番(fan)鴨,拉丁學(xue)名Cairina moschata,又(you)名香鶉(chun)雁(yan),麝香鴨,紅嘴雁(yan),與一般家鴨同屬不同種。番(fan)鴨原產(chan)于(yu)中、南美(mei)洲熱帶地區。
番鴨(ya)(ya)這種(zhong)四不像般的(de)珍(zhen)禽,是(shi)一種(zhong)似(si)(si)鵝(e)(e)非(fei)鵝(e)(e),似(si)(si)鴨(ya)(ya)非(fei)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)鴨(ya)(ya)科(ke)家(jia)禽,體重比鴨(ya)(ya)大比鵝(e)(e)小,據說有(you)300余年的(de)飼養歷史,是(shi)國內外少(shao)見的(de)名、特(te)、優產品(pin),別的(de)地方是(shi)絕對(dui)沒有(you)的(de),只是(shi)隨(sui)著(zhu)改革開放,將養殖(zhi)推向了全國,但(dan)養殖(zhi)主要集中在南方。
番鴨主產于(yu)湖北陽新縣,福州市郊和龍海等地,分(fen)布于(yu)福清(qing)、莆田(tian)、晉江(jiang)、長(chang)泰、龍巖、大田(tian)、浦城等市縣,在(zai)江(jiang)浙(zhe)滬皖部分(fen)地區(qu)(qu)亦(yi)有產區(qu)(qu)。
閩北主產區在古田縣一(yi)帶,飼養(yang)黑(hei)色番鴨,公鴨運銷本省閩東、閩北各地,作生產“半番”之用。
它的配(pei)種(zhong)能(neng)力強,受(shou)精率高,所產“半番”體(ti)型大,長膘快。
每逢新(xin)春繁殖季節,各地(di)皆到古田選購公番鴨。
古田縣湖濱、大(da)橋、鶴(he)塘(tang)、杉(shan)洋(yang)等(deng)公(gong)社(she)飼(si)養量較(jiao)大(da)。
閩(min)南主產區(qu)(qu)在福州以南沿海的(de)莆(pu)田、晉(jin)江、龍溪等三個(ge)地區(qu)(qu)十余個(ge)市、縣(xian),以及福州地區(qu)(qu)。
龍溪地區和廈門市郊(jiao)(jiao)的(de)番鴨為(wei)(wei)黑白(bai)雜花,其余地方皆為(wei)(wei)白(bai)色(se)多惠安、泉州(zhou)、南安的(de)番鴨頂部有(you)一撮黑毛,全身為(wei)(wei)白(bai)色(se)。福州(zhou)市郊(jiao)(jiao)的(de)白(bai)番體型較大。
番鴨體(ti)(ti)型(xing)與家鴨不同(tong),體(ti)(ti)型(xing)前尖后窄,呈(cheng)長(chang)橢圓形,頭大,頸短(duan),嘴(zui)(zui)甲短(duan)而狹,嘴(zui)(zui)、爪發(fa)達;胸部寬闊豐(feng)滿(man),尾部瘦長(chang),不似家鴨有肥(fei)大的臀(tun)部。嘴(zui)(zui)的基部和(he)眼(yan)圈(quan)周圍(wei)有紅(hong)色(se)(se)或黑(hei)色(se)(se)的肉(rou)瘤,雄(xiong)者展延較寬。翼羽矯健,長(chang)及尾部,尾羽長(chang),向上(shang)微微翹起。番鴨羽毛顏色(se)(se)為白(bai)色(se)(se)、黑(hei)色(se)(se)和(he)黑(hei)白(bai)花色(se)(se)三(san)種,少數呈(cheng)銀灰色(se)(se)。羽色(se)(se)不同(tong),體(ti)(ti)形外貌亦(yi)有一些差別。
白(bai)番鴨的羽毛(mao)為白(bai)色,嘴(zui)甲(jia)粉(fen)紅(hong)色,頭部肉瘤鮮紅(hong)肥(fei)厚,呈(cheng)鏈狀排(pai)列,虹(hong)彩淺灰色,腳橙(cheng)黃。若頭頂有一攝黑(hei)毛(mao)的,嘴(zui)甲(jia)、腳則帶有黑(hei)點(dian)。
黑(hei)番鴨的羽毛為(wei)黑(hei)色(se),帶有墨綠色(se)光澤;僅主(zhu)翼羽或(huo)復翼羽中,常(chang)有少數的白(bai)羽;肉瘤顏色(se)黑(hei)里(li)透紅,且(qie)較單(dan)薄(bo);嘴角色(se)紅,有黑(hei)斑(ban);虹彩淺黃色(se),腳多(duo)黑(hei)色(se)。
黑(hei)(hei)白(bai)(bai)花番鴨的(de)(de)羽毛黑(hei)(hei)白(bai)(bai)不(bu)等。常(chang)見的(de)(de)有背羽毛為黑(hei)(hei)色(se),頸(jing)下、翅羽和腹部帶(dai)(dai)有數(shu)量不(bu)一的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)色(se)羽毛;還有全身黑(hei)(hei)色(se),間有白(bai)(bai)羽。嘴甲多為紅(hong)色(se)帶(dai)(dai)有黑(hei)(hei)斑點,腳呈(cheng)暗黃色(se)。
據不(bu)同(tong)毛(mao)色的61只公(gong)(gong)(gong)番(fan)鴨(ya)和200只母番(fan)鴨(ya)體重、體尺測定;不(bu)同(tong)毛(mao)色的公(gong)(gong)(gong)番(fan)鴨(ya)體重無顯著(zhu)差(cha)異,平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)3.04公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(3.01~3.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤);不(bu)同(tong)毛(mao)色的母番(fan)鴨(ya)體重差(cha)異顯著(zhu),以白色者(zhe)體得(de)最(zui)大(da)(平(ping)均(jun)1.90公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤),黑色者(zhe)次之(平(ping)均(jun)1.80公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤),黑白花的最(zui)小(平(ping)均(jun)1.72公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤),三者(zhe)平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)1.87公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤。成年公(gong)(gong)(gong)番(fan)鴨(ya)體得(de)約為(wei)母番(fan)鴨(ya)大(da)一倍。公(gong)(gong)(gong)母番(fan)鴨(ya)的體斜長分別為(wei)29.23厘(li)(li)米(mi)、24.04厘(li)(li)米(mi);龍(long)骨長為(wei)19.07厘(li)(li)米(mi)、15.36厘(li)(li)米(mi);胸深為(wei)9.81厘(li)(li)米(mi)、8.28厘(li)(li)米(mi);胸寬為(wei)11.79厘(li)(li)米(mi)、9.57厘(li)(li)米(mi)。
孵化
番鴨由于種蛋的蛋殼厚、光滑而堅(jian)硬、不易破碎、氣(qi)孔封(feng)得嚴、相(xiang)對表(biao)面積小。直接(jie)影響了氣(qi)體交(jiao)換、水分蒸(zheng)發、熱能傳(chuan)導和啄殼出雛(chu),致(zhi)使人工孵化率低(di)。
