家桑蠶(can)(Bombyx mori L.)是一種(zhong)以桑葉為食料的(de)(de)鱗(lin)翅目泌(mi)絲(si)昆蟲(chong),屬無脊椎動物,節肢動物門蠶(can)蛾(e)科(ke)蠶(can)蛾(e)屬桑蠶(can)種(zhong)。栽(zai)桑養蠶(can)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)目的(de)(de)物是蠶(can)繭和絲(si)綢,蠶(can)一生經(jing)過(guo)卵、幼蟲(chong)、蛹(yong)、成(cheng)蟲(chong)4個形(xing)態上(shang)和生理機能上(shang)完全不同的(de)(de)發育(yu)(yu)階段,每一個發育(yu)(yu)階段的(de)(de)不同部位及其代(dai)謝物都有廣泛的(de)(de)藥用價值(zhi)。
漢(han)語發音(yin):sāngcán
桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)又稱家蠶(can)(can)(can),簡稱蠶(can)(can)(can),是以桑(sang)葉(xie)為食料的吐絲結繭的經濟(ji)昆蟲之一。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)屬鱗翅(chi)目,蠶(can)(can)(can)蛾科,學(xue)名(ming)為Bombyx mori Linnaeus。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)起源于(yu)中國(guo),由(you)古代棲息于(yu)桑(sang)樹(shu)的原始蠶(can)(can)(can)馴化而來,與中國(guo)現今食害桑(sang)樹(shu)的野桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)同源,染色體都(dou)是28對。
蠶蛾幼(you)蟲(chong),吃桑(sang)葉,在化蛹前(qian)吐(tu)出作(zuo)繭用的(de)大量蠶絲是重要的(de)紡織(zhi)原料。桑(sang)蠶是完(wan)(wan)全變(bian)態昆蟲(chong),一生經過(guo)卵(luan)、幼(you)蟲(chong)、蛹、成蟲(chong)等四個形態上和生理(li)機(ji)能上完(wan)(wan)全不(bu)同的(de)發育(yu)階段(duan)。卵(luan)是胚胎發生、發育(yu)形成幼(you)蟲(chong)的(de)階段(duan),幼(you)蟲(chong)是攝取食(shi)物營(ying)養(yang)的(de)生長階段(duan),蛹是從幼(you)蟲(chong)向成蟲(chong)過(guo)渡的(de)變(bian)態階段(duan),成蟲(chong)是交配產卵(luan)繁殖(zhi)后(hou)代的(de)生殖(zhi)階段(duan)。整個世代只幼(you)蟲(chong)期攝食(shi),并為蛹和成蟲(chong)期的(de)生命(ming)活動(dong)積(ji)貯營(ying)養(yang)。
吐絲結(jie)繭(jian)是桑蠶(can)適應(ying)環(huan)境而(er)生存的一(yi)種(zhong)本能。“中(zhong)國綢都”四(si)川(chuan)南充的絲綢是中(zhong)國西部絲綢文化的中(zhong)心地帶。
物種名稱:桑蠶
別名:家蠶(Bombyx mori L.),簡稱蠶。昆蟲綱鱗翅目(Lepidoptera)蠶蛾(e)科(ke)(Bombycidae)。
雌雄(xiong)鑒別:雌蠶在(zai)蠶的尾部第八和第九腹節(jie)腹面(mian),左右對稱(cheng)地各有(you)一對乳白(bai)色的小圓點(共(gong)四點),稱(cheng)石渡氏腺(xian),又分別稱(cheng)生(sheng)殖前(qian)盤和生(sheng)殖后盤,雄(xiong)蠶則在(zai)第九腹節(jie)的腹面(mian)前(qian)緣中央有(you)一個(ge)橢圓形的乳白(bai)色小點,稱(cheng)赫氏腺(xian),又稱(cheng)小囊體、囊狀體。
栽(zai)桑養蠶(can)的(de)主要(yao)目的(de)物是蠶(can)繭和絲綢,蠶(can)一生經(jing)過(guo)卵、幼蟲(chong)、蛹、成蟲(chong)4個形態上和生理機能上完全不(bu)同的(de)發育階段。
長(chang)圓(yuan)筒形,由頭(tou)、胸(xiong)、腹(fu)(fu)3部分(fen)構成(cheng)。頭(tou)部外包灰褐色骨質頭(tou)殼,胸(xiong)部3個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)各(ge)有(you)1對(dui)胸(xiong)足(zu)(zu);腹(fu)(fu)部10個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)有(you)4對(dui)腹(fu)(fu)足(zu)(zu)和(he)1對(dui)尾(wei)足(zu)(zu),第(di)(di)8腹(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)背面中央有(you)1個(ge)尾(wei)角;第(di)(di)1胸(xiong)節(jie)(jie)和(he)第(di)(di)1至(zhi)第(di)(di)8腹(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)側各(ge)有(you)1對(dui)氣門。剛孵化的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong),遍體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)著(zhu)生黑褐色剛毛,體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)軀細小似(si)螞蟻,稱(cheng)蟻蠶(can)(can)(can)。蟻蠶(can)(can)(can)借(jie)攝食(shi)桑(sang)葉而(er)迅速(su)長(chang)大,體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)色逐(zhu)漸(jian)轉成(cheng)青白。其(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)壁的(de)(de)(de)表皮要發生多次脫換(huan),這(zhe)種現象稱(cheng)蛻皮,是(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內咽側體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)泌的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)幼(you)(you)激素與前(qian)胸(xiong)腺(xian)分(fen)泌的(de)(de)(de)蛻皮激素共(gong)同作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。蛻皮前(qian),幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)停止(zhi)(zhi)食(shi)桑(sang),吐(tu)絲于蠶(can)(can)(can)座上,用(yong)腹(fu)(fu)足(zu)(zu)和(he)尾(wei)足(zu)(zu)固定蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),靜止(zhi)(zhi)不動,稱(cheng)眠(mian)。眠(mian)是(shi)分(fen)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)界限,每(mei)眠(mian)一次增(zeng)加(jia)1齡(ling)(ling)(ling)。體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)和(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積隨齡(ling)(ling)(ling)期(qi)增(zeng)進而(er)顯著(zhu)增(zeng)大。蛻皮次數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)稱(cheng)眠(mian)性(xing),受(shou)遺傳控制,但生活條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)也能使(shi)眠(mian)性(xing)發生變化。桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)眠(mian)性(xing)有(you)三眠(mian)、四眠(mian)、五眠(mian)等(deng);生產上常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)品種是(shi)四眠(mian)5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)蠶(can)(can)(can)。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)生長(chang)到5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)第(di)(di)2~3日,可按(an)特(te)征鑒別(bie)雌雄(xiong)(xiong):雌蠶(can)(can)(can)在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)8和(he)第(di)(di)9腹(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)腹(fu)(fu)面各(ge)有(you)1對(dui)乳(ru)白色圓(yuan)點,稱(cheng)石渡氏(shi)腺(xian);雄(xiong)(xiong)蠶(can)(can)(can)在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)9腹(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)腹(fu)(fu)面前(qian)緣中央有(you)一乳(ru)白色囊狀體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),稱(cheng)赫氏(shi)腺(xian)(圖2)。5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)生長(chang)至(zhi)極(ji)度時,體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)比蟻蠶(can)(can)(can)增(zeng)加(jia)1萬倍。此(ci)后逐(zhu)漸(jian)減(jian)少食(shi)桑(sang)量以至(zhi)停食(shi)。至(zhi)前(qian)半身呈透明時,稱(cheng)熟蠶(can)(can)(can),即(ji)開始吐(tu)絲結繭(jian)。結繭(jian)過(guo)程約(yue)(yue)需2~3日。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短因蠶(can)(can)(can)品種和(he)飼育(yu)條(tiao)件而(er)異,一般春蠶(can)(can)(can)在(zai)(zai)24~25℃下約(yue)(yue)為(wei)24~26日,夏秋蠶(can)(can)(can)在(zai)(zai)26~28℃下約(yue)(yue)為(wei)21~23日。
蟻(yi)蠶(can)出殼(ke)時(shi)間:5~10點(dian)。趨光性,趨黃光、綠光、白光較強(qiang)。5齡四天(tian)后,體(ti)長不(bu)再增長,范圍(wei)為6~8cm5齡第(di)1.5~2天(tian)長度生長快(kuai)。5齡兩(liang)天(tian)后,雌(ci)蠶(can)在第(di)8、9腹節(jie)的腹面各有一(yi)(yi)對乳白色或(huo)透明的小圓點(dian),明顯程度個體(ti)不(bu)同。一(yi)(yi)般雌(ci)比雄蠶(can)體(ti)大。結繭(jian)1~2天(tian),蠶(can)吐絲(si)喜暗。
適宜溫度:22~28℃,最適溫度23.8~25℃,自(zi)孵化至吐(tu)絲結(jie)繭,一般(ban)春期(qi)24~30天,夏秋期(qi)20~24天。
熟蠶吐絲畢,體軀縮小(xiao)略呈紡錘(chui)形,靜止不(bu)動,這(zhe)時稱潛蛹(yong)(yong)(預蛹(yong)(yong))。潛蛹(yong)(yong)是真皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)與舊(jiu)幼蟲表皮(pi)(pi)分(fen)(fen)離并形成蛹(yong)(yong)表皮(pi)(pi)的(de)時期,約需2日(ri)(ri)。化蛹(yong)(yong)蛻(tui)皮(pi)(pi)是蛻(tui)皮(pi)(pi)激(ji)素作(zuo)用的(de)結果。剛蛻(tui)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)蛹(yong)(yong)呈紡錘(chui)形,乳(ru)白色(se)(se),后轉深褐(he)色(se)(se)。蛹(yong)(yong)體分(fen)(fen)頭、胸、腹3部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。雌蛹(yong)(yong)腹部(bu)大(da)而末端鈍圓,第8腹節腹面正中(zhong)線上(shang)有(you)1條縱線;雄蛹(yong)(yong)腹部(bu)小(xiao)而末端尖,在第9腹節腹面中(zhong)央(yang)有(you)1褐(he)色(se)(se)小(xiao)點(dian)(圖(tu)3)。一般蛹(yong)(yong)體重1.5~2.5克。蛹(yong)(yong)期體內劇烈地(di)進(jin)行著幼蟲組(zu)織(zhi)器官的(de)破壞,成蟲組(zu)織(zhi)器官的(de)發生、形成,以及(ji)生殖(zhi)細(xi)胞的(de)發育、成熟等生理過程。化蛹(yong)(yong)后約14日(ri)(ri)完成成蟲發育,這(zhe)時由腦神經分(fen)(fen)泌細(xi)胞合成并貯存在咽側體內的(de)羽(yu)化激(ji)素,因光(guang)的(de)刺激(ji)而分(fen)(fen)泌至血(xue)液(ye)中(zhong),約40分(fen)(fen)鐘后蛹(yong)(yong)便羽(yu)化。
蠶(can)蛹適宜(yi)溫度(du)22.8~26.7℃,最適溫度(du)23.9~24.4℃,溫度(du)最好不要超過28℃。化(hua)蛹需1~2天,蛹期15~18天,剖(pou)開繭后需10~11天。化(hua)蛹第(di)二日高溫28℃24小時(shi)保護,易產非滯育卵(luan)。
蠶蛹(yong)冷(leng)藏宜在(zai)化蛹(yong)第三(san)天冷(leng)藏,冷(leng)藏適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)2.5~10℃,最適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)5~7.5℃,發(fa)育(yu)起點溫(wen)(wen)度(du)10℃。
雌蛹腹(fu)部肥大,在第(di)(di)8腹(fu)節(jie)腹(fu)面(mian)的(de)正中線上,有一條縱線,雄蛹在第(di)(di)8、9腹(fu)節(jie)腹(fu)面(mian)正中線的(de)交界(jie)處(chu),有一小點。
羽(yu)化后(hou)(hou)的(de)成(cheng)蟲,吐(tu)出(chu)(chu)堿性(xing)腸液,以濕潤和(he)松解頭端繭層,并用(yong)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)足撥開(kai)繭絲,從繭內(nei)鉆出(chu)(chu)。翅初柔軟(ruan)褶疊,隨蛾(e)(e)(e)體干燥而展開(kai)。全身被(bei)覆白色鱗片,頭部兩側有1對(dui)(dui)復眼和(he)1對(dui)(dui)具觸(chu)覺(jue)和(he)嗅覺(jue)的(de)雙櫛狀觸(chu)角,口(kou)器(qi)已退化。胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)部前、中(zhong)、后(hou)(hou)3個胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)節(jie)腹(fu)(fu)面(mian)(mian)各(ge)有1對(dui)(dui)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)足,中(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)和(he)后(hou)(hou)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)背面(mian)(mian)各(ge)有1對(dui)(dui)翅。腹(fu)(fu)部雌(ci)蛾(e)(e)(e)7節(jie),雄蛾(e)(e)(e)8節(jie)。雄蛾(e)(e)(e)外(wai)生殖器(qi)由(you)幼蟲的(de)第(di)9、10腹(fu)(fu)節(jie)變成(cheng),雌(ci)蛾(e)(e)(e)的(de)外(wai)生殖器(qi)由(you)第(di)8、9、10腹(fu)(fu)節(jie)變成(cheng)。交配(pei)時(shi)雌(ci)蛾(e)(e)(e)伸出(chu)(chu)產卵器(qi),由(you)誘惑(huo)腺(xian)釋放出(chu)(chu)性(xing)信(xin)息激(ji)素(桑蠶(can)醇和(he)桑蠶(can)醛)引(yin)誘雄蛾(e)(e)(e),交配(pei)1.5~2小時(shi)即可產受精卵。一頭雌(ci)蛾(e)(e)(e)約產卵400~700粒(li),其中(zhong)絕大多數在羽(yu)化當(dang)日產下(xia),至(zhi)第(di)3日結束(shu)。成(cheng)蟲不攝食,交配(pei)產卵后(hou)(hou)約經(jing)10日左右自(zi)然死亡。
