緋桃(拉丁(ding)學名:Amygdalus persica L. var. persica f. magnifica Schneid.)為桃的變種。是薔薇科桃屬喬木,高3-8米;樹冠寬廣(guang)而平展;樹皮暗(an)紅褐色,老時粗糙(cao)呈鱗片狀。本種花重(zhong)瓣,鮮(xian)紅色。原產我國(guo),各省區廣(guang)泛(fan)栽培(pei)。世(shi)界各地均有(you)栽植。具有(you)觀賞(shang)價值(zhi)。
原產我國,各省區廣泛栽(zai)培。世(shi)界各地均有栽(zai)植。
喬木,高(gao)3-8米(mi)(mi)(mi);樹(shu)冠寬(kuan)廣而平展;樹(shu)皮暗紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)褐色,老(lao)時粗(cu)(cu)糙(cao)呈鱗片(pian)(pian)狀;小(xiao)枝細長(chang)(chang),無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),有(you)光澤(ze),綠色,向(xiang)陽處轉變成(cheng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色,具(ju)(ju)(ju)大量小(xiao)皮孔;冬芽圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂端(duan)鈍,外被(bei)短(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),常2-3個簇生,中間(jian)為(wei)葉(xie)芽,兩側為(wei)花芽。葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)倒卵(luan)(luan)狀披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)7-15厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2-3.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)漸(jian)尖,基部寬(kuan)楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),上面(mian)(mian)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),下面(mian)(mian)在脈腋間(jian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)少數(shu)短(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),葉(xie)邊(bian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)細鋸齒(chi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)粗(cu)(cu)鋸齒(chi),齒(chi)端(duan)具(ju)(ju)(ju)腺(xian)體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)(huo)無(wu)(wu)腺(xian)體(ti)(ti);葉(xie)柄粗(cu)(cu)壯(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)1-2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),常具(ju)(ju)(ju)1至數(shu)枚腺(xian)體(ti)(ti),有(you)時無(wu)(wu)腺(xian)體(ti)(ti)。花單生,先(xian)于葉(xie)開放,直徑(jing)2.5-3.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);花梗極短(duan)(duan)(duan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)幾(ji)無(wu)(wu)梗;萼筒鐘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),被(bei)短(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),稀幾(ji)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),綠色而具(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色斑點;萼片(pian)(pian)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂端(duan)圓(yuan)鈍,外被(bei)短(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao);花瓣長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)狀橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至寬(kuan)倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),粉紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色,罕為(wei)白色;雄蕊約20-30,花藥(yao)緋紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色;花柱幾(ji)與雄蕊等長(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)稍短(duan)(duan)(duan);子房被(bei)短(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)。果實(shi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀和(he)大小(xiao)均有(you)變異,卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、寬(kuan)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)扁(bian)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)(3)5-7(12)厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)幾(ji)與寬(kuan)相等,色澤(ze)變化由淡綠白色至橙黃(huang)色,常在向(xiang)陽面(mian)(mian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)暈,外面(mian)(mian)密被(bei)短(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),稀無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),腹縫明(ming)顯,果梗短(duan)(duan)(duan)而深入果洼(wa);果肉(rou)白色、淺綠白色、黃(huang)色、橙黃(huang)色或(huo)(huo)(huo)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色,多汁有(you)香味,甜或(huo)(huo)(huo)酸甜;核大,離核或(huo)(huo)(huo)粘核,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩側扁(bian)平,頂端(duan)漸(jian)尖,表面(mian)(mian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)縱(zong)、橫溝(gou)紋和(he)孔穴;種仁味苦(ku),稀味甜。花期3-4月,果實(shi)成(cheng)熟期因品種而異,通常為(wei)8-9月。2n=16。
