電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(Battery)指(zhi)盛有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶液和金屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)以(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)杯、槽(cao)或其他容器或復合容器的(de)部(bu)分(fen)空間,能(neng)將化學能(neng)轉化成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。具有(you)(you)正(zheng)極(ji)、負極(ji)之分(fen)。隨著科技的(de)進步,電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)泛指(zhi)能(neng)產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)小(xiao)型(xing)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。如太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)參數(shu)主要有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢、容量、比能(neng)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)(zuo)為能(neng)量來源,可以(yi)得到具有(you)(you)穩定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,穩定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),長時(shi)間穩定(ding)(ding)供電(dian)(dian)(dian),受外(wai)界影響很小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),并且電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)結(jie)構(gou)簡單,攜(xie)帶(dai)方(fang)便,充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)操作(zuo)(zuo)簡便易(yi)行,不(bu)受外(wai)界氣候和溫度的(de)影響,性能(neng)穩定(ding)(ding)可靠,在(zai)現代(dai)社(she)會生(sheng)(sheng)活中的(de)各個方(fang)面發揮有(you)(you)很大作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。
1746年,荷蘭(lan)萊頓(dun)大學的(de)(de)馬森(sen)布(bu)羅(luo)克在(zai)發明了(le)收(shou)集電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)“萊頓(dun)瓶(ping)(ping)”。因為他(ta)看到好不(bu)容易(yi)收(shou)集的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)卻很容易(yi)地在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)逐漸消失,他(ta)想尋找一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)保(bao)存電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方法。有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天,他(ta)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支槍(qiang)管懸在(zai)空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong),用(yong)起電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)(yu)槍(qiang)管連著(zhu)(zhu),另(ling)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根銅(tong)線從(cong)槍(qiang)管中(zhong)(zhong)引(yin)出,浸入一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個盛有水的(de)(de)玻璃瓶(ping)(ping)中(zhong)(zhong),他(ta)讓(rang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個助(zhu)手一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只(zhi)(zhi)手握著(zhu)(zhu)玻璃瓶(ping)(ping),馬森(sen)布(bu)羅(luo)克在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旁使勁搖動起電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。這時他(ta)的(de)(de)助(zhu)手不(bu)小心將中(zhong)(zhong)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只(zhi)(zhi)手與(yu)(yu)槍(qiang)管碰上,他(ta)猛(meng)然(ran)感(gan)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次強烈(lie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)擊,喊了(le)起來。馬森(sen)布(bu)羅(luo)克于(yu)是與(yu)(yu)助(zhu)手互(hu)換(huan)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,讓(rang)助(zhu)手搖起電(dian)(dian)機(ji),他(ta)自己(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手拿水瓶(ping)(ping)子,另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只(zhi)(zhi)手去碰槍(qiang)管。
1780年(nian),意大(da)利解剖(pou)學家伽伐尼(Luigi Galvani)在做青(qing)蛙(wa)解剖(pou)時,兩手分別拿著不(bu)同的(de)金(jin)屬器械,無意中同時碰在青(qing)蛙(wa)的(de)大(da)腿(tui)上(shang),青(qing)蛙(wa)腿(tui)部(bu)的(de)肌肉立刻抽搐(chu)了一(yi)下,仿佛(fo)受到電(dian)(dian)流的(de)刺(ci)激,而如果只用一(yi)種(zhong)金(jin)屬器械去(qu)觸動青(qing)蛙(wa),就(jiu)無此種(zhong)反應。伽伐尼認為,出現(xian)這種(zhong)現(xian)象是因為動物軀體內(nei)部(bu)產生(sheng)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian),他稱之為“生(sheng)物電(dian)(dian)”。