發蛾(e)5~10點,一般交(jiao)配2小時,交(jiao)配后3~4小時產卵,5~12天死亡,適宜溫度21~27℃。
橢(tuo)(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)略扁(bian)平,長約(yue)1.3mm,寬1.1~1.2mm,厚0.5~0.6mm,一端(duan)(duan)稍(shao)鈍,另一端(duan)(duan)稍(shao)尖,尖端(duan)(duan)有卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong),為(wei)受(shou)精(jing)孔(kong)道。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒大小(xiao)因蠶品種、飼養(yang)條(tiao)件及蛹期溫度而異。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒重一般為(wei)500~600微(wei)克(ke)。剛(gang)產下時呈(cheng)淡黃(huang)(huang)色,表面隆(long)起,后因卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)內水分(fen)(fen)蒸發和(he)營養(yang)物質消耗(hao),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)面中(zhong)央出(chu)現凹(ao)陷,稱卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)渦。正常卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)渦橢(tuo)(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),死卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)呈(cheng)三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)殼表面有凹(ao)凸不(bu)平呈(cheng)多(duo)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)紋,還有無數針狀呼(hu)吸氣孔(kong)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)物有卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)膜(mo)、漿膜(mo)、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)和(he)胚胎(tai)等。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)膜(mo)緊(jin)貼在卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)殼下面,是一層非細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)透明薄膜(mo);漿膜(mo)在其(qi)內側,是一層大而扁(bian)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細胞(bao)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)是胚胎(tai)發育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)源(yuan)。胚胎(tai)在卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)(huang)中(zhong)偏于(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一方(fang),頭(tou)向卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong)一端(duan)(duan),不(bu)斷攝(she)取養(yang)分(fen)(fen)而逐(zhu)漸發育(yu)。
蠶(can)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)分滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(越年卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan))和(he)非滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(不(bu)越年卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan))兩種。非滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)(xia)后胚(pei)胎(tai)不(bu)斷發(fa)育(yu)(yu),約經10日即形成蟻蠶(can)孵(fu)化;滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)胚(pei)胎(tai)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)至(zhi)一定程度即進(jin)入滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)期(qi),經冬(dong)季低溫(wen)解除滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu),到翌年春暖時(shi)才孵(fu)化。蠶(can)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)是否滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)取(qu)決于(yu)蛹期(qi)中雌蛹的咽(yan)下(xia)(xia)神經節能否分泌滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)激素(su)(su);心側體(ti)激素(su)(su)對滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)也有輔助作用。滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)在進(jin)入滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)期(qi)時(shi)漿膜細胞內形成并(bing)沉(chen)積色(se)素(su)(su)粒,呈黑褐色(se);非滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)性卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)漿膜細胞內不(bu)形成色(se)素(su)(su),仍(reng)為淡(dan)黃色(se)。
蠶卵(luan)孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)適宜溫(wen)度(du)20~30℃,最(zui)適溫(wen)度(du)22~25.5℃,需(xu)9~11天(tian)。經過催青(qing)的,需(xu)2~9天(tian)。春天(tian)自然溫(wen)度(du)12℃以上,需(xu)22~27天(tian)。滯育卵(luan)解(jie)除滯育需(xu)30~100天(tian),滯育期適宜溫(wen)度(du)25~30℃,30℃以上會對孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)率(lv)有影響。催青(qing)時溫(wen)度(du)不能(neng)超(chao)過35℃,孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)前的幾天(tian)要保持一定濕(shi)度(du)。卵(luan)產(chan)下3h內(nei)溫(wen)度(du)不要超(chao)過30℃,以免影響受精率(lv)。卵(luan)產(chan)下1天(tian)內(nei),如果溫(wen)度(du)偏高(30℃),易轉化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)非滯育卵(luan)。
桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)屬寡食(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong),除喜食(shi)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)外,也(ye)能吃柘葉(xie)、榆葉(xie)、鴉(ya)蔥、蒲公英(ying)和萵苣葉(xie)等。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)所(suo)必需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang),有(you)蛋(dan)白質、碳水(shui)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物、脂類、維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素、無機鹽和水(shui)分等。桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)是(shi)(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)最適合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然食(shi)料。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)食(shi)桑(sang)(sang)后,幼蟲(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長迅(xun)速,在(zai)適溫(wen)(wen)條件(jian)下(xia),一頭(tou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)自孵化(hua)(hua)至吐(tu)絲(si)結(jie)(jie)繭,大約6~9天(tian)蛻一次皮(pi),共需(xu)約24~32天(tian),約食(shi)下(xia)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)20~30g(合(he)干(gan)物5~6.2g),一般(ban)經(jing)四次眠(mian)和蛻皮(pi),至生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長極度時,體(ti)重約增加1萬倍。吐(tu)絲(si)結(jie)(jie)繭是(shi)(shi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)適應環境(jing)而生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)本能。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭可(ke)繅絲(si),絲(si)是(shi)(shi)珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織原(yuan)料,在(zai)軍工(gong)、交電等方面也(ye)有(you)廣泛用途。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛹、蛾和蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)糞也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)綜(zong)合(he)利用,是(shi)(shi)多種(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)和醫藥(yao)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料,也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)植物的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)料。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)變態(tai)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong),一個世(shi)代(dai)(dai)中,歷經(jing)卵、幼蟲(chong)(chong)、蛹、成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)4個發(fa)育(yu)階段。在(zai)一年內自然發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)代(dai)(dai)數(shu)稱化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing),一年發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)1代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱一化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing),發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)2代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱二化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing),發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)3代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱多化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。熱帶地區(qu)還有(you)終年不滯(zhi)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)品種(zhong)(zhong)。發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度范圍(wei)隨發(fa)育(yu)時期而不同,大致在(zai)7~40℃之間,能正(zheng)常發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度范圍(wei)為(wei)20~30℃。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)對全(quan)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適應性(xing)(xing)(xing)直接體(ti)現(xian)在(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)健(jian)程度上,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長良(liang)好,體(ti)質強(qiang)(qiang)健(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)野桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)出好的(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭,因此(ci)以(yi)(yi)繭質作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)衡(heng)量(liang)野桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)體(ti)質強(qiang)(qiang)健(jian)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)標(biao)。