四(si)川(chuan)青神(shen)縣養殖技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)究所采用仿(fang)生孵(fu)禽(qin)溫箱(xiang)有效地提高了番鴨及西(xi)洋鴨種蛋的孵(fu)化率和健雛率。實踐證明,用此法比(bi)常規孵(fu)化法提高出殼率10-15%。現將有關技(ji)術(shu)簡(jian)介(jie)于下:
仿主孵禽溫箱的組成
由立式(shi)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)箱(xiang)和(he)平型出雛箱(xiang)配套組成。在孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)前期番鴨蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)自(zi)(zi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低,將種鴨蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)于立式(shi)箱(xiang)內孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua),利用立式(shi)箱(xiang)底部(bu)和(he)周邊貯存的熱源(yuan)均勻(yun)供溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的特點,使番鴨蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)各部(bu)受溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)均勻(yun),孵(fu)(fu)(fu)至17天后(hou),胚(pei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)自(zi)(zi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)逐漸升高,此(ci)時(shi)應將番鴨蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)由立式(shi)箱(xiang)轉至平型出雛箱(xiang)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua),通(tong)過向(xiang)平型出雛箱(xiang)減加(jia)冷(leng)熱水,可準確調節(jie)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在所(suo)需范圍(wei)內,使其處于仿自(zi)(zi)然孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)狀態(tai)。
種蛋的保存和放置
在環境溫度低于18℃以下保存時間在6天內(nei),孵(fu)化率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)高;反之孵(fu)化率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)低。種蛋水平(ping)放置,有(you)助于提高番鴨蛋的孵(fu)化率(lv)(lv)。
溫度和濕度的控制
在孵化過程中,要(yao)對孵至17-35天的(de)胚蛋噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)(shui)。氣溫高時(shi)噴(pen)(pen)冷開水(shui)(shui);氣溫低時(shi)用35℃-40℃的(de)溫水(shui)(shui)噴(pen)(pen)灑。每天噴(pen)(pen)一次,將蛋噴(pen)(pen)至濕透,待(dai)晾(liang)干(gan)后(hou)繼續孵化。
翻蛋的次數
翻(fan)蛋可以促(cu)進胚胎(tai)活動(dong),防止(zhi)內容物(wu)粘連蛋殼,使其受(shou)熱(re)均勻。孵化(hua)過(guo)程中宜每8小時用手工或滾(gun)動(dong)式翻(fan)蛋一(yi)次。
生長發育
在同樣飼(si)養(yang)管理條件下,公(gong)母鴨生長速度相差很大。雛出(chu)殼(ke)后,飼(si)養(yang)至10日(ri)齡(ling),從(cong)體型(xing)、體重(zhong)(zhong)的大小(xiao)即可(ke)區分出(chu)公(gong)與母。平均體重(zhong)(zhong)的絕對增長最(zui)大值是(shi)在70日(ri)齡(ling)之后。70日(ri)齡(ling)后公(gong)鴨體重(zhong)(zhong)增長大大超(chao)過母鴨。160日(ri)齡(ling)時,公(gong)鴨比母鴨約重(zhong)(zhong)1.10公(gong)斤。
在(zai)飼料(liao)中含有粗蛋白(bai)16~18%、代謝能2400~2600千卡/公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)的營(ying)養(yang)水平下(xia)測定,初生重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)47.60克的雛(chu)鴨,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、母的體重(zhong)1月齡(ling)時分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)0.79公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、0.78公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),2月齡(ling)進分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)1.74公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、1.51公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),3月齡(ling)時分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)2.59公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、1.80公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),4月齡(ling)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)2.93公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、1.90公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),5月齡(ling)時分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)3.25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、2.10公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。5月齡(ling)之后增重(zhong)速(su)度逐漸下(xia)降。
