食(shi)蚜(ya)蠅分布很廣,從遼寧到廣東,從臺灣云南均有分布;也分布于東南亞,日(ri)本(ben),朝鮮,俄羅斯等(deng)地。
食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天敵昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),以(yi)幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)而(er)著稱。但實際上(shang),還有(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei),它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)并(bing)不(bu)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),而(er)是植(zhi)(zhi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)體內(nei)取食(shi)(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織,或者是腐(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)以(yi)腐(fu)敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機物(wu)或禽(qin)畜糞便為食(shi)(shi)(shi)。即(ji)使在(zai)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)中(zhong),也(ye)可以(yi)其他昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為食(shi)(shi)(shi),如捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)鱗(lin)翅目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、葉(xie)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),或甚至捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。圖《食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)頭部特寫》中(zhong)所示的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羽芒寬盾(dun)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)是捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),幼(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)屬(shu)于腐(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)腹(fu)部多(duo)有(you)(you)黃、黑(hei)斑紋,不(bu)少(shao)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擬態(tai)現(xian)象,往往被誤認為蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。由(you)于蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)很強大,腹(fu)末有(you)(you)刺,不(bu)好惹;中(zhong)胸背板黑(hei)色,具銅色光澤(ze),腹(fu)部狹卵形,黑(hei)色,食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)由(you)于像蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),從(cong)而(er)起到保護作用。但如果我們仔細觀察一(yi)(yi)番(fan),不(bu)難(nan)區分。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)屬(shu)于雙翅目(mu),即(ji)體上(shang)只有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)對翅膀(bang),而(er)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)膜翅目(mu),體上(shang)有(you)(you)二對翅膀(bang);食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸角短,而(er)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)觸角較(jiao)長;食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)足(zu)纖細,而(er)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜜(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)等(deng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)比(bi)較(jiao)寬闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)足(zu),用以(yi)收集花粉。對于熟悉食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)來說,即(ji)使在(zai)飛(fei)行(xing)中(zhong)也(ye)可以(yi)看出它們與蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣來:食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)飛(fei)行(xing)時能(neng)較(jiao)長時間懸定于空中(zhong)某一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian),后(hou)突然飛(fei)到附(fu)近另一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian),飛(fei)行(xing)動(dong)作平穩,而(er)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)飛(fei)行(xing)時常常有(you)(you)輕微(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)左右擺動(dong)。
食(shi)蚜蠅成(cheng)蟲(chong)早(zao)春出現,春夏季盛發(fa),性喜陽光(guang),常(chang)飛(fei)舞(wu)花(hua)間草(cao)叢或芳香植物上,取食(shi)花(hua)粉、花(hua)蜜(mi),并傳播花(hua)粉,時或吸取樹汁(zhi)。成(cheng)蟲(chong)飛(fei)翔力強(qiang),常(chang)翱翔空中(zhong),或振動雙翅在空中(zhong)停留不動,或突(tu)然作(zuo)直線高速飛(fei)行而后盤旋徘(pai)徊(huai)。食(shi)蚜蠅本身(shen)無螫刺或叮(ding)咬能(neng)力,但(dan)常(chang)有各種擬態,在體型、色澤上常(chang)摹(mo)仿黃(huang)蜂或蜜(mi)蜂,且能(neng)仿效蜂類作(zuo)螫刺動作(zuo)。如體大、被毛、具黃(huang)黑(hei)斑紋的屬摹(mo)仿熊蜂,并能(neng)發(fa)出蜜(mi)蜂一(yi)樣的嗡嗡聲。蟻穴蚜蠅亞科的某些(xie)種類摹(mo)仿蜜(mi)蜂。
幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)習(xi)性(xing)(xing)復雜,因(yin)此(ci),口器隨(sui)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)而異。例如:腐(fu)食(shi)性(xing)(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)以腐(fu)敗(bai)的(de)動(dong)植物(wu)為食(shi),并在(zai)其(qi)(qi)中越(yue)冬;也有部分幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)于(yu)污(wu)水中。此(ci)外,某(mou)些(xie)類(lei)(lei)群的(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)其(qi)(qi)他昆(kun)蟲(chong)的(de)巢(chao)內,吞食(shi)已死的(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)和(he)蛹以及(ji)某(mou)些(xie)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)排泄物(wu)。植食(shi)性(xing)(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)鉆(zhan)入(ru)植物(wu)木質部中生(sheng)活(huo),有的(de)為害(hai)植物(wu)的(de)球莖。捕(bu)食(shi)性(xing)(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)則以捕(bu)食(shi)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)為主,是蚜(ya)蟲(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)、粉虱、葉蟬、薊(ji)馬、鱗翅目(mu)小幼(you)蟲(chong)等的(de)有效天(tian)敵。
成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)羽化后(hou)必須取食花粉才能發育繁殖,否則卵巢不(bu)能發育。許多種類(lei)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)露(lu)天或(huo)樹林中(zhong)(zhong)飛翔交配,交配時間僅1~2秒鐘。雌蟲(chong)(chong)產(chan)(chan)卵于(yu)(yu)蚜群中(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)其附近,以便幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵化后(hou)即能得到充足(zu)的(de)食料。有(you)時也(ye)產(chan)(chan)卵于(yu)(yu)葉(xie)上或(huo)莖部(bu)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵出(chu)后(hou)立即能捕(bu)食周圍的(de)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)。某(mou)些(xie)種類(lei)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)幼蟲(chong)(chong)有(you)遷移現象(xiang)。一般以幼蟲(chong)(chong)或(huo)蛹在(zai)(zai)土中(zhong)(zhong)、石下、枯枝落葉(xie)下越(yue)冬(dong),少數以成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)越(yue)冬(dong)。