伽(jia)伐(fa)(fa)尼的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)引起(qi)了物理學家們(men)極大興趣的(de)(de),他們(men)競(jing)相重復(fu)枷伐(fa)(fa)尼的(de)(de)實(shi)驗,企圖找到(dao)一(yi)種產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方法,意大利(li)物理學家伏(fu)特在(zai)多次實(shi)驗后認為(wei):伽(jia)伐(fa)(fa)尼的(de)(de)“生(sheng)(sheng)物電(dian)(dian)”之說并不正(zheng)確,青蛙的(de)(de)肌肉之所以能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流,大概(gai)是肌肉中(zhong)某(mou)種液(ye)體在(zai)起(qi)作用(yong)。為(wei)了論證自己(ji)的(de)(de)觀點(dian),伏(fu)特把兩(liang)種不同的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)片浸在(zai)各種溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)進行試驗。結果發(fa)現(xian)(xian),這兩(liang)種金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)片中(zhong),只(zhi)要有一(yi)種與溶(rong)液(ye)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了化學反應,金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)片之間就能(neng)夠產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流。
1799年,意大利物(wu)理(li)學(xue)家(jia)伏(fu)特把一塊鋅板和一塊錫(xi)板浸(jin)在鹽(yan)水里(li),發現連接兩塊金屬的導(dao)線中有電流通過。于是,他(ta)就把許多(duo)鋅片(pian)(pian)與銀片(pian)(pian)之間(jian)墊上浸(jin)透(tou)鹽(yan)水的絨布(bu)或紙片(pian)(pian),平疊起來。用手觸摸兩端時,會感到(dao)強烈(lie)的電流刺激。伏(fu)特用這種(zhong)方法(fa)成功(gong)地制成了世界上第一個(ge)電池——“伏(fu)特電堆”。這個(ge)“伏(fu)特電堆”實際上就是串聯的電池組。它成為早期電學(xue)實驗,電報機的電力來源。
1836年,英國的丹尼爾(er)對“伏特(te)電(dian)堆”進行了改良。他使用稀硫酸作電(dian)解液,解決了電(dian)池(chi)(chi)極化問題,制造出第一個(ge)不(bu)極化,能(neng)保持平衡電(dian)流(liu)的鋅—銅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)此(ci)后,這(zhe)些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)都存在電(dian)壓隨著使用時間(jian)延長而下降的問題。
當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用一段(duan)時間后電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降時,可(ke)以(yi)給他通以(yi)反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回升。因為(wei)這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能充電(dian)(dian)(dian),可(ke)以(yi)反復使(shi)用,所以(yi)稱它為(wei)“蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。
也(ye)是在(zai)1860年(nian),法國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷克蘭(lan)士(George Leclanche)還(huan)發明(ming)了(le)世界廣受(shou)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(碳(tan)鋅(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)是鋅(xin)(xin)和(he)汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金棒(bang)(鋅(xin)(xin)-伏(fu)特原型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)極(ji)(ji),經證明(ming)是作(zuo)為(wei)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)制(zhi)作(zuo)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳金屬之(zhi)一),而它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)是以(yi)(yi)一個多(duo)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杯子盛裝著碾碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)氧化錳(meng)和(he)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合物。在(zai)此(ci)(ci)混合物中(zhong)插有一根碳(tan)棒(bang)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)流收集器。負(fu)極(ji)(ji)棒(bang)和(he)正極(ji)(ji)杯都被浸在(zai)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氯化銨溶液(ye)中(zhong)。此(ci)(ci)系統(tong)被稱為(wei)“濕(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。雷克蘭(lan)士制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)雖然簡陋(lou)但(dan)卻便宜,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)一直到1880年(nian)才(cai)被改進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“干電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”取代。負(fu)極(ji)(ji)被改進成鋅(xin)(xin)罐(即電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)殼(ke)),電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)變為(wei)糊(hu)狀而非液(ye)體,基本上這就是我們所(suo)熟知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)鋅(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。
1887年,英(ying)國(guo)人赫勒森發明了最早的干電(dian)池(chi)。干電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)解液為(wei)糊(hu)狀,不(bu)會(hui)溢(yi)漏,便(bian)于(yu)攜帶(dai),因此獲得了廣泛應(ying)用。