繁殖性能
平均開(kai)產(chan)日齡為172.88天,見蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)日齡為153天,開(kai)產(chan)后第一個產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)周(zhou)期最長(chang),連產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)數為35-40枚(mei)(mei)。以(yi)后每(mei)個產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)周(zhou)期連產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)數可穩定(ding)在13~15枚(mei)(mei);年產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)100~110枚(mei)(mei),最高個體可達160枚(mei)(mei)。有抱性。據110個番(fan)鴨蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)測(ce)定(ding),平均蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)重(zhong)71.50克,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)形(xing)橢圓,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)形(xing)指(zhi)數為1.39,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)殼(ke)為玉白色。
產(chan)區群從(cong)在(zai)每年1~5月份(fen)孵化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋,按出殼時間(jian)先后,將(jiang)雛鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分(fen)為“頭(tou)番(fan)”(2~3份(fen)出殼的(de)(de)雛苗)、“二(er)番(fan)”(3~4月份(fen)的(de)(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)苗)和(he)“尾番(fan)”(5~6月份(fen)的(de)(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)苗)。群從(cong)多選頭(tou)、二(er)番(fan)發育良好、生(sheng)長快的(de)(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)子留作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)。由于它們的(de)(de)生(sheng)長階段(duan),正是蚯蚓以及魚蝦等不生(sheng)動(dong)物繁殖旺盛時期(qi),動(dong)物性(xing)飼(si)料豐富,氣(qi)候溫和(he),它們不僅生(sheng)長快,而且(qie)母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)當年就(jiu)能(neng)產(chan)蛋。頭(tou)、二(er)番(fan)公鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)秋季達(da)性(xing)成熟(shu),也可(ke)及時配種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de),多在(zai)白(bai)露時節(jie)災食。但用(yong)(yong)來繁殖半番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),多選尾番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。毛番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)飼(si)養到春節(jie)前后性(xing)成熟(shu),即可(ke)與普通(tong)母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)配種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),生(sheng)產(chan)半番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。群從(cong)主(zhu)要是利用(yong)(yong)母番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或母雞(ji)的(de)(de)抱(bao)性(xing)天(tian)然孵化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋。常采用(yong)(yong)雞(ji)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交替孵化(hua),以維持母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、母雞(ji)體力(li)上的(de)(de)消耗。孵化(hua)率一(yi)般在(zai)80~85之間(jian),使(shi)用(yong)(yong)人工孵化(hua),孵化(hua)率為70%,孵化(hua)期(qi)35天(tian)。
生長發育良好(hao)的公雛飼養至4月齡后,即發出“絲絲”叫聲,表(biao)示性將成熟(shu),并有追(zhui)啄母(mu)鴨(ya)的性行為。至5~6月齡性成熟(shu),即可配種。在春(chun)季,公母(mu)比例為1:7~8時,受精率為90~95%配種季節過(guo)后,種公鴨(ya)體力(li)(li)衰(shuai)弱,配種能力(li)(li)差,一般當年即行為淘汰,次年再(zai)選留新種公鴨(ya)。
肥育性能
關于填(tian)肥(fei)時間,群從(cong)有“三(san)月大(da),四月肥(fei)”的(de)說法(fa)。即養至(zhi)4月齡體(ti)重(zhong)達2.5~3公斤手(shou),開始填(tian)肥(fei)。飼(si)料多用米(mi)糠(kang)和煮熟甘薯各半,用米(mi)湯或稀粥調勻,搓成圓(yuan)條狀的(de)“劑(ji)子(zi)”。逐只填(tian)飼(si)。填(tian)飼(si)量由(you)150克逐漸(jian)增加(jia)至(zhi)400~450克,填(tian)飼(si)量是否合適,多以(yi)在下一(yi)次填(tian)食前用手(shou)摸食道(dao)膨(peng)大(da)部,無積食為標準。經填(tian)飼(si)2~3周(zhou),體(ti)重(zhong)達3.5~4公斤,即可宰食。
