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生長與分布

耐(nai)旱(han)性頗佳(jia)的黃梔花，生(sheng)長適溫范(fan)圍為(wei)(wei)22～28℃，適合于高溫濕潤和日照充(chong)足、排水良(liang)好的環境，植地的土(tu)壤以稍帶粘性的壤土(tu)為(wei)(wei)佳(jia)。

形態及特征

山(shan)黃梔(zhi)，灌木，高0.3-3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；嫩枝常(chang)被短毛，枝圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，灰色(se)(se)(se)。葉(xie)對生(sheng)，革質，稀為(wei)紙質，少為(wei)3枚輪生(sheng)，葉(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多樣，通常(chang)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)(dao)(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)(dao)(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-25厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬1.5-8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)端漸(jian)尖(jian)、驟然長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)漸(jian)尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)短尖(jian)而(er)鈍(dun)，基部(bu)(bu)楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)短尖(jian)，兩面(mian)常(chang)無毛，上(shang)面(mian)亮綠，下面(mian)色(se)(se)(se)較暗(an)；側脈8-15對，在下面(mian)凸起，在上(shang)面(mian)平；葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.2-1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；托葉(xie)膜質。花(hua)芳香，通常(chang)單朵生(sheng)于枝頂(ding)(ding)，花(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；萼(e)管倒(dao)(dao)(dao)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-25毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，有縱(zong)棱，萼(e)檐管形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，膨(peng)大，頂(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)5-8裂，通常(chang)6裂，裂片(pian)披(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)線狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-30毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬1-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，結果(guo)時(shi)增長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，宿(su)存；花(hua)冠(guan)(guan)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)乳黃色(se)(se)(se)，高腳(jiao)碟狀(zhuang)，喉(hou)部(bu)(bu)有疏柔毛，冠(guan)(guan)管狹(xia)圓(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬4-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)5至8裂，通常(chang)6裂，裂片(pian)廣(guang)展，倒(dao)(dao)(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)倒(dao)(dao)(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬0.6-2.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；花(hua)絲極短，花(hua)藥線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，伸出(chu)；花(hua)柱(zhu)粗厚，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)4.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，柱(zhu)頭(tou)紡錘(chui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，伸出(chu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬3-7毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，子房直徑約(yue)(yue)(yue)3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，黃色(se)(se)(se)，平滑。果(guo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、近球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，黃色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橙紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，直徑1.2-2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，有翅狀(zhuang)縱(zong)棱5-9條，頂(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)的宿(su)存萼(e)片(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬達6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；種子多數，扁，近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)稍有棱角，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)3.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬約(yue)(yue)(yue)3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)期(qi)(qi)3-7月(yue)(yue)，果(guo)期(qi)(qi)5月(yue)(yue)至翌年2月(yue)(yue)。

繁殖方式

本性強韌的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃梔花(hua)(hua)(hua)發根力強，一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁殖(zhi)系以扦(qian)插(cha)法(fa)(fa)為(wei)主，亦可(ke)用播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)(fa)及壓條法(fa)(fa)繁殖(zhi)。扦(qian)插(cha)法(fa)(fa)得在(zai)3～4月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)春(chun)季(ji)或9月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初秋季(ji)節行(xing)之(zhi)，擇選長(chang)約20公分(fen)、直徑約1公分(fen)，生長(chang)良好枝丫，斜插(cha)于(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)床并經(jing)妥善遮護，約經(jing)一個月(yue)便可(ke)發根，俟扦(qian)插(cha)成活后(hou)(hou)翌年(nian)(nian)即可(ke)移植本圃；播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)(fa)往往于(yu)(yu)9、10月(yue)為(wei)之(zhi)，雖可(ke)獲得較多量的(de)(de)(de)(de)子代(dai)，但因需等2、3年(nian)(nian)方(fang)會開花(hua)(hua)(hua)，以致除了育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)外(wai)不常使用；壓條法(fa)(fa)則(ze)適合于(yu)(yu)春(chun)季(ji)俾有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)成活率，1至2年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)植株就(jiu)可(ke)長(chang)出(chu)茂盛娉婷的(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)朵，花(hua)(hua)(hua)期完(wan)后(hou)(hou)宜修剪過(guo)于(yu)(yu)叢(cong)密雜亂(luan)或枯萎零弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝條，并于(yu)(yu)秋、冬季(ji)節施行(xing)追肥和進行(xing)換土(tu)，以便促進翌年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓬發興(xing)茂。

