栽培在(zai)池(chi)塘或水(shui)(shui)田(tian)內。是(shi)水(shui)(shui)生植物,性喜相(xiang)對穩定(ding)(ding)的平靜(jing)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)、湖(hu)沼、澤地(di)、池(chi)塘,是(shi)其適生地(di)。荷花的需水(shui)(shui)量(liang)由其品(pin)(pin)種而定(ding)(ding),大株形(xing)(xing)品(pin)(pin)種相(xiang)對水(shui)(shui)位深一(yi)些,但不能超過1.7米(mi).中小(xiao)株形(xing)(xing)只(zhi)適于20-60厘米(mi)的水(shui)(shui)深。同時荷花對失水(shui)(shui)十分敏(min)感,夏季只(zhi)要3小(xiao)時不灌水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)缸所栽荷葉(xie)便萎靡(mi),若(ruo)停水(shui)(shui)一(yi)日,則荷葉(xie)邊焦,花蕾(lei)回(hui)枯.荷花還非常喜光(guang),生育期需要全光(guang)照的環境(jing)。荷花極不耐蔭(yin),在(zai)半蔭(yin)處生長就會表現出強(qiang)烈的趨光(guang)性。
多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本;根狀莖橫生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),肥厚,節間膨大,內(nei)有多(duo)數(shu)縱行通氣(qi)孔(kong)道,節部(bu)縊縮,上生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黑色(se)(se)(se)鱗葉(xie)(xie)(xie),下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)須狀不定根。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),盾狀,直徑25-90厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),全緣稍呈波狀,上面(mian)光滑,具白粉,下(xia)面(mian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)脈從中(zhong)央射(she)出(chu),有1-2次叉狀分枝;葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄粗(cu)壯(zhuang),圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1-2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),中(zhong)空,外面(mian)散(san)(san)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)(xiao)刺(ci)。花梗和葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄等長(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍長(chang)(chang),也散(san)(san)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)(xiao)刺(ci);花直徑10-20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),美麗,芳香;花瓣紅色(se)(se)(se)、粉紅色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)白色(se)(se)(se),矩(ju)圓(yuan)狀橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)倒卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬3-5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由外向內(nei)漸小(xiao)(xiao),有時(shi)變(bian)成雄蕊,先(xian)端圓(yuan)鈍或(huo)微尖;花藥(yao)條(tiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing),花絲(si)細長(chang)(chang),著(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在花托(tuo)之下(xia);花柱極短(duan),柱頭(tou)頂(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);花托(tuo)(蓮房)直徑5-10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。堅果橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.8-2.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),果皮革質,堅硬,熟時(shi)黑褐(he)色(se)(se)(se);種子(zi)(蓮子(zi))卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.2-1.7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),種皮紅色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)白色(se)(se)(se)。花期(qi)6-8月(yue)(yue),果期(qi)8-10月(yue)(yue)。
