菊花(hua)為短日照植物,適應性很強,喜(xi)涼,較(jiao)耐(nai)寒,生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)適溫18-21℃,最(zui)高32℃,最(zui)低10℃,地下根莖(jing)耐(nai)低溫極限一般為-10℃。花(hua)期(qi)最(zui)低夜溫17℃,開花(hua)期(qi)(中、后)可(ke)降至15-13℃。喜(xi)充足陽光,但也稍(shao)耐(nai)陰。較(jiao)耐(nai)干,最(zui)忌積澇。喜(xi)地勢(shi)高燥(zao)、土(tu)層深厚、富含腐殖質、輕(qing)松肥沃而(er)排水良好的沙壤(rang)土(tu)。在微酸性到中性的土(tu)中均能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),而(er)以PH6.2-6.7較(jiao)好。忌連作。
綠(lv)(lv)牡丹,屬傳統(tong)菊花(hua)名種。枝條(tiao)綠(lv)(lv)色粗壯(zhuang),葉(xie)形不(bu)規(gui)則。花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)多輪不(bu)露心,屬芍藥(yao)花(hua)型。開(kai)(kai)花(hua)時,外部花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)淺(qian)綠(lv)(lv),中(zhong)部花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)翠綠(lv)(lv)向上卷曲。心瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)濃綠(lv)(lv)裹抱,花(hua)朵芍藥(yao)型,整(zheng)個花(hua)冠嚴緊,呈扁球狀。平瓣(ban)(ban)(ban),初(chu)開(kai)(kai)時,花(hua)色碧(bi)綠(lv)(lv)如(ru)(ru)玉,晶瑩欲(yu)(yu)滴;日曬后(hou)綠(lv)(lv)中(zhong)透(tou)黃,光彩(cai)奪(duo)目(mu),花(hua)徑可達(da)425px,花(hua)期長達(da)35天。初(chu)開(kai)(kai)時,花(hua)色碧(bi)綠(lv)(lv)如(ru)(ru)玉,晶瑩欲(yu)(yu)滴;日曬后(hou),綠(lv)(lv)中(zhong)透(tou)黃,光彩(cai)奪(duo)目(mu)。
宜選(xuan)用肥(fei)沃(wo)的砂(sha)(sha)質土壤(rang),先小盆后大盆,經2-3次換盆,7月可定盆;定盆可選(xuan)用6份腐葉土、3份砂(sha)(sha)土和(he)1份餅肥(fei)渣配制成(cheng)混合土壤(rang)。澆透水后放陰涼處,待(dai)植株生(sheng)長正常(chang)后移(yi)至向(xiang)陽(yang)處。
春(chun)季(ji)菊(ju)苗幼小,澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)宜(yi)少(shao);夏(xia)季(ji)菊(ju)苗長大(da),天(tian)氣炎(yan)熱,蒸發量大(da),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)充足,可(ke)(ke)在清晨澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次,傍晚(wan)再補澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次,并要(yao)(yao)用噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)(shui)壺向菊(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)枝(zhi)葉及周圍地面噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)(shui),以增加(jia)環境濕度;立秋(qiu)前要(yao)(yao)適當控(kong)水(shui)(shui)、控(kong)肥,以防止植株竄高瘋長。立秋(qiu)后開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)前,要(yao)(yao)加(jia)大(da)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)量并開(kai)(kai)始施肥,肥水(shui)(shui)逐漸(jian)加(jia)濃;冬季(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)枝(zhi)基本停止生長,植株水(shui)(shui)分(fen)消(xiao)耗量明顯(xian)減少(shao),蒸發量也小,須嚴格控(kong)制澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)最好用噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)(shui)壺緩(huan)緩(huan)噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa),不可(ke)(ke)用猛水(shui)(shui)沖澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)除要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)季(ji)節決(jue)定(ding)量和次數外,還要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)天(tian)氣變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)。陰雨天(tian)要(yao)(yao)少(shao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或不澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);氣溫高蒸發量大(da)時要(yao)(yao)多澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),反之則(ze)要(yao)(yao)少(shao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。一(yi)般在給花(hua)(hua)(hua)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)時,要(yao)(yao)見(jian)盆土變(bian)(bian)(bian)干(gan)時再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),不干(gan)不澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)則(ze)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透。但不要(yao)(yao)使花(hua)(hua)(hua)盆汪水(shui)(shui),否則(ze)會造成(cheng)爛根、葉枯黃,引起植株死亡。
在菊(ju)(ju)花植株定植時(shi),盆中要施(shi)足底肥(fei)。以后可隔10天(tian)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)氮(dan)肥(fei)。立秋后自菊(ju)(ju)花孕蕾(lei)到現(xian)蕾(lei)時(shi),可每周施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)稍濃(nong)一(yi)些(xie)的(de)肥(fei)水;含苞待放(fang)時(shi),再(zai)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)濃(nong)肥(fei)水后,即(ji)暫(zan)停(ting)施(shi)肥(fei)。如果(guo)此時(shi)能(neng)給菊(ju)(ju)花施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)過磷酸(suan)鈣或0.1%磷酸(suan)二氫鉀溶液(ye),則花可開得更鮮(xian)艷一(yi)些(xie)。