塑(su)料薄(bo)膜(mo)覆(fu)蓋育(yu):用(yong)于(yu)1~3齡蠶(can)(can)(can)飼育(yu)。1~2齡上(shang)蓋下(xia)墊(dian)聚乙烯(xi)塑(su)料薄(bo)膜(mo),四周包(bao)折。眠中不蓋,蠶(can)(can)(can)餉食(shi)(shi)(shi)后繼續覆(fu)蓋。3齡只蓋不墊(dian),薄(bo)膜(mo)上(shang)如凝(ning)有(you)霧滴,給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)前擦(ca)拭(shi)后,再使(shi)用(yong)。有(you)條件(jian)的(de)地(di)區應(ying)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)1~3齡蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)小蠶(can)(can)(can)期(qi)共(gong)育(yu)。采(cai)(cai)集桑(sang)(sang)葉應(ying)按(an)照葉位(wei)和(he)從上(shang)至下(xia)的(de)順序進行。采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)桑(sang)(sang)葉的(de)時(shi)間宜(yi)在上(shang)午10時(shi)前和(he)下(xia)午3時(shi)后,避免在高溫烈(lie)日下(xia)采(cai)(cai)葉。1~2齡稚(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)要切葉,切葉通常以蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)2倍見方為標準。每齡少(shao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)和(he)將熟期(qi)適當地(di)控制給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang),盛食(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)充分飽食(shi)(shi)(shi)。塑(su)料薄(bo)膜(mo)覆(fu)蓋育(yu)每日可給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)4次(ci)(ci)。每次(ci)(ci)給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)的(de)多少(shao),主(zhu)要根據蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)發育(yu)、食(shi)(shi)(shi)欲及殘桑(sang)(sang)程度靈(ling)活掌握(wo),如果上(shang)次(ci)(ci)給(gei)的(de)桑(sang)(sang)吃(chi)盡(jin),下(xia)次(ci)(ci)量(liang)可稍增,反之(zhi)則(ze)減少(shao)給(gei)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)。小蠶(can)(can)(can)期(qi)吃(chi)桑(sang)(sang)只占全(quan)齡食(shi)(shi)(shi)桑(sang)(sang)的(de)5%。
給(gei)桑(sang)方法:給(gei)桑(sang)前先勻(yun)蠶(can)(can)、整座,使蠶(can)(can)分布均勻(yun)。1盒蠶(can)(can)種最大蠶(can)(can)座面積(ji):1齡0.07~1.2㎡,2齡1.6~4㎡,3齡4~10㎡。除(chu)沙就是將蠶(can)(can)座上(shang)的(de)(de)殘桑(sang)、蠶(can)(can)的(de)(de)排泄物等除(chu)掉。在眠(mian)(mian)前的(de)(de)一次除(chu)沙稱為(wei)眠(mian)(mian)除(chu),眠(mian)(mian)起(qi)(qi)后第一次除(chu)沙為(wei)起(qi)(qi)除(chu),其他時間的(de)(de)除(chu)沙叫中除(chu)。眼前處(chu)理(li)包括適時加眠(mian)(mian)網(wang)、進(jin)行眠(mian)(mian)除(chu),使環境干燥。蠶(can)(can)兒(er)發(fa)育不齊時要進(jin)行提青和分批(pi),并將青頭蠶(can)(can)放溫(wen)度偏高處(chu),勤給(gei)良(liang)桑(sang),使其趕上(shang)大批(pi)。起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)適時餉(xiang)食,90%~95%的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)頭部(bu)呈淡褐色,即為(wei)餉(xiang)食適量。餉(xiang)食葉適熟偏嫩、新鮮。小蠶(can)(can)期在給(gei)桑(sang)前將生石(shi)灰(hui)粉(fen)均勻(yun)地撒在蠶(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)座上(shang),起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)、將眠(mian)(mian)各一次。
4齡(ling)(ling)至多齡(ling)(ling)稱為大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期需防(fang)(fang)高溫、高濕,加強通(tong)風換(huan)氣(qi)并飽(bao)食良(liang)桑(sang)(sang)。桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)須儲存在陰涼、保濕、清潔衛(wei)生的(de)儲桑(sang)(sang)室內,平攤于地(di)面上(shang)(shang)。宜早晨采(cai)桑(sang)(sang),儲備一天(tian)(tian)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)為宜。4、5齡(ling)(ling)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)吃片葉(xie)或芽(ya)葉(xie),每晝夜給桑(sang)(sang)4~5次(ci)(ci)。4齡(ling)(ling)占(zhan)全齡(ling)(ling)用(yong)桑(sang)(sang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)10%,5齡(ling)(ling)占(zhan)85%,尤其是(shi)5齡(ling)(ling)第三(san)天(tian)(tian)后(hou)吃桑(sang)(sang)很猛(meng),要(yao)達到良(liang)桑(sang)(sang)飽(bao)食。當(dang)遇高溫干燥天(tian)(tian)氣(qi),桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)含水(shui)率低(di),往桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)上(shang)(shang)噴水(shui)后(hou)喂蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),水(shui)要(yao)清潔,有(you)明顯的(de)增產效果(guo)。大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期要(yao)及(ji)時擴座(zuo)和分匾。除沙(sha)(sha)是(shi)大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期衛(wei)生防(fang)(fang)病(bing)的(de)重要(yao)工作,要(yao)用(yong)網除沙(sha)(sha),不要(yao)用(yong)手抓蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。小(xiao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)(fang)病(bing)一號在收蟻及(ji)2、3齡(ling)(ling)起,大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)(fang)病(bing)一號在4、5齡(ling)(ling)起及(ji)見熟蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)時,各(ge)撒(sa)藥(yao)粉(fen)(fen)1次(ci)(ci)。如有(you)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)發生,每天(tian)(tian)撒(sa)1次(ci)(ci)。用(yong)法:給桑(sang)(sang)前將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)粉(fen)(fen)均勻(yun)地(di)撒(sa)在蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang),10分鐘后(hou)給桑(sang)(sang)。生石灰(hui)在1齡(ling)(ling)起蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)消(xiao)毒。2~4齡(ling)(ling)起蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)眠蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)各(ge)消(xiao)毒1次(ci)(ci)。5齡(ling)(ling)起蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、齡(ling)(ling)中(zhong)、將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)熟蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)各(ge)消(xiao)毒1次(ci)(ci)。在給桑(sang)(sang)前將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)生石灰(hui)粉(fen)(fen)均勻(yun)地(di)撒(sa)在蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)。要(yao)求與大(da)、小(xiao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)(fang)病(bing)一號使用(yong)間隔(ge)3小(xiao)時以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。
蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室門(men)口每天撒(sa)生石灰(hui)(hui)粉(fen),進出(chu)更衣換鞋,病(bing)死(si)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)不能亂丟,要(yao)(yao)放(fang)入(ru)石灰(hui)(hui)罐中集中燒(shao)毀。喂(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、除(chu)(chu)(chu)沙(sha)前(qian)后要(yao)(yao)洗手。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)沙(sha)放(fang)到(dao)遠離蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室的地(di)(di)方發(fa)酵(jiao),不可(ke)直(zhi)接施入(ru)桑(sang)園。編織(zhi)布(bu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)育,可(ke)在(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)架上(shang)放(fang)小木(mu)條,在(zai)木(mu)條上(shang)鋪(pu)編織(zhi)布(bu)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)除(chu)(chu)(chu)沙(sha)時(shi),用卷網(wang)除(chu)(chu)(chu)沙(sha)效果(guo)(guo)很好(hao)。方法是蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)網(wang)卷至蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)的一(yi)(yi)半(ban),將(jiang)底(di)下的蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)沙(sha)掃(sao)除(chu)(chu)(chu)倒掉,然后放(fang)開卷網(wang),再對另(ling)一(yi)(yi)半(ban)除(chu)(chu)(chu)沙(sha)。條桑(sang)育是將(jiang)伐(fa)下的桑(sang)條連同葉片一(yi)(yi)起放(fang)到(dao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座(zuo)上(shang)喂(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。可(ke)在(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)上(shang)喂(wei)養(yang)(yang),也可(ke)在(zai)地(di)(di)面(mian)上(shang)成畦狀喂(wei)養(yang)(yang)(地(di)(di)面(mian)先撒(sa)2.5%樂果(guo)(guo)粉(fen)防螞蟻,并撒(sa)一(yi)(yi)層石灰(hui)(hui)粉(fen))。塑(su)料大棚(peng)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),即(ji)節省蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室,也可(ke)加大棚(peng)室利用率。一(yi)(yi)般3.3米×10米的大棚(peng),可(ke)搭兩排各(ge)5層的蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai),每期養(yang)(yang)2盒(he)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種。8米×2.5米的大棚(peng)一(yi)(yi)期可(ke)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)一(yi)(yi)盒(he)。
適(shi)(shi)時上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu),按照隨(sui)熟隨(sui)捉,先(xian)熟先(xian)上(shang)的(de)原則。上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)密度(du)(du):折蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)380~400頭,方(fang)格蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)以孔(kong)格80%~85%計算上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)頭數。上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)取人工拾取和自動上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)相結合(he)的(de)方(fang)法。蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)中溫度(du)(du)保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)22~25℃。濕度(du)(du)以干濕差2.5℃為宜(yi),光線均勻(yun),環境靜寂,避免強風(feng)直吹,要(yao)加強通風(feng)換氣,保(bao)持(chi)0.5~1.0米/秒的(de)風(feng)速。適(shi)(shi)時采(cai)(cai)繭(jian),采(cai)(cai)繭(jian)應在(zai)蠶結繭(jian)化蛹后,蛹體(ti)皮(pi)色轉為黃色時進行(xing)。在(zai)上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)后第6~7天采(cai)(cai)繭(jian)。采(cai)(cai)繭(jian)時先(xian)將蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)中的(de)死蠶和爛繭(jian)拾去,按照分批上(shang)蔟(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)先(xian)后,先(xian)上(shang)先(xian)采(cai)(cai),后上(shang)后采(cai)(cai),輕(qing)采(cai)(cai)輕(qing)放(fang),避免蛹體(ti)損傷出(chu)血。采(cai)(cai)下的(de)繭(jian)不可(ke)堆積過厚,以2~3粒厚為宜(yi),放(fang)置(zhi)于(yu)涼爽、通風(feng)、干燥的(de)場地,避免強光暴曬(shai)。
