多年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)水生(sheng)(sheng)草本;根狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖橫生(sheng)(sheng),肥厚(hou),節間膨大,內有多數(shu)縱行通氣(qi)孔道,節部縊縮,上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)黑色鱗葉(xie),下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)須狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)不定(ding)根。葉(xie)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),盾狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),直(zhi)徑25-90厘米(mi),全緣稍呈波狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),上(shang)面(mian)光滑,具(ju)白粉(fen),下(xia)面(mian)葉(xie)脈從中(zhong)央射出,有1-2次叉(cha)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)枝;葉(xie)柄(bing)(bing)粗壯(zhuang),圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1-2米(mi),中(zhong)空(kong),外(wai)面(mian)散生(sheng)(sheng)小刺(ci)。花(hua)(hua)梗和(he)葉(xie)柄(bing)(bing)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍長(chang)(chang),也(ye)散生(sheng)(sheng)小刺(ci);花(hua)(hua)直(zhi)徑10-20厘米(mi),美麗,芳香;花(hua)(hua)瓣紅(hong)色、粉(fen)紅(hong)色或(huo)白色,矩圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至倒卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-10厘米(mi),寬3-5厘米(mi),由(you)外(wai)向內漸(jian)小,有時(shi)變成雄蕊,先端圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍或(huo)微(wei)尖;花(hua)(hua)藥條形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),花(hua)(hua)絲細長(chang)(chang),著生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)花(hua)(hua)托之(zhi)下(xia);花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)極短,柱(zhu)頭(tou)頂(ding)生(sheng)(sheng);花(hua)(hua)托(蓮房)直(zhi)徑5-10厘米(mi)。堅果(guo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.8-2.5厘米(mi),果(guo)皮革質,堅硬,熟(shu)時(shi)黑褐(he)色;種(zhong)子(zi)(蓮子(zi))卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.2-1.7厘米(mi),種(zhong)皮紅(hong)色或(huo)白色。花(hua)(hua)期6-8月,果(guo)期8-10月。
碗蓮是(shi)一種微形(xing)(xing)荷花(hua)(hua)(hua),多年生(sheng)(sheng)宿根水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物。地下(xia)莖(jing)肥大(da)有節(jie),稱藕、橫生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)淤泥中(zhong),節(jie)間生(sheng)(sheng)根并抽出葉(xie)(xie)片,全緣(yuan),盾(dun)狀園(yuan)形(xing)(xing),深綠(lv),粗糙,布滿短小鈍刺(ci)(ci),刺(ci)(ci)與刺(ci)(ci)間有蠟(la)質(zhi)白粉,葉(xie)(xie)柄上倒生(sheng)(sheng)較密的(de)剛刺(ci)(ci)。葉(xie)(xie)按照生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)先(xian)后(hou)和形(xing)(xing)態,可分為“錢葉(xie)(xie)”(頂(ding)(ding)芽最初產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)葉(xie)(xie))、“浮(fu)葉(xie)(xie)”(最早(zao)從藕帶上生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)而大(da)于(yu)錢葉(xie)(xie),浮(fu)在水(shui)面的(de)葉(xie)(xie))和“立葉(xie)(xie)”(后(hou)未從藕長(chang)(chang)(chang)出,并挺(ting)出水(shui)面的(de)葉(xie)(xie))等(deng)3種。花(hua)(hua)(hua)單生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗頂(ding)(ding)端,呈桃形(xing)(xing)或圓筒(tong)形(xing)(xing),一般開花(hua)(hua)(hua)不結實。靠(kao)地下(xia)莖(jing)(藕)繁殖。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)6-9月。
該品種花(hua)(hua)蕾桃型(xing)(xing),玫瑰紅色。花(hua)(hua)粉紅色,花(hua)(hua)徑10-15厘米(mi)。重瓣型(xing)(xing),著花(hua)(hua)繁密。雄(xiong)蕊、雌(ci)蕊絕(jue)大部分瓣化(hua),不結實。該品種在第七屆全(quan)國荷展中獲一等(deng)獎。
碗蓮喜充足陽(yang)光,若每(mei)天光照少(shao)于(yu)4小時(shi),不能(neng)形成(cheng)花芽。生育期間需(xu)放(fang)在向(xiang)陽(yang)陽(yang)臺(tai)上或窗臺(tai)向(xiang)陽(yang)處,使其接受全日照。當浮(fu)葉(xie)滿布盆面時(shi),還應及(ji)時(shi)將浮(fu)葉(xie)壓(ya)入缽泥(ni)中,以免影(ying)響通風透光。碗蓮植株嬌嫩,夏季(ji)(ji)和(he)初秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)節中午前后需(xu)適(shi)當遮陰,避(bi)免強光直射(she)。若遭到強光直射(she),葉(xie)片及(ji)花瓣都易(yi)焦枯。
