菊花(hua)為短日(ri)照植(zhi)物,適(shi)應性(xing)很(hen)強,喜(xi)涼,較耐寒,生長適(shi)溫(wen)18-21℃,最高32℃,最低(di)10℃,地(di)下根莖耐低(di)溫(wen)極限一般為-10℃。花(hua)期最低(di)夜(ye)溫(wen)17℃,開花(hua)期(中、后)可降至15-13℃。喜(xi)充足陽光,但也稍耐陰。較耐干,最忌積澇。喜(xi)地(di)勢(shi)高燥、土(tu)層深厚、富含腐(fu)殖質、輕松肥沃而排水良好(hao)的(de)沙壤土(tu)。在微酸性(xing)到中性(xing)的(de)土(tu)中均能生長,而以PH6.2-6.7較好(hao)。忌連作。
綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)牡丹,屬傳統菊花(hua)名種。枝條綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)粗壯,葉(xie)形不規則。花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)多輪不露(lu)心(xin),屬芍(shao)藥花(hua)型。開(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)時(shi),外部花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)淺綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),中部花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)翠綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)向上卷曲。心(xin)瓣(ban)(ban)濃綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)裹抱(bao),花(hua)朵芍(shao)藥型,整個(ge)花(hua)冠嚴(yan)緊,呈扁(bian)球狀。平瓣(ban)(ban),初開(kai)(kai)(kai)時(shi),花(hua)色(se)(se)碧(bi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)如(ru)玉(yu),晶(jing)瑩欲滴;日曬后(hou)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)中透黃,光彩(cai)奪目(mu),花(hua)徑可達425px,花(hua)期長(chang)達35天(tian)。初開(kai)(kai)(kai)時(shi),花(hua)色(se)(se)碧(bi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)如(ru)玉(yu),晶(jing)瑩欲滴;日曬后(hou),綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)中透黃,光彩(cai)奪目(mu)。
宜選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)肥沃的砂(sha)質土(tu)(tu)壤,先小盆(pen)后(hou)大(da)盆(pen),經2-3次換(huan)盆(pen),7月可(ke)定盆(pen);定盆(pen)可(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)6份(fen)腐葉土(tu)(tu)、3份(fen)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)和1份(fen)餅肥渣配制成混(hun)合(he)土(tu)(tu)壤。澆透水后(hou)放陰(yin)涼處,待植株生長(chang)正常后(hou)移至向陽處。
春季(ji)菊(ju)苗(miao)幼小,澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)宜少(shao);夏季(ji)菊(ju)苗(miao)長大(da),天氣炎熱,蒸(zheng)發量大(da),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)要(yao)(yao)充足(zu),可(ke)(ke)在清晨澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次,傍晚再補澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次,并要(yao)(yao)用(yong)噴(pen)水(shui)壺(hu)向菊(ju)花枝葉及周圍地面(mian)噴(pen)水(shui),以增(zeng)加環境濕度;立秋前要(yao)(yao)適當控(kong)水(shui)、控(kong)肥(fei)(fei),以防止(zhi)植株竄高瘋長。立秋后開花前,要(yao)(yao)加大(da)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)量并開始施(shi)肥(fei)(fei),肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)逐漸加濃;冬季(ji)花枝基(ji)本(ben)停止(zhi)生長,植株水(shui)分消耗量明顯減少(shao),蒸(zheng)發量也(ye)小,須嚴格控(kong)制澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)最好用(yong)噴(pen)水(shui)壺(hu)緩(huan)緩(huan)噴(pen)灑,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)猛水(shui)沖澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)除要(yao)(yao)根據季(ji)節決定(ding)量和次數外,還要(yao)(yao)根據天氣變(bian)化而變(bian)化。陰雨天要(yao)(yao)少(shao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);氣溫高蒸(zheng)發量大(da)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)多澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),反之則要(yao)(yao)少(shao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。一(yi)般在給花澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)時(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)見盆土變(bian)干(gan)(gan)時(shi)(shi)再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),不(bu)干(gan)(gan)不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)則澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透。但不(bu)要(yao)(yao)使花盆汪(wang)水(shui),否則會(hui)造成(cheng)爛根、葉枯黃(huang),引起植株死亡(wang)。