當菊花(hua)(hua)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)長(chang)至10多(duo)厘米高時(shi),即開始摘(zhai)心(xin)(xin)。摘(zhai)心(xin)(xin)時(shi)只(zhi)留(liu)(liu)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)基(ji)部4-5片葉,上部葉片全部摘(zhai)除(chu)。待長(chang)出(chu)5-6片新(xin)葉時(shi),再(zai)將心(xin)(xin)摘(zhai)去(qu)(qu),使植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)保(bao)留(liu)(liu)4-7個(ge)主枝(zhi)(zhi),以后長(chang)出(chu)的(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)、芽要及(ji)時(shi)摘(zhai)除(chu)。摘(zhai)心(xin)(xin)能使植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)發生分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi),有效控(kong)制植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)高度和株(zhu)(zhu)型。最后一(yi)(yi)次摘(zhai)心(xin)(xin)時(shi),要對菊花(hua)(hua)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)進行定(ding)型修剪,去(qu)(qu)掉過(guo)多(duo)枝(zhi)(zhi)、過(guo)旺及(ji)過(guo)弱(ruo)枝(zhi)(zhi),保(bao)留(liu)(liu)3-5個(ge)枝(zhi)(zhi)即可(ke)。9月現蕾時(shi),要摘(zhai)去(qu)(qu)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)下端(duan)的(de)花(hua)(hua)蕾,每個(ge)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)上只(zhi)留(liu)(liu)頂端(duan)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)花(hua)(hua)蕾。
在(zai)(zai)秋冬(dong)切取植(zhi)株(zhu)外部(bu)腳(jiao)芽(ya)桿插(cha)。選芽(ya)的(de)(de)標準是距(ju)植(zhi)株(zhu)較遠,芽(ya)頭豐(feng)滿。芽(ya)選好后(hou),剝去(qu)下部(bu)葉(xie)片,按株(zhu)距(ju)3-4厘米、行距(ju)4-5厘米,插(cha)于溫(wen)室或大棚內的(de)(de)花盆或插(cha)床粗砂中,保持7-8℃室溫(wen),春暖后(hou)栽于室外。嫩枝插(cha):此法應用最廣。多(duo)于4-5月扦(qian)插(cha)。截取嫩技8-10厘米作為插(cha)穗(sui),插(cha)后(hou)善加(jia)管理。在(zai)(zai)18-21℃的(de)(de)溫(wen)度下,多(duo)數品種3周(zhou)左右(you)生根,約4周(zhou)即可移(yi)苗上(shang)盆。
介(jie)質可用園(yuan)土配上(shang)1/3的礱糠灰。在高床上(shang)搭蘆(lu)簾棚遮蔭(yin)。全光照(zhao)的插(cha)床,如有自(zi)動噴(pen)霧設備,不需(xu)遮蔭(yin)。葉芽插(cha):從(cong)枝(zhi)條上(shang)剪(jian)取1張帶腋芽的葉片插(cha)之。此法(fa)僅用于繁殖珍(zhen)稀品種。分(fen)株(zhu):一般在清明前后,把植株(zhu)掘出,依根的自(zi)然形態帶根分(fen)開(kai),另植盆(pen)中。
為使(shi)菊花(hua)生長強健,用(yong)以(yi)做(zuo)成"十樣錦"或大立菊,可用(yong)黃蒿(hao)或青蒿(hao)作砧木進行嫁接(jie)。秋末(mo)采蒿(hao)種(zhong),冬季在(zai)溫室播(bo)種(zhong),或3月間在(zai)溫床(chuang)育苗,4月下旬苗高3-4厘米(mi)時移(yi)于盆中或田(tian)間,在(zai)晴(qing)天(tian)進行劈接(jie)。
斑枯(ku)病又名(ming)葉枯(ku)病:并交替噴施1∶1∶100倍液波爾多液和50%托市(shi)津1000倍液。
枯萎病(bing)(bing):6月(yue)(yue)上旬至7月(yue)(yue)上旬始發,開花后(hou)發病(bing)(bing)嚴(yan)重,為(wei)害全株(zhu)并爛根。防治方法:選無病(bing)(bing)老根留(liu)種;輪作(zuo);作(zuo)高畦,開深溝(gou),降低濕度;拔除病(bing)(bing)株(zhu),并在病(bing)(bing)穴撒石灰(hui)粉或用50%多菌靈1000倍液(ye)澆灌(guan)。
蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai):菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)一年四季均有(you)栽植,提供了害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和害(hai)(hai)(hai)螨充足(zu)的(de)(de)養料與棲所。因此(ci),菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)管是栽培在網室(shi)或(huo)露天栽培中(zhong)都逃(tao)不(bu)過害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蹣的(de)(de)為(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)上重要(yao)的(de)(de)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)、薊馬類(lei)(lei)、斜(xie)紋夜(ye)蛾、甜菜夜(ye)蛾、番(fan)茄夜(ye)蛾和二點葉蹣等。次要(yao)的(de)(de)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)切(qie)(qie)根蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、擬(ni)尺蠖(huo)、斑潛(qian)蠅(ying)、粉虱、毒蛾、粉介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、細(xi)蹣等,種類(lei)(lei)可說相(xiang)當多。供內(nei)銷的(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(切(qie)(qie)花(hua)(hua)(hua)或(huo)盆花(hua)(hua)(hua)),只(zhi)要(yao)不(bu)影響花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)品質,可容許(xu)少量害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)。