海軍岸(an)防兵(bing)(bing)(Naval Coast Defence Arm),是(shi)(shi)部(bu)署(shu)在沿海重要地段,以火力參加對海防御(yu)作戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)海軍兵(bing)(bing)種(zhong),它是(shi)(shi)海岸(an)防御(yu)的(de)(de)(de)火力骨(gu)干(gan)。海軍岸(an)防兵(bing)(bing)能充分利用島、岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)有利條件,預先構(gou)筑多種(zhong)陣地,儲備(bei)大量作戰(zhan)物資,進行持久作戰(zhan),是(shi)(shi)近岸(an)堅守防御(yu)戰(zhan)中的(de)(de)(de)主要兵(bing)(bing)力之(zhi)一。
海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)署于沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)重要(yao)(yao)地(di)段、島嶼(yu),主要(yao)(yao)以火(huo)力遂(sui)行海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)防御任務的(de)(de)兵(bing)種(zhong)。通常由海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)部(bu)隊(dui)和(he)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)兵(bing)部(bu)隊(dui)組(zu)成。編(bian)(bian)有(you)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)團(營(ying))、海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)兵(bing)團(營(ying))等(deng),分屬于海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍基(ji)地(di)或水警(jing)區。有(you)的(de)(de)國家設(she)有(you)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)防司令部(bu),編(bian)(bian)有(you)旅。能獨立作(zuo)戰(zhan),也可(ke)協同其(qi)他兵(bing)種(zhong)遂(sui)行作(zuo)戰(zhan)任務。主要(yao)(yao)編(bian)(bian)配岸(an)(an)(an)(an)對艦導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)和(he)大中(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)徑火(huo)炮(pao)。海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍岸(an)(an)(an)(an)防兵(bing)能充分利(li)用島岸(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)有(you)利(li)條件,進(jin)行持久(jiu)作(zuo)戰(zhan),是海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)防御的(de)(de)陸上骨干(gan)力量。基(ji)本任務是:封鎖(suo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)峽、航道,消(xiao)滅敵方艦船,掩護近岸(an)(an)(an)(an)海(hai)(hai)(hai)區交通線和(he)艦船;支援海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)、要(yao)(yao)塞的(de)(de)守備部(bu)隊(dui)作(zuo)戰(zhan),參(can)加(jia)抗登(deng)陸作(zuo)戰(zhan),保衛(wei)基(ji)地(di)、港口(kou)和(he)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)重要(yao)(yao)地(di)段的(de)(de)安(an)全等(deng)。
早在(zai)(zai)公(gong)元前,一(yi)些瀕海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)家就有了(le)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)設(she)施和(he)(he)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)力(li)。14~15世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀,岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)隨著(zhu)配備岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)的(de)(de)(de)瀕海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)要(yao)(yao)塞的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)形成。18世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀后,許多(duo)國(guo)家先(xian)后將岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)列入(ru)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)序列。19世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀,各(ge)軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)強國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)瀕海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)段(duan)要(yao)(yao)地多(duo)筑(zhu)有較(jiao)為(wei)完善的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)御(yu)火(huo)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)陣(zhen)地,至20世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀初達(da)(da)到最盛時(shi)期。在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)一(yi)次世(shi)(shi)(shi)界大戰的(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)達(da)(da)尼爾海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)峽(xia)戰役和(he)(he)第(di)(di)二(er)次世(shi)(shi)(shi)界大戰蘇德戰爭中(zhong)(zhong),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)都發(fa)揮了(le)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用(yong)。第(di)(di)二(er)次世(shi)(shi)(shi)界大戰后,隨著(zhu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)武器的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong),許多(duo)國(guo)家建(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)部隊(dui)。蘇聯海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)把海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)火(huo)箭炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)作為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)種。80年(nian)(nian)代末,世(shi)(shi)(shi)界各(ge)國(guo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)部隊(dui)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)不一(yi),規模裝備差異也較(jiao)大。蘇聯稱(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),營為(wei)最大的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制單位。越南(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)編(bian)(bian)1個(ge)(ge)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦(jian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)旅(lv)。瑞典海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)編(bian)(bian)5個(ge)(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)團(tuan)(含(han)若干導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)隊(dui))。