耐旱性頗佳的黃梔花,生長(chang)適溫范圍為(wei)22~28℃,適合于高溫濕潤和日照充足、排(pai)水良好的環境,植地的土(tu)壤以稍帶粘性的壤土(tu)為(wei)佳。
山(shan)黃(huang)梔,灌木,高(gao)0.3-3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);嫩枝常(chang)(chang)(chang)被短(duan)毛,枝圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),灰色。葉(xie)對(dui)生,革質,稀(xi)為(wei)紙(zhi)質,少(shao)為(wei)3枚(mei)輪生,葉(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多樣,通常(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-25厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1.5-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端漸尖、驟然長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)漸尖或(huo)(huo)短(duan)尖而鈍,基部(bu)(bu)(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)短(duan)尖,兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)常(chang)(chang)(chang)無毛,上面(mian)(mian)亮綠(lv),下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)色較暗;側脈8-15對(dui),在下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)凸(tu)起,在上面(mian)(mian)平;葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.2-1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);托(tuo)葉(xie)膜質。花(hua)(hua)芳香,通常(chang)(chang)(chang)單朵生于枝頂,花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);萼(e)(e)管(guan)倒(dao)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-25毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)縱(zong)棱,萼(e)(e)檐管(guan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),膨大,頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)5-8裂(lie)(lie),通常(chang)(chang)(chang)6裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-30毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1-4毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),結果(guo)時增長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),宿存;花(hua)(hua)冠白色或(huo)(huo)乳黃(huang)色,高(gao)腳(jiao)碟狀(zhuang)(zhuang),喉(hou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)疏(shu)柔毛,冠管(guan)狹圓(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)4-6毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)5至(zhi)8裂(lie)(lie),通常(chang)(chang)(chang)6裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)廣展,倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)0.6-2.8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)絲(si)極短(duan),花(hua)(hua)藥(yao)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),伸出;花(hua)(hua)柱粗厚,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),柱頭(tou)紡(fang)錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),伸出,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)3-7毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),子(zi)房(fang)直徑約3毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),黃(huang)色,平滑(hua)。果(guo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、近球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),黃(huang)色或(huo)(huo)橙紅色,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),直徑1.2-2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)翅狀(zhuang)(zhuang)縱(zong)棱5-9條,頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)的宿存萼(e)(e)片(pian)(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達(da)4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)達(da)6毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);種子(zi)多數,扁,近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而稍有(you)棱角,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約3.5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)約3毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)期3-7月(yue),果(guo)期5月(yue)至(zhi)翌年2月(yue)。
本性強韌的(de)(de)黃梔花(hua)發根力(li)強,一般的(de)(de)繁(fan)殖系以扦(qian)插(cha)法為主,亦可用播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)法及壓條(tiao)法繁(fan)殖。扦(qian)插(cha)法得在3~4月的(de)(de)春季或9月的(de)(de)初秋(qiu)季節行(xing)之(zhi),擇選長約(yue)20公分、直徑約(yue)1公分,生長良好枝(zhi)丫,斜插(cha)于(yu)花(hua)床(chuang)并經妥善遮護(hu),約(yue)經一個月便可發根,俟扦(qian)插(cha)成(cheng)活(huo)(huo)后(hou)翌(yi)年(nian)即可移植本圃;播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)法往(wang)往(wang)于(yu)9、10月為之(zhi),雖(sui)可獲得較多量(liang)的(de)(de)子(zi)代,但因需(xu)等2、3年(nian)方會開花(hua),以致除了育(yu)種(zhong)、采種(zhong)之(zhi)外不(bu)常(chang)使用;壓條(tiao)法則適合于(yu)春季俾有較高的(de)(de)成(cheng)活(huo)(huo)率,1至2年(nian)后(hou)植株就可長出茂(mao)盛娉婷的(de)(de)花(hua)朵,花(hua)期完后(hou)宜修剪(jian)過于(yu)叢(cong)密雜亂或枯萎零(ling)弱(ruo)的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao),并于(yu)秋(qiu)、冬季節施行(xing)追肥和進行(xing)換(huan)土,以便促進翌(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)蓬發興茂(mao)。
黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)是屬(shu)于(yu)茜(qian)草科(Rubiaceae)、黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)屬(shu)(Gardenia)的(de)常(chang)(chang)綠性(xing)灌木(mu)或(huo)(huo)小喬木(mu),別名有(you)梔(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)花(hua)、黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)、雀舌花(hua)以(yi)及(ji)林蘭、木(mu)單、鮮支(zhi)、越桃(tao)…等,種類繁多,近約百種,在我國計有(you)7種,山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)則為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)一種。山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)的(de)株(zhu)干(gan)高約2至4公尺,分(fen)布華南、中(zhong)南半島、日本和臺灣,于(yu)全臺灣低(di)海拔山(shan)區的(de)向(xiang)陽(yang)山(shan)坡(po)(po)或(huo)(huo)闊葉樹(shu)林中(zhong)均(jun)常(chang)(chang)見到野生之山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi),另(ling)于(yu)公園(yuan)(yuan)、庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)校園(yuan)(yuan)亦常(chang)(chang)見到以(yi)人工栽植者,并(bing)適合作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)盆栽、盆景及(ji)綠籬、庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)之露天栽培。黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)樹(shu)在我國古時即(ji)被視作(zuo)是高經濟性(xing)植株(zhu),其(qi)花(hua)果根(gen)葉俱有(you)用途,司馬遷著之《史記》貨殖(zhi)列傳(chuan)中(zhong)曾載有(you)「…千(qian)(qian)畝梔(zhi)(zhi)茜(qian),其(qi)人與千(qian)(qian)戶侯等…」之語(yu)句,不難想(xiang)知(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)樹(shu)確屬(shu)價值匪淺(qian)之作(zuo)物(wu)。現(xian)今臺灣地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)黃(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)盛產地(di)(di)(di)系以(yi)桃(tao)園(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)之山(shan)坡(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di)和彰化縣(xian)田尾(wei)鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),主(zhu)要(yao)是作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)造園(yuan)(yuan)、造景與推(tui)動公共工程時美化環境之用。
山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)葉片呈對生(sheng)狀,為(wei)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)長橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing),先(xian)端銳尖(jian),兩面光滑,近于(yu)無柄,托(tuo)葉基部合生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)鞘筒狀;于(yu)仲春至初(chu)夏的(de)(de)3~6月(yue)時(shi)段開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)傘(san)型花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)形(xing)系呈單瓣之(zhi)貌,乃(nai)(nai)自細小的(de)(de)枝椏開(kai)出白色(se)(se)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)朵(duo),為(wei)3~4朵(duo)腋生(sheng)或(huo)頂生(sheng),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣則有6枚,單瓣,清香(xiang)撲鼻,曬干后(hou)尚可當作(zuo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)茶香(xiang)料,故頗受園藝界(jie)之(zhi)喜愛,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)謝時(shi)漸轉為(wei)乳黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),為(wei)中國典型香(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)植物之(zhi)一;秋、冬時(shi)可結成(cheng)(cheng)長橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)(de)漿果,果有五棱,果皮成(cheng)(cheng)熟后(hou)呈橘黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),常(chang)吸引白耳(er)畫(hua)(hua)眉(mei)、綠繡眼、繡眼畫(hua)(hua)眉(mei)和白頭翁(weng)等鳥類前來啄食,果實含黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)素(su)(crocin),因得作(zuo)為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)染料遂被取(qu)名「黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)」,且(qie)可加工制成(cheng)(cheng)食用色(se)(se)素(su),也可供(gong)作(zuo)藥材。山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)香(xiang)味(wei),實乃(nai)(nai)因其蘊涵的(de)(de)benzyl-acetate、linalool-acetate與anthranylic-methylester…等精油成(cheng)(cheng)分散發出來的(de)(de)。邇來,以香(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)植物的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉制作(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)茶、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水備供(gong)酌飲浸(jin)泡(pao)之(zhi)自然療(liao)法(fa)甚告風行,而黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)正(zheng)是(shi)業者極愛選用的(de)(de)香(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)植物之(zhi)一。