在菊花(hua)植株(zhu)定植時(shi),盆中要施(shi)(shi)足底肥。以后(hou)可隔10天施(shi)(shi)一次氮肥。立秋后(hou)自(zi)菊花(hua)孕蕾到現蕾時(shi),可每周(zhou)施(shi)(shi)一次稍(shao)濃(nong)一些(xie)(xie)的肥水;含苞待放時(shi),再施(shi)(shi)一次濃(nong)肥水后(hou),即暫停(ting)施(shi)(shi)肥。如果此時(shi)能給菊花(hua)施(shi)(shi)一次過磷酸(suan)鈣或0.1%磷酸(suan)二氫鉀溶液,則花(hua)可開得(de)更鮮艷一些(xie)(xie)。
當菊花植(zhi)株(zhu)長(chang)至10多厘米高時(shi),即(ji)(ji)開始摘(zhai)(zhai)心。摘(zhai)(zhai)心時(shi)只留(liu)植(zhi)株(zhu)基部(bu)4-5片葉,上部(bu)葉片全部(bu)摘(zhai)(zhai)除。待長(chang)出5-6片新葉時(shi),再將心摘(zhai)(zhai)去,使植(zhi)株(zhu)保留(liu)4-7個(ge)主枝(zhi),以后(hou)長(chang)出的(de)枝(zhi)、芽(ya)要及時(shi)摘(zhai)(zhai)除。摘(zhai)(zhai)心能使植(zhi)株(zhu)發生分(fen)枝(zhi),有(you)效控(kong)制植(zhi)株(zhu)高度和株(zhu)型(xing)。最(zui)后(hou)一次(ci)摘(zhai)(zhai)心時(shi),要對(dui)菊花植(zhi)株(zhu)進行(xing)定型(xing)修剪,去掉過多枝(zhi)、過旺及過弱(ruo)枝(zhi),保留(liu)3-5個(ge)枝(zhi)即(ji)(ji)可。9月現蕾時(shi),要摘(zhai)(zhai)去植(zhi)株(zhu)下端的(de)花蕾,每個(ge)分(fen)枝(zhi)上只留(liu)頂端一個(ge)花蕾。
在秋冬切取(qu)植(zhi)株(zhu)外部腳芽桿插(cha)(cha)。選芽的標準(zhun)是距植(zhi)株(zhu)較遠,芽頭豐滿。芽選好后(hou),剝(bo)去下部葉片,按株(zhu)距3-4厘米、行距4-5厘米,插(cha)(cha)于溫(wen)室或大棚內的花盆或插(cha)(cha)床(chuang)粗(cu)砂中,保持7-8℃室溫(wen),春暖(nuan)后(hou)栽于室外。嫩枝插(cha)(cha):此法應用最廣。多于4-5月扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)。截取(qu)嫩技8-10厘米作為插(cha)(cha)穗,插(cha)(cha)后(hou)善加管理(li)。在18-21℃的溫(wen)度下,多數品(pin)種(zhong)3周左(zuo)右生根,約4周即可(ke)移苗(miao)上(shang)盆。
介質可用園土配上(shang)1/3的礱糠灰。在高(gao)床(chuang)上(shang)搭蘆(lu)簾棚遮蔭(yin)。全光照的插(cha)床(chuang),如有(you)自(zi)動噴霧設(she)備,不需遮蔭(yin)。葉芽插(cha):從枝條(tiao)上(shang)剪取1張帶(dai)腋芽的葉片插(cha)之(zhi)。此(ci)法僅用于繁(fan)殖(zhi)珍稀(xi)品(pin)種(zhong)。分株:一般(ban)在清明前后,把植株掘出,依(yi)根的自(zi)然形態帶(dai)根分開,另植盆中。
為使(shi)菊(ju)花(hua)生長(chang)強(qiang)健,用以做成"十(shi)樣錦"或大(da)立(li)菊(ju),可(ke)用黃蒿或青蒿作砧(zhen)木進行嫁接(jie)。秋末采蒿種,冬(dong)季在(zai)溫室播種,或3月間(jian)在(zai)溫床(chuang)育苗,4月下旬(xun)苗高3-4厘米時移于盆中或田間(jian),在(zai)晴天進行劈接(jie)。
斑枯病(bing)又名葉枯病(bing):并交替噴施1∶1∶100倍液(ye)波爾多液(ye)和50%托(tuo)市津1000倍液(ye)。
枯萎病:6月上(shang)旬至7月上(shang)旬始發(fa)(fa),開花(hua)后發(fa)(fa)病嚴重(zhong),為害全(quan)株并爛根(gen)。防(fang)治方法:選無病老根(gen)留(liu)種(zhong);輪(lun)作;作高(gao)畦(qi),開深(shen)溝,降低濕度(du);拔除(chu)病株,并在病穴撒石(shi)灰粉或用50%多菌靈1000倍液澆灌。
蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai):菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)一年四季均有栽(zai)(zai)植,提供了害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)害(hai)(hai)螨(man)充足的(de)(de)養料與棲所。因(yin)此,菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)不管是栽(zai)(zai)培在(zai)網室或(huo)(huo)露天栽(zai)(zai)培中都逃不過害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)(huo)害(hai)(hai)蹣(man)的(de)(de)為害(hai)(hai)。菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)上重要的(de)(de)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類、薊馬類、斜紋(wen)夜(ye)蛾、甜菜(cai)夜(ye)蛾、番茄夜(ye)蛾和(he)二點葉(xie)蹣(man)等。次要的(de)(de)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有切(qie)根蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、擬(ni)尺(chi)蠖、斑潛蠅、粉虱、毒蛾、粉介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、細蹣(man)等,種類可說相當多(duo)。供內(nei)銷的(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(切(qie)花(hua)或(huo)(huo)盆(pen)花(hua)),只要不影響花(hua)的(de)(de)品(pin)質,可容許少量害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)。