蠶(can)只(zhi)在幼蟲(chong)期取食。1條蠶(can)的(de)食桑(sang)量(liang)約為新鮮(xian)桑(sang)葉21克(干物(wu)5.25克),其中(zhong)85~88%在5齡期食下,消化(hua)率約為40%。幼蟲(chong)階(jie)段的(de)營養狀況(kuang)直接影響蠶(can)體(ti)生長、以(yi)(yi)及繭絲和(he)蠶(can)卵的(de)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。桑(sang)蠶(can)所(suo)必需的(de)營養素(su)(su)有(you):蛋(dan)白質(zhi)、碳水(shui)(shui)化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)、脂類(lei)、維生素(su)(su)、無機鹽和(he)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)等。蛋(dan)白質(zhi)不但是(shi)(shi)(shi)蠶(can)體(ti)各器(qi)官細胞(bao)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen),而且(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)絲腺細胞(bao)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)絲物(wu)質(zhi)和(he)卵巢生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蠶(can)卵的(de)基本原料。碳水(shui)(shui)化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)生命(ming)活動的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)能源。脂類(lei)中(zhong)的(de)甾(zai)醇是(shi)(shi)(shi)蛻皮激素(su)(su)的(de)前軀(qu)物(wu),體(ti)內不能合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),必須從食物(wu)中(zhong)攝取。維生素(su)(su)是(shi)(shi)(shi)調(diao)節(jie)物(wu)質(zhi)代謝(xie)不可缺少的(de)一類(lei)生物(wu)活性物(wu)質(zhi),多數為酶(mei)的(de)輔基。無機鹽是(shi)(shi)(shi)細胞(bao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)之一,并(bing)(bing)對細胞(bao)內外(wai)液(ye)體(ti)的(de)滲透(tou)壓和(he)酸堿度起(qi)調(diao)節(jie)作(zuo)用(yong)。水(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)約占蠶(can)體(ti)重的(de)85%,是(shi)(shi)(shi)蠶(can)體(ti)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen),對體(ti)內物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)溶解、運輸以(yi)(yi)及調(diao)節(jie)并(bing)(bing)保持內環境(jing)的(de)相(xiang)對恒定(ding)等具有(you)重要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)用(yong);血液(ye)含(han)水(shui)(shui)率低時(shi)滲透(tou)壓升高(gao),有(you)礙代謝(xie)的(de)正常(chang)進行;血液(ye)含(han)水(shui)(shui)率過高(gao)則(ze)滲透(tou)壓下降(jiang),pH降(jiang)低,也導致蠶(can)體(ti)生理(li)障礙。水(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)來自食料,因而食料水(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)的(de)含(han)量(liang)與蠶(can)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)的(de)含(han)量(liang)有(you)密切(qie)關系。
上述(shu)營養(yang)成分(fen)在桑葉(xie)中含量(liang)均極豐(feng)富。除此以外,桑葉(xie)中還含有:①誘食(shi)因(yin)素(su)(su),如(ru)檸檬醛(quan)、青(qing)葉(xie)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)、青(qing)葉(xie)醛(quan)以及里那醇(chun)(chun)(chun)等揮發性萜(tie)烯類物質(zhi);②咬食(shi)因(yin)素(su)(su),如(ru)β-谷甾醇(chun)(chun)(chun)、異槲(hu)皮苷和桑色素(su)(su)等;③吞咽(yan)因(yin)素(su)(su),如(ru)纖維(wei)素(su)(su)、磷(lin)酸鹽、硅酸鹽、肌(ji)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)和維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)(su)C等,能刺激幼(you)蟲產生(sheng)趨食(shi)、咬食(shi)和吞咽(yan)的要求和動作(zuo)。因(yin)此桑葉(xie)是(shi)最好的天然飼(si)料。人工飼(si)料也是(shi)按(an)桑葉(xie)的化學(xue)組分(fen)配制而成。
桑蠶(can)的眠和起(qi)是蠶(can)生(sheng)(sheng)長發育的生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)過(guo)程。蠶(can)蛻皮(pi)(pi)之前停止食桑,蠶(can)體固定在桑葉上,逐漸形成(cheng)新皮(pi)(pi)。這(zhe)一(yi)不(bu)食不(bu)動的現象稱作眠。蠶(can)的一(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)需4次蛻皮(pi)(pi),它的眠和起(qi)是生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)上的轉折點。表面(mian)上看不(bu)食不(bu)動,其實它的內部在進行激烈(lie)的組(zu)織更(geng)新。如蠶(can)在眠期(qi)護(hu)理(li)不(bu)好,病(bing)菌(jun)極易(yi)侵(qin)入而發生(sheng)(sheng)蛻皮(pi)(pi)困難,給后期(qi)飼(si)養帶來不(bu)便和經濟(ji)損失(shi)。所以(yi)蠶(can)在眠期(qi)管理(li)十分重要(yao)。
其(qi)方(fang)法有以下幾種。
一(yi)、眠前除沙。這是為了避免蠶(can)(can)糞堆積(ji)過多,病(bing)菌極(ji)易滋(zi)生和蔓延,進而在蠶(can)(can)眠期侵入蠶(can)(can)體(ti)。
二、蠶(can)在眠(mian)(mian)期(qi)不(bu)食不(bu)動,主要靠眠(mian)(mian)前吃桑吸收(shou)的養分(fen)來(lai)維持生(sheng)(sheng)命活(huo)動。所以一定要飽(bao)食就眠(mian)(mian)。如果(guo)過早停止給桑,會(hui)造成餓眠(mian)(mian),而餓眠(mian)(mian)蠶(can)體質弱,抗性差(cha),易生(sheng)(sheng)病。
三、蠶在眠(mian)期對外來的(de)各種干擾抵抗(kang)力較弱,所以(yi)一定(ding)要注意(yi)眠(mian)中(zhong)保護。
當蠶(can)95%眠(mian)(mian)定(ding)后,要撒上新鮮石(shi)灰(hui)粉和蠶(can)藥“防病一(yi)號”,以防病菌侵(qin)入。如果有少(shao)量蠶(can)不吃桑又不眠(mian)(mian),這(zhe)是因為它(ta)沒找(zhao)到眠(mian)(mian)定(ding)的地方。這(zhe)時要放點桑葉,提青(qing)分批(pi)眠(mian)(mian)定(ding)。
四、蠶(can)(can)(can)是(shi)變溫動物,適應范圍在20~30℃。春蠶(can)(can)(can)期(qi)常(chang)遇(yu)低溫多濕(shi)(shi)的(de)氣(qi)候,重點(dian)是(shi)補(bu)溫排濕(shi)(shi)。夏蠶(can)(can)(can)期(qi)高溫多濕(shi)(shi),重點(dian)是(shi)降溫排濕(shi)(shi),保持蠶(can)(can)(can)室空氣(qi)流通,清除悶熱。秋蠶(can)(can)(can)期(qi)若(ruo)遇(yu)高溫干(gan)燥(zao),則要在室內(nei)補(bu)濕(shi)(shi),結合消毒進(jin)行,即用新鮮(xian)石灰粉和漂(piao)白(bai)粉對水噴灑地面和墻面;也可把布濕(shi)(shi)透掛在蠶(can)(can)(can)架上,保持蠶(can)(can)(can)室濕(shi)(shi)潤,避免蠶(can)(can)(can)發生(sheng)蛻(tui)(tui)皮困難和半蛻(tui)(tui)皮。
吐絲(si)(si)(si)和結繭(jian)是(shi)桑蠶適應(ying)環(huan)境的一種(zhong)本能。生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)和分(fen)泌絲(si)(si)(si)物質(zhi)的絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian),是(shi)1對半(ban)透(tou)明多屈曲的管(guan)狀器(qi)官(圖4),在(zai)(zai)胚胎發育后期(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)。絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)在(zai)(zai)蟻蠶時僅0.01mg左右,隨齡期(qi)(qi)的增(zeng)(zeng)進(jin)而(er)長(chang)大。但在(zai)(zai)5齡第(di)3日(ri)以前,由(you)于(yu)保幼(you)激(ji)(ji)素(su)的抑制作用,重(zhong)(zhong)量不(bu)超過體重(zhong)(zhong)的5%。5齡第(di)3日(ri)起保幼(you)激(ji)(ji)素(su)停止分(fen)泌,食下的大量桑葉主要用于(yu)長(chang)大絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)和合成(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)物質(zhi),到(dao)5齡末期(qi)(qi)絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)可達(da)1.6克,約占體重(zhong)(zhong)的45~50%。與蟻蠶的絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)量相比(bi),增(zeng)(zeng)加約16萬倍(bei),而(er)體重(zhong)(zhong)僅增(zeng)(zeng)約1萬倍(bei)。絲(si)(si)(si)物質(zhi)包(bao)括絲(si)(si)(si)素(su)和絲(si)(si)(si)膠(jiao),均為由(you)18種(zhong)氨基酸構成(cheng)的蛋(dan)白質(zhi)。中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)膠(jiao),后部(bu)(bu)絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)素(su)。絲(si)(si)(si)素(su)分(fen)泌到(dao)腺(xian)腔內向(xiang)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)絲(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)推進(jin)時,才為絲(si)(si)(si)膠(jiao)所分(fen)層包(bao)圍。每條5齡蠶在(zai)(zai)保幼(you)激(ji)(ji)素(su)終(zhong)止分(fen)泌后的4~6日(ri)內,約生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)0.35~0.6g。
繭(jian)絲(si)(si)一般(ban)無(wu)色(se)(se)(se)透明,但也(ye)(ye)有結黃繭(jian)、紅繭(jian)或綠(lv)繭(jian)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)蠶品(pin)種(zhong)。黃、紅色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)直接來源于(yu)(yu)桑葉(xie)中的(de)(de)(de)胡蘿卜素(su)(su)等(deng)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su);綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)則以桑葉(xie)中的(de)(de)(de)黃酮(tong)系(xi)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)如(ru)異(yi)槲皮苷、槲皮酮(tong)、蕓香苷等(deng)為(wei)原料,由消化管生成(cheng)。繭(jian)絲(si)(si)著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)與否(fou)和著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)程度,決定于(yu)(yu)消化管透過和合(he)成(cheng)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li),以及(ji)進(jin)入血(xue)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)被(bei)中部絲(si)(si)腺吸收的(de)(de)(de)程度。白(bai)繭(jian)種(zhong)不著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)(se),是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)無(wu)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)進(jin)入血(xue)液(ye),或不被(bei)中部絲(si)(si)腺吸收。此外,環境對繭(jian)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)濃淡也(ye)(ye)有影響(xiang)。一般(ban)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)存(cun)繭(jian)在于(yu)(yu)絲(si)(si)膠(jiao)中,繅制后隨絲(si)(si)膠(jiao)溶失而成(cheng)為(wei)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)生絲(si)(si);但綠(lv)繭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)在絲(si)(si)素(su)(su)中也(ye)(ye)有存(cun)在,繅絲(si)(si)后仍帶綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)。
桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)起源于中(zhong)國。由古代(dai)棲息于桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)樹的(de)原(yuan)始(shi)蠶(can)(can)馴化而(er)來,形態(tai)和習性與(yu)今天食害桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)葉的(de)野(ye)(ye)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(Bombyxmandarina)(見桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)樹害蟲)十分(fen)相似,血清(qing)沉淀反應強度(du)也相同(tong),雜(za)交能產生(sheng)正(zheng)常子(zi)代(dai)。桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)的(de)染色體是(shi)28對(dui),野(ye)(ye)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)則(ze)有27對(dui)和28對(dui)兩種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing),一般認(ren)為桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)與(yu)中(zhong)國的(de)28對(dui)型(xing)野(ye)(ye)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)同(tong)源。人(ren)類(lei)最初(chu)可能是(shi)從桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)林中(zhong)采集原(yuan)始(shi)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)蠶(can)(can)繭取絲利用(yong);隨著人(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)活的(de)定居和對(dui)蠶(can)(can)絲用(yong)途的(de)進一步了解而(er)試行在室內養蠶(can)(can)。經過長期的(de)培育和選擇,野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)蠶(can)(can)才逐漸馴化成為具有今天這(zhe)樣經濟性狀的(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)種(zhong)。目(mu)前,我(wo)國桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)生(sheng)產遍布26個省份的(de)1000多(duo)個縣。根(gen)據2006年統計資料,全國共有桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)園面積1283.5萬(wan)畝,生(sheng)產蠶(can)(can)繭73.9萬(wan)噸。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)最(zui)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟昆(kun)蟲之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟價值在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲是主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡(fang)織(zhi)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)是最(zui)早(zao)利用蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)。古(gu)史上有(you)(you)伏犧“化蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”,嫘祖(zu)“教民(min)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說,又(you)說黃帝元(yuan)妃西陵氏為(wei)“先蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”,即最(zui)早(zao)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。新石(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)表明,公(gong)元(yuan)前2750年(nian)(nian)以前,今浙(zhe)江吳興(xing)錢山漾地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先民(min)已(yi)(yi)利用蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲織(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)絹片、絲帶和(he)(he)(he)絲線(xian)。公(gong)元(yuan)前十三世紀(ji)(ji),桑、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、絲、帛等(deng)名稱已(yi)(yi)見于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)甲骨卜辭(ci)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲和(he)(he)(he)大(da)麻、苧麻,以及后(hou)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棉花一(yi)(yi)道,為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衣著原(yuan)料(liao)(liao),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑也就成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)部分。在(zai)長(chang)(chang)達數千(qian)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)積累了(le)(le)(le)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)經驗(yan),這個經驗(yan)比(bi)較(jiao)集中(zhong)(zhong)地(di)體現(xian)在(zai)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防治方(fang)(fang)面。商周(zhou)時期,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)已(yi)(yi)在(zai)室內飼(si)(si)養(yang)。戰(zhan)國(guo)時期(公(gong)元(yuan)前475~221年(nian)(nian)),養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)專用蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防治受到重(zhong)視,并(bing)采用了(le)(le)(le)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種技(ji)術(shu),公(gong)元(yuan)三世紀(ji)(ji)后(hou)期,出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)小(xiao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)恒溫(wen)(wen)(wen)飼(si)(si)養(yang),說明當于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)與(yu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識,但直到元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)《士農(nong)(nong)(nong)必用》中(zhong)(zhong)才對蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各階段(duan)所(suo)需溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)有(you)(you)詳細說明。晉代(dai)(dai)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微粒子病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)軟化病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)所(suo)認識,時稱“黑瘦”和(he)(he)(he)“偽蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”。公(gong)元(yuan)六世紀(ji)(ji)三十年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai),據《齊民(min)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)》記(ji)載(zai),人(ren)(ren)們(men)還從種繭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇和(he)(he)(he)鹽(yan)腌貯藏來防治蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。宋(song)元(yuan)時期,對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防治更進一(yi)(yi)步,貯繭(jian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)除鹽(yan)漬之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),復又(you)出(chu)現(xian)日(ri)曬和(he)(he)(he)籠蒸。與(yu)此同時,做為(wei)防治蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)手段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)也得以改進,早(zao)期浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)川中(zhong)(zhong)進行,宋(song)代(dai)(dai)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)朱砂溫(wen)(wen)(wen)水(shui)浴(yu)法(fa),元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)天浴(yu),利用低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)選(xuan)(xuan)優汰劣。《陳旉(fu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)書》中(zhong)(zhong)探討了(le)(le)(le)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)生(sheng)僵病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)與(yu)濕熱風冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),《農(nong)(nong)(nong)桑輯(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》則總(zong)結(jie)了(le)(le)(le)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)與(yu)葉質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。明代(dai)(dai)(1368~1664)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)天露、石(shi)灰水(shui)、鹽(yan)水(shui)浴(yu)種等(deng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。并(bing)采用了(le)(le)(le)雜(za)交方(fang)(fang)法(fa)培育嘉種,以提高(gao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能力,還出(chu)現(xian)淘(tao)汰病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防止(zhi)蔓延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技(ji)術(shu)長(chang)(chang)期處于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世界(jie)領先地(di)位,并(bing)對世界(jie)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業發展(zhan)作出(chu)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻。公(gong)元(yuan)前十一(yi)(yi)世紀(ji)(ji),養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技(ji)術(shu)隨(sui)箕子傳入朝(chao)鮮(xian),隨(sui)后(hou)復又(you)傳到了(le)(le)(le)日(ri)本。秦漢以后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技(ji)術(shu)通過(guo)舉世著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路傳入到中(zhong)(zhong)亞、南(nan)亞及西亞地(di)區,六世紀(ji)(ji)世紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)葉,君士坦(tan)丁堡國(guo)王(wang)通過(guo)印(yin)度(du)僧侶從中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)私運蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種至該國(guo),是為(wei)西方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業之(zhi)(zhi)始。
中(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是世界上最早(zao)養蠶、織(zhi)(zhi)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)國家。在(zai)浙江省吳興的(de)(de)郊外,發現(xian)五千年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類遺留的(de)(de)東西,其中(zhong)有古代(dai)的(de)(de)絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin),證明很早(zao)以前中(zhong)國就(jiu)會養蠶,傳(chuan)說黃帝(di)的(de)(de)妃子螺,教人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民種桑樹、養蠶、抽(chou)(chou)絲(si)(si)、織(zhi)(zhi)布(bu),讓大家有好(hao)的(de)(de)衣服穿。二千多(duo)年(nian)前,中(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制造的(de)(de)絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)傳(chuan)到(dao)歐(ou)洲,當時歐(ou)洲人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)還不會養蠶抽(chou)(chou)絲(si)(si),不知(zhi)道這(zhe)么(me)美麗的(de)(de)布(bu)料是怎麼做(zuo)出來的(de)(de),由于歐(ou)洲人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)很喜(xi)歡買(mai)絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin),商人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)要運(yun)送很多(duo)絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)到(dao)歐(ou)洲,於是開辟一條(tiao)運(yun)送絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)到(dao)歐(ou)洲的(de)(de)路(lu)(lu),這(zhe)條(tiao)路(lu)(lu)稱作絲(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)。
