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生長與分布

中(zhong)(zhong)華狼(lang)蛛廣(guang)泛分布(bu)在(zai)山西丶山東、遼寧(ning)、吉林、天津、河(he)北、甘肅(su)、寧(ning)夏、河(he)南、陜西、黑龍江等(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)國北方(fang)田間，蒙古也有發現，但不是中(zhong)(zhong)華狼(lang)蛛，為穴居狼(lang)蛛。

形態及特征

中華狼蛛身長(雌蛛19—30毫(hao)米，雄蛛15—21毫(hao)米)、體態粗壯、活動敏捷、捕食兇猛。全身為(wei)土灰色、背甲上向外擴(kuo)散(san)黑色花紋、螯肢為(wei)黃色、眼睛(jing)排列(lie)為(wei)4、2、2。仔(zi)細觀察發現(xian)外型有些類似(si)中國民間(jian)工藝品(pin)布老虎(hu)。

生活習性

中華(hua)狼(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為我國北方棉區的(de)穴居性狼(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。多棲息于(yu)平原地區和(he)山(shan)區平原棉田，在離(li)村莊遠的(de)大洼(wa)，不(bu)積水的(de)地塊、田畦(qi)、溝(gou)渠上挖穴筑(zhu)室。幼蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在挖穴前(qian)，一(yi)般先利(li)用(yong)其它昆蟲(chong)的(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)為基礎(chu)，用(yong)螯肢(zhi)掘土(tu)并用(yong)觸(chu)肢(zhi)及前(qian)對步足將土(tu)粒(li)送出外(離(li)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)4-7厘(li)米(mi)(mi))。初筑(zhu)新(xin)穴，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)周圍有(you)新(xin)土(tu)顆。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)并不(bu)高于(yu)土(tu)面(mian)。幼蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴直徑(jing)與其個體大小(xiao)有(you)關，成(cheng)(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴直徑(jing)一(yi)般在2.50-3.00厘(li)米(mi)(mi)；幼蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)直徑(jing)因(yin)蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)齡期(qi)(qi)不(bu)同而(er)異，一(yi)般為1-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。隨著蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)齡期(qi)(qi)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)或季節氣(qi)溫的(de)變(bian)化，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴的(de)深度逐漸增(zeng)(zeng)加，成(cheng)(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)早春的(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴深度一(yi)般為20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)左右；夏季可(ke)達35厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)底的(de)直徑(jing)與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)直徑(jing)相同。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)都(dou)罩以蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲；幼蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)及洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)網(wang)薄，而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)壁(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)厚成(cheng)(cheng)障，能防止洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)坍塌(ta)。

中(zhong)華狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)一般在日落后出(chu)洞活動和尋食，可取(qu)食多種(zhong)農(nong)林害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，故(gu)在魯西南地(di)(di)區又有“地(di)(di)俠”之稱。在其洞穴內經常可以挖出(chu)金龜卿、夜蛾類成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的殘體(ti)。室(shi)內飼養，可取(qu)食蝗埔(pu)、粘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、玉(yu)米螟、地(di)(di)老虎(hu)、棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、煙青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、柳毒(du)蛾、擠蠟、蟋蟀(shuai)、葉(xie)蟬(chan)、飛虱、蠅類等。三(san)齡(ling)以上若蛛(zhu)(zhu)其捕食量大(da)于(yu)成蛛(zhu)(zhu)。一頭(tou)雌成蛛(zhu)(zhu)一天可取(qu)食三(san)齡(ling)粘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)7頭(tou)。田間施(shi)藥(yao)對其影響較大(da)，菊脂類、有機磷農(nong)藥(yao)尤甚。施(shi)藥(yao)后，常可見到中(zhong)毒(du)死亡的蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)。不施(shi)藥(yao)田中(zhong)華狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)存量一般高于(yu)施(shi)藥(yao)田3-5倍。

繁殖方式

中(zhong)華狼蛛(zhu)幼蛛(zhu)共蛻(tui)皮6次，有7個齡期。在(zai)山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)以(yi)成蛛(zhu)或亞成蛛(zhu)子(zi)11月在(zai)洞內越冬(dong)，翌年3月開始(shi)活(huo)動，并開始(shi)挖穴筑巢，4月上旬開始(shi)交(jiao)配產卵(luan)，4月下(xia)旬奎(kui)5月上旬越冬(dong)成蛛(zhu)開始(shi)產卵(luan)。在(zai)該地區，一年發生(sheng)一個世(shi)代。

