《現代中國的形(xing)成》由(you) [美]李懷印著,廣西師范大學出版社出版。
一個(ge)現(xian)(xian)代國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng),離不開四個(ge)基本要(yao)素,即(ji)領土、人口(kou)、政(zheng)府(fu)和主權(quan)(quan)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi),我(wo)們(men)要(yao)認(ren)識現(xian)(xian)代中(zhong)國(guo)(guo),至少須(xu)回答:中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)作(zuo)為一個(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)漢人為主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)內地各省(sheng)和以(yi)(yi)(yi)少數(shu)民(min)族為主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)各邊疆(jiang)所組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)多民(min)族國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),在(zai)19世(shi)紀(ji)之前是如何(he)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)并得以(yi)(yi)(yi)維(wei)系的(de)(de)(de)?它在(zai)19世(shi)紀(ji)被卷入世(shi)界(jie)范圍的(de)(de)(de)主權(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)系之后,是如何(he)維(wei)持自身的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存尤其(qi)是既有(you)疆(jiang)域,并在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際上獲得對其(qi)主權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)確認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)?20世(shi)紀(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來不同形(xing)(xing)(xing)態的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)制,又(you)是在(zai)怎樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)背景下以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)通過何(he)種路徑而(er)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)?歸根到(dao)底(di),我(wo)們(men)需要(yao)回答,今天的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)究竟從何(he)而(er)來?其(qi)疆(jiang)域構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)、族群組(zu)合和政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)態是否具(ju)有(you)歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)合理性?她(ta)到(dao)底(di)是一個(ge)具(ju)有(you)生(sheng)命力的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代民(min)族國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),抑或一個(ge)在(zai)疆(jiang)域整合和政(zheng)治(zhi)認(ren)同方(fang)面依然面臨(lin)重重危(wei)機的(de)(de)(de)非常(chang)態國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)?這(zhe)些問題不解釋清楚,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)作(zuo)為一個(ge)現(xian)(xian)代國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)正當性,及(ji)其(qi)在(zai)西方(fang)歷史(shi)(shi)經(jing)驗基礎上所建構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際政(zheng)治(zhi)話語中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)合法性,便會受到(dao)質疑。
欲重新(xin)認識現代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),有(you)必要(yao)從(cong)過去(qu)宏(hong)大歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)敘(xu)(xu)事的(de)(de)窠(ke)臼(jiu)以(yi)及“碎片化(hua)”的(de)(de)泥潭(tan)里解放出來,站在(zai)新(xin)千年的(de)(de)全球地緣政(zheng)治的(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)(du),重新(xin)探究對今(jin)日中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)認識最(zui)(zui)具挑(tiao)戰(zhan)性的(de)(de)問題。如果我(wo)們對當(dang)代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不是(shi)僅僅從(cong)政(zheng)權(quan)性質的(de)(de)角度(du)(du)加以(yi)界定,而(er)是(shi)從(cong)更(geng)寬廣(guang)的(de)(de)角度(du)(du),把它定義為(wei)一個(ge)(ge)現代主(zhu)權(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),那么,整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)近現代史(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)宏(hong)大敘(xu)(xu)事和(he)(he)概念架(jia)構,均有(you)待重構。在(zai)前述(shu)組成(cheng)現代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)四個(ge)(ge)基本(ben)(ben)要(yao)素中(zhong)(zhong),除政(zheng)權(quan)外,還(huan)必須(xu)(xu)考慮到疆域、族群構成(cheng)和(he)(he)主(zhu)權(quan)形成(cheng)問題。最(zui)(zui)為(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi),政(zheng)權(quan)本(ben)(ben)身也必須(xu)(xu)放在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)宏(hong)觀歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)視野里加以(yi)理解。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)近現代史(shi)(shi)(shi),換句話說(shuo),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)朝向一個(ge)(ge)現代主(zhu)權(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)。這一歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)時間(jian)跨度(du)(du)和(he)(he)涵蓋范(fan)圍,遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)超出了(le)過去(qu)以(yi)革命或(huo)現代化(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)敘(xu)(xu)事的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)書寫。
李懷印,美國(guo)(guo)加州大(da)學(xue)洛杉(shan)磯分(fen)校歷史(shi)學(xue)博(bo)士,德克薩(sa)斯大(da)學(xue)奧斯汀(ting)分(fen)校歷史(shi)系教授,東亞研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)心主(zhu)(zhu)任(2015-2020)。主(zhu)(zhu)要論(lun)著有The Making of the Modern Chinese State: 1600-1950 (Routledge, 2019),Reinventing Modern China: Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing (University of Hawaii Press, 2013)(中(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)版(ban)《重構近代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo):中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)寫作中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)想象與真實》),Village China under Socialism and Reform: A Micro-History, 1948-2008 (Stanford University Press, 2009)(中(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)版(ban)《鄉(xiang)村(cun)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)紀事(shi):集(ji)體化和(he)改革(ge)的(de)(de)微觀歷程》),Village Governance in North China, 1875-1936 (Stanford University Press, 2005)(中(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)版(ban)《華北村(cun)治:晚(wan)清和(he)民國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家與鄉(xiang)村(cun)》)等。主(zhu)(zhu)編(bian)兩套(tao)大(da)型(xing)叢書(shu):“Rethinking Socialism and Reform in China”( “中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義和(he)改革(ge)道路的(de)(de)再思考(kao)”叢書(shu))和(he) “Studies in Contemporary Chinese History”( “當代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)史(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)”叢書(shu))。2000年以來,在(zai)海內外(wai)頂(ding)尖學(xue)術期刊History and Theory, China Quarterly, Modern China, The China Journal,《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)會科學(xue)》、《歷史(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)》等發表論(lun)文(wen)30余篇(pian),并(bing)擔任Twentieth-Century China, Rural China: An International Journal of History and Social Sciences, Chinese Historical Review,《開放時(shi)代》等學(xue)術期刊的(de)(de)編(bian)委。