花重瓣,鮮(xian)紅(hong)色。
1 砧(zhen)木與品種(zhong)的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇及嫁接:應選(xuan)擇嫁接后具(ju)有矮(ai)化作用的(de)(de)砧(zhen)木,如(ru)壽(shou)星(xing)(xing)桃(tao)、毛(mao)櫻桃(tao)、歐李等(deng)。觀賞桃(tao)有觀花和觀果兩種(zhong)。觀花桃(tao)有單碧桃(tao)、緋桃(tao)、單瓣白桃(tao)、千瓣白桃(tao)等(deng);觀果桃(tao)有壽(shou)星(xing)(xing)桃(tao)、蟠(pan)桃(tao)、油桃(tao)等(deng)。可以根據個人的(de)(de)欣賞品位選(xuan)擇合(he)適的(de)(de)品種(zhong)。
嫁(jia)(jia)(jia)接宜采用芽接法,嫁(jia)(jia)(jia)接部位(wei)(wei)一(yi)般距地(di)面(mian)5-10厘(li)米(mi),垂枝型品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)須高位(wei)(wei)嫁(jia)(jia)(jia)接,距地(di)面(mian)25-35厘(li)米(mi)為宜。也可在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)植株上(shang)嫁(jia)(jia)(jia)接不同(tong)(tong)花色(se)、果實的品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),或同(tong)(tong)時(shi)嫁(jia)(jia)(jia)接觀(guan)花觀(guan)果多個(ge)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。
2 容器(qi)(qi)的(de)選擇:選用能夠(gou)滿(man)足桃樹正常生長(chang)發育(yu)需要且(qie)與(yu)觀賞部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、環境及樹形相協(xie)調的(de)容器(qi)(qi),器(qi)(qi)壁以不(bu)滲水為好(hao),防止因(yin)滲水引起(qi)局部(bu)(bu)鹽分(fen)積累而影響生長(chang)。
3 基(ji)質(zhi)選擇及營養(yang)液(ye)配(pei)制:觀賞桃栽(zai)培選用的基(ji)質(zhi)有珍珠巖(yan)、蛭(zhi)石、泥(ni)炭、樹皮(pi)等(deng)。應根據當地基(ji)質(zhi)來源進行選擇。但(dan)要注意:選用蛭(zhi)石時,需與酸性基(ji)質(zhi)如泥(ni)炭等(deng)混合使(shi)用;樹皮(pi)和(he)鋸末則(ze)需要堆漚一個月以(yi)上才能使(shi)用。生產上多以(yi)泥(ni)炭為主(zhu)體,配(pei)以(yi)沙、蛭(zhi)石、珍珠巖(yan)等(deng)基(ji)質(zhi),效(xiao)果較好。適合盆(pen)栽(zai)的比例為泥(ni)炭:珍珠:巖(yan)=2:2:1。
合理的營養液(ye)配(pei)方(fang)是基(ji)質盆栽觀賞桃的關(guan)鍵。現提供一個配(pei)方(fang):每(mei)升水(shui)中加(jia)四水(shui)硝酸(suan)鈣590毫(hao)克,硝酸(suan)鉀(jia)253毫(hao)克,磷酸(suan)二氫鉀(jia)68毫(hao)克,七水(shui)硫酸(suan)鎂350毫(hao)克。
4 管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理:(1)苗期(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理。嫁接(jie)成(cheng)活(huo)后(hou)(hou),春季(ji)要(yao)及時剪砧、除萌,加強(qiang)肥水管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理,使枝干迅速(su)增粗。為(wei)了使苗木適于盆栽,應及時采(cai)用摘心、拉枝、斷根(gen)等方法降低干高,控制(zhi)根(gen)系的(de)伸展(zhan)范圍,以利產(chan)生大量(liang)須根(gen)。第2年即可上(shang)盆。生長較弱的(de)苗子,可再培養(yang)1年后(hou)(hou)上(shang)盆。(2)栽后(hou)(hou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理。可按一(yi)般(ban)桃樹的(de)生長習性(xing)進(jin)行管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理。須要(yao)注(zhu)意的(de)是(shi),盆栽桃樹一(yi)般(ban)花量(liang)較大,因此在花期(qi)一(yi)定要(yao)注(zhu)意養(yang)分的(de)供應。
盆栽桃(tao)的樹冠小,通風透光條件(jian)好,發(fa)枝多,成枝力強,枝條加粗較(jiao)快,易整(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)。可(ke)以通過各(ge)種修剪措施,結合使(shi)用生長調節劑PP333、矮壯素等,并根據(ju)欣賞品位,合理整(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)。
盆栽(zai)桃樹的根(gen)系防(fang)寒能力差,進行低溫處理時(shi),要有適當的環境條(tiao)件和(he)必要的防(fang)護措施。越冬期間,要經常檢查基質濕(shi)度,發現(xian)缺水立即補充。
基質(zhi)栽培(pei)的桃樹病蟲害較少(shao),如有發生(sheng),要及時摘(zhai)除病蟲葉,用70%甲基托布(bu)津可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑1000倍(bei)(bei)液或65%代森鋅可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑1000倍(bei)(bei)液防治病害,用2.5%撲虱蚜1800倍(bei)(bei)液、20%白(bai)螨(man)撲2000倍(bei)(bei)液等(deng)防治蟲害。
桃(tao)樹干(gan)上分泌的膠質,俗稱(cheng)桃(tao)膠,可(ke)用作粘接劑等,為(wei)一種聚糖(tang)類物(wu)質,水(shui)解能生成(cheng)阿拉伯糖(tang)、半乳糖(tang)、木(mu)糖(tang)、鼠李(li)糖(tang)、葡(pu)糖(tang)醛酸等,可(ke)食用,也供藥用,有破血(xue)、和血(xue)、益(yi)氣(qi)之效。
基質栽培觀賞桃,省水省肥、干(gan)凈衛生,適合于居室、辦(ban)公場所、賓館飯(fan)店等處(chu)擺放,既能美(mei)化環境,又能提供新(xin)鮮(xian)的果品,因而發(fa)展空間很大。