交配

中華狼蛛(zhu)多系(xi)秋(qiu)季發育成熟(shu)，以亞(ya)成蛛(zhu)越冬(dong)者則(ze)于(yu)翌(yi)年春(chun)末夏(xia)初發育為成蛛(zhu)。正(zheng)常情況(kuang)下，雄蛛(zhu)性成熟(shu)則(ze)先(xian)(xian)于(yu)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。剛成熟(shu)的雄蛛(zhu)在洞口(kou)外織(zhi)片狀雨不規則(ze)精網(wang)(wang)，平鋪(pu)于(yu)洞口(kou)附近的地面(mian)上(shang)，將精液(ye)射入精網(wang)(wang)，再(zai)以觸(chu)肢(zhi)器吸(xi)入生(sheng)殖球。然后(hou)尋找(zhao)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)。求偶時(shi)，雄蛛(zhu)先(xian)(xian)以第(di)1對步(bu)足和觸(chu)肢(zhi)交替(ti)舞動，雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)許諾后(hou)，便迅速從雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)前面(mian)爬(pa)到頭胸部背面(mian)，雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)雄頭腹呈相反(fan)方向，雄蛛(zhu)將觸(chu)肢(zhi)沿(yan)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)腹側向下插入雌(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)生(sheng)殖孔進(jin)行授精。左右(you)觸(chu)肢(zhi)器可交替(ti)授精。交配多在夜晚進(jin)行。

產卵

在黃河中(zhong)(zhong)卞(bian)游及(ji)華北地區，中(zhong)(zhong)華狼蛛凡越冬前(qian)交配授精者(zhe)，則于翌年(nian)4月(yue)下旬(xun)至5月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)產卵；年(nian)后(hou)(hou)授精者(zhe)，則于5月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至6月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)產卵。這(zhe)與當年(nian)氣溫(wen)回升情況、食源及(ji)土(tu)壤濕度有直接關系(xi)。越冬亞成(cheng)(cheng)蛛于年(nian)后(hou)(hou)蛻(tui)皮成(cheng)(cheng)熟者(zhe)，常于6-7月(yue)產卵，氣溫(wen)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)持(chi)續在15-28℃。孕蛛產卵前(qian)一(yi)周左右(you)，抽絲結(jie)網封住洞口，將自身掩在洞內，此期間不再出(chu)洞取食和飲水。臨(lin)近排(pai)卵前(qian)夕，先織(zhi)圓形網墊于洞底，直徑約20-28毫米，歷(li)(li)時(shi)75-92分(fen)鐘(zhong)，隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)猛收(shou)腹部，將卵從生(sheng)殖孔處一(yi)滴(di)滴(di)(每滴(di)含(han)卵3-5粒)排(pai)擠出(chu)來，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)約10-40滴(di)，歷(li)(li)時(shi)6-8分(fen)鐘(zhong)。然后(hou)(hou)織(zhi)網覆蓋(gai)。將卵全(quan)部包裹(guo)，歷(li)(li)時(shi)30-39分(fen)鐘(zhong)，最后(hou)(hou)用螯肢、觸肢及(ji)第1步足相互配合動作，進行收(shou)邊(bian)整理成(cheng)(cheng)球形或(huo)橢圓形卵囊，歷(li)(li)時(shi)80-109分(fen)鐘(zhong)。

護卵

中華(hua)狼蛛具(ju)護卵(luan)行為，若蛛孵出(chu)之前，雌蛛隨時將(jiang)卵(luan)囊(nang)攜(xie)帶(dai)于紡(fang)器(qi)上，白天將(jiang)卵(luan)囊(nang)推出(chu)洞口(kou)曬(shai)太(tai)陽(yang)，使其受溫。直至若蛛全部孵出(chu)，方肯丟(diu)棄。

產卵量

雌(ci)蛛受(shou)精(jing)后，可(ke)先后產(chan)生(sheng)2個卵囊。每個卵袋內平均含卵量在(zai)100粒(li)左(zuo)右(43-313粒(li))。單(dan)雌(ci)一生(sheng)產(chan)卵量在(zai)200-300粒(li)。