de)(de)(de)影響也能使眠(mian)性(xing)發生(sheng)(sheng)變化(hua)。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)眠(mian)性(xing)有(you)三眠(mian)、四(si)眠(mian)、五眠(mian)等(deng);生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)上(shang)常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)品種是(shi)(shi)四(si)眠(mian)5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)蠶(can)(can)。幼(you)(you)蟲生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)到5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)第(di)(di)2~3日,可按特征(zheng)鑒別雌雄(xiong):雌蠶(can)(can)在第(di)(di)8和第(di)(di)9腹(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)(mian)各有(you)1對(dui)乳(ru)(ru)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)圓點,稱(cheng)石渡(du)氏腺(xian);雄(xiong)蠶(can)(can)在第(di)(di)9腹(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)(mian)前(qian)(qian)緣中央有(you)一乳(ru)(ru)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)囊狀體(ti),稱(cheng)赫氏腺(xian)(圖2)。5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)至(zhi)極(ji)度時,體(ti)重(zhong)約(yue)比蟻蠶(can)(can)增(zeng)(zeng)加1萬倍。此后逐(zhu)漸(jian)減少食桑(sang)(sang)量以至(zhi)停食。至(zhi)前(qian)(qian)半身(shen)呈透明時,稱(cheng)熟蠶(can)(can),即開始吐(tu)絲結(jie)(jie)繭(jian)。結(jie)(jie)繭(jian)過程(cheng)約(yue)需2~3日。幼(you)(you)蟲期的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短因蠶(can)(can)品種和飼(si)育條件而異,一般(ban)春蠶(can)(can)在24~25℃下約(yue)為24~26日,夏秋蠶(can)(can)在26~28℃下約(yue)為21~23日。
蟻蠶(can)出殼時(shi)間:5~10點(dian)。趨光性(xing),趨黃(huang)光、綠光、白(bai)光較強(qiang)。5齡(ling)四天后,體長(chang)不(bu)再增長(chang),范圍(wei)為6~8cm5齡(ling)第1.5~2天長(chang)度(du)生長(chang)快(kuai)。5齡(ling)兩天后,雌蠶(can)在(zai)第8、9腹節的腹面各(ge)有一(yi)對乳白(bai)色或(huo)透(tou)明(ming)的小圓點(dian),明(ming)顯程度(du)個(ge)體不(bu)同。一(yi)般(ban)雌比雄(xiong)蠶(can)體大(da)。結繭1~2天,蠶(can)吐絲喜暗。
適宜溫(wen)度(du)(du):22~28℃,最適溫(wen)度(du)(du)23.8~25℃,自孵化至吐(tu)絲結繭,一(yi)般春(chun)期24~30天(tian),夏秋(qiu)期20~24天(tian)。
熟(shu)(shu)蠶吐(tu)絲畢,體軀縮小略呈紡錘形,靜止不動,這時稱潛(qian)(qian)蛹(yong)(yong)(預(yu)蛹(yong)(yong))。潛(qian)(qian)蛹(yong)(yong)是(shi)真皮層與(yu)舊幼蟲(chong)表(biao)皮分離(li)并(bing)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蛹(yong)(yong)表(biao)皮的時期(qi)(qi),約(yue)需2日。化蛹(yong)(yong)蛻(tui)(tui)皮是(shi)蛻(tui)(tui)皮激(ji)(ji)素(su)(su)作用的結果。剛蛻(tui)(tui)皮的蛹(yong)(yong)呈紡錘形,乳白色,后(hou)轉深褐色。蛹(yong)(yong)體分頭、胸、腹3部分。雌蛹(yong)(yong)腹部大而(er)末端鈍圓,第8腹節腹面(mian)正中線(xian)上有1條縱線(xian);雄蛹(yong)(yong)腹部小而(er)末端尖,在(zai)第9腹節腹面(mian)中央有1褐色小點(圖3)。一般蛹(yong)(yong)體重1.5~2.5克。蛹(yong)(yong)期(qi)(qi)體內劇烈地進(jin)行著(zhu)幼蟲(chong)組(zu)織器官的破壞(huai),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)組(zu)織器官的發生(sheng)、形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),以及生(sheng)殖細(xi)胞(bao)的發育、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)等生(sheng)理過程(cheng)。化蛹(yong)(yong)后(hou)約(yue)14日完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)發育,這時由腦神經分泌細(xi)胞(bao)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)并(bing)貯存在(zai)咽(yan)側體內的羽化激(ji)(ji)素(su)(su),因(yin)光的刺激(ji)(ji)而(er)分泌至血(xue)液中,約(yue)40分鐘(zhong)后(hou)蛹(yong)(yong)便(bian)羽化。
蠶蛹適宜溫度(du)22.8~26.7℃,最適溫度(du)23.9~24.4℃,溫度(du)最好(hao)不要(yao)超過28℃。化蛹需1~2天(tian),蛹期15~18天(tian),剖開繭(jian)后需10~11天(tian)。化蛹第二日高(gao)溫28℃24小時保(bao)護,易產非滯育卵。
蠶蛹(yong)冷(leng)藏(zang)宜在化(hua)蛹(yong)第三(san)天冷(leng)藏(zang),冷(leng)藏(zang)適溫(wen)2.5~10℃,最適溫(wen)度5~7.5℃,發育起點(dian)溫(wen)度10℃。
雌(ci)蛹腹(fu)部(bu)肥大,在(zai)第8腹(fu)節腹(fu)面(mian)(mian)的正中(zhong)(zhong)線上,有(you)一條縱線,雄蛹在(zai)第8、9腹(fu)節腹(fu)面(mian)(mian)正中(zhong)(zhong)線的交界處(chu),有(you)一小點(dian)。
羽(yu)化后(hou)的成蟲,吐出堿(jian)性腸(chang)液,以(yi)濕(shi)潤和(he)(he)松解(jie)頭端繭層,并用胸(xiong)足撥開繭絲,從繭內鉆出。翅初柔軟褶疊,隨蛾體(ti)干燥(zao)而展開。全身被(bei)覆白色鱗(lin)片,頭部兩側有(you)1對(dui)復(fu)眼和(he)(he)1對(dui)具觸覺和(he)(he)嗅覺的雙櫛狀觸角(jiao),口器(qi)已(yi)退化。胸(xiong)部前、中(zhong)、后(hou)3個(ge)胸(xiong)節(jie)腹面(mian)(mian)各有(you)1對(dui)胸(xiong)足,中(zhong)胸(xiong)和(he)(he)后(hou)胸(xiong)背(bei)面(mian)(mian)各有(you)1對(dui)翅。腹部雌(ci)(ci)蛾7節(jie),雄蛾8節(jie)。雄蛾外生殖(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)由(you)幼蟲的第9、10腹節(jie)變成,雌(ci)(ci)蛾的外生殖(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)由(you)第8、9、10腹節(jie)變成。交配時雌(ci)(ci)蛾伸(shen)出產(chan)卵器(qi),由(you)誘(you)惑腺釋放出性信息激素(su)(桑蠶醇和(he)(he)桑蠶醛)引誘(you)雄蛾,交配1.5~2小(xiao)時即(ji)可產(chan)受精卵。一頭雌(ci)(ci)蛾約產(chan)卵400~700粒(li),其中(zhong)絕大多數(shu)在羽(yu)化當日(ri)(ri)產(chan)下,至第3日(ri)(ri)結束。成蟲不攝食,交配產(chan)卵后(hou)約經(jing)10日(ri)(ri)左右自然死亡(wang)。
發(fa)蛾5~10點,一(yi)般(ban)交配2小時,交配后3~4小時產卵,5~12天死亡,適宜溫度21~27℃。
橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形略扁平(ping),長約1.3mm,寬(kuan)1.1~1.2mm,厚0.5~0.6mm,一(yi)端(duan)稍鈍,另一(yi)端(duan)稍尖,尖端(duan)有卵(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong),為受精孔(kong)道。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)粒大小因蠶品種、飼養(yang)條件及(ji)蛹(yong)期(qi)溫度而異。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)粒重(zhong)一(yi)般為500~600微克。剛產下時呈(cheng)淡黃(huang)(huang)色,表面隆起(qi),后因卵(luan)(luan)(luan)內水(shui)分蒸(zheng)發和營(ying)養(yang)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)消耗(hao),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)面中央出(chu)現凹陷(xian),稱卵(luan)(luan)(luan)渦(wo)。正常卵(luan)(luan)(luan)的卵(luan)(luan)(luan)渦(wo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形,死卵(luan)(luan)(luan)呈(cheng)三角(jiao)形。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)殼(ke)表面有凹凸不平(ping)呈(cheng)多(duo)角(jiao)形的卵(luan)(luan)(luan)紋,還(huan)有無數針狀(zhuang)呼吸(xi)氣孔(kong)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)的內容物(wu)(wu)有卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)膜(mo)、漿(jiang)膜(mo)、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)和胚(pei)(pei)胎等。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)膜(mo)緊貼在(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)殼(ke)下面,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)層非細(xi)胞的透明薄膜(mo);漿(jiang)膜(mo)在(zai)其內側,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)層大而扁平(ping)的多(duo)角(jiao)形細(xi)胞。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)是(shi)(shi)胚(pei)(pei)胎發育的營(ying)養(yang)源。胚(pei)(pei)胎在(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)中偏于(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)的一(yi)方,頭向卵(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong)一(yi)端(duan),不斷攝取(qu)養(yang)分而逐漸發育。
蠶卵分(fen)滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)卵(越年卵)和非(fei)(fei)滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)卵(不(bu)越年卵)兩種。非(fei)(fei)滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)卵產下后胚胎(tai)不(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)育(yu)(yu),約經10日即形成蟻蠶孵化;滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)卵胚胎(tai)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)至一定程度即進入滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)期,經冬(dong)季低(di)溫(wen)解除滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu),到翌年春暖時(shi)才孵化。蠶卵是否滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)取決于蛹期中雌蛹的咽下神經節能否分(fen)泌滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)激(ji)素(su);心側體激(ji)素(su)對(dui)滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)也有(you)輔助作用。滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)卵在進入滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)期時(shi)漿(jiang)膜(mo)細胞內形成并沉積色(se)(se)素(su)粒,呈黑褐色(se)(se);非(fei)(fei)滯(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)卵漿(jiang)膜(mo)細胞內不(bu)形成色(se)(se)素(su),仍為(wei)淡黃色(se)(se)。
蠶卵孵化適宜(yi)(yi)溫(wen)度(du)20~30℃,最適溫(wen)度(du)22~25.5℃,需(xu)9~11天(tian)。經過催青的,需(xu)2~9天(tian)。春(chun)天(tian)自然(ran)溫(wen)度(du)12℃以上(shang),需(xu)22~27天(tian)。滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)卵解除滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)需(xu)30~100天(tian),滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)期適宜(yi)(yi)溫(wen)度(du)25~30℃,30℃以上(shang)會(hui)對孵化率有(you)影響。催青時溫(wen)度(du)不(bu)能超(chao)過35℃,孵化前的幾天(tian)要(yao)保(bao)持一定濕度(du)。卵產下3h內溫(wen)度(du)不(bu)要(yao)超(chao)過30℃,以免影響受精率。卵產下1天(tian)內,如果溫(wen)度(du)偏高(gao)(30℃),易(yi)轉化成非(fei)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)卵。
