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生長與分布

食蚜蠅分(fen)(fen)(fen)布很廣(guang)，從(cong)(cong)遼寧到廣(guang)東(dong)，從(cong)(cong)臺(tai)灣(wan)云南均有分(fen)(fen)(fen)布；也(ye)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于東(dong)南亞，日本(ben)，朝鮮，俄羅斯(si)等地。

形態及特征

食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)常見的(de)(de)天敵昆蟲(chong)(chong)，以(yi)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)而(er)著稱。但實際上，還有(you)(you)不(bu)少食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)并不(bu)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)，而(er)是(shi)植(zhi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)，幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)植(zhi)物(wu)體(ti)內取食(shi)(shi)(shi)植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)組(zu)織，或(huo)者是(shi)腐(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)，幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)腐(fu)(fu)敗(bai)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)或(huo)禽畜糞便(bian)為食(shi)(shi)(shi)。即使在(zai)(zai)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)中(zhong)，也(ye)可以(yi)其他(ta)昆蟲(chong)(chong)為食(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)鱗(lin)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)、葉蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)，或(huo)甚至捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)其他(ta)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)。圖《食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)頭(tou)部(bu)特(te)寫》中(zhong)所(suo)示(shi)的(de)(de)羽芒寬盾食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)是(shi)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)，幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)屬(shu)于腐(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)成蟲(chong)(chong)腹部(bu)多有(you)(you)黃、黑斑紋，不(bu)少種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)擬態(tai)現象，往往被誤認(ren)為蜂(feng)(feng)。由于蜂(feng)(feng)很(hen)強(qiang)大，腹末有(you)(you)刺，不(bu)好(hao)惹；中(zhong)胸背板(ban)黑色(se)，具銅色(se)光澤(ze)，腹部(bu)狹卵形，黑色(se)，食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)由于像蜂(feng)(feng)，從而(er)起到保護(hu)作用。但如(ru)果我(wo)們(men)仔(zi)細觀察一番，不(bu)難區分。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)屬(shu)于雙翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)，即體(ti)上只有(you)(you)一對翅(chi)(chi)膀，而(er)蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)膜翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)，體(ti)上有(you)(you)二對翅(chi)(chi)膀；食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)觸(chu)角(jiao)短，而(er)蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)觸(chu)角(jiao)較長；食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)后足(zu)纖(xian)細，而(er)常見的(de)(de)蜜蜂(feng)(feng)等蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)比(bi)較寬闊的(de)(de)后足(zu)，用以(yi)收集花粉(fen)。對于熟(shu)悉食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)人來說(shuo)，即使在(zai)(zai)飛行(xing)中(zhong)也(ye)可以(yi)看出它(ta)們(men)與蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)不(bu)一樣來：食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)飛行(xing)時(shi)能(neng)較長時(shi)間懸(xuan)定于空中(zhong)某一點，后突然飛到附近另(ling)一點，飛行(xing)動作平穩，而(er)蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)飛行(xing)時(shi)常常有(you)(you)輕微(wei)的(de)(de)左右擺(bai)動。

生活習性

食蚜蠅(ying)成蟲早(zao)春(chun)(chun)出現，春(chun)(chun)夏季盛發，性喜陽光，常(chang)飛(fei)舞花間草叢或芳香植物上(shang)，取食花粉、花蜜(mi)(mi)，并傳播花粉，時(shi)或吸取樹汁。成蟲飛(fei)翔(xiang)力(li)強(qiang)，常(chang)翱翔(xiang)空(kong)中，或振動(dong)雙翅在空(kong)中停留不動(dong)，或突(tu)然作直線(xian)高速飛(fei)行(xing)而后盤旋徘(pai)徊。食蚜蠅(ying)本身無螫(shi)(shi)刺或叮咬能(neng)力(li)，但常(chang)有(you)各種擬態(tai)，在體(ti)型、色澤上(shang)常(chang)摹仿(fang)(fang)黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)或蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)，且能(neng)仿(fang)(fang)效(xiao)蜂(feng)(feng)類作螫(shi)(shi)刺動(dong)作。如體(ti)大、被(bei)毛、具黃(huang)黑(hei)斑(ban)紋的(de)屬摹仿(fang)(fang)熊蜂(feng)(feng)，并能(neng)發出蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)一樣(yang)的(de)嗡嗡聲。蟻穴(xue)蚜蠅(ying)亞科的(de)某(mou)些種類摹仿(fang)(fang)蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)。

幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)習(xi)性(xing)復雜，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，口器隨種(zhong)類而異。例(li)如：腐食(shi)性(xing)種(zhong)類以腐敗(bai)的動植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為食(shi)，并在(zai)其中越冬；也有(you)部分幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)于污水中。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)，某些(xie)類群的幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)其他昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的巢內，吞食(shi)已死的幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和蛹以及某些(xie)動物(wu)(wu)的排泄(xie)物(wu)(wu)。植(zhi)(zhi)食(shi)性(xing)種(zhong)類鉆入植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)木(mu)質部中生(sheng)活(huo)，有(you)的為害植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的球莖。捕食(shi)性(xing)種(zhong)類則(ze)以捕食(shi)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為主(zhu)，是蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、粉虱、葉(xie)蟬、薊(ji)馬、鱗翅(chi)目小幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等的有(you)效(xiao)天(tian)敵。

成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化后必須取食花粉才能發育(yu)繁(fan)殖，否則卵巢不(bu)能發育(yu)。許多種類的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在露天或(huo)樹林中飛翔交配，交配時間僅1～2秒鐘。雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵于蚜(ya)群中或(huo)其附近，以便幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵化后即(ji)能得到(dao)充(chong)足(zu)的(de)食料。有時也產(chan)卵于葉(xie)上或(huo)莖部。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵出后立即(ji)能捕(bu)食周圍的(de)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。某(mou)些種類的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)熟幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有遷移現象。一般以幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)蛹(yong)在土中、石下、枯枝(zhi)落葉(xie)下越冬(dong)，少數以成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)越冬(dong)。