該(gai)品種2001年4月引自中(zhong)國武(wu)漢植(zhi)物研(yan)究所(suo)。小型。立葉墨綠(lv)色(se),繁茂,高28cm,直徑25×28cm。花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗高32cm,花(hua)(hua)(hua)徑10cm。花(hua)(hua)(hua)重瓣(ban),花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)數(shu)90。花(hua)(hua)(hua)態碗(wan)狀。花(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾(lei)綠(lv)色(se),圓桃形。花(hua)(hua)(hua)黃色(se),內輪具綠(lv)色(se)變瓣(ban)。雄蕊部分瓣(ban)化,雌蕊正常(chang)。黃色(se)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)朵在(zai)墨綠(lv)的(de)(de)葉片的(de)(de)襯(chen)托下愈顯得雅致、迷人。始花(hua)(hua)(hua)期6月上(shang)旬(xun),著花(hua)(hua)(hua)特繁密(mi),單盆可達10朵,且花(hua)(hua)(hua)期較長(chang)。
荷(he)(he)花(hua)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)內時刻都離(li)不開水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)前(qian)期(qi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制在三厘(li)米左右,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)太深(shen)不利于提(ti)高土溫。如用自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),最好另缸盛放,曬一(yi)、二(er)天(tian)再用。夏(xia)天(tian)是(shi)荷(he)(he)花(hua)的生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)高峰期(qi),盆內切不可缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。入冬以(yi)后,盆土也(ye)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)持(chi)濕潤以(yi)防種藕缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)干(gan)枯。
荷花(hua)的(de)肥料(liao)以磷鉀(jia)肥為(wei)主,輔以氮肥。如(ru)土(tu)壤較肥,則全(quan)年可不(bu)必(bi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥。腐(fu)熟的(de)餅肥、雞(ji)鴨鵝糞是最理(li)想(xiang)的(de)肥料(liao),小盆(pen)(pen)中(zhong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)半兩即可,大盆(pen)(pen)中(zhong)最多只能施(shi)(shi)(shi)1~2兩,切(qie)不(bu)可多施(shi)(shi)(shi),并要充分(fen)與泥(ni)土(tu)拌(ban)和。生長旺期,如(ru)發(fa)現葉片色黃、瘦弱,可用每盒0·5克尿素拌(ban)于(yu)泥(ni)中(zhong),搓成10克左右的(de)小球,每盆(pen)(pen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)一粒,施(shi)(shi)(shi)在盆(pen)(pen)中(zhong)央的(de)泥(ni)土(tu)中(zhong),7天見效(xiao)。
入冬以后,將(jiang)盆放入室內(nei)或埋入凍(dong)土層下即可,黃(huang)河以北地區(qu)除埋入凍(dong)土層以下還要(yao)覆蓋農膜,整個冬季要(yao)保持盆土濕潤。
首先要破(po)殼。5-6月(yue)將種子凹進的一(yi)端在水泥地上或粗糙的石(shi)塊上磨破(po),浸種育(yu)苗(miao)。要保持水清,經常換水,約(yue)一(yi)周(zhou)左右出芽,兩周(zhou)后生根移栽,每盆裁一(yi)株,水層要淺(qian),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)將荷葉淹在水中。90%左右當年可(ke)(ke)開花,但(dan)當年開花不(bu)多。
3月中(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)4月中(zhong)旬(xun)是翻(fan)盆(pen)栽藕(ou)的(de)最佳(jia)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)。過早栽植(zhi)會有寒(han)流影(ying)響,種(zhong)藕(ou)容易(yi)受(shou)凍害。北方地區遇(yu)寒(han)流時(shi)可用透明(ming)農膜覆(fu)蓋(gai)。栽插前,盆(pen)泥要和成糊狀,栽插時(shi)種(zhong)藕(ou)頂端沿盆(pen)邊呈20度斜插入泥,碗(wan)蓮深(shen)5厘(li)米左右。大型(xing)荷花深(shen)10厘(li)米左右,頭低尾高。尾部(bu)半截翹起,不使藕(ou)尾進水(shui)。栽后將盆(pen)放置于陽光下(xia)照曬,使表面泥土(tu)出現(xian)微裂,以(yi)利(li)種(zhong)藕(ou)與泥土(tu)完全粘合,然(ran)后加(jia)(jia)少量(liang)水(shui),待芽長出后,逐漸加(jia)(jia)深(shen)水(shui)位,最后保持3-5厘(li)米水(shui)層(ceng)。池塘(tang)栽植(zhi)前期(qi)(qi)水(shui)層(ceng)與盆(pen)荷一樣,后期(qi)(qi)以(yi)不淹沒荷葉為度。
蓮(lian)藕是(shi)最(zui)好的(de)(de)蔬(shu)菜(cai)和(he)蜜餞(jian)果品。蓮(lian)葉(xie)、蓮(lian)花、蓮(lian)蕊(rui)等也都是(shi)中(zhong)國人民喜愛的(de)(de)藥膳食(shi)品。荷花食(shi)文化(hua)豐富多彩,傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)蓮(lian)子粥、蓮(lian)房(fang)脯、蓮(lian)子粉、藕片夾肉、荷葉(xie)蒸肉、荷葉(xie)粥等。葉(xie)為(wei)(wei)茶(cha)的(de)(de)代用(yong)品,又作為(wei)(wei)包(bao)裝材料。
荷花對生長(chang)環境有著極強的適應能(neng)(neng)力(li),不僅能(neng)(neng)在大(da)小湖泊(bo)、池(chi)塘中(zhong)吐紅搖翠,甚至在很小的盆(pen)碗(wan)中(zhong)亦能(neng)(neng)風姿綽約,裝點環境。人工(gong)養植品種(zhong),多用于盆(pen)荷這種(zhong)形式(shi)在公(gong)園和(he)庭院供觀賞。