番鴨,拉(la)丁學(xue)名Cairina moschata,又名香鶉(chun)雁(yan),麝(she)香鴨,紅嘴雁(yan),與一(yi)般家鴨同屬不同種。番鴨原產于中、南美洲熱帶地(di)區(qu)。
番鴨(ya)這種四不像般的珍禽,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種似(si)鵝(e)非鵝(e),似(si)鴨(ya)非鴨(ya)的鴨(ya)科家禽,體(ti)重比鴨(ya)大(da)比鵝(e)小,據說有(you)300余年的飼(si)養(yang)歷史(shi),是(shi)(shi)國內外少見的名、特(te)、優(you)產(chan)品,別的地方是(shi)(shi)絕對沒(mei)有(you)的,只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)隨著改革開放,將養(yang)殖推向(xiang)了全國,但養(yang)殖主要集(ji)中在(zai)南方。
番鴨(ya)主產于湖北陽新縣(xian),福(fu)州(zhou)市郊(jiao)和龍海等(deng)地(di),分(fen)布于福(fu)清、莆田(tian)、晉江(jiang)、長泰(tai)、龍巖、大田(tian)、浦城等(deng)市縣(xian),在江(jiang)浙滬皖部分(fen)地(di)區(qu)亦有產區(qu)。
閩(min)(min)北(bei)主產(chan)區(qu)在古田縣一帶(dai),飼養黑色番鴨,公鴨運銷本(ben)省(sheng)閩(min)(min)東(dong)、閩(min)(min)北(bei)各地,作生(sheng)產(chan)“半番”之(zhi)用(yong)。
它的配種(zhong)能力強,受精(jing)率高,所產(chan)“半番”體型大,長膘快。
每(mei)逢新春繁(fan)殖季節,各地皆到古田選購(gou)公番(fan)鴨。
古(gu)田縣(xian)湖濱(bin)、大橋、鶴塘、杉洋等公社飼養量較大。
閩南(nan)主產區在福(fu)州以南(nan)沿海的莆田、晉江、龍(long)溪等三個地區十余個市、縣,以及福(fu)州地區。
龍(long)溪地區(qu)和(he)廈(sha)門(men)市郊的(de)(de)番鴨為(wei)(wei)(wei)黑白(bai)雜(za)花,其余地方(fang)皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)白(bai)色多惠安(an)、泉(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)、南安(an)的(de)(de)番鴨頂部(bu)有一撮黑毛,全身為(wei)(wei)(wei)白(bai)色。福州(zhou)(zhou)市郊的(de)(de)白(bai)番體型較大。
番(fan)鴨體(ti)型(xing)與家鴨不同,體(ti)型(xing)前尖(jian)后(hou)窄(zhai),呈(cheng)長(chang)橢圓形,頭大,頸(jing)短,嘴甲短而狹,嘴、爪發達;胸部(bu)(bu)寬闊豐滿,尾(wei)部(bu)(bu)瘦長(chang),不似家鴨有肥(fei)大的臀(tun)部(bu)(bu)。嘴的基部(bu)(bu)和(he)眼(yan)圈周圍有紅色(se)或黑色(se)的肉瘤,雄者展延較寬。翼羽(yu)(yu)矯(jiao)健(jian),長(chang)及尾(wei)部(bu)(bu),尾(wei)羽(yu)(yu)長(chang),向上(shang)微微翹起。番(fan)鴨羽(yu)(yu)毛顏色(se)為白色(se)、黑色(se)和(he)黑白花色(se)三種,少數呈(cheng)銀灰色(se)。羽(yu)(yu)色(se)不同,體(ti)形外貌亦有一些差(cha)別(bie)。
白(bai)番鴨的羽毛為白(bai)色,嘴甲粉紅(hong)色,頭部肉瘤鮮紅(hong)肥厚,呈鏈狀排列(lie),虹彩淺(qian)灰(hui)色,腳(jiao)(jiao)橙黃。若頭頂有一攝黑毛的,嘴甲、腳(jiao)(jiao)則帶有黑點(dian)。
黑(hei)番鴨的羽毛為黑(hei)色(se)(se),帶有(you)墨綠色(se)(se)光澤;僅(jin)主翼羽或復翼羽中,常有(you)少數的白羽;肉(rou)瘤顏(yan)色(se)(se)黑(hei)里透(tou)紅,且(qie)較(jiao)單薄;嘴(zui)角色(se)(se)紅,有(you)黑(hei)斑;虹彩淺黃色(se)(se),腳多黑(hei)色(se)(se)。
黑(hei)(hei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)花(hua)番鴨(ya)的羽(yu)毛黑(hei)(hei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)不等。常(chang)見(jian)的有(you)背羽(yu)毛為(wei)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se),頸下、翅羽(yu)和(he)腹部帶(dai)有(you)數量不一的白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)羽(yu)毛;還(huan)有(you)全身(shen)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se),間有(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)羽(yu)。嘴甲多為(wei)紅色(se)(se)帶(dai)有(you)黑(hei)(hei)斑點,腳呈暗(an)黃色(se)(se)。
據不(bu)同(tong)毛色的61只公(gong)(gong)(gong)番(fan)鴨和200只母(mu)番(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)、體(ti)(ti)(ti)尺測定;不(bu)同(tong)毛色的公(gong)(gong)(gong)番(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)無顯(xian)著差異,平均為(wei)3.04公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(3.01~3.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin));不(bu)同(tong)毛色的母(mu)番(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)差異顯(xian)著,以白(bai)色者(zhe)體(ti)(ti)(ti)得最大(da)(平均1.90公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)),黑色者(zhe)次之(平均1.80公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)),黑白(bai)花的最小(平均1.72公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)),三(san)者(zhe)平均為(wei)1.87公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)。成年公(gong)(gong)(gong)番(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)(ti)得約為(wei)母(mu)番(fan)鴨大(da)一倍(bei)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)母(mu)番(fan)鴨的體(ti)(ti)(ti)斜長分(fen)別為(wei)29.23厘(li)米、24.04厘(li)米;龍骨(gu)長為(wei)19.07厘(li)米、15.36厘(li)米;胸深(shen)為(wei)9.81厘(li)米、8.28厘(li)米;胸寬為(wei)11.79厘(li)米、9.57厘(li)米。