1890年愛迪生(sheng)(Thomas Edison)發明可充電鐵鎳電池(chi)。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong),化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)能直接轉(zhuan)變為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能是(shi)(shi)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部自發進(jin)行氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、還(huan)原(yuan)等化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果,這種反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)分別(bie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上進(jin)行。負極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)較負并在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)原(yuan)劑(ji)組成,如鋅(xin)、鎘、鉛等活潑金(jin)屬和氫(qing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)碳氫(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)等。正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)較正(zheng)(zheng)并在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)組成,如二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)錳、二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)等金(jin)屬氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu),氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)空(kong)氣,鹵(lu)素及其(qi)鹽(yan)類,含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)酸及其(qi)鹽(yan)類等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)具有良好離(li)子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料,如酸、堿、鹽(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)溶液,有機或(huo)(huo)(huo)無機非水(shui)溶液、熔(rong)融鹽(yan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)固(gu)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。當外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)斷開(kai)時(shi),兩極(ji)之間(jian)雖然有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)(開(kai)路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓),但沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),存儲在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)能并不(bu)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。當外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)閉(bi)合(he)時(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下即有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。同時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部,由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)自由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳遞(di)必(bi)(bi)然伴隨兩極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)或(huo)(huo)(huo)還(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying),以及反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)和反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷移。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳遞(di)也要由(you)離(li)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷移來(lai)完成。因(yin)此(ci),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部正(zheng)(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷傳遞(di)和物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳遞(di)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)證正(zheng)(zheng)常輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)要條(tiao)件。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和傳質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向恰(qia)與(yu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相反(fan)(fan);電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)必(bi)(bi)須是(shi)(shi)可逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),才能保(bao)證反(fan)(fan)方向傳質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)傳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常進(jin)行。因(yin)此(ci),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)可逆是(shi)(shi)構成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)要條(tiao)件。G為(wei)吉(ji)布(bu)斯反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)自由(you)能增量(焦(jiao));F為(wei)法拉(la)第常數=96500庫=26.8安·小時(shi);n為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當量數。