桑蠶(can)屬(shu)寡食性(xing)昆蟲,除喜食桑葉(xie)(xie)外,也(ye)(ye)能吃(chi)柘葉(xie)(xie)、榆葉(xie)(xie)、鴉蔥(cong)、蒲公英和(he)萵苣葉(xie)(xie)等。蠶(can)所必需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang),有(you)蛋白質(zhi)、碳(tan)水化(hua)(hua)合(he)物、脂類(lei)、維(wei)生(sheng)素、無機鹽和(he)水分(fen)等。桑葉(xie)(xie)是(shi)蠶(can)最適(shi)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然食料(liao)。蠶(can)食桑后,幼蟲生(sheng)長迅速,在(zai)適(shi)溫條件下,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)頭(tou)蠶(can)自(zi)孵化(hua)(hua)至(zhi)吐絲(si)結繭(jian),大約6~9天(tian)蛻一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次皮(pi),共(gong)需(xu)約24~32天(tian),約食下桑葉(xie)(xie)20~30g(合(he)干(gan)物5~6.2g),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)經四次眠和(he)蛻皮(pi),至(zhi)生(sheng)長極度(du)時,體重約增加1萬倍(bei)。吐絲(si)結繭(jian)是(shi)桑蠶(can)適(shi)應環境而生(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)本(ben)能。桑蠶(can)繭(jian)可(ke)繅絲(si),絲(si)是(shi)珍(zhen)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織(zhi)原料(liao),在(zai)軍(jun)工(gong)、交電等方面也(ye)(ye)有(you)廣泛用途。蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛹、蛾和(he)蠶(can)糞也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)綜合(he)利用,是(shi)多種(zhong)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)和(he)醫藥工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原料(liao),也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)作(zuo)植物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)料(liao)。桑蠶(can)是(shi)全(quan)變態昆蟲,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)世代(dai)(dai)中,歷(li)經卵(luan)、幼蟲、蛹、成蟲4個(ge)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)階段。在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年內(nei)自(zi)然發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世代(dai)(dai)數稱(cheng)化(hua)(hua)性(xing),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年發(fa)生(sheng)1代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)化(hua)(hua)性(xing),發(fa)生(sheng)2代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)二(er)化(hua)(hua)性(xing),發(fa)生(sheng)3代(dai)(dai)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)多化(hua)(hua)性(xing)。熱帶(dai)地(di)區還有(you)終年不(bu)滯育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多化(hua)(hua)性(xing)品種(zhong)。發(fa)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)范圍隨發(fa)育(yu)(yu)時期而不(bu)同,大致在(zai)7~40℃之間,能正常發(fa)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)范圍為20~30℃。桑蠶(can)對全(quan)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應性(xing)直(zhi)接體現(xian)在(zai)蠶(can)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強健程度(du)上,生(sheng)長良好,體質(zhi)強健的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野桑蠶(can)可(ke)以(yi)結出好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)繭(jian),因此(ci)以(yi)繭(jian)質(zhi)作(zuo)為衡量野桑蠶(can)體質(zhi)強健度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指標。
塑料(liao)(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo)覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)育(yu):用于1~3齡(ling)(ling)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)飼育(yu)。1~2齡(ling)(ling)上(shang)(shang)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)下墊聚乙烯(xi)塑料(liao)(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo),四周包折。眠(mian)中不蓋(gai)(gai)(gai),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)餉(xiang)食后繼續覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)。3齡(ling)(ling)只蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)不墊,薄(bo)膜(mo)上(shang)(shang)如凝有霧滴(di),給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)前擦(ca)拭后,再(zai)使用。有條件的(de)地區應采(cai)(cai)用1~3齡(ling)(ling)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期(qi)共育(yu)。采(cai)(cai)集桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)應按照葉(xie)位和從上(shang)(shang)至下的(de)順序(xu)進行。采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)的(de)時間宜(yi)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)午(wu)10時前和下午(wu)3時后,避免(mian)在(zai)高溫烈日(ri)下采(cai)(cai)葉(xie)。1~2齡(ling)(ling)稚蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)要切葉(xie),切葉(xie)通常以蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體2倍見方為標準。每齡(ling)(ling)少食期(qi)和將熟期(qi)適當地控(kong)制給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)(liang),盛食期(qi)充分飽食。塑料(liao)(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo)覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)育(yu)每日(ri)可(ke)給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)4次。每次給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)多少,主要根據蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)發育(yu)、食欲及殘桑(sang)(sang)程度靈活掌握,如果上(shang)(shang)次給(gei)的(de)桑(sang)(sang)吃(chi)盡,下次量(liang)(liang)可(ke)稍(shao)增,反之(zhi)則減少給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)(liang)。小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期(qi)吃(chi)桑(sang)(sang)只占全(quan)齡(ling)(ling)食桑(sang)(sang)的(de)5%。
給桑(sang)方法:給桑(sang)前(qian)先勻(yun)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)、整座,使蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)分布均勻(yun)。1盒蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)最大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)座面積:1齡0.07~1.2㎡,2齡1.6~4㎡,3齡4~10㎡。除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)就(jiu)是將(jiang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)座上(shang)(shang)的(de)殘桑(sang)、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)排泄物等除(chu)(chu)掉。在(zai)眠(mian)(mian)(mian)前(qian)的(de)一(yi)次(ci)除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)稱為(wei)眠(mian)(mian)(mian)除(chu)(chu),眠(mian)(mian)(mian)起后第一(yi)次(ci)除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)為(wei)起除(chu)(chu),其他(ta)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)叫中除(chu)(chu)。眼前(qian)處理包括適時(shi)(shi)加眠(mian)(mian)(mian)網、進行眠(mian)(mian)(mian)除(chu)(chu),使環境干(gan)燥。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)兒發育(yu)不齊時(shi)(shi)要進行提青和分批,并將(jiang)青頭(tou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)放溫度偏高處,勤給良桑(sang),使其趕上(shang)(shang)大(da)批。起蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)適時(shi)(shi)餉(xiang)(xiang)食,90%~95%的(de)起蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)頭(tou)部呈淡褐色(se),即為(wei)餉(xiang)(xiang)食適量。餉(xiang)(xiang)食葉(xie)適熟偏嫩、新(xin)鮮。小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)期在(zai)給桑(sang)前(qian)將(jiang)生石灰粉(fen)均勻(yun)地撒在(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)座上(shang)(shang),起蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)、將(jiang)眠(mian)(mian)(mian)各一(yi)次(ci)。