碗蓮(lian)炎(yan)夏是其生長旺期。8℃-10℃萌芽,14℃藕(ou)鞭開始伸長,23℃-30℃為生長發育溫度,28℃以(yi)上(shang)開花,35℃以(yi)上(shang)生長緩慢,40℃停止生長,甚至死亡。忌(ji)雨(yu)后暴睛或大(da)風吹襲。25℃時(shi)生長新藕(ou)。碗蓮(lian)喜(xi)強光,強光有(you)利其發育。也(ye)喜(xi)水怕淹(yan)、水深(shen)易(yi)爛葉、前期水要(yao)淺,后期逐漸加深(shen)。喜(xi)肥又不(bu)耐肥、肥重易(yi)爛莖(jing),基肥要(yao)足,追肥要(yao)少。對土壤要(yao)求不(bu)嚴,喜(xi)肥沃微酸性粘質土壤,一般肥沃的河泥或菜園(yuan)土均可。從栽種到開花約(yue)60天。
第一步(bu),對種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行破殼處理,蓮子(zi)的(de)果皮具(ju)有堅而(er)厚的(de)特(te)殊結構,在(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)充(chong)分(fen)成熟干縮以后,水分(fen)和空氣(qi)不(bu)易透入,呼吸作用非常(chang)緩慢,處于被(bei)迫休(xiu)眠狀(zhuang)態。所以蓮子(zi)可(ke)以在(zai)(zai)土中(zhong)埋藏數百年甚(shen)至上千年而(er)不(bu)萌(meng)發也(ye)不(bu)腐爛,這是(shi)蓮子(zi)長(chang)壽的(de)原因。為了使蓮子(zi)在(zai)(zai)播種(zhong)(zhong)后吸收水分(fen)和氧氣(qi),打破被(bei)迫休(xiu)眠狀(zhuang)態,進入萌(meng)發生長(chang),在(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)催芽前(qian),必須進行破殼處理。
蓮(lian)是倒生(sheng)胚(pei)(pei)珠,胚(pei)(pei)芽著生(sheng)于種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)頂端(duan),破(po)(po)殼(ke)(ke)時應(ying)擊破(po)(po)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)基端(duan),即(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在花(hua)托(tuo)上著生(sheng)的(de)一端(duan),也就是蓮(lian)子(zi)凹入的(de)一端(duan)。可以用剪刀或是老虎鉗將其夾(jia)破(po)(po)。播種(zhong)(zhong)前一般只要(yao)磨破(po)(po)果(guo)皮(即(ji)蓮(lian)子(zi)的(de)硬(ying)殼(ke)(ke)),見到褐(he)色種(zhong)(zhong)皮為止;夾(jia)殼(ke)(ke)時只要(yao)在基部來2-3毫米裂口即(ji)可,切勿夾(jia)去太深,以免傷胚(pei)(pei)。浸種(zhong)(zhong)一天后,待胚(pei)(pei)吸水胚(pei)(pei)膨脹,果(guo)皮吸水變軟時,可以用手沿著破(po)(po)殼(ke)(ke)處剝(bo)去果(guo)皮的(de)1/3,使胚(pei)(pei)外露,以利胚(pei)(pei)芽伸長。必須注意:破(po)(po)殼(ke)(ke)部位不能(neng)過大過多,如果(guo)把蓮(lian)子(zi)的(de)硬(ying)殼(ke)(ke)全部去掉(diao),胚(pei)(pei)芽就失(shi)去保護,極(ji)易腐爛死亡(wang)。
第二(er)步對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)進行浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)催芽(ya)(ya)(ya)將已破(po)(po)殼的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),浸于(yu)(yu)(yu)50度(du)左右(you)的(de)(de)溫水中。浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)水要(yao)(yao)清潔,不(bu)含油(you)膩(ni)、污物,也(ye)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)用高(gao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)50度(du)的(de)(de)水,否則(ze)會(hui)影響發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。水溫自(zi)然下(xia)降,最后保持在(zai)(zai)30度(du)左右(you),不(bu)宜高(gao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)40度(du)或低于(yu)(yu)(yu)20度(du)。如(ru)水溫高(gao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)40度(du)時(shi),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)雖在(zai)(zai)頭一天萌發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)迅速,但(dan)以(yi)后生長(chang)則(ze)受到抑制,水溫低于(yu)(yu)(yu)20度(du)時(shi),則(ze)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)生長(chang)過于(yu)(yu)(yu)緩(huan)慢。家庭少量浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)可(ke)放(fang)入保溫瓶中保溫。溫度(du)在(zai)(zai)30度(du)的(de)(de)條件下(xia),一般浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)催芽(ya)(ya)(ya)3天即可(ke)萌發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),胚(pei)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)從破(po)(po)口處伸出。在(zai)(zai)此(ci)期(qi)間(jian),每天需要(yao)(yao)換水1-3次(ci),并要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)清除(chu)不(bu)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。在(zai)(zai)一般情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),達7天仍不(bu)萌發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),就不(bu)會(hui)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)了。