孵化
番鴨(ya)由(you)于種蛋(dan)的蛋(dan)殼(ke)厚、光滑而堅硬(ying)、不易(yi)破碎、氣孔封得嚴、相(xiang)對表(biao)面積小。直接影響了(le)氣體(ti)交換、水分蒸發、熱(re)能傳(chuan)導(dao)和啄殼(ke)出雛,致使(shi)人工孵化率低。
四川青神縣養殖技術研究(jiu)所采用仿生孵禽溫(wen)箱(xiang)有效地提高了番鴨及西洋鴨種蛋的孵化率(lv)和健雛率(lv)。實踐證(zheng)明(ming),用此法(fa)比(bi)常規孵化法(fa)提高出(chu)殼(ke)率(lv)10-15%。現(xian)將有關技術簡介于(yu)下:
仿主孵禽溫箱的組成
由(you)(you)立(li)(li)式孵(fu)化(hua)箱和平(ping)型(xing)出雛(chu)箱配套組成。在(zai)孵(fu)化(hua)前(qian)期番鴨(ya)蛋自溫(wen)(wen)低,將種鴨(ya)蛋于立(li)(li)式箱內孵(fu)化(hua),利用立(li)(li)式箱底部(bu)和周邊貯存的熱源(yuan)均勻供溫(wen)(wen)的特點,使番鴨(ya)蛋各部(bu)受溫(wen)(wen)均勻,孵(fu)至(zhi)17天后,胚(pei)蛋自溫(wen)(wen)逐漸(jian)升高,此(ci)時應將番鴨(ya)蛋由(you)(you)立(li)(li)式箱轉(zhuan)至(zhi)平(ping)型(xing)出雛(chu)箱孵(fu)化(hua),通(tong)過(guo)向平(ping)型(xing)出雛(chu)箱減加冷熱水,可準確調節(jie)蛋溫(wen)(wen)在(zai)所(suo)需范圍(wei)內,使其處于仿(fang)自然(ran)孵(fu)化(hua)狀態。
種蛋的保存和放置
在(zai)環境溫度低于18℃以(yi)下保存時間在(zai)6天內,孵化率較高;反之孵化率較低。種(zhong)蛋水平放置,有(you)助(zhu)于提(ti)高番鴨(ya)蛋的孵化率。
溫度和濕度的控制
在(zai)孵化(hua)過程中,要對孵至(zhi)17-35天(tian)的胚蛋噴水。氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)高時噴冷開水;氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)低(di)時用35℃-40℃的溫(wen)水噴灑。每天(tian)噴一次(ci),將蛋噴至(zhi)濕透(tou),待晾干后繼續孵化(hua)。
翻蛋的次數
翻(fan)蛋(dan)(dan)可(ke)以促進胚胎活(huo)動,防止內容物(wu)粘連(lian)蛋(dan)(dan)殼,使其(qi)受熱均勻。孵化過(guo)程中宜(yi)每8小(xiao)時(shi)用手工或滾動式翻(fan)蛋(dan)(dan)一(yi)次。
生長發育
在同樣飼養管理(li)條件下,公(gong)母鴨(ya)(ya)生長(chang)速度相差很大(da)。雛出殼(ke)后,飼養至10日齡,從體(ti)型、體(ti)重(zhong)的大(da)小即可區分出公(gong)與母。平(ping)均體(ti)重(zhong)的絕對增(zeng)長(chang)最(zui)大(da)值是(shi)在70日齡之(zhi)后。70日齡后公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)體(ti)重(zhong)增(zeng)長(chang)大(da)大(da)超過(guo)母鴨(ya)(ya)。160日齡時,公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)比母鴨(ya)(ya)約(yue)重(zhong)1.10公(gong)斤。
在飼料中含有粗蛋白(bai)16~18%、代謝能(neng)2400~2600千卡/公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)營養水(shui)平下(xia)(xia)測定,初(chu)生重為(wei)(wei)47.60克(ke)的(de)(de)雛鴨(ya),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、母(mu)的(de)(de)體重1月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)時分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)0.79公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、0.78公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),2月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)進分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)1.74公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、1.51公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),3月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)時分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)2.59公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、1.80公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),4月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)2.93公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、1.90公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),5月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)時分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)3.25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、2.10公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。5月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)之(zhi)后增重速度逐(zhu)漸(jian)下(xia)(xia)降。