價值及其他

黃(huang)梔(zhi)花(hua)(hua)是(shi)屬于(yu)茜草科（Rubiaceae）、黃(huang)梔(zhi)子屬（Gardenia）的(de)(de)常綠性(xing)灌木(mu)(mu)或小喬木(mu)(mu)，別名有(you)(you)梔(zhi)子花(hua)(hua)、黃(huang)梔(zhi)子、雀舌花(hua)(hua)以(yi)及林蘭(lan)、木(mu)(mu)單(dan)、鮮支、越桃…等(deng)，種(zhong)類(lei)繁(fan)多(duo)，近約(yue)百種(zhong)，在我國(guo)計(ji)有(you)(you)7種(zhong)，山黃(huang)梔(zhi)則(ze)為(wei)其中(zhong)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)。山黃(huang)梔(zhi)的(de)(de)株干高約(yue)2至(zhi)4公(gong)尺，分布華(hua)南(nan)、中(zhong)南(nan)半島、日本和臺灣(wan)，于(yu)全(quan)臺灣(wan)低(di)海拔山區的(de)(de)向陽山坡或闊(kuo)葉(xie)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林中(zhong)均常見到野生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山黃(huang)梔(zhi)，另于(yu)公(gong)園(yuan)、庭園(yuan)及校園(yuan)亦常見到以(yi)人工栽植者(zhe)，并適合作為(wei)盆栽、盆景及綠籬(li)、庭園(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)露天栽培。黃(huang)梔(zhi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)在我國(guo)古(gu)時(shi)即被視作是(shi)高經濟性(xing)植株，其花(hua)(hua)果根葉(xie)俱有(you)(you)用(yong)途，司馬遷著之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《史記》貨(huo)殖列傳中(zhong)曾載(zai)有(you)(you)「…千畝梔(zhi)茜，其人與千戶侯等(deng)…」之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語句，不(bu)難(nan)想(xiang)知黃(huang)梔(zhi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)確(que)屬價值匪淺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作物。現(xian)今(jin)臺灣(wan)地(di)區的(de)(de)黃(huang)梔(zhi)花(hua)(hua)盛產地(di)系以(yi)桃園(yuan)縣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山坡地(di)和彰化縣田尾鄉為(wei)主(zhu)，主(zhu)要是(shi)作為(wei)造(zao)園(yuan)、造(zao)景與推動公(gong)共工程時(shi)美(mei)化環境(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)。

山黃(huang)梔的葉(xie)片呈對生(sheng)狀，為(wei)橢圓形(xing)或(huo)長橢圓形(xing)，先端銳尖，兩面光滑，近于無柄，托葉(xie)基部合(he)生(sheng)成(cheng)鞘筒狀；于仲春(chun)至(zhi)初夏的3～6月時段(duan)開花(hua)，花(hua)為(wei)傘(san)型(xing)花(hua)序，花(hua)形(xing)系呈單(dan)瓣(ban)之貌，乃自(zi)細小的枝椏開出白色花(hua)朵(duo)，為(wei)3～4朵(duo)腋(ye)生(sheng)或(huo)頂(ding)生(sheng)，花(hua)瓣(ban)則有6枚(mei)，單(dan)瓣(ban)，清香(xiang)撲(pu)鼻，曬干后(hou)尚可(ke)當作(zuo)花(hua)茶香(xiang)料，故頗受園藝界之喜愛，花(hua)謝時漸轉為(wei)乳黃(huang)色，為(wei)中國典型(xing)香(xiang)花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)之一；秋(qiu)、冬時可(ke)結(jie)成(cheng)長橢圓形(xing)的漿果，果有五(wu)棱，果皮成(cheng)熟后(hou)呈橘黃(huang)色，常吸(xi)引白耳畫眉(mei)、綠繡眼(yan)、繡眼(yan)畫眉(mei)和白頭翁等(deng)鳥類前來啄食，果實含黃(huang)色素（crocin），因(yin)得作(zuo)為(wei)黃(huang)色染料遂被取名「黃(huang)梔」，且可(ke)加工制成(cheng)食用色素，也可(ke)供作(zuo)藥材。山黃(huang)梔的花(hua)香(xiang)味，實乃因(yin)其蘊涵的benzyl-acetate、linalool-acetate與(yu)anthranylic-methylester…等(deng)精油成(cheng)分散發(fa)出來的。邇來，以香(xiang)花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的花(hua)卉制作(zuo)成(cheng)花(hua)茶、花(hua)水備供酌(zhuo)飲浸(jin)泡之自(zi)然(ran)療(liao)法(fa)甚(shen)告風行(xing)，而黃(huang)梔花(hua)正是業者(zhe)極(ji)愛選(xuan)用的香(xiang)花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)之一。