沒(mei)有發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)能力(li)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)往往會(hui)上浮在(zai)(zai)水面(mian)上,胚(pei)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)黃,子(zi)(zi)(zi)葉霉爛、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)臭。(也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)直接用自(zi)來(lai)水浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)需要(yao)(yao)用溫水或加(jia)熱,浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)約二(er)天就可(ke)以(yi)萌發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。)
碗(wan)(wan)蓮多用(yong)精制(zhi)(zhi)碗(wan)(wan)盆水(shui)培,如(ru)小彩缸等,看上去十分美觀。即使用(yong)碗(wan)(wan),也必須用(yong)口徑(jing)25厘米左右,深20厘米以上的大(da)碗(wan)(wan),因(yin)為容器過小,碗(wan)(wan)蓮生長受限制(zhi)(zhi),很難開好(hao)花。
種子(zi)出苗(miao)(miao)后,應(ying)在(zai)25℃左右(you)條件下(xia)進(jin)行水(shui)(shui)(shui)培育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)5-7天。在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)培育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)期間,蓮(lian)苗(miao)(miao)根系(xi)吸收力弱(ruo),生長(chang)主(zhu)要靠種胚提供養分,一般不(bu)需要施(shi)肥。在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)培育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)過程中(zhong)應(ying)保持水(shui)(shui)(shui)層深10厘米左右(you),并給予(yu)充足的光照;不(bu)宜(yi)經常換水(shui)(shui)(shui)或翻(fan)動,以免葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)因經常改(gai)變其生長(chang)方向而過度伸長(chang);應(ying)讓(rang)葉(xie)柄(bing)保持在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong),葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)自由(you)平展(zhan)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)面。待第一片(pian)(pian)葉(xie)放開,第二片(pian)(pian)葉(xie)即(ji)(ji)將放開,長(chang)出白色根系(xi)時,即(ji)(ji)可定植。碗(wan)(wan)蓮(lian)容器內要施(shi)以盆土1%左右(you)量的基肥,然(ran)后加入(ru)塘泥(ni)至盆深2/3處(chu)。碗(wan)(wan)蓮(lian)泥(ni)土少,養分不(bu)足,要經常施(shi)肥,但必須薄肥勤施(shi)。碗(wan)(wan)蓮(lian)經一年(nian)栽(zai)培,肥力下(xia)降、地下(xia)根莖密集,宜(yi)每(mei)年(nian)早春(chun)發芽前翻(fan)缽換土。
等(deng)芽長(chang)到10厘(li)(li)米左右,可(ke)以(yi)移栽(zai)。根據碗蓮(lian)種植的(de)需要,選擇土(tu)壤裝(zhuang)入(ru)花缽(bo)內后,放(fang)入(ru)清水(shui)(shui)(shui),并(bing)將土(tu)、肥拌和(he)均勻。待泥水(shui)(shui)(shui)澄清后,將水(shui)(shui)(shui)培苗定植于(yu)花缽(bo)的(de)中央,以(yi)種子全部入(ru)泥為度,使(shi)葉(xie)(xie)片自由舒展(zhan)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面。移植時(shi)應(ying)注意,不可(ke)折(zhe)斷葉(xie)(xie)柄,以(yi)免(mian)影響生(sheng)長(chang)。植后保持3-5厘(li)(li)米水(shui)(shui)(shui)層,但(dan)千萬不可(ke)把葉(xie)(xie)片淹沒水(shui)(shui)(shui)中。碗蓮(lian)喜(xi)光(guang),花缽(bo)應(ying)放(fang)置在陽光(guang)充足(zu)處(chu)。幼苗嬌嫩,遇陽光(guang)日灼有的(de)會(hui)焦枯,但(dan)一般會(hui)發芽成活。澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)也不要過多,以(yi)提高水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫,促進生(sheng)長(chang)。待長(chang)出7-13片浮(fu)葉(xie)(xie)后即(ji)可(ke)出現立葉(xie)(xie)。將種藕首尾相接,頂芽朝向容器中央栽(zai)入(ru)盆中。栽(zai)好后加水(shui)(shui)(shui)至2-3厘(li)(li)米,曬(shai)干再加水(shui)(shui)(shui),重復兩三(san)次,使(shi)種藕和(he)泥土(tu)充分密結,不易(yi)飄(piao)浮(fu)。夏(xia)季碗蓮(lian)必須天天加水(shui)(shui)(shui)。
碗蓮一般(ban)易生蚜蟲,可用菊(ju)樂合脂(zhi)3000倍液噴。
清明前后挑選生(sheng)長健壯(zhuang)的(de)根(gen)莖,每(mei)2-3節切成一(yi)段(duan),每(mei)段(duan)必須帶頂芽和尾節,分盆(pen)種植。此(ci)時要特(te)別注意(yi)防暴風(feng)雨(yu),如(ru)葉片被吹折,種藕就發育不良,影響第(di)二年開花。
播種前先用鐵銼破壞種皮,然后(hou)(hou)浸泡(pao)在(zai)清(qing)水(shui)中(zhong),每天換水(shui)一次,長(chang)出2-3片葉即可種植(zhi)。種植(zhi)前期保持(chi)水(shui)面(mian)深2厘米(mi)左右,長(chang)出立葉后(hou)(hou)保持(chi)10厘米(mi)即可以。
碗(wan)蓮開花期正是盛夏(xia),處于花卉的淡(dan)季,很(hen)好地(di)填補了花卉的空缺(que)。養一盆(pen)碗(wan)蓮置于書案幾架,別有一番情趣,是非常時(shi)尚的觀賞花卉。