據福建(jian)農學院1983年番鴨肥(fei)肝(gan)試驗。3月齡番鴨,用玉米粒料填(tian)飼2周(zhou)(zhou),平(ping)均肝(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)299.64克,個體(ti)肝(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)最高(gao)達(da)337.40克;填(tian)肥(fei)3周(zhou)(zhou),平(ping)均肝(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)352.77克,最高(gao)491.80克。填(tian)肥(fei)2周(zhou)(zhou)和(he)3周(zhou)(zhou),在肝(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)的同(tong)時,體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)別增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)1.44公(gong)(gong)斤(增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)51.61%)、1.66公(gong)(gong)斤(增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)68.90%),全凈膛屠(tu)宰率(lv)分(fen)別為(wei)70.58%、67.41%。公(gong)(gong)鴨肝(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)和(he)體(ti)得的增(zeng)(zeng)長都高(gao)于母鴨。填(tian)肥(fei)2周(zhou)(zhou)和(he)3周(zhou)(zhou),瘦肉(胸(xiong)、腿肌)占屠(tu)體(ti)比率(lv)公(gong)(gong)別24.96%、23.66%,而北(bei)京(jing)鴨分(fen)別為(wei)16.20%、14.80%。
填肥2周和3周,每(mei)產(chan)1公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)肥肝(gan)耗(hao)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)分別(bie)為30.05公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)和32公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),每(mei)增加1公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)活重(zhong)的玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)消耗(hao)量分別(bie)為4.80公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)和5.84公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。
雜交利用
公番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)與當地母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)交配和生(sheng)產半(ban)(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)產區人民的(de)傳統習(xi)慣。古田鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)農(nong)技術好,春(chun)季種蛋受精率(lv)可(ke)達80%以(yi)上(shang)。半(ban)(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)雜(za)種優勢率(lv)達25.41%。在(zai)粗放飼養條件下,3月齡(ling)體重可(ke)達2.05公斤。據(ju)廈(sha)門大學生(sheng)命(ming)科(ke)學學院(yuan)測(ce)定,三元(yuan)雜(za)交的(de)“番(fan)北(bei)(bei)金”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)10~60日齡(ling)相對生(sheng)長率(lv)為(wei)76.10%,半(ban)(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)67.88%;“番(fan)北(bei)(bei)金”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)比半(ban)(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)提(ti)早10~15天(tian)上(shang)市,節(jie)省飼料10%
番(fan)(fan)鴨原(yuan)產于中、南美洲熱帶地區,我國(guo)飼養歷史悠(you)久。據1763年(nian)(nian)編纂(zuan)的古(gu)港《泉州府(fu)志》記載(zai):“番(fan)(fan)鴨狀似鴨而(er)(er)大(da)似鵝(e),自(zi)抱(bao)(bao)其蛋而(er)(er)生(sheng),種自(zi)洋(yang)舶(bo)來。”又(you)據1729年(nian)(nian)《福(fu)建通志》中“閩產錄異(yi)”云:“極大(da)而(er)(er)紅鼻者(zhe)為番(fan)(fan)鴨,雌雄(xiong)配方抱(bao)(bao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan),須(xu)留一卵(luan)(luan)(luan)壓巢母(mu)鴨方陸續再下,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)盡自(zi)咬項下筆為藏以伏(fu)之(zhi),一月出雛。伏(fu)而(er)(er)五日內聞(wen)礱磨之(zhi)聲則卵(luan)(luan)(luan)孚矣。[半番(fan)(fan)]小(xiao)于番(fan)(fan)鴨,[萊鴨]小(xiao)于半番(fan)(fan),皆不能抱(bao)(bao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan),……”另(ling)外,在主產區古(gu)田(tian)、莆(pu)田(tian)、閩侯等縣的縣志,也都有記載(zai)。
番鴨(ya)素被(bei)群(qun)眾視為補壯(zhuang)身體的珍品。福建(jian)番鴨(ya)經長期馴化,以及“選早、選大、選快”等(deng)留種措施,早已成為適(shi)應福建(jian)省生態環(huan)境的良種肉用(yong)鴨(ya)