4齡(ling)(ling)至多齡(ling)(ling)稱為(wei)(wei)大(da)蠶(can)(can)。大(da)蠶(can)(can)期需防(fang)高溫、高濕,加強通風(feng)換氣(qi)并飽食良桑(sang)(sang)。桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)須儲(chu)(chu)存在(zai)陰涼、保濕、清(qing)潔衛生(sheng)(sheng)的儲(chu)(chu)桑(sang)(sang)室內(nei),平攤(tan)于地(di)面(mian)上(shang)。宜早晨采桑(sang)(sang),儲(chu)(chu)備(bei)一天(tian)(tian)(tian)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)宜。4、5齡(ling)(ling)蠶(can)(can)吃(chi)片葉(xie)或(huo)芽葉(xie),每(mei)晝夜給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)4~5次。4齡(ling)(ling)占(zhan)全(quan)齡(ling)(ling)用(yong)(yong)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)的10%,5齡(ling)(ling)占(zhan)85%,尤其是5齡(ling)(ling)第(di)三天(tian)(tian)(tian)后吃(chi)桑(sang)(sang)很猛,要(yao)(yao)(yao)達到良桑(sang)(sang)飽食。當遇高溫干燥天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi),桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)含水率低,往(wang)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)上(shang)噴水后喂蠶(can)(can),水要(yao)(yao)(yao)清(qing)潔,有明顯(xian)的增(zeng)產效果。大(da)蠶(can)(can)期要(yao)(yao)(yao)及時(shi)(shi)擴座和分(fen)匾。除沙是大(da)蠶(can)(can)期衛生(sheng)(sheng)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的重要(yao)(yao)(yao)工作,要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)網除沙,不要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)手抓(zhua)蠶(can)(can)。小蠶(can)(can)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)一號(hao)在(zai)收蟻(yi)及2、3齡(ling)(ling)起(qi)(qi),大(da)蠶(can)(can)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)一號(hao)在(zai)4、5齡(ling)(ling)起(qi)(qi)及見(jian)熟(shu)蠶(can)(can)時(shi)(shi),各(ge)撒藥粉(fen)1次。如有蠶(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)發生(sheng)(sheng),每(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)撒1次。用(yong)(yong)法:給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)前將(jiang)(jiang)藥粉(fen)均勻地(di)撒在(zai)蠶(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)座上(shang),10分(fen)鐘(zhong)后給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)。生(sheng)(sheng)石灰在(zai)1齡(ling)(ling)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)消毒(du)(du)。2~4齡(ling)(ling)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)、將(jiang)(jiang)眠蠶(can)(can)各(ge)消毒(du)(du)1次。5齡(ling)(ling)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)、齡(ling)(ling)中、將(jiang)(jiang)熟(shu)蠶(can)(can)各(ge)消毒(du)(du)1次。在(zai)給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)前將(jiang)(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)石灰粉(fen)均勻地(di)撒在(zai)蠶(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)座上(shang)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)與大(da)、小蠶(can)(can)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)一號(hao)使用(yong)(yong)間隔(ge)3小時(shi)(shi)以上(shang)。
蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室(shi)(shi)門口每(mei)天撒(sa)生石灰(hui)粉,進出更衣換鞋,病死蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)不能(neng)亂(luan)丟,要放入(ru)石灰(hui)罐中(zhong)集中(zhong)燒毀。喂(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、除沙前后(hou)要洗(xi)手(shou)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)沙放到遠離蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室(shi)(shi)的地方發酵,不可直接施(shi)入(ru)桑園。編織(zhi)布蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺育,可在(zai)(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)架上(shang)(shang)放小木條(tiao),在(zai)(zai)木條(tiao)上(shang)(shang)鋪編織(zhi)布養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)除沙時,用卷網除沙效果很好。方法是蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)網卷至蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺的一半,將(jiang)底下(xia)的蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)沙掃除倒掉(diao),然后(hou)放開卷網,再(zai)對另(ling)一半除沙。條(tiao)桑育是將(jiang)伐下(xia)的桑條(tiao)連(lian)同(tong)葉片一起放到蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座上(shang)(shang)喂(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。可在(zai)(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺上(shang)(shang)喂(wei)養,也可在(zai)(zai)地面上(shang)(shang)成畦狀喂(wei)養(地面先撒(sa)2.5%樂果粉防螞蟻,并撒(sa)一層石灰(hui)粉)。塑料大(da)(da)棚養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),即節省蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室(shi)(shi),也可加大(da)(da)棚室(shi)(shi)利用率。一般3.3米×10米的大(da)(da)棚,可搭兩排各(ge)5層的蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺,每(mei)期(qi)養2盒蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種。8米×2.5米的大(da)(da)棚一期(qi)可養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)一盒。
適時上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu),按照(zhao)隨熟(shu)隨捉,先(xian)熟(shu)先(xian)上(shang)(shang)的原(yuan)則。上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)密度(du):折(zhe)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)380~400頭,方格(ge)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)以(yi)孔格(ge)80%~85%計算上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)頭數。上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)可采(cai)(cai)取人工(gong)拾(shi)取和自動(dong)上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)相(xiang)結合(he)的方法。蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)中溫度(du)保持在22~25℃。濕度(du)以(yi)干(gan)濕差2.5℃為(wei)宜,光線均勻(yun),環境靜寂,避免(mian)強風(feng)直(zhi)吹,要加強通(tong)風(feng)換(huan)氣,保持0.5~1.0米/秒的風(feng)速。適時采(cai)(cai)繭(jian),采(cai)(cai)繭(jian)應在蠶結繭(jian)化蛹(yong)(yong)后,蛹(yong)(yong)體皮色(se)(se)轉為(wei)黃色(se)(se)時進行。在上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)后第6~7天(tian)采(cai)(cai)繭(jian)。采(cai)(cai)繭(jian)時先(xian)將蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)中的死蠶和爛繭(jian)拾(shi)去,按照(zhao)分批(pi)上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)先(xian)后,先(xian)上(shang)(shang)先(xian)采(cai)(cai),后上(shang)(shang)后采(cai)(cai),輕采(cai)(cai)輕放(fang),避免(mian)蛹(yong)(yong)體損傷出血。采(cai)(cai)下的繭(jian)不可堆積(ji)過(guo)厚(hou),以(yi)2~3粒厚(hou)為(wei)宜,放(fang)置于(yu)涼爽(shuang)、通(tong)風(feng)、干(gan)燥的場地,避免(mian)強光暴曬。
蠶(can)(can)只在幼蟲期(qi)(qi)取(qu)食(shi)。1條蠶(can)(can)的(de)(de)食(shi)桑量約(yue)(yue)為(wei)新鮮桑葉21克(ke)(干(gan)物(wu)(wu)5.25克(ke)),其中85~88%在5齡期(qi)(qi)食(shi)下,消化率約(yue)(yue)為(wei)40%。幼蟲階段的(de)(de)營養狀況(kuang)直(zhi)接影響蠶(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)長、以(yi)及(ji)(ji)繭絲和(he)蠶(can)(can)卵的(de)(de)生(sheng)成(cheng)。桑蠶(can)(can)所必(bi)需的(de)(de)營養素(su)有(you):蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、碳(tan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化合(he)物(wu)(wu)、脂(zhi)類、維生(sheng)素(su)、無(wu)機鹽和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)等(deng)。蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)但(dan)是(shi)蠶(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)各器官細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen),而(er)且是(shi)絲腺(xian)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)合(he)成(cheng)絲物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)卵巢生(sheng)成(cheng)蠶(can)(can)卵的(de)(de)基本(ben)原料(liao)。碳(tan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化合(he)物(wu)(wu)是(shi)生(sheng)命活動的(de)(de)主要(yao)能源(yuan)。脂(zhi)類中的(de)(de)甾醇是(shi)蛻皮(pi)激素(su)的(de)(de)前軀物(wu)(wu),體(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)不(bu)能合(he)成(cheng),必(bi)須從食(shi)物(wu)(wu)中攝取(qu)。維生(sheng)素(su)是(shi)調節物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)代謝不(bu)可缺少的(de)(de)一(yi)類生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),多數(shu)為(wei)酶的(de)(de)輔基。無(wu)機鹽是(shi)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之一(yi),并對(dui)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)內(nei)(nei)外液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)滲透壓和(he)酸堿度(du)起調節作(zuo)用。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)約(yue)(yue)占蠶(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)重的(de)(de)85%,是(shi)蠶(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)主要(yao)組成(cheng)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen),對(dui)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)溶解(jie)、運輸以(yi)及(ji)(ji)調節并保持內(nei)(nei)環境的(de)(de)相對(dui)恒(heng)定等(deng)具有(you)重要(yao)作(zuo)用;血液(ye)(ye)含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)率低(di)時滲透壓升(sheng)高,有(you)礙代謝的(de)(de)正(zheng)常進行(xing);血液(ye)(ye)含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)率過高則滲透壓下降(jiang),pH降(jiang)低(di),也導致蠶(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)理障礙。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)來自食(shi)料(liao),因而(er)食(shi)料(liao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)含(han)量與蠶(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)含(han)量有(you)密切關系。