中(zhong)國(guo)廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)原(yuan)野上(shang)生長(chang)著許多桑(sang)(sang)(sang)樹(shu)(shu),有(you)喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu),也有(you)灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)。在(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)樹(shu)(shu)上(shang)生息著好幾種(zhong)(zhong)昆蟲(chong),它們(men)取食桑(sang)(sang)(sang)葉或蛀(zhu)食樹(shu)(shu)干。在(zai)些昆蟲(chong)中(zhong),有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)吐絲(si)(si)作繭(jian)的(de)(de)鱗翅(chi)目昆蟲(chong)引起了(le)先(xian)民(min)的(de)(de)注意,這就(jiu)是桑(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)。桑(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)取食桑(sang)(sang)(sang)葉后(hou)吐絲(si)(si)結繭(jian),然后(hou)鉆出(chu)繭(jian)殼(ke)羽化為(wei)蛾子。人(ren)們(men)發現這種(zhong)(zhong)繭(jian)殼(ke)浸濕后(hou),可(ke)(ke)以拉出(chu)長(chang)長(chang)的(de)(de)銀(yin)色絲(si)(si)縷(lv),這絲(si)(si)縷(lv)可(ke)(ke)捻成(cheng)線,也可(ke)(ke)織成(cheng)綢。這比起當時的(de)(de)衣(yi)服原(yuan)料(liao)麻布和葛布來,要(yao)漂(piao)亮得多了(le)。隨著先(xian)民(min)生活的(de)(de)定居,人(ren)們(men)為(wei)了(le)獲(huo)得更多的(de)(de)蠶(can)繭(jian),即(ji)開始了(le)人(ren)工飼養(yang),并把(ba)蠶(can)移(yi)到室內來馴養(yang)。中(zhong)國(guo)除(chu)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)外,還有(you)柞(zuo)蠶(can)、樟蠶(can)、樗蠶(can)、天(tian)蠶(can)等。柞(zuo)蠶(can)(AntheraeapernyiGuerin-Meneville)屬(shu)大蠶(can)蛾科(ke)(Saturniidae),原(yuan)產(chan)山東萊州(掖縣),是中(zhong)國(guo)地位(wei)僅(jin)次于(yu)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)的(de)(de)產(chan)絲(si)(si)昆蟲(chong),現盛(sheng)產(chan)于(yu)遼(liao)寧、河南等省。柞(zuo)蠶(can)最早見于(yu)《爾雅》(公元前1200年(nian)),2700年(nian)前柞(zuo)蠶(can)絲(si)(si)已作為(wei)給皇帝(di)的(de)(de)貢(gong)物,在(zai)漢代(dai)曾(ceng)經(jing)由官方推廣,經(jing)宋(song)、元、明、清(qing)幾代(dai)引種(zhong)(zhong)推廣,分布到了(le)全國(guo)很多省份。其主要(yao)飼料(liao)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)是櫟屬(shu)(Quercus)各種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)葉子。
在古(gu)人眼(yan)里,蠶是(shi)一種神圣的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)。吐絲(si)(si)成(cheng)繭,而后化(hua)(hua)為(wei)飛翔的(de)(de)(de)(de)精靈,這是(shi)一個美(mei)好(hao)、圓滿(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生命輪回(hui),并賦予(yu)絲(si)(si)綢神秘(mi),高貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)人文(wen)色彩(cai)(cai),使之蘊涵濃(nong)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)哲學意(yi)味。絲(si)(si)綢文(wen)化(hua)(hua)有(you)著幾(ji)千年的(de)(de)(de)(de)悠久歷史積淀,古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢文(wen)明(ming)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族的(de)(de)(de)(de)瑰(gui)寶,也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)對世(shi)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大貢獻,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)聯系世(shi)界友誼的(de)(de)(de)(de)紐帶,絲(si)(si)綢是(shi)友好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使者,歷史上(shang)多以文(wen)繡錦(jin)(jin)(jin)帛作為(wei)高級禮(li)品,禮(li)贈友邦,“化(hua)(hua)干戈為(wei)玉帛”以示友好(hao)。絲(si)(si)綢文(wen)化(hua)(hua)對推(tui)動人類文(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進程,有(you)著不可磨滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。“錦(jin)(jin)(jin)"是(shi)多彩(cai)(cai)提花絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)泛稱,錦(jin)(jin)(jin)合"金"、"帛"成(cheng)字,取錦(jin)(jin)(jin)“織(zhi)(zhi)彩(cai)(cai)為(wei)文(wen),其(qi)價如金”之意(yi)。錦(jin)(jin)(jin)以織(zhi)(zhi)造技術復(fu)雜,圖案古(gu)雅,色彩(cai)(cai)瑰(gui)麗(li)成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)絲(si)(si)織(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精品。
根據文(wen)獻記(ji)載和(he)文(wen)物(wu)考證,我們的(de)(de)祖先早在五千多年(nian)(nian)前(qian)的(de)(de)新石器時(shi)(shi)代已(yi)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)植桑(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)。蠶(can)(can)絲的(de)(de)利用(yong)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)于漁獵(lie)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)末期(qi),而養(yang)蠶(can)(can)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)于農業(ye)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)初(chu)期(qi)即黃(huang)帝時(shi)(shi)代。在周朝(公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)1066年(nian)(nian)~256年(nian)(nian))蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)生產已(yi)成(cheng)為專業(ye)化(hua),并受到(dao)(dao)官方督(du)察管(guan)理。到(dao)(dao)戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)476年(nian)(nian)~221年(nian)(nian))達(da)到(dao)(dao)高度發展,蠶(can)(can)絲已(yi)成(cheng)為貧民(min)百姓(xing)的(de)(de)日常衣服和(he)自由貿易的(de)(de)物(wu)資了(le)(le)。中國(guo)各地(di)出土的(de)(de)戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)絲織(zhi)品(pin)很多,有羅、綾、紈、紗、縐、綺、錦、繡等產品(pin),其圖案(an)與(yu)(yu)色彩(cai)的(de)(de)美麗(li)達(da)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)驚人(ren)的(de)(de)地(di)步。宋(song)(song)、元時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(公(gong)(gong)元960年(nian)(nian)~1368年(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)絲生產和(he)絲織(zhi)業(ye)達(da)到(dao)(dao)另(ling)一(yi)高峰,宋(song)(song)朝年(nian)(nian)產絲綢達(da)340萬匹,統治者(zhe)對蠶(can)(can)絲業(ye)與(yu)(yu)農耕同樣重視。中國(guo)古籍中常有“農桑(sang)并舉(ju)”的(de)(de)記(ji)載。“一(yi)婦不(bu)蠶(can)(can),或受之(zhi)寒”一(yi)成(cheng)語反映了(le)(le)古代人(ren)民(min)對蠶(can)(can)業(ye)的(de)(de)高度認(ren)識。
中國古代社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)衣(yi)著(zhu)以絲(si)(si)(si)綢和棉(mian)麻來區分貴賤。官(guan)員富(fu)豪(hao)無不以衣(yi)錦(jin)為(wei)榮,成(cheng)(cheng)語“衣(yi)錦(jin)還鄉”應運而生。勞動人(ren)民(min)則穿棉(mian)麻布(bu)衣(yi)。唐朝(公元618年(nian)~907年(nian))以前(qian),絲(si)(si)(si)絹與糧食同樣作(zuo)為(wei)人(ren)民(min)負擔繳(jiao)納的(de)(de)(de)實物,朝廷或官(guan)府以絲(si)(si)(si)絹作(zuo)為(wei)對(dui)有(you)(you)(you)功臣民(min)的(de)(de)(de)賜賞。現今(jin)藏族和蒙古族在迎送、饋贈、敬神及日常交往禮節中使用絲(si)(si)(si)質素布(bu)條(哈達)以表(biao)達敬意和祝賀。絲(si)(si)(si)綢業的(de)(de)(de)發展與普及也影響(xiang)到(dao)中國的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)生活,除了(le)有(you)(you)(you)許多描述采桑、養蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)美好詩句(ju)外,成(cheng)(cheng)語“作(zuo)繭自(zi)縛(fu)”被用來比喻自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)束(shu)縛(fu)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji),也比喻人(ren)作(zuo)事原來希望對(dui)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)利,結果反使自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)吃虧受累。唐代白(bai)居易有(you)(you)(you)“燭(zhu)蛾誰救護,蠶(can)繭自(zi)縛(fu)縈。”;宋朝釋道原有(you)(you)(you)“聲聞執法坐禪,如(ru)蠶(can)吐絲(si)(si)(si)自(zi)縛(fu)。”的(de)(de)(de)詩句(ju)。由于蠶(can)一(yi)生只吃桑葉,到(dao)老時卻吐盡它(ta)那柔軟、光滑、潔白(bai)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si),因此“春蠶(can)到(dao)死絲(si)(si)(si)方盡”的(de)(de)(de)詩句(ju)就(jiu)被用來贊揚(yang)那些有(you)(you)(you)奉(feng)獻精神的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)們。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)蠶(can)絲(si)的(de)發展(zhan)促成了(le)對外通商(shang)和文化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)。早在(zai)(zai)公元(yuan)(yuan)11世紀(ji)(ji),蠶(can)種和養(yang)蠶(can)技(ji)術已傳(chuan)入朝鮮(xian),公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)2世紀(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)入日本,公元(yuan)(yuan)6世紀(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)入土耳其、埃及、阿拉伯(bo)及地中(zhong)(zhong)海沿(yan)岸國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)。桑(sang)蠶(can)飼養(yang)技(ji)術是公元(yuan)(yuan)6世紀(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)人(ren)歐洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de),所以(yi)蠶(can)絲(si)代(dai)(dai)表東(dong)方(fang)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)文明,在(zai)(zai)東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)文化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)起著非常(chang)重要的(de)作用。絲(si)綢是廣(guang)受歡迎(ying)的(de)商(shang)品,它和桑(sang)蠶(can)飼養(yang)技(ji)術通過絲(si)綢之(zhi)路向西(xi)傳(chuan)播,路經(jing)草原、沙漠、綠(lv)洲(zhou)(zhou)和山川,沿(yan)途興(xing)起一批著名的(de)市鎮,如武威(wei)、張掖(ye)、酒泉、敦煌、龜茲、疏勒(le)等(deng)。張騫(qian)從建元(yuan)(yuan)3年(公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)138年)到(dao)元(yuan)(yuan)朔3年(公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)126年)奉漢武帝(di)劉徹的(de)命令由中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)部(bu)出發,到(dao)過帕米爾(er)高原以(yi)西(xi)的(de)一些國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia),并(bing)建立了(le)聯系。絲(si)綢是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)重要的(de)產品,因此(ci),古(gu)代(dai)(dai)西(xi)方(fang)稱(cheng)長安古(gu)都為(wei)絲(si)城(cheng),稱(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)“絲(si)國(guo)(guo)”。在(zai)(zai)南(nan)方(fang)另有絲(si)綢之(zhi)路,經(jing)成都、保山等(deng)地到(dao)達(da)緬甸與印度;在(zai)(zai)東(dong)部(bu)沿(yan)海又有徐(xu)聞(wen)(廣(guang)東(dong))、合浦(廣(guang)西(xi))以(yi)及蓬萊(山東(dong))、寧(ning)波(浙江)等(deng)港口通往太平洋諸(zhu)島嶼和地區。