海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,受(shou)國(guo)家軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)戰略和(he)(he)地理環境(jing)等因素的(de)(de)(de)影響甚大。進(jin)入(ru)21世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀,以信息技(ji)術為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)高新技(ji)術廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)部隊(dui),導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)的(de)(de)(de)射程和(he)(he)精度都大大提(ti)高,但岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)御(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)作用(yong)依然重(zhong)大。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)有悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展歷史。宋元時(shi)期,在(zai)(zai)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)建(jian)(jian)城(cheng)設(she)防(fang)(fang)(fang),防(fang)(fang)(fang)御(yu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜(dao)。明朝(chao)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)設(she)有衛、所(suo),并在(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)要(yao)(yao)地修城(cheng)筑(zhu)堡,屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)戍守(shou)。如戚繼光、俞大猷統率(lv)步師(shi)和(he)(he)水師(shi),抗擊(ji)倭寇(kou)。嘉靖(1522~1566)年(nian)(nian)間,編(bian)(bian)配銅(tong)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao),“大彈(dan)發(fa)及(ji)七百步”。清(qing)初,建(jian)(jian)水師(shi),造(zao)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺,防(fang)(fang)(fang)守(shou)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)口(kou)。道(dao)光(1821~1850)年(nian)(nian)間,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)禁大開(kai),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)益(yi)重(zhong)。鴉片戰爭中(zhong)(zhong),清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)利用(yong)在(zai)(zai)虎門設(she)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺和(he)(he)設(she)置的(de)(de)(de)水中(zhong)(zhong)障礙陣(zhen)地,抗擊(ji)了(le)英軍(jun)(jun)戰艦(jian)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)攻。此后,清(qing)朝(chao)在(zai)(zai)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)要(yao)(yao)地構筑(zhu)新式炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺130多(duo)座。中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)國(guo)時(shi)期,炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺幾經整修,后在(zai)(zai)抗日戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)揮了(le)一(yi)定作用(yong)。如1932年(nian)(nian)一(yi)?二(er)八抗戰,吳淞要(yao)(yao)塞阻日艦(jian)于(yu)黃浦(pu)江口(kou)達(da)(da)月余之久(jiu)。中(zhong)(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)成立(li)后,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人民(min)解放軍(jun)(jun)于(yu)1950年(nian)(nian)8月,將東北軍(jun)(jun)區(qu)(qu)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)第(di)(di)6師(shi)和(he)(he)西南(nan)軍(jun)(jun)區(qu)(qu)特(te)種炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)第(di)(di)10團(tuan)改(gai)(gai)編(bian)(bian)為(wei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學校(后改(gai)(gai)稱(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學校),突擊(ji)培訓技(ji)術骨(gu)干。同年(nian)(nian)10月,組(zu)建(jian)(jian)了(le)第(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)營。1951年(nian)(nian),組(zu)建(jian)(jian)了(le)10多(duo)個(ge)(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)團(tuan)。1952年(nian)(nian),成立(li)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部(后改(gai)(gai)稱(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)御(yu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部)。1955年(nian)(nian),組(zu)建(jian)(jian)了(le)列車(機動(dong))岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)團(tuan)和(he)(he)獨立(li)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)營,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)、艦(jian)隊(dui)、基地均設(she)有岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)機構。20世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀60年(nian)(nian)代初期,岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦(jian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)編(bian)(bian)配部隊(dui)。70年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)期,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦(jian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)部隊(dui)迅(xun)速發(fa)展,成為(wei)初具規模、較(jiao)為(wei)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)力(li)量。
海軍岸(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)自建立以來(lai),曾(ceng)單獨和協(xie)同其(qi)他(ta)兵(bing)種(zhong)參加(jia)作(zuo)戰400余(yu)次,擊沉、擊傷(shang)敵(di)艦船70余(yu)艘,擊落、擊傷(shang)敵(di)機40余(yu)架,在鞏固海防(fang)(fang)、保衛近岸(an)交通和漁(yu)業生(sheng)產等任(ren)務中(zhong)發揮(hui)了重要作(zuo)用(yong)。隨著信(xin)息技術和武器裝備(bei)的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)發展,海軍岸(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)將進一步改(gai)進裝備(bei)性能(neng),增(zeng)(zeng)大射程,實(shi)施精確制(zhi)導,提(ti)高指揮(hui)控制(zhi)水(shui)平;完善海岸(an)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)配系(xi),增(zeng)(zeng)大海上防(fang)(fang)御(yu)縱深和打擊威力;增(zeng)(zeng)強與(yu)其(qi)他(ta)兵(bing)種(zhong)、軍種(zhong)的(de)協(xie)同作(zuo)戰能(neng)力。