上述營(ying)養成(cheng)分在桑葉(xie)中(zhong)含量均極豐富。除此以外,桑葉(xie)中(zhong)還含有:①誘(you)食(shi)因(yin)素(su),如檸(ning)檬(meng)醛、青(qing)葉(xie)醇、青(qing)葉(xie)醛以及里那醇等(deng)揮(hui)發(fa)性萜烯(xi)類物質;②咬食(shi)因(yin)素(su),如β-谷甾(zai)醇、異(yi)槲皮苷和桑色(se)素(su)等(deng);③吞咽因(yin)素(su),如纖維(wei)素(su)、磷酸(suan)鹽、硅酸(suan)鹽、肌醇和維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)C等(deng),能(neng)刺激(ji)幼蟲產生(sheng)趨食(shi)、咬食(shi)和吞咽的(de)要求(qiu)和動作。因(yin)此桑葉(xie)是最好的(de)天然飼料。人工飼料也是按桑葉(xie)的(de)化學組分配制而成(cheng)。
桑蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)眠(mian)(mian)和起(qi)是(shi)蠶(can)生(sheng)長發育的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理(li)過程。蠶(can)蛻(tui)皮之前停(ting)止食桑,蠶(can)體固定在(zai)(zai)桑葉上(shang)(shang),逐漸形成新(xin)(xin)皮。這一(yi)不(bu)食不(bu)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)現象稱作眠(mian)(mian)。蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)生(sheng)需4次(ci)蛻(tui)皮,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)眠(mian)(mian)和起(qi)是(shi)生(sheng)理(li)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)折點。表面上(shang)(shang)看不(bu)食不(bu)動(dong),其實它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)在(zai)(zai)進行激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)組織更新(xin)(xin)。如蠶(can)在(zai)(zai)眠(mian)(mian)期護(hu)理(li)不(bu)好,病菌極易侵(qin)入(ru)而發生(sheng)蛻(tui)皮困難,給后期飼養帶來(lai)不(bu)便和經(jing)濟損失。所以蠶(can)在(zai)(zai)眠(mian)(mian)期管理(li)十分重要。
其方(fang)法有(you)以下(xia)幾種。
一、眠(mian)前除沙。這是為了(le)避(bi)免(mian)蠶糞堆(dui)積(ji)過(guo)多,病菌極易(yi)滋生和蔓(man)延,進而在蠶眠(mian)期(qi)侵入蠶體。
二、蠶(can)(can)在眠(mian)期不食(shi)不動(dong),主要(yao)靠眠(mian)前吃桑(sang)吸收(shou)的(de)養分來維(wei)持生命活動(dong)。所以一定要(yao)飽食(shi)就眠(mian)。如果過(guo)早停止給桑(sang),會造(zao)成餓眠(mian),而餓眠(mian)蠶(can)(can)體(ti)質弱,抗性(xing)差,易生病(bing)。
三、蠶(can)在眠期對外來(lai)的各種干(gan)擾抵抗力較弱(ruo),所以一定要注意眠中(zhong)保護。
當蠶(can)95%眠(mian)定后,要(yao)撒上新鮮石灰粉和蠶(can)藥“防(fang)病一號(hao)”,以(yi)防(fang)病菌侵(qin)入。如(ru)果有少量蠶(can)不(bu)(bu)吃桑又(you)不(bu)(bu)眠(mian),這是(shi)因為(wei)它沒找到眠(mian)定的地方。這時要(yao)放點桑葉(xie),提青分(fen)批(pi)眠(mian)定。
四、蠶(can)(can)是變溫(wen)動物,適應范(fan)圍在(zai)20~30℃。春蠶(can)(can)期常(chang)遇低溫(wen)多濕(shi)(shi)的氣(qi)候,重(zhong)點是補(bu)溫(wen)排濕(shi)(shi)。夏蠶(can)(can)期高溫(wen)多濕(shi)(shi),重(zhong)點是降(jiang)溫(wen)排濕(shi)(shi),保持蠶(can)(can)室(shi)(shi)空氣(qi)流通,清除悶(men)熱(re)。秋蠶(can)(can)期若遇高溫(wen)干(gan)燥,則要在(zai)室(shi)(shi)內補(bu)濕(shi)(shi),結(jie)合消毒進行,即用(yong)新(xin)鮮石(shi)灰粉和漂白粉對(dui)水(shui)噴灑地(di)面和墻面;也可(ke)把(ba)布(bu)濕(shi)(shi)透掛在(zai)蠶(can)(can)架上,保持蠶(can)(can)室(shi)(shi)濕(shi)(shi)潤(run),避免蠶(can)(can)發生蛻皮困(kun)難和半蛻皮。
吐絲(si)(si)和(he)(he)結繭是(shi)桑蠶(can)適應環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)本能(neng)。生(sheng)成(cheng)和(he)(he)分(fen)泌(mi)絲(si)(si)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian),是(shi)1對半透明多屈曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)管狀器(qi)官(圖4),在胚胎發育后期形成(cheng)。絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)在蟻蠶(can)時(shi)僅(jin)0.01mg左右,隨(sui)齡(ling)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)進(jin)而長(chang)大(da)。但在5齡(ling)第(di)3日以前,由于保(bao)幼(you)(you)激(ji)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抑制作用(yong),重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)不(bu)超過體重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5%。5齡(ling)第(di)3日起(qi)保(bao)幼(you)(you)激(ji)素(su)停止分(fen)泌(mi),食下的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)桑葉主要用(yong)于長(chang)大(da)絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)合成(cheng)絲(si)(si)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),到5齡(ling)末期絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)可(ke)達(da)1.6克,約占(zhan)體重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)45~50%。與(yu)蟻蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)相比,增(zeng)加約16萬(wan)倍,而體重(zhong)(zhong)僅(jin)增(zeng)約1萬(wan)倍。絲(si)(si)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)包括絲(si)(si)素(su)和(he)(he)絲(si)(si)膠,均為(wei)由18種(zhong)氨基酸構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)。中部絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)生(sheng)成(cheng)絲(si)(si)膠,后部絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)生(sheng)成(cheng)絲(si)(si)素(su)。絲(si)(si)素(su)分(fen)泌(mi)到腺(xian)(xian)腔(qiang)內向中部絲(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)推進(jin)時(shi),才為(wei)絲(si)(si)膠所(suo)分(fen)層(ceng)包圍。每條5齡(ling)蠶(can)在保(bao)幼(you)(you)激(ji)素(su)終止分(fen)泌(mi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)4~6日內,約生(sheng)成(cheng)絲(si)(si)蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)0.35~0.6g。
繭(jian)絲(si)一(yi)般無色(se)(se)透明,但也有結黃(huang)繭(jian)、紅繭(jian)或綠繭(jian)等(deng)的(de)(de)蠶品(pin)種。黃(huang)、紅色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)直(zhi)接來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)桑葉(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)胡蘿(luo)卜(bu)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)等(deng)色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su);綠色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)則以桑葉(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)黃(huang)酮系色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)如異槲(hu)皮(pi)(pi)苷、槲(hu)皮(pi)(pi)酮、蕓香苷等(deng)為(wei)原料,由消(xiao)化管(guan)生(sheng)成(cheng)。繭(jian)絲(si)著(zhu)色(se)(se)與否和著(zhu)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)程度,決定于(yu)(yu)消(xiao)化管(guan)透過和合(he)成(cheng)色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)能力,以及(ji)進(jin)入(ru)血(xue)(xue)液的(de)(de)色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)被中(zhong)(zhong)部絲(si)腺吸收的(de)(de)程度。白繭(jian)種不著(zhu)色(se)(se),是由于(yu)(yu)無色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)進(jin)入(ru)血(xue)(xue)液,或不被中(zhong)(zhong)部絲(si)腺吸收。此外,環境(jing)對(dui)繭(jian)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)濃(nong)淡也有影響。一(yi)般絲(si)的(de)(de)色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)存繭(jian)在于(yu)(yu)絲(si)膠(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong),繅(sao)制后隨絲(si)膠(jiao)溶失而成(cheng)為(wei)白色(se)(se)生(sheng)絲(si);但綠繭(jian)的(de)(de)色(se)(se)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)在絲(si)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)中(zhong)(zhong)也有存在,繅(sao)絲(si)后仍(reng)帶綠色(se)(se)。
桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)起源于中(zhong)國(guo)。由古代棲息于桑(sang)樹(shu)的(de)(de)原始(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)馴化(hua)而(er)來,形態和(he)習性(xing)與今天(tian)食(shi)害桑(sang)葉的(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(Bombyxmandarina)(見桑(sang)樹(shu)害蟲)十(shi)分(fen)相似,血清沉淀(dian)反(fan)應強度也相同,雜交能產生(sheng)正常子代。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)染色體是28對(dui)(dui),野(ye)(ye)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)則有27對(dui)(dui)和(he)28對(dui)(dui)兩種(zhong)類型,一般認為桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)與中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)28對(dui)(dui)型野(ye)(ye)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)同源。人類最初可能是從桑(sang)林中(zhong)采集原始(shi)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)取絲利用;隨著(zhu)人類生(sheng)活的(de)(de)定居和(he)對(dui)(dui)蠶(can)(can)(can)絲用途的(de)(de)進(jin)一步了解(jie)而(er)試(shi)行(xing)在室內(nei)養蠶(can)(can)(can)。經(jing)過長期(qi)的(de)(de)培(pei)育和(he)選擇,野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)才逐漸馴化(hua)成(cheng)為具有今天(tian)這樣經(jing)濟性(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)。目前,我國(guo)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)生(sheng)產遍布(bu)26個省份的(de)(de)1000多個縣(xian)。根據2006年統計資料,全國(guo)共有桑(sang)園面(mian)積1283.5萬(wan)畝,生(sheng)產蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)73.9萬(wan)噸。