繁殖性能
平(ping)均開(kai)產(chan)日齡為(wei)172.88天(tian)(tian),見蛋(dan)日齡為(wei)153天(tian)(tian),開(kai)產(chan)后(hou)第一個產(chan)蛋(dan)周期(qi)最長,連產(chan)蛋(dan)數為(wei)35-40枚。以(yi)后(hou)每(mei)個產(chan)蛋(dan)周期(qi)連產(chan)蛋(dan)數可穩定在13~15枚;年產(chan)蛋(dan)100~110枚,最高個體可達(da)160枚。有抱性。據110個番鴨蛋(dan)測定,平(ping)均蛋(dan)重71.50克,蛋(dan)形(xing)橢圓,蛋(dan)形(xing)指數為(wei)1.39,蛋(dan)殼(ke)為(wei)玉白(bai)色。
產區群(qun)從(cong)在每年1~5月(yue)份孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan),按出(chu)殼時間先后(hou),將雛鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分(fen)為(wei)“頭番(fan)(fan)”(2~3份出(chu)殼的雛苗)、“二(er)番(fan)(fan)”(3~4月(yue)份的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)苗)和(he)“尾番(fan)(fan)”(5~6月(yue)份的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)苗)。群(qun)從(cong)多選(xuan)頭、二(er)番(fan)(fan)發育良(liang)好、生長快的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)子留作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)。由于(yu)它們的生長階段,正是蚯蚓以及(ji)魚蝦等(deng)不(bu)生動物(wu)繁殖(zhi)旺盛時期,動物(wu)性飼(si)料豐(feng)富,氣候溫和(he),它們不(bu)僅生長快,而且母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)當年就能(neng)產蛋(dan)。頭、二(er)番(fan)(fan)公鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在秋季達性成熟,也可及(ji)時配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的,多在白露(lu)時節(jie)災食。但用(yong)來繁殖(zhi)半番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),多選(xuan)尾番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。毛番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)飼(si)養到春節(jie)前后(hou)性成熟,即可與普通母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),生產半番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。群(qun)從(cong)主要是利用(yong)母(mu)(mu)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或母(mu)(mu)雞(ji)的抱(bao)性天然孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)。常采用(yong)雞(ji)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交替孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化,以維持母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、母(mu)(mu)雞(ji)體(ti)力上的消耗。孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化率一般在80~85之間,使用(yong)人(ren)工孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化,孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化率為(wei)70%,孵(fu)(fu)(fu)化期35天。
生長(chang)發(fa)育良好的公(gong)雛飼(si)養至4月齡(ling)后(hou),即發(fa)出“絲絲”叫(jiao)聲(sheng),表示性(xing)將成(cheng)熟(shu),并有追啄母鴨(ya)的性(xing)行為(wei)。至5~6月齡(ling)性(xing)成(cheng)熟(shu),即可配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在春季,公(gong)母比例為(wei)1:7~8時,受精率(lv)為(wei)90~95%配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)季節過(guo)后(hou),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鴨(ya)體力衰弱,配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)力差(cha),一(yi)般當年(nian)(nian)即行為(wei)淘汰,次年(nian)(nian)再選留(liu)新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鴨(ya)。
肥育性能