這是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)熱力(li)學(xue)(xue)關系(xi)式(shi),也是(shi)(shi)計算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能量轉(zhuan)換效率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)熱力(li)學(xue)(xue)方程(cheng)式(shi)。實(shi)際上,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)(shi)都要偏(pian)離(li)熱力(li)學(xue)(xue)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)(shi),這種現(xian)象(xiang)稱為(wei)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(單位(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)面積上通(tong)過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu))越大,極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)越嚴重(zhong)。極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能量損失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要原(yuan)因(yin)之一(yi)。
極化(hua)的原因有三:
①由電池中各部分電阻造(zao)成的極化(hua)稱為歐姆極化(hua);
②由電極(ji)-電解質界面層中電荷傳遞過程(cheng)的阻(zu)滯(zhi)造成的極(ji)化稱(cheng)為活化極(ji)化;
③由(you)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)-電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)層(ceng)中傳質(zhi)過程遲緩而造成的極(ji)化(hua)稱為濃差極(ji)化(hua)。減小極(ji)化(hua)的方(fang)法是增大電(dian)(dian)極(ji)反應面(mian)(mian)積(ji)、減小電(dian)(dian)流密度(du)、提高反應溫度(du)以及改善電(dian)(dian)極(ji)表面(mian)(mian)的催化(hua)活性。
電動勢(shi)是兩個電極(ji)的平衡電極(ji)電位之差(cha),以鉛(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)為例,E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In(αH2SO4/αH2O)。
其中:E—電動勢
Ф+0—正(zheng)極(ji)標準電極(ji)電位,其值為1.690V
Ф-0—負極(ji)標準電極(ji)電位,其值為(wei)-0.356V
R—通(tong)用氣體常數,其值為8.314
T—溫(wen)(wen)度,與電(dian)池所處(chu)溫(wen)(wen)度有關
F—法拉第(di)常數,其值為96485
αH2SO4—硫(liu)酸(suan)的活度,與硫(liu)酸(suan)濃度有關
αH2O—水的活度,與硫(liu)酸濃度有關
從(cong)上式中可看出,鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池的(de)(de)標準電動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)為1.690-(-0.0.356)=2.046V,因此(ci)蓄電池的(de)(de)標稱電壓為2V。鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池的(de)(de)電動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)與溫度及硫酸濃度有(you)關。
在(zai)(zai)設計規定的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)(如(ru)溫度、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)率、終止電(dian)壓等)下(xia),電(dian)池(chi)應能放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)最低(di)容量(liang)(liang),單(dan)位為安培(pei)/每小(xiao)時(shi),以符號(hao)C表(biao)示。容量(liang)(liang)受放(fang)(fang)電(dian)率的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)較大(da),所以常(chang)在(zai)(zai)字母C的(de)(de)(de)右下(xia)角以阿拉伯數字標明(ming)(ming)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)率,如(ru)C20=50,表(biao)明(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)20時(shi)率下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)為50安·小(xiao)時(shi)。電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論容量(liang)(liang)可根據電(dian)池(chi)反應式(shi)中(zhong)電(dian)極活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)用量(liang)(liang)和按法拉第(di)定律計算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)化學當量(liang)(liang)精(jing)確求出。由于電(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)可能發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)副反應以及設計時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)需要,電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際容量(liang)(liang)往往低(di)于理(li)論容量(liang)(liang)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在常(chang)溫下(xia)的(de)典型(xing)工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),又(you)稱(cheng)標稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。它是選用不同種(zhong)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池時的(de)參(can)考。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)實際工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)隨不同使用條(tiao)件等于正、負電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)平衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢之差。