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古代(dai)最主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)昆蟲之(zhi)(zhi)一。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)價值在于(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)是主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織原料之(zhi)(zhi)一。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是最早(zao)利用(yong)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)。古史上有伏犧“化蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”,嫘(lei)祖“教民(min)養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo),又(you)說(shuo)(shuo)黃帝元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)妃西(xi)陵氏為“先蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”,即最早(zao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。新石器時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古表明(ming),公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)2750年(nian)以前(qian),今浙(zhe)江吳興錢山(shan)漾地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先民(min)已(yi)(yi)利用(yong)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)織成絹(juan)片(pian)、絲(si)帶和(he)絲(si)線。公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)十(shi)三世(shi)(shi)紀,桑(sang)、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、絲(si)、帛等(deng)名(ming)稱已(yi)(yi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)甲骨卜辭。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)和(he)大麻(ma)、苧麻(ma),以及(ji)后來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棉花一道,為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衣著(zhu)原料,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)也就成為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)業結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)組成部分。在長達數千年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐中(zhong),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)積累了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)經驗(yan)(yan),這個經驗(yan)(yan)比較集中(zhong)地(di)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)在對于(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)方(fang)面。商周時期(qi)(qi),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)已(yi)(yi)在室(shi)內飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)。戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)時期(qi)(qi)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)475~221年(nian)),養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)已(yi)(yi)有專用(yong)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室(shi),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)受(shou)到(dao)重視,并(bing)采用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種技術,公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)三世(shi)(shi)紀后期(qi)(qi),出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)恒(heng)溫飼養(yang)(yang)(yang),說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)當于(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長與溫度之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)已(yi)(yi)有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識,但直到(dao)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)《士農(nong)(nong)必用(yong)》中(zhong)才對蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各階段(duan)(duan)所需溫度有詳細說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)。晉代(dai)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微粒子病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)軟化病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)已(yi)(yi)有所認(ren)識,時稱“黑瘦(shou)”和(he)“偽(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”。公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)六(liu)世(shi)(shi)紀三十(shi)年(nian)代(dai),據《齊民(min)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)術》記(ji)載,人(ren)(ren)們還從(cong)種繭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇和(he)鹽腌貯藏來防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。宋(song)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時期(qi)(qi),對于(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)更進(jin)一步,貯繭方(fang)法(fa)除鹽漬(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)外,復(fu)又(you)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)日(ri)曬和(he)籠蒸。與此同時,做為防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)手段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)方(fang)法(fa)也得以改(gai)進(jin),早(zao)期(qi)(qi)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在川中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing),宋(song)代(dai)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)朱砂(sha)溫水浴(yu)法(fa),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)天(tian)浴(yu),利用(yong)低溫選(xuan)優汰劣。《陳(chen)旉農(nong)(nong)書》中(zhong)探討了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)生僵病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)與濕熱風冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),《農(nong)(nong)桑(sang)輯要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》則總結(jie)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)與葉質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。明(ming)代(dai)(1368~1664)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)天(tian)露、石灰水、鹽水浴(yu)種等(deng)方(fang)法(fa)。并(bing)采用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)雜交方(fang)法(fa)培育嘉種,以提高蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能力,還出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)淘汰病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)(fang)(fang)止蔓(man)延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技術長期(qi)(qi)處于(yu)(yu)(yu)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)領(ling)先地(di)位,并(bing)對世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業發展作出(chu)(chu)巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻。公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)十(shi)一世(shi)(shi)紀,養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技術隨箕子傳(chuan)入朝鮮,隨后復(fu)又(you)傳(chuan)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)日(ri)本。秦漢以后,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技術通過舉世(shi)(shi)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路傳(chuan)入到(dao)中(zhong)亞、南亞及(ji)西(xi)亞地(di)區(qu),六(liu)世(shi)(shi)紀世(shi)(shi)紀中(zhong)葉,君(jun)士坦丁堡國(guo)(guo)(guo)王通過印度僧侶(lv)從(cong)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)私運蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種至(zhi)該國(guo)(guo)(guo),是為西(xi)方(fang)有蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業之(zhi)(zhi)始。
中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是世界上最早(zao)養蠶、織(zhi)絲(si)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家。在浙(zhe)江省(sheng)吳興(xing)的(de)郊外,發現五(wu)千年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類遺留(liu)的(de)東西,其中有古代的(de)絲(si)織(zhi)品(pin)(pin),證明很早(zao)以前中國(guo)(guo)就會養蠶,傳說(shuo)黃帝的(de)妃(fei)子螺,教人(ren)(ren)(ren)民種(zhong)桑樹、養蠶、抽絲(si)、織(zhi)布,讓(rang)大家有好的(de)衣服穿(chuan)。二千多(duo)年(nian)前,中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)制造的(de)絲(si)織(zhi)品(pin)(pin)傳到歐洲,當時歐洲人(ren)(ren)(ren)還不(bu)會養蠶抽絲(si),不(bu)知道(dao)這么美麗(li)的(de)布料是怎麼(ma)做出來的(de),由(you)于(yu)歐洲人(ren)(ren)(ren)很喜歡買絲(si)織(zhi)品(pin)(pin),商人(ren)(ren)(ren)要運送(song)很多(duo)絲(si)織(zhi)品(pin)(pin)到歐洲,於(wu)是開辟一條運送(song)絲(si)織(zhi)品(pin)(pin)到歐洲的(de)路(lu),這條路(lu)稱作絲(si)綢之路(lu)。