關于填(tian)肥(fei)時間,群從有“三月(yue)大,四月(yue)肥(fei)”的說法。即養至4月(yue)齡體重(zhong)達2.5~3公(gong)(gong)斤手,開(kai)始填(tian)肥(fei)。飼料多用(yong)米(mi)糠和煮熟甘薯各半(ban),用(yong)米(mi)湯或稀粥調勻,搓成圓(yuan)條狀的“劑子”。逐只填(tian)飼。填(tian)飼量(liang)由150克逐漸增加至400~450克,填(tian)飼量(liang)是否合適,多以在下一次填(tian)食(shi)前用(yong)手摸食(shi)道膨大部,無積食(shi)為標(biao)準(zhun)。經(jing)填(tian)飼2~3周,體重(zhong)達3.5~4公(gong)(gong)斤,即可宰食(shi)。
據福建農學院(yuan)1983年(nian)番鴨肥肝試驗(yan)。3月齡番鴨,用玉(yu)米粒料填飼(si)2周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),平均(jun)(jun)肝重(zhong)299.64克,個體(ti)肝重(zhong)最(zui)高(gao)達337.40克;填肥3周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),平均(jun)(jun)肝重(zhong)352.77克,最(zui)高(gao)491.80克。填肥2周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)和3周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),在肝重(zhong)增加(jia)的(de)同時,體(ti)重(zhong)分別(bie)增加(jia)1.44公(gong)斤(增重(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)51.61%)、1.66公(gong)斤(增重(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)68.90%),全(quan)凈膛屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)分別(bie)為(wei)70.58%、67.41%。公(gong)鴨肝重(zhong)和體(ti)得的(de)增長都高(gao)于母鴨。填肥2周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)和3周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),瘦肉(胸、腿肌)占(zhan)屠(tu)體(ti)比率(lv)公(gong)別(bie)24.96%、23.66%,而北京鴨分別(bie)為(wei)16.20%、14.80%。
填肥2周和(he)3周,每產1公斤(jin)(jin)肥肝耗玉米分別(bie)為(wei)30.05公斤(jin)(jin)和(he)32公斤(jin)(jin),每增加1公斤(jin)(jin)活重的玉米消(xiao)耗量分別(bie)為(wei)4.80公斤(jin)(jin)和(he)5.84公斤(jin)(jin)。
雜交利用
公(gong)(gong)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與當地母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交(jiao)配(pei)和生產半(ban)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是產區(qu)人民的傳統習慣。古(gu)田鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)農技術好,春季種蛋受精率可(ke)達80%以上。半(ban)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雜種優勢率達25.41%。在粗放飼(si)養(yang)條件下,3月齡體(ti)重可(ke)達2.05公(gong)(gong)斤。據廈(sha)門大學生命科學學院測(ce)定,三(san)元(yuan)雜交(jiao)的“番(fan)(fan)北金”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)10~60日齡相(xiang)對(dui)生長(chang)率為(wei)76.10%,半(ban)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)67.88%;“番(fan)(fan)北金”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)比(bi)半(ban)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)提早(zao)10~15天上市(shi),節(jie)省飼(si)料(liao)10%
番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)原(yuan)產于(yu)中(zhong)、南美洲熱帶地(di)區,我國(guo)飼(si)養歷史悠久。據1763年編纂的(de)(de)古港《泉州府(fu)志》記載(zai):“番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya)狀似鴨(ya)而(er)大(da)似鵝,自抱(bao)(bao)(bao)其蛋而(er)生,種自洋舶來。”又據1729年《福建(jian)通(tong)志》中(zhong)“閩產錄異”云:“極大(da)而(er)紅鼻者為(wei)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya),雌雄配方抱(bao)(bao)(bao)卵(luan),須留一(yi)卵(luan)壓巢母鴨(ya)方陸續再下(xia),卵(luan)盡自咬項下(xia)筆為(wei)藏以伏之(zhi),一(yi)月(yue)出(chu)雛(chu)。伏而(er)五日內(nei)聞礱磨之(zhi)聲則(ze)卵(luan)孚(fu)矣。[半(ban)番(fan)(fan)]小于(yu)番(fan)(fan)鴨(ya),[萊鴨(ya)]小于(yu)半(ban)番(fan)(fan),皆不(bu)能抱(bao)(bao)(bao)卵(luan),……”另(ling)外,在主產區古田(tian)(tian)、莆田(tian)(tian)、閩侯等縣(xian)的(de)(de)縣(xian)志,也都有記載(zai)。
番(fan)鴨(ya)素被群眾(zhong)視(shi)為(wei)補壯身體的珍品(pin)。福(fu)建(jian)番(fan)鴨(ya)經長期(qi)馴化,以及(ji)“選(xuan)早(zao)、選(xuan)大、選(xuan)快”等(deng)留(liu)種(zhong)措施,早(zao)已成為(wei)適應福(fu)建(jian)省生態(tai)環境的良種(zhong)肉用鴨(ya)