它只(zhi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極活性物質的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)有關,而(er)與(yu)活性物質的(de)數(shu)量(liang)無關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)本質上是直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),但在某(mou)些特殊條(tiao)件下(xia),電(dian)(dian)(dian)極反應所引起的(de)金屬晶體或某(mou)些成相膜的(de)相變會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)微小波(bo)動,這種(zhong)現象稱(cheng)為噪(zao)聲(sheng)。波(bo)動的(de)幅度很小但頻(pin)率范圍很寬,故可與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中自(zi)激噪(zao)聲(sheng)相區別(bie)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在開(kai)路(lu)狀(zhuang)態下的(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)稱為開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在斷路(lu)時(shi)(即沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi))電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢與負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢之差。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)用V開(kai)表示,即V開(kai)=Ф+-Ф-,其中Ф+、Ф-分別為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),一般均小于它的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢。這是因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溶(rong)液中所建立(li)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),通(tong)常并非(fei)平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),而是穩(wen)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)。一般可近似認(ren)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部時受到(dao)的(de)阻力。它包括歐姆(mu)內(nei)阻和極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)阻,極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)阻又包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)阻和濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)阻。由于內(nei)阻的(de)存在,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓總是(shi)小于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢或開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻不是(shi)常(chang)數,在充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)隨(sui)時間不斷變(bian)化(hua)(逐(zhu)漸(jian)變(bian)大),這是(shi)因為活性(xing)物質的(de)組(zu)成,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)濃(nong)度(du)(du)和溫度(du)(du)都在不斷的(de)改變(bian)。歐姆(mu)內(nei)阻遵守(shou)歐姆(mu)定律,極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)阻隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)而增(zeng)大,但不是(shi)線性(xing)關系。常(chang)隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)(du)增(zeng)大而增(zeng)加(jia)。
內阻是決定電(dian)池性能的(de)一個重(zhong)要指標(biao),它直接(jie)影響電(dian)池的(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)壓,工作(zuo)電(dian)流,輸出的(de)能量(liang)和功(gong)率,對于電(dian)池來說,其內阻越(yue)小越(yue)好。
電(dian)池(chi)內具有很大的電(dian)極-電(dian)解質界面面積,故可(ke)將電(dian)池(chi)等效為一大電(dian)容與(yu)小電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、電(dian)感的串聯(lian)回路(lu)。但實際(ji)情況復(fu)雜得多,尤其是電(dian)池(chi)的阻(zu)(zu)抗隨時(shi)間和直流電(dian)平(ping)而變化,所(suo)測得的阻(zu)(zu)抗只(zhi)對具體的測量(liang)狀態有效。
有時(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)和倍率(lv)(lv)兩種表(biao)示(shi)法。時(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)是(shi)以充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)表(biao)示(shi)的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv),數(shu)(shu)值(zhi)上等于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)額定容量(安(an)·小時(shi)(shi))除以規定的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(安(an))所得的(de)小時(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)。倍率(lv)(lv)是(shi)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)的(de)另一種表(biao)示(shi)法,其數(shu)(shu)值(zhi)為時(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)的(de)倒數(shu)(shu)。原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)是(shi)以經某一固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)來表(biao)示(shi)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能的(de)影響較大(da)。
儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)指從電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制成到(dao)開始使(shi)用之間允(yun)許存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)最長時(shi)間,以年為單位。包括儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)期(qi)和使(shi)用期(qi)在內的(de)(de)總期(qi)限稱電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)有效期(qi)。儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)有干(gan)儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)和濕儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)之分。循環(huan)(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)是蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在滿足規(gui)定(ding)(ding)條件(jian)下(xia)所(suo)能達到(dao)的(de)(de)最大(da)充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)(huan)次(ci)數。在規(gui)定(ding)(ding)循環(huan)(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)時(shi)必須同時(shi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)(huan)試驗的(de)(de)制度,包括充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)速率、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度和環(huan)(huan)境溫度范(fan)圍(wei)等。
電(dian)池在(zai)存(cun)放(fang)過(guo)程中電(dian)容(rong)量自行損(sun)失的速率。用單(dan)位儲(chu)存(cun)時間(jian)內自放(fang)電(dian)損(sun)失的容(rong)量占儲(chu)存(cun)前容(rong)量的百(bai)分數(shu)表示。
其中E為電(dian)(dian)動勢,r為電(dian)(dian)源內阻,內電(dian)(dian)壓U內=Ir,E=U內+U外(wai)
適用范圍(wei):任何電(dian)路
閉合電路中的能量轉化:
E=U+Ir
EI=UI+I^2R
P釋放=EI
P輸出=UI
純電阻電路中
P輸出=I^2R
=E^2R/(R+r)^2
=E^2/(R^2+2r+r^2/R)
當r=R時P輸(shu)出(chu)最大,P輸(shu)出(chu)=E^2/4r(均(jun)值不等式)
干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也叫錳鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),所謂干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)相(xiang)對于伏打電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言,所謂錳鋅是(shi)指其原材料(liao)。針對其它材料(liao)的干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)如氧化(hua)銀(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言。錳鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)1.5V。干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)消耗化(hua)學(xue)原料(liao)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的。它的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不高,所能產生的持續電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能超(chao)過1安培(pei)。
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是應用(yong)最廣泛的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)之一(yi)(yi)。用(yong)一(yi)(yi)個玻(bo)璃槽(cao)或塑料槽(cao),注滿(man)硫酸(suan),再插入兩塊鉛板(ban),一(yi)(yi)塊與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機正極相(xiang)連(lian),一(yi)(yi)塊與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機負(fu)極相(xiang)連(lian),經(jing)過十(shi)幾小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就形成了一(yi)(yi)塊蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。它的(de)(de)正負(fu)極之間有2伏的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)好(hao)處是可(ke)以反復多(duo)次使用(yong)。另外,由(you)于它的(de)(de)內阻極小(xiao),所以可(ke)以提供很大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。用(yong)它給(gei)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)發動(dong)機供電(dian)(dian)(dian),瞬(shun)時(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)達20多(duo)安培(pei)。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)是將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)貯存起來,放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)又把化學能(neng)轉化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。
以鋰為(wei)負極的(de)電(dian)池。它(ta)是60年代以后發展起來的(de)新型高能量電(dian)池。按(an)所用電(dian)解質不同(tong)分為(wei):
①高溫熔融鹽鋰電池(chi);
②有機電解(jie)質鋰電池;
③無機(ji)非水電解質鋰(li)電池;
④固體電(dian)解質鋰電(dian)池;
⑤鋰水電池。
鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的優點(dian)是(shi)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao),比能量大,儲存(cun)壽命長(可達10年),高(gao)低溫性能好,可在-40~150℃使用。缺點(dian)是(shi)價格昂(ang)貴,安全性不高(gao)。另外電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)滯(zhi)后和(he)安全問題尚(shang)待改善。大力發(fa)展動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)新(xin)的正極(ji)材料的出現,特別是(shi)磷(lin)酸亞鐵鋰(li)(li)材料的發(fa)展,對鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展有很大幫助(zhu)。
一般分為:1.2.3.5.7號,其中5號和(he)7號尤(you)為常用(yong),所謂(wei)的AA電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)5號電(dian)池(chi),而AAA電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)7號電(dian)池(chi)。
D型(xing)電池(大號電池/LR20/AM1)直徑ф34.2;高度61.5mm
C型電池(chi)(2號電池(chi)/LR14/AM2)直徑ф26.2;高度50.0mm
AA型電池(chi)(5號電池(chi)/LR6/AM3)直(zhi)徑(jing)ф14.5;高(gao)度(du)50.5mm
AAA型電(dian)池(7號電(dian)池/LR03/AM4)直徑ф10.5;高度44.5mm
AA/2型電(dian)池(8號電(dian)池LR1/AM5)直徑ф11.0;高(gao)度(du)30.0mm
AAAA型電池(chi)(9號電池(chi)/LR61/AM6)直徑ф8.0;高度39.5mm
AAAA/2型電池(小9號(hao)電池/LR61/AM6)直徑ф8.0;高(gao)度28.0mm
說說常(chang)見的“AAAA,AAA,AA,A,SC,C,D,N,F”這些型號
AAAA型(xing)號少(shao)見,一次性的AAAA勁量堿性電池(chi)偶爾還能見到,一般是電腦筆(bi)里面(mian)用的。標準的AAAA(平頭)電池(chi)高度41.5±0.5mm,直(zhi)徑(jing)8.1±0.2mm。
AAA型號電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就比較(jiao)常見,以(yi)前的MP3用的多是AAA電(dian)(dian)池(chi),標準的AAA(平頭)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)高(gao)度43.6±0.5mm,直徑10.1±0.2mm。
AA型號電池(chi)就更是盡人皆知,數碼相機,電動(dong)玩具都少不了(le)AA電池(chi),標準的(de)AA(平(ping)頭(tou))電池(chi)高度48.0±0.5mm,直徑14.1±0.2mm。
只用一(yi)個A表(biao)示型號的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不常見(jian),這(zhe)一(yi)系列通常作電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組里面的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯,老攝像機的(de)(de)(de)鎳鎘,鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi),幾乎都(dou)是4/5A,或者4/5SC的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯。標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)A(平(ping)頭)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)高度49.0±0.5mm,直徑(jing)16.8±0.2mm。
SC型(xing)號也不常(chang)見,一(yi)般是電池組(zu)里面的(de)電池芯(xin),多在電動工具(ju)和攝(she)像機(ji)以及進口設備上能見到,標準的(de)SC(平頭)電池高度42.0±0.5mm,直(zhi)徑22.1±0.2mm。
C型號也就(jiu)是二號電池,標準的C(平(ping)頭)電池高度49.5±0.5mm,直徑25.3±0.2mm。
D型(xing)(xing)號(hao)就(jiu)是一(yi)號(hao)電池,用(yong)途廣(guang)泛,民用(yong),軍工,特異型(xing)(xing)直流電源(yuan)都能找到D型(xing)(xing)電池,標(biao)準的D(平頭)電池高(gao)度59.0±0.5mm,直徑32.3±0.2mm。
N型號不常見,標準的N(平頭)電池高度(du)28.5±0.5mm,直徑11.7±0.2mm。
F型號電池,電動助力車,動力電池的(de)(de)新一代(dai)產品,大(da)有(you)取代(dai)鉛(qian)酸免維護蓄電池的(de)(de)趨勢,一般都(dou)是作電池芯(個(ge)人見解(jie):其實個(ge)太大(da),不好(hao)單獨使用(yong),呵呵)。標準的(de)(de)F(平頭)電池高度89.0±0.5mm,直(zhi)徑32.3±0.2mm。
大家注意(yi)到,(平頭(tou))字樣,指的(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極是平的(de)(de),沒有突起,使(shi)(shi)用(yong)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組點焊使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯,一般(ban)(ban)同等型(xing)號尖頭(tou)的(de)(de)(可以(yi)用(yong)作單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)),在高(gao)度上就多了0.5mm。以(yi)此(ci)類推(tui)。還(huan)有,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)很多的(de)(de)時候(hou)并不是規規矩(ju)矩(ju)的(de)(de)“AAA,AA,A,SC,C,D,N,F”這些(xie)(xie)主型(xing)號,前(qian)面(mian)還(huan)時常有分(fen)數“1/3,2/3,1/2,2/3,4/5,5/4,7/5”,這些(xie)(xie)分(fen)數表示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)是池(chi)體(ti)相應(ying)的(de)(de)高(gao)度,例如“2/3AA”就是表示(shi)(shi)高(gao)是一般(ban)(ban)AA電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)2/3的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi);再如“4/5A”就是表示(shi)(shi)高(gao)是一般(ban)(ban)A電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)4/5的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
還有(you)兩(liang)種型號(hao)表示方(fang)法,是(shi)(shi)五位數字(zi)(zi),例如,14500,17490,26500,前兩(liang)位數字(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)池體直(zhi)徑,后(hou)三位數字(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)池體高,例如14500就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)AA電池,即大約14mm直(zhi)徑,50mm高。