中國(guo)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原野(ye)上生長著(zhu)(zhu)許多(duo)(duo)桑(sang)(sang)樹,有喬木,也有灌(guan)木。在桑(sang)(sang)樹上生息著(zhu)(zhu)好幾種(zhong)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong),它們取(qu)食(shi)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)或(huo)蛀食(shi)樹干。在些昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)中,有一(yi)種(zhong)吐絲作繭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗翅目昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)引起(qi)了(le)(le)先民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注意,這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)取(qu)食(shi)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)后吐絲結繭(jian)(jian),然后鉆出繭(jian)(jian)殼羽化為蛾(e)子。人(ren)們發現這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)繭(jian)(jian)殼浸濕后,可以拉出長長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銀色絲縷(lv),這(zhe)(zhe)絲縷(lv)可捻成線(xian),也可織成綢(chou)。這(zhe)(zhe)比(bi)起(qi)當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衣服原料麻布(bu)(bu)和葛布(bu)(bu)來,要漂亮得多(duo)(duo)了(le)(le)。隨著(zhu)(zhu)先民生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定居(ju),人(ren)們為了(le)(le)獲得更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian),即開(kai)始了(le)(le)人(ren)工飼養(yang)(yang),并把蠶(can)(can)移到(dao)室內(nei)來馴養(yang)(yang)。中國(guo)除桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)外,還有柞蠶(can)(can)、樟(zhang)蠶(can)(can)、樗蠶(can)(can)、天蠶(can)(can)等(deng)。柞蠶(can)(can)(AntheraeapernyiGuerin-Meneville)屬(shu)大蠶(can)(can)蛾(e)科(Saturniidae),原產(chan)山(shan)東萊州(掖縣(xian)),是(shi)中國(guo)地位(wei)僅(jin)次于(yu)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)絲昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong),現盛產(chan)于(yu)遼寧、河南等(deng)省。柞蠶(can)(can)最早(zao)見于(yu)《爾雅》(公(gong)元前1200年),2700年前柞蠶(can)(can)絲已作為給(gei)皇帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢物,在漢代曾經(jing)由官方推廣,經(jing)宋、元、明、清幾代引種(zhong)推廣,分布(bu)(bu)到(dao)了(le)(le)全(quan)國(guo)很多(duo)(duo)省份。其主要飼料樹種(zhong)是(shi)櫟(li)屬(shu)(Quercus)各種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)子。
在古人眼里(li),蠶是(shi)(shi)一種神圣的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物。吐(tu)絲成繭(jian),而后化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)飛(fei)翔的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)靈(ling),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)美好、圓滿(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)輪回,并(bing)賦予(yu)絲綢(chou)(chou)(chou)神秘,高貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)人文(wen)色彩(cai),使之蘊涵濃厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)哲學意味。絲綢(chou)(chou)(chou)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)著幾千年的(de)(de)(de)(de)悠久歷史積淀(dian),古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲綢(chou)(chou)(chou)文(wen)明是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)瑰(gui)寶,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)對(dui)世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)貢(gong)獻,是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)聯系(xi)世界友誼(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紐帶(dai),絲綢(chou)(chou)(chou)是(shi)(shi)友好的(de)(de)(de)(de)使者,歷史上多(duo)(duo)以文(wen)繡(xiu)錦帛作為(wei)高級(ji)禮(li)品,禮(li)贈友邦(bang),“化(hua)(hua)(hua)干戈為(wei)玉帛”以示友好。絲綢(chou)(chou)(chou)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)對(dui)推動人類文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)進程,有(you)著不可(ke)磨(mo)滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。“錦"是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)彩(cai)提花絲織物的(de)(de)(de)(de)泛稱,錦合"金(jin)"、"帛"成字,取錦“織彩(cai)為(wei)文(wen),其價(jia)如金(jin)”之意。錦以織造技(ji)術復(fu)雜,圖案古雅,色彩(cai)瑰(gui)麗成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統絲織物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)品。
根據(ju)文獻記(ji)載(zai)和文物考證,我們的(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先早在五千多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前的(de)(de)(de)新石器時(shi)代已開始植(zhi)桑養(yang)蠶(can)。蠶(can)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)利用開始于漁(yu)獵(lie)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)末期(qi),而養(yang)蠶(can)開始于農(nong)業時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)即(ji)黃帝時(shi)代。在周朝(公元前1066年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)~256年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))蠶(can)桑生產(chan)已成(cheng)為專業化,并(bing)受(shou)到官方督察管理。到戰國時(shi)期(qi)(公元前476年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)~221年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))達(da)到高(gao)(gao)度發(fa)展,蠶(can)絲(si)已成(cheng)為貧民百姓的(de)(de)(de)日常衣服和自由貿(mao)易的(de)(de)(de)物資了(le)。中(zhong)國各(ge)地出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)戰國時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)織品很多,有羅、綾、紈、紗、縐、綺、錦(jin)、繡等產(chan)品,其圖案與色彩的(de)(de)(de)美麗達(da)到了(le)驚人的(de)(de)(de)地步(bu)。宋(song)、元時(shi)期(qi)(公元960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)~1368年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)絲(si)生產(chan)和絲(si)織業達(da)到另一(yi)高(gao)(gao)峰,宋(song)朝年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)絲(si)綢達(da)340萬匹,統治(zhi)者對(dui)蠶(can)絲(si)業與農(nong)耕同樣重視。中(zhong)國古(gu)籍中(zhong)常有“農(nong)桑并(bing)舉”的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)。“一(yi)婦不蠶(can),或受(shou)之寒(han)”一(yi)成(cheng)語反映了(le)古(gu)代人民對(dui)蠶(can)業的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度認識。
中國古代社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)衣著以(yi)(yi)(yi)絲(si)綢(chou)和(he)棉麻來(lai)區分貴賤。官員富(fu)豪無不以(yi)(yi)(yi)衣錦為(wei)榮,成語“衣錦還鄉”應(ying)運而生。勞(lao)動人(ren)民則穿棉麻布衣。唐朝(公元(yuan)618年~907年)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前,絲(si)絹與糧(liang)食同樣作(zuo)為(wei)人(ren)民負擔繳納(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實物,朝廷或官府以(yi)(yi)(yi)絲(si)絹作(zuo)為(wei)對有功臣民的(de)(de)(de)(de)賜(si)賞。現今(jin)藏族(zu)和(he)蒙古族(zu)在迎送、饋(kui)贈、敬神及日常交(jiao)往禮(li)節中使用(yong)絲(si)質素布條(哈達(da))以(yi)(yi)(yi)表達(da)敬意(yi)和(he)祝賀(he)。絲(si)綢(chou)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展與普及也影響到(dao)(dao)中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)生活,除了有許多描述采桑、養蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)好(hao)詩(shi)句(ju)外,成語“作(zuo)繭自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)縛(fu)”被用(yong)來(lai)比(bi)喻(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己束(shu)縛(fu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己,也比(bi)喻(yu)人(ren)作(zuo)事(shi)原來(lai)希望對自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己有利,結果反使自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己吃虧受累。唐代白(bai)居易有“燭蛾誰救護,蠶(can)繭自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)縛(fu)縈。”;宋朝釋道原有“聲聞執法(fa)坐禪,如蠶(can)吐絲(si)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)縛(fu)。”的(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)句(ju)。由于(yu)蠶(can)一(yi)生只(zhi)吃桑葉,到(dao)(dao)老(lao)時卻吐盡它那(nei)柔軟、光滑、潔(jie)白(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si),因此“春蠶(can)到(dao)(dao)死絲(si)方盡”的(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)句(ju)就被用(yong)來(lai)贊揚那(nei)些有奉獻精神的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)們。
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代蠶(can)(can)(can)絲的(de)發展促成(cheng)了對外通(tong)商和(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流。早在(zai)(zai)公(gong)元(yuan)11世(shi)紀,蠶(can)(can)(can)種和(he)(he)養蠶(can)(can)(can)技(ji)(ji)術已傳入朝鮮,公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)2世(shi)紀傳入日本,公(gong)元(yuan)6世(shi)紀傳入土耳其、埃及、阿拉(la)伯及地中(zhong)海(hai)沿岸國(guo)(guo)家(jia)。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)飼養技(ji)(ji)術是(shi)(shi)公(gong)元(yuan)6世(shi)紀傳人歐洲(zhou)的(de),所(suo)以(yi)蠶(can)(can)(can)絲代表東(dong)(dong)方古代文(wen)明,在(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)方文(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流中(zhong)起著非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)作用。絲綢(chou)是(shi)(shi)廣(guang)(guang)受歡(huan)迎的(de)商品,它和(he)(he)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)飼養技(ji)(ji)術通(tong)過絲綢(chou)之路向西(xi)傳播,路經(jing)草原(yuan)、沙漠、綠(lv)洲(zhou)和(he)(he)山(shan)川,沿途興起一批(pi)著名(ming)的(de)市鎮,如武威、張掖、酒(jiu)泉、敦煌、龜茲、疏勒等。張騫從建元(yuan)3年(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)138年)到元(yuan)朔3年(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)126年)奉漢武帝(di)劉徹的(de)命(ming)令由(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)部(bu)出發,到過帕米爾高原(yuan)以(yi)西(xi)的(de)一些國(guo)(guo)家(jia),并(bing)建立了聯系(xi)。絲綢(chou)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)產(chan)品,因此,古代西(xi)方稱(cheng)(cheng)長安古都為絲城(cheng),稱(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)為“絲國(guo)(guo)”。在(zai)(zai)南方另有絲綢(chou)之路,經(jing)成(cheng)都、保(bao)山(shan)等地到達緬(mian)甸與印度;在(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)沿海(hai)又有徐聞(wen)(廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong))、合浦(廣(guang)(guang)西(xi))以(yi)及蓬(peng)萊(山(shan)東(dong)(dong))、寧波(bo)(浙江)等港口通(tong)往太平洋諸島嶼(yu)和(he)(he)地區。