目前,亞(ya)洲、非洲、歐洲、拉丁美洲、大洋洲和(he)多個(ge)國家與地(di)區(qu)飼養(yang)家蠶(can),年產(chan)蠶(can)繭(jian)約800萬擔,產(chan)絲約5萬噸(dun)。中國的(de)(de)產(chan)繭(jian)量和(he)產(chan)絲量都(dou)占全(quan)世(shi)界的(de)(de)首位(wei)。蠶(can)業(ye)分(fen)布在(zai)除青海、西藏、寧夏(xia)以外(wai)的(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)省、市、自治(zhi)區(qu),浙(zhe)江地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)農(nong)民歷來都(dou)把這種對人類作(zuo)出(chu)很大貢獻的(de)(de)昆(kun)蟲(chong)叫(jiao)做“蠶(can)寶寶”,它吐出(chu)來的(de)(de)絲有(you)珍(zhen)珠(zhu)之光,即使在(zai)化學纖維日新月異的(de)(de)今日,絲織品仍(reng)被(bei)譽為“纖維女皇”,它具有(you)的(de)(de)一些(xie)衣料(liao)特性(xing)是其他纖維望(wang)塵莫(mo)及的(de)(de)。隨著社會的(de)(de)發展(zhan)和(he)生活水平(ping)的(de)(de)提高(gao),養(yang)蠶(can)業(ye)有(you)著十分(fen)光明的(de)(de)前途。
話家蠶(can)馴育是中(zhong)國遠古(gu)時代不知名的勞(lao)動人民在實踐中(zhong)掌握自(zi)然規律而加以利用的事實,但(dan)畢竟歷史過于悠(you)久而無法(fa)追溯(su)到其最早起源,因而就有了各種傳(chuan)說和神話。傳(chuan)說之一,養蠶(can)是黃帝(di)的元妃(fei)嫘祖所發明。在《通鑒外紀》中(zhong)有“西陵氏之女嫘祖為(wei)帝(di)元妃(fei),始教民育蠶(can),……后世祀為(wei)先蠶(can)。”這種說法(fa)比較普遍,解放(fang)前蠶(can)神廟里(li)還(huan)供著先蠶(can)西陵氏。
傳說(shuo)在遠古時(shi)代(dai),有(you)一個(ge)大人(ren)出門(men)遠行(xing),家里沒有(you)其(qi)他(ta)的人(ren),只有(you)一個(ge)女兒(er)(er)。另外還(huan)有(you)雄馬一匹,由女兒(er)(er)親自(zi)來喂(wei)養。女兒(er)(er)居住在偏僻閉塞的地(di)方,十分思念(nian)她的父親,就和馬開(kai)玩笑說(shuo):“你(ni)能(neng)給(gei)我(wo)把父親接回家,我(wo)就嫁給(gei)你(ni)。”
馬(ma)(ma)聽了(le)這(zhe)話,就掙斷了(le)韁繩出門(men)去了(le),徑直跑(pao)到(dao)她父親(qin)那里(li)。父親(qin)看見了(le)馬(ma)(ma)又(you)驚(jing)又(you)喜,便(bian)拉過來(lai)騎(qi)了(le)。馬(ma)(ma)望著它來(lai)時(shi)的(de)方向,悲哀地嘶叫不(bu)停(ting)。父親(qin)說:“我這(zhe)兒沒有(you)什么(me)事(shi)情(qing)(qing),這(zhe)馬(ma)(ma)卻這(zhe)樣(yang)哀叫,我家里(li)是(shi)否發生(sheng)了(le)什么(me)事(shi)呢?”他急忙(mang)騎(qi)著馬(ma)(ma)回了(le)家。因為這(zhe)畜生(sheng)對主人有(you)非同(tong)尋常的(de)情(qing)(qing)誼,所以主人也優厚地加以飼養(yang),但(dan)馬(ma)(ma)卻不(bu)肯(ken)吃料,每次看見那女兒進出,總是(shi)似喜似怒(nu)地踢蹄蹦跳,象這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)情(qing)(qing)況不(bu)止一(yi)次。
父親對這(zhe)種情況(kuang)感到(dao)很奇怪,就偷(tou)愉地詢(xun)問女兒(er)。女兒(er)便把與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)開玩(wan)笑的事一一告(gao)訴了(le)父親,認為一定是因為這(zhe)個緣故。父親說(shuo):“不要把這(zhe)件事說(shuo)出去,我怕它會玷污了(le)我家的名聲。另(ling)外,你別再進(jin)進(jin)出出了(le)。”于(yu)是父親埋(mai)伏在暗處(chu)用弓箭把馬(ma)(ma)射死(si)了(le),并把馬(ma)(ma)皮剝下來曬在院子中。
父親走了,女(nv)(nv)兒和鄰(lin)居家(jia)的姑(gu)娘(niang)在曬馬(ma)(ma)(ma)皮的地方(fang)玩耍(shua),女(nv)(nv)兒用腳踢著那馬(ma)(ma)(ma)皮說:“你(ni)是畜生,還想娶人做媳婦(fu)嗎(ma)?結果(guo)招來(lai)了這屠殺剝皮,為什么(me)要自(zi)討苦吃呢?”話還來(lai)不及說完,那馬(ma)(ma)(ma)皮突(tu)然挺立起來(lai),卷著女(nv)(nv)兒飛走了。鄰(lin)居家(jia)的姑(gu)娘(niang)又慌又怕,不敢救她,便(bian)跑去告訴(su)她的父親。
她(ta)父親回來(lai),到(dao)處尋找,女兒(er)已經出門失蹤了(le)(le)。后來(lai)過了(le)(le)幾(ji)天,在一棵(ke)大(da)樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)枝中(zhong)找到(dao)了(le)(le),但女兒(er)和馬皮都變成(cheng)了(le)(le)蠶(can),在樹(shu)上(shang)吐絲作繭(jian),那(nei)蠶(can)繭(jian)絲緒(xu)不亂,又厚又大(da),不同于通常的(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)繭(jian)。鄰近的(de)(de)(de)婦女取這種(zhong)(zhong)蠶(can)飼(si)養,收入增加了(le)(le)好幾(ji)倍。因而人們(men)把那(nei)棵(ke)樹(shu)命名為(wei)“桑(sang)(sang)”。“桑(sang)(sang)”,就是(shi)“喪”,是(shi)悼念死亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。從此(ci)百姓(xing)爭著(zhu)種(zhong)(zhong)植桑(sang)(sang)樹(shu),現在用來(lai)養蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)這種(zhong)(zhong)樹(shu)。平常所(suo)說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)“桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)”,是(shi)古蠶(can)中(zhong)殘剩下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)。
根據《天官(guan)》的說法,辰對應(ying)馬(ma)(ma)星。《蠶(can)(can)書》上(shang)說:“對應(ying)大(da)(da)火的那(nei)個(ge)月(指二月),就要浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)選種(zhong)了。”這樣看來,那(nei)么蠶(can)(can)和馬(ma)(ma)具(ju)有同(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)元氣。《周(zhou)禮》規定,校(xiao)人(應(ying)作(zuo)“馬(ma)(ma)質”)的職(zhi)務是主管“禁止(zhi)再次(ci)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)選種(zhong)”。鄭玄的注(zhu)解說:“事物不(bu)能同(tong)時為大(da)(da)。禁止(zhi)再次(ci)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)選種(zhong),是因為怕它傷害了馬(ma)(ma)。”按照漢代的禮儀(yi),皇(huang)后親自采(cai)桑,祭祀的蠶(can)(can)神叫(jiao)(jiao)做“菀窳婦(fu)人”、“寓氏公(gong)主”。公(gong)主,是對女子的尊稱,菀窳婦(fu)人,是第一(yi)個(ge)教(jiao)老百姓養(yang)蠶(can)(can)的蠶(can)(can)神。所以現在社會上(shang)有人把蠶(can)(can)叫(jiao)(jiao)做女兒(er),這實是古代遺留下來的詞語啊。
原文:
舊說(shuo):太古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,有大(da)(da)人(ren)(ren)遠征(zheng),家無余(yu)人(ren)(ren),唯(wei)有一女(nv)(nv)。牡馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)一匹,女(nv)(nv)親養(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。窮居幽處(chu),思念(nian)其父(fu)(fu),乃戲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“爾能為(wei)(wei)(wei)我迎(ying)得(de)父(fu)(fu)還,吾將(jiang)嫁(jia)汝(ru)。”馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)既(ji)承此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan),乃絕韁(jiang)而(er)去。徑至父(fu)(fu)所。父(fu)(fu)見馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),驚(jing)喜,因(yin)取(qu)而(er)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)望所自來(lai),悲(bei)鳴不已(yi)。父(fu)(fu)曰(yue)(yue):“此(ci)(ci)(ci)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)無事(shi)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci),我家得(de)無有故(gu)(gu)(gu)乎!”亟乘(cheng)以(yi)歸(gui)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)畜生有非常之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,故(gu)(gu)(gu)厚加(jia)芻養(yang)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)不肯食。每見女(nv)(nv)出(chu)入,輒喜怒奮擊(ji)。如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)非一。父(fu)(fu)怪(guai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),密以(yi)問女(nv)(nv),女(nv)(nv)具以(yi)告(gao)父(fu)(fu):“必為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)。”父(fu)(fu)曰(yue)(yue):“勿言(yan)。恐(kong)辱家門。且莫(mo)出(chu)入。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)伏弩射殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。暴皮(pi)于(yu)(yu)庭。父(fu)(fu)行,女(nv)(nv)以(yi)鄰女(nv)(nv)于(yu)(yu)皮(pi)所戲,以(yi)足蹙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):“汝(ru)是(shi)畜生,而(er)欲取(qu)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)婦耶!招此(ci)(ci)(ci)屠剝,如(ru)何自苦(ku)!”言(yan)未及竟,馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)皮(pi)蹶然(ran)而(er)起,卷女(nv)(nv)以(yi)行。鄰女(nv)(nv)忙怕,不敢(gan)救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。走告(gao)其父(fu)(fu)。父(fu)(fu)還求索(suo),已(yi)出(chu)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后經(jing)數(shu)日,得(de)于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)樹枝間,女(nv)(nv)及馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)皮(pi),盡化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can),而(er)績于(yu)(yu)樹上。其(上爾下蟲(chong))綸(lun)理厚大(da)(da),異于(yu)(yu)常蠶(can)(can)(can)。鄰婦取(qu)而(er)養(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其收數(shu)倍。因(yin)名其樹曰(yue)(yue)桑(sang)。桑(sang)者,喪也(ye)(ye)。由斯百姓競種之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今世所養(yang)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)者,是(shi)古蠶(can)(can)(can)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)類也(ye)(ye)。案:天官:“辰,為(wei)(wei)(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)星。”蠶(can)(can)(can)書曰(yue)(yue):“月當大(da)(da)火,則浴其種。”是(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)與馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)同(tong)氣也(ye)(ye)。周(zhou)禮:“教人(ren)(ren)職掌(zhang),票原蠶(can)(can)(can)者。”注云:“物莫(mo)能兩大(da)(da),禁原蠶(can)(can)(can)者,為(wei)(wei)(wei)其傷馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也(ye)(ye)。”漢禮皇后親采桑(sang)祀蠶(can)(can)(can)神,曰(yue)(yue):“菀(yu)窳婦人(ren)(ren),寓(yu)氏公主(zhu)。”公主(zhu)者,女(nv)(nv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊稱也(ye)(ye)。菀(yu)窳婦人(ren)(ren),先(xian)蠶(can)(can)(can)者也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)今世或(huo)謂蠶(can)(can)(can)為(wei)(wei)(wei)女(nv)(nv)兒者,是(shi)古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)。《搜(sou)神記》