目前,亞(ya)洲(zhou)、非洲(zhou)、歐洲(zhou)、拉丁美洲(zhou)、大(da)洋洲(zhou)和多個國(guo)家與地區(qu)飼養家蠶(can)(can),年產(chan)(chan)蠶(can)(can)繭(jian)約(yue)800萬擔,產(chan)(chan)絲約(yue)5萬噸。中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)量(liang)和產(chan)(chan)絲量(liang)都占(zhan)全世(shi)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)位。蠶(can)(can)業分布在除(chu)青海、西藏、寧夏以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有省、市(shi)、自治(zhi)區(qu),浙江地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農民歷來(lai)都把這種對人類作出很大(da)貢獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)昆蟲叫(jiao)做“蠶(can)(can)寶寶”,它(ta)(ta)吐出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲有珍珠之光,即使在化(hua)學纖(xian)維日(ri)新(xin)月(yue)異的(de)(de)(de)(de)今(jin)日(ri),絲織(zhi)品(pin)仍被譽為“纖(xian)維女皇”,它(ta)(ta)具有的(de)(de)(de)(de)一些衣料特性(xing)是其他纖(xian)維望塵(chen)莫及的(de)(de)(de)(de)。隨著社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和生活(huo)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高,養蠶(can)(can)業有著十(shi)分光明的(de)(de)(de)(de)前途。
話(hua)家(jia)蠶(can)馴育是(shi)中國遠古(gu)時代不知名的勞動人民在實踐(jian)中掌握自然(ran)規律而加以利用的事實,但畢竟(jing)歷史過(guo)于(yu)悠(you)久而無法追溯到其(qi)最(zui)早起源,因而就有(you)了各種傳(chuan)說和神話(hua)。傳(chuan)說之一,養蠶(can)是(shi)黃帝(di)的元妃(fei)嫘(lei)(lei)祖所(suo)發明。在《通鑒(jian)外紀(ji)》中有(you)“西(xi)陵氏之女嫘(lei)(lei)祖為帝(di)元妃(fei),始教(jiao)民育蠶(can),……后世(shi)祀為先(xian)蠶(can)。”這種說法比較普遍,解放前蠶(can)神廟里還供著先(xian)蠶(can)西(xi)陵氏。
傳說在遠(yuan)(yuan)古(gu)時代,有(you)一個大人出門遠(yuan)(yuan)行,家里沒有(you)其他(ta)的人,只有(you)一個女兒。另(ling)外還有(you)雄馬一匹,由女兒親自(zi)來喂養。女兒居(ju)住在偏僻閉塞的地方,十分(fen)思(si)念她的父親,就(jiu)和馬開玩笑說:“你(ni)能(neng)給(gei)我把父親接回(hui)家,我就(jiu)嫁給(gei)你(ni)。”
馬(ma)(ma)聽(ting)了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)話,就掙斷了(le)(le)韁繩出(chu)門去(qu)了(le)(le),徑直跑(pao)到她父親那里。父親看(kan)見(jian)了(le)(le)馬(ma)(ma)又驚(jing)又喜,便拉(la)過(guo)來(lai)騎了(le)(le)。馬(ma)(ma)望著(zhu)它來(lai)時的方向,悲哀(ai)地(di)(di)嘶叫不停。父親說:“我(wo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兒沒有(you)什(shen)么(me)事情(qing),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)馬(ma)(ma)卻這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)哀(ai)叫,我(wo)家里是(shi)否(fou)發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)什(shen)么(me)事呢?”他(ta)急忙(mang)騎著(zhu)馬(ma)(ma)回了(le)(le)家。因為這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)畜生(sheng)(sheng)對主(zhu)人有(you)非同尋常的情(qing)誼,所以主(zhu)人也優厚地(di)(di)加以飼養,但馬(ma)(ma)卻不肯吃料,每次看(kan)見(jian)那女(nv)兒進出(chu),總是(shi)似喜似怒地(di)(di)踢蹄蹦跳,象這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的情(qing)況不止一次。
父親(qin)對這種情(qing)況感到很奇怪,就(jiu)偷愉地詢問女(nv)兒。女(nv)兒便把(ba)與馬(ma)開玩(wan)笑的事一一告訴了(le)父親(qin),認為一定是因為這個緣故。父親(qin)說:“不要把(ba)這件(jian)事說出去,我怕它會玷(dian)污了(le)我家的名聲。另外,你別(bie)再進(jin)進(jin)出出了(le)。”于是父親(qin)埋伏(fu)在(zai)暗處用弓(gong)箭把(ba)馬(ma)射死(si)了(le),并(bing)把(ba)馬(ma)皮(pi)剝下來曬(shai)在(zai)院(yuan)子中。
父(fu)親(qin)(qin)走(zou)了(le),女(nv)(nv)兒(er)(er)和(he)鄰居(ju)家(jia)(jia)的姑娘(niang)在曬(shai)馬皮的地方玩耍,女(nv)(nv)兒(er)(er)用腳踢著那(nei)馬皮說(shuo):“你是畜(chu)生,還想娶人做媳(xi)婦(fu)嗎?結果(guo)招來了(le)這屠殺剝皮,為什么(me)要自討(tao)苦吃呢?”話還來不(bu)及說(shuo)完,那(nei)馬皮突然挺立起(qi)來,卷著女(nv)(nv)兒(er)(er)飛走(zou)了(le)。鄰居(ju)家(jia)(jia)的姑娘(niang)又慌又怕,不(bu)敢救她,便跑(pao)去(qu)告(gao)訴她的父(fu)親(qin)(qin)。
她父親(qin)回來,到處尋找,女(nv)兒(er)已經(jing)出門失(shi)蹤了(le)。后來過了(le)幾天,在一棵(ke)大(da)樹(shu)的(de)(de)樹(shu)枝中(zhong)找到了(le),但女(nv)兒(er)和馬皮都變成了(le)蠶(can)(can),在樹(shu)上吐絲作繭,那(nei)蠶(can)(can)繭絲緒(xu)不(bu)亂,又厚又大(da),不(bu)同于通常(chang)的(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)繭。鄰近的(de)(de)婦女(nv)取(qu)這種(zhong)(zhong)蠶(can)(can)飼養(yang),收入增加了(le)好幾倍。因(yin)而人們把(ba)那(nei)棵(ke)樹(shu)命名為(wei)“桑”。“桑”,就是“喪”,是悼念死亡的(de)(de)意思。從此百姓(xing)爭著(zhu)種(zhong)(zhong)植桑樹(shu),現在用(yong)來養(yang)蠶(can)(can)的(de)(de)就是這種(zhong)(zhong)樹(shu)。平常(chang)所(suo)說的(de)(de)“桑蠶(can)(can)”,是古蠶(can)(can)中(zhong)殘剩下來的(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)。
根據(ju)《天官》的(de)說(shuo)法(fa),辰對(dui)應馬(ma)星。《蠶(can)(can)(can)書》上說(shuo):“對(dui)應大火的(de)那個月(指二月),就要浴蠶(can)(can)(can)選(xuan)種了。”這(zhe)樣看(kan)來,那么(me)蠶(can)(can)(can)和馬(ma)具(ju)有同(tong)一(yi)種元氣。《周禮》規(gui)定,校人(ren)(應作“馬(ma)質”)的(de)職務(wu)是主管“禁止(zhi)再(zai)次浴蠶(can)(can)(can)選(xuan)種”。鄭玄的(de)注解說(shuo):“事物不能同(tong)時為大。禁止(zhi)再(zai)次浴蠶(can)(can)(can)選(xuan)種,是因為怕它(ta)傷害了馬(ma)。”按照(zhao)漢代的(de)禮儀,皇后親自采(cai)桑,祭祀的(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)神(shen)叫(jiao)做“菀窳婦人(ren)”、“寓(yu)氏公(gong)主”。公(gong)主,是對(dui)女子的(de)尊稱,菀窳婦人(ren),是第(di)一(yi)個教老百姓養蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)神(shen)。所以現在社會上有人(ren)把蠶(can)(can)(can)叫(jiao)做女兒,這(zhe)實是古代遺留下來的(de)詞語啊(a)。
原文:
舊說(shuo):太古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),有(you)大(da)(da)人(ren)遠(yuan)征(zheng),家無余(yu)人(ren),唯有(you)一女(nv)(nv)。牡馬一匹,女(nv)(nv)親養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。窮居幽處,思念其(qi)父(fu),乃戲馬曰(yue):“爾能為(wei)我(wo)迎(ying)得父(fu)還,吾將嫁汝(ru)(ru)。”馬既承此(ci)(ci)言(yan),乃絕韁而(er)去。徑至(zhi)父(fu)所。父(fu)見馬,驚喜(xi),因取(qu)而(er)乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。馬望所自來,悲(bei)鳴(ming)不(bu)(bu)已。父(fu)曰(yue):“此(ci)(ci)馬無事如此(ci)(ci),我(wo)家得無有(you)故(gu)乎!”亟乘以(yi)(yi)(yi)歸。為(wei)畜生有(you)非常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing),故(gu)厚加芻養。馬不(bu)(bu)肯食。每見女(nv)(nv)出(chu)入(ru),輒喜(xi)怒奮擊。如此(ci)(ci)非一。父(fu)怪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),密以(yi)(yi)(yi)問女(nv)(nv),女(nv)(nv)具以(yi)(yi)(yi)告父(fu):“必為(wei)是(shi)故(gu)。”父(fu)曰(yue):“勿(wu)言(yan)。恐辱(ru)家門。且(qie)莫出(chu)入(ru)。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)伏弩射(she)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。暴皮(pi)于(yu)(yu)庭。父(fu)行,女(nv)(nv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)鄰女(nv)(nv)于(yu)(yu)皮(pi)所戲,以(yi)(yi)(yi)足蹙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):“汝(ru)(ru)是(shi)畜生,而(er)欲取(qu)人(ren)為(wei)婦(fu)耶!招此(ci)(ci)屠剝,如何自苦(ku)!”言(yan)未及竟,馬皮(pi)蹶(jue)然而(er)起,卷女(nv)(nv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)行。鄰女(nv)(nv)忙怕,不(bu)(bu)敢救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。走告其(qi)父(fu)。父(fu)還求(qiu)索,已出(chu)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)經數日,得于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)樹(shu)枝間,女(nv)(nv)及馬皮(pi),盡化(hua)為(wei)蠶,而(er)績(ji)于(yu)(yu)樹(shu)上(shang)。其(qi)(上(shang)爾下(xia)蟲)綸(lun)理厚大(da)(da),異于(yu)(yu)常(chang)蠶。鄰婦(fu)取(qu)而(er)養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)收數倍。因名其(qi)樹(shu)曰(yue)桑(sang)。桑(sang)者(zhe)(zhe),喪也(ye)(ye)。由斯百姓(xing)競種(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今世所養是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)桑(sang)蠶者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)古(gu)蠶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)類也(ye)(ye)。案:天(tian)官(guan):“辰(chen),為(wei)馬星。”蠶書曰(yue):“月當大(da)(da)火,則浴其(qi)種(zhong)。”是(shi)蠶與(yu)馬同氣也(ye)(ye)。周禮:“教人(ren)職(zhi)掌,票原蠶者(zhe)(zhe)。”注云(yun):“物莫能兩大(da)(da),禁原蠶者(zhe)(zhe),為(wei)其(qi)傷馬也(ye)(ye)。”漢禮皇后(hou)親采(cai)桑(sang)祀蠶神,曰(yue):“菀窳婦(fu)人(ren),寓氏公(gong)主。”公(gong)主者(zhe)(zhe),女(nv)(nv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊稱也(ye)(ye)。菀窳婦(fu)人(ren),先蠶者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)今世或謂蠶為(wei)女(nv)(nv)兒者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺言(yan)也(ye)(ye)。《搜神記》