雄蠶(can)(can)孵(fu)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)即有(you)1對睪(gao)丸,5齡開(kai)始約形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)140~200萬條(tiao)有(you)核(he)精(jing)(jing)子(zi),到(dao)(dao)(dao)蛹的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)還形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)核(he)精(jing)(jing)子(zi),但(dan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)者不(bu)能使(shi)(shi)蠶(can)(can)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)受精(jing)(jing)。雌蠶(can)(can)孵(fu)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)即有(you)1對卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao);至化(hua)蛹后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1~2日,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)管迅(xun)速長大(da)(da),擠破卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)膜而(er)(er)游離(li)于(yu)腹腔,約至第(di)9日形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),并向輸(shu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)管下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)移。化(hua)蛾(e)(e)前1~2日,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)細(xi)(xi)胞核(he)進行第(di)1次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟分裂(lie),到(dao)(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)停(ting)止、待化(hua)蛾(e)(e)交配后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),精(jing)(jing)子(zi)進入卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)內,才使(shi)(shi)停(ting)留(liu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第(di)一次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟分裂(lie)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)核(he)因(yin)受刺(ci)激而(er)(er)繼續分裂(lie),至卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)約40分鐘停(ting)止。第(di)2次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟分裂(lie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)約60分鐘開(kai)始,經20分鐘完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)約2小時(shi)(shi),雄核(he)與雌核(he)融合,并開(kai)始卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)裂(lie)。約在(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)15小時(shi)(shi),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)盤。胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)盤在(zai)(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong)(kong)一側的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分細(xi)(xi)胞逐(zhu)漸增厚成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)帶(dai)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)約24小時(shi)(shi),胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)帶(dai)脫離(li)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)盤而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai),俗稱胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)子(zi)。殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)盤稱漿膜。初形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)只(zhi)有(you)1層(ceng)細(xi)(xi)胞,以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)2個細(xi)(xi)胞層(ceng),內胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)發育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)才出(chu)(chu)現。滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)外形(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)不(bu)大(da)(da),隨著自(zi)然(ran)溫(wen)(wen)度下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降,蠶(can)(can)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)逐(zhu)漸解除滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。解除滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度為5℃左右,但(dan)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)15℃以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)即能逐(zhu)步解除滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。中(zhong)(zhong)國生產(chan)上(shang)把蠶(can)(can)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)從(cong)滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)解除開(kai)始到(dao)(dao)(dao)孵(fu)化(hua),分為15個階(jie)段(見表(biao))。其中(zhong)(zhong),最(zui)(zui)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)是生產(chan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),過了此期(qi)(qi)(qi)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)對低溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗力即減弱,故(gu)最(zui)(zui)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)是冷藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨界(jie)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai),又是加溫(wen)(wen)催(cui)青的(de)(de)(de)(de)起點胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)。反轉期(qi)(qi)(qi)是幼蟲器(qi)官和(he)組織(zhi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最(zui)(zui)旺盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),不(bu)但(dan)形(xing)(xing)態上(shang)變(bian)化(hua)顯著,在(zai)(zai)(zai)生理上(shang)對外界(jie)環境(jing)條(tiao)件也很敏感。二化(hua)性(xing)種在(zai)(zai)(zai)反轉期(qi)(qi)(qi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)轉青期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)受高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、長光(guang)照、多濕條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,可促使(shi)(shi)產(chan)滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),否則產(chan)非滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)。轉青期(qi)(qi)(qi)蟻(yi)(yi)體已基(ji)本完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),對低溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗力增強,生產(chan)上(shang)可通過短期(qi)(qi)(qi)冷藏抑制(zhi),以(yi)(yi)調(diao)節收蟻(yi)(yi)日期(qi)(qi)(qi)。胚(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)發育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟻(yi)(yi)蠶(can)(can)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),先吐(tu)出(chu)(chu)堿性(xing)腸液(ye)使(shi)(shi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong)(kong)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)殼膨軟,繼而(er)(er)用上(shang)顎刻劃撕裂(lie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)小塊吞下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孵(fu)化(hua)孔(kong)(kong)而(er)(er)爬(pa)出(chu)(chu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)然(ran)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),蟻(yi)(yi)蠶(can)(can)通常在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)午5~9時(shi)(shi)孵(fu)化(hua)。
1、大(da)(da)力開展(zhan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)培訓(xun),努力提高蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)農科(ke)學(xue)養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)水平(ping)。要(yao)開展(zhan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)培訓(xun),普及科(ke)學(xue)養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。首(shou)先(xian)要(yao)教育蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)農規范操作程序,提倡(chang)除沙墊膠布;除沙后要(yao)洗(xi)手喂葉(xie)(xie);揀病蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)時要(yao)用(yong)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)筷,并投(tou)入(ru)石灰缽(bo);其(qi)次(ci),重視飼育管理,小(xiao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)喂適熟葉(xie)(xie),大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期要(yao)注(zhu)意通(tong)風換氣,大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)擴(kuo)座稀放;使蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)農學(xue)會對(dui)常見病癥(zheng)的識(shi)別,掌握(wo)對(dui)癥(zheng)用(yong)藥(yao)及用(yong)藥(yao)的劑量(liang)等基本技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。
2、預防(fang)為主,綜合(he)防(fang)治。蠶(can)(can)病防(fang)治要堅持"預防(fang)為主,綜合(he)防(fang)治"的(de)原則,在養蠶(can)(can)前(qian),抓好(hao)消(xiao)毒(du)工作,消(xiao)毒(du)做到(dao)徹(che)底、全面,不留死角。養蠶(can)(can)中(zhong)要經常(chang)觀(guan)察蠶(can)(can)的(de)食桑(sang)情況(kuang),并適(shi)當(dang)添加藥劑(ji),不能等到(dao)蠶(can)(can)病大發生時(shi)才用藥。同時(shi)養蠶(can)(can)后要進行回山消(xiao)毒(du)。
3、對僵(jiang)(jiang)蠶(can)(can)、膿病(bing)宜采用以下措施。抓好示范戶、重點戶的消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒防病(bing)、科學(xue)飼育(yu),以點帶面,擴大(da)影響。每次消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒時(shi),蠶(can)(can)具要浸漬消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒,消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒隱蔽部位病(bing)原體,然后在密(mi)封的蠶(can)(can)室內(nei)進(jin)行(xing)熏煙消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒。重點抓蟻(yi)蠶(can)(can),并(bing)做好眠(mian)蠶(can)(can)和起蠶(can)(can)的消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒工作(zuo)。常撒些蠶(can)(can)座凈或(huo)防僵(jiang)(jiang)粉,以及焦(jiao)糠等干燥材料(liao)。發(fa)(fa)種時(shi)把蠶(can)(can)藥及技(ji)術資料(liao)一并(bing)發(fa)(fa)給蠶(can)(can)農(nong)(nong),蠶(can)(can)農(nong)(nong)要從正(zheng)宗(zong)廠家進(jin)藥,保證(zheng)蠶(can)(can)藥質量。農(nong)(nong)技(ji)人員要深入村組農(nong)(nong)戶,進(jin)行(xing)現場指導,發(fa)(fa)現問題及時(shi)解決。