雄蠶孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時即(ji)有(you)1對(dui)睪丸,5齡開始約形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)140~200萬條有(you)核(he)精子(zi),到蛹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還(huan)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無核(he)精子(zi),但(dan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)者不能(neng)使(shi)(shi)蠶卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)受(shou)(shou)精。雌(ci)蠶孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時即(ji)有(you)1對(dui)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao);至(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蛹后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1~2日,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)管迅速長大(da)(da),擠破卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)膜(mo)(mo)而(er)游離(li)于腹腔,約至(zhi)第9日形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),并向(xiang)輸卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)管下(xia)移。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蛾前1~2日,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)細(xi)胞核(he)進行(xing)第1次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂(lie),到中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)停(ting)止、待化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蛾交(jiao)配后(hou)(hou)(hou),精子(zi)進入卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)內,才使(shi)(shi)停(ting)留在(zai)第一次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂(lie)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)核(he)因受(shou)(shou)刺激(ji)而(er)繼續分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂(lie),至(zhi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)約40分(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘停(ting)止。第2次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂(lie)在(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)約60分(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘開始,經20分(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)約2小時,雄核(he)與(yu)雌(ci)核(he)融(rong)合(he),并開始卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)裂(lie)。約在(zai)產(chan)下(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)15小時,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)盤。胚(pei)(pei)(pei)盤在(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔一側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)細(xi)胞逐(zhu)(zhu)漸增(zeng)厚成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)帶(dai)(dai)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)約24小時,胚(pei)(pei)(pei)帶(dai)(dai)脫離(li)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)盤而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai),俗稱胚(pei)(pei)(pei)子(zi)。殘留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)盤稱漿膜(mo)(mo)。初形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)只有(you)1層(ceng)細(xi)胞,以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)2個(ge)(ge)細(xi)胞層(ceng),內胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)在(zai)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)發(fa)育(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)才出(chu)現。滯(zhi)育(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)在(zai)滯(zhi)育(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間外(wai)形(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不大(da)(da),隨著自然(ran)溫度下(xia)降(jiang),蠶卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸解(jie)除(chu)(chu)滯(zhi)育(yu)。解(jie)除(chu)(chu)滯(zhi)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最適(shi)溫度為5℃左右,但(dan)一般在(zai)15℃以(yi)(yi)下(xia)即(ji)能(neng)逐(zhu)(zhu)步解(jie)除(chu)(chu)滯(zhi)育(yu)。中(zhong)(zhong)國生產(chan)上把蠶卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)從滯(zhi)育(yu)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)開始到孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),分(fen)(fen)(fen)為15個(ge)(ge)階段(duan)(見表)。其中(zhong)(zhong),最長期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)生產(chan)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵時期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),過(guo)(guo)了此期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)對(dui)低溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵(di)(di)抗(kang)力(li)即(ji)減弱,故最長期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)是(shi)冷藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨界胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai),又是(shi)加溫催青(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起點胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)。反轉(zhuan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)幼(you)蟲器官和(he)組織形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最旺(wang)盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),不但(dan)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)上變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)顯(xian)著,在(zai)生理上對(dui)外(wai)界環境條件也很敏感。二化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)種在(zai)反轉(zhuan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)到轉(zhuan)青(qing)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間受(shou)(shou)高溫、長光照、多濕條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,可促使(shi)(shi)產(chan)滯(zhi)育(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),否則產(chan)非滯(zhi)育(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)。轉(zhuan)青(qing)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蟻體已基本完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),對(dui)低溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵(di)(di)抗(kang)力(li)增(zeng)強(qiang),生產(chan)上可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)短期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)冷藏(zang)抑制(zhi),以(yi)(yi)調節收蟻日期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。胚(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)發(fa)育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟻蠶后(hou)(hou)(hou),先吐出(chu)堿性(xing)腸液使(shi)(shi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)殼膨軟,繼而(er)用上顎刻劃撕裂(lie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)小塊吞(tun)下(xia),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)孔而(er)爬出(chu)。在(zai)自然(ran)狀態(tai)下(xia),蟻蠶通(tong)常在(zai)上午5~9時孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。
1、大力(li)(li)開展技(ji)(ji)術培(pei)訓,努(nu)力(li)(li)提高(gao)蠶(can)(can)農(nong)科學(xue)養蠶(can)(can)水平(ping)。要(yao)(yao)開展技(ji)(ji)術培(pei)訓,普及(ji)科學(xue)養蠶(can)(can)技(ji)(ji)術。首先要(yao)(yao)教育(yu)蠶(can)(can)農(nong)規范操作程序(xu),提倡除(chu)沙墊膠(jiao)布;除(chu)沙后要(yao)(yao)洗手喂葉;揀(jian)病(bing)蠶(can)(can)時要(yao)(yao)用蠶(can)(can)筷,并投入石灰缽;其次,重視飼育(yu)管理,小蠶(can)(can)喂適(shi)熟葉,大蠶(can)(can)期要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意通(tong)風換氣,大蠶(can)(can)擴座稀放;使蠶(can)(can)農(nong)學(xue)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)常見病(bing)癥的識(shi)別,掌握對(dui)(dui)癥用藥及(ji)用藥的劑量等基本技(ji)(ji)術。
2、預(yu)防(fang)為主,綜合防(fang)治(zhi)。蠶病(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)要(yao)堅持"預(yu)防(fang)為主,綜合防(fang)治(zhi)"的原則,在養蠶前(qian),抓好消毒(du)工作,消毒(du)做到徹底、全面(mian),不留死角。養蠶中(zhong)要(yao)經常觀察蠶的食桑(sang)情況,并適(shi)當添加藥劑,不能等到蠶病(bing)大發(fa)生時才用(yong)藥。同時養蠶后要(yao)進行回山消毒(du)。
3、對僵蠶(can)(can)、膿病宜采用以(yi)下措施。抓好示范(fan)戶(hu)、重點(dian)(dian)(dian)戶(hu)的(de)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)防病、科學飼育,以(yi)點(dian)(dian)(dian)帶面(mian),擴(kuo)大影(ying)響。每次消(xiao)毒(du)(du)時(shi)(shi),蠶(can)(can)具(ju)要浸漬(zi)消(xiao)毒(du)(du),消(xiao)毒(du)(du)隱蔽部位病原體(ti),然(ran)后在密封的(de)蠶(can)(can)室內進(jin)行(xing)熏煙消(xiao)毒(du)(du)。重點(dian)(dian)(dian)抓蟻蠶(can)(can),并(bing)做好眠蠶(can)(can)和起(qi)蠶(can)(can)的(de)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)工作(zuo)。常撒些蠶(can)(can)座凈或防僵粉(fen),以(yi)及(ji)(ji)焦糠等干燥材料(liao)。發(fa)(fa)種(zhong)時(shi)(shi)把蠶(can)(can)藥及(ji)(ji)技(ji)術資料(liao)一并(bing)發(fa)(fa)給蠶(can)(can)農,蠶(can)(can)農要從正宗廠家進(jin)藥,保證蠶(can)(can)藥質量。農技(ji)人(ren)員要深入村組農戶(hu),進(jin)行(xing)現場(chang)指導,發(fa)(fa)現問題及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)解(jie)決。