例如,505060AR,305060A,其中前面兩位數(shu)字是(shi)指厚,中間(jian)兩位數(shu)是(shi)指寬(kuan),最后面兩位數(shu)是(shi)指長(chang)。例如505060AR就是(shi)鋰(li)電池的5.0MM是(shi)厚,寬(kuan)是(shi)50MM,60MM是(shi)長(chang)。后綴AR是(shi)表示鋁(lv)殼(ke)鋰(li)電池。
不同電(dian)池各有特(te)性,用(yong)戶必須依照廠商說明(ming)書(shu)指示的方(fang)法進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)。在待機(ji)備用(yong)狀態(tai)下,電(dian)話也要耗(hao)費(fei)電(dian)池,如果(guo)要進行(xing)快速充(chong)電(dian),宜(yi)先將手機(ji)關(guan)閉或把電(dian)池拆下進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)。
有些自動(dong)化的智能型快速充(chong)電(dian)器當(dang)指示燈信號轉變時,只表示充(chong)滿(man)了90%,充(chong)電(dian)器會自動(dong)改用(yong)慢速充(chong)電(dian)將電(dian)池完全(quan)充(chong)滿(man)。用(yong)戶最好將電(dian)池完全(quan)充(chong)滿(man)后使用(yong),否則會縮(suo)短使用(yong)時間。
如果(guo)電池屬鎳鎘電池,長期不徹底充、放電,會在電池內留下(xia)痕跡,降(jiang)低(di)電池容量,這種現象被稱為電池記憶效應。
方法是把電(dian)(dian)池(chi)完(wan)全(quan)放電(dian)(dian),然后重新(xin)充(chong)滿。放電(dian)(dian)可(ke)利用(yong)放電(dian)(dian)器或具(ju)有(you)放電(dian)(dian)功(gong)能的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器,也可(ke)以利用(yong)手機待(dai)機備用(yong)模式,如要加(jia)速放電(dian)(dian)可(ke)把顯示屏及電(dian)(dian)話按鍵的(de)照(zhao)明燈打開。要確保電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能重新(xin)充(chong)滿,應依照(zhao)說明書的(de)指(zhi)示來控制時間(jian),重復充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)兩(liang)至(zhi)三次。
鋰(li)電池(chi)可貯存在環境溫度為-5°C—35°C,相(xiang)對(dui)濕度不大(da)于75%的(de)清潔、干燥、通風的(de)室(shi)內(nei),應避(bi)免與腐(fu)蝕性(xing)物質接觸,遠離火(huo)源及熱源。電池(chi)電量(liang)保(bao)持標(biao)稱容量(liang)的(de)30%到50%。推薦(jian)貯存的(de)電池(chi)每6個(ge)月充電一次。
1、選購(gou)有(you)“國家免檢”、“中(zhong)國名牌”標(biao)志(zhi)的電(dian)池(chi)產品和地方名牌電(dian)池(chi)產品,這些產品質量有(you)保障(zhang)。
2、根據電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)要求,選擇適用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池類型和規格尺(chi)寸(cun),并根據電(dian)(dian)器耗電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)大小和特點(dian),購買適合電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池。
3、注(zhu)意查看電(dian)池(chi)的(de)生產日期和保質期,購(gou)買電(dian)池(chi)(新(xin)電(dian)池(chi)),新(xin)電(dian)池(chi)性能(neng)好。
4、注意查看(kan)電池的外觀(guan),應(ying)選購包裝精致、外觀(guan)整潔、干(gan)凈,無漏液跡象的電池。
5、注(zhu)意電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)標(biao)志,電(dian)池(chi)(chi)商標(biao)上應標(biao)明生(sheng)產(chan)廠名(ming)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)性、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)型(xing)號(hao)(hao)、標(biao)稱電(dian)壓、商標(biao)等(deng);銷(xiao)售包(bao)裝(zhuang)上(如(ru)2只熱縮或(huo)4只熱縮,或(huo)吊牌掛卡)應有(you)中文(wen)廠址、生(sheng)產(chan)日(ri)(ri)期(qi)和(he)保(bao)質期(qi)或(huo)標(biao)明保(bao)質期(qi)的(de)截(jie)止(zhi)期(qi)限、執(zhi)行(xing)標(biao)準的(de)編號(hao)(hao)(一般為國家標(biao)準GB/T××××-××××)。不要購買無(wu)中文(wen)廠名(ming)、無(wu)生(sheng)產(chan)日(ri)(ri)期(qi)和(he)保(bao)質期(qi)或(huo)無(wu)標(biao)明保(bao)質期(qi)的(de)截(jie)止(zhi)期(qi)限、無(wu)執(zhi)行(xing)標(biao)準的(de)產(chan)品(pin)。購買堿性鋅錳電(dian)池(chi)(chi)時應看型(xing)號(hao)(hao)有(you)無(wu)ALKALINE或(huo)LR字樣。
6、由(you)于電(dian)池中(zhong)的汞(gong)對環境有(you)害,為了(le)保護環境,在購買時應選用商標上(shang)標有(you)“無汞(gong)”、“0%汞(gong)”、“不添加汞(gong)”字樣的電(dian)池。
國際上(shang)通行的(de)廢(fei)舊電池(chi)處理(li)方式大致有(you)三(san)種:固(gu)化深埋、存(cun)放于(yu)廢(fei)礦井、回收利(li)用。
1.固化深埋(mai)、存放于廢(fei)礦井(jing)
如(ru)法國一家工廠(chang)就從中(zhong)提取鎳和鎘(ge),再將鎳用(yong)于煉(lian)鋼,鎘(ge)則重新(xin)用(yong)于生產電(dian)池(chi)。其余(yu)的(de)各類廢(fei)電(dian)池(chi)一般都(dou)運往專門的(de)有(you)(you)毒、有(you)(you)害垃圾填(tian)埋場,但這種(zhong)做法不僅花費太大而且還造成浪費,因為其中(zhong)尚有(you)(you)不少可作(zuo)原料的(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)物(wu)質。
2.回收利用
(1)熱(re)處(chu)理(li);(2)“濕處(chu)理(li)”;(3)真(zhen)空(kong)熱(re)處(chu)理(li)法。
IEC標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)即(ji)國際電(dian)(dian)(dian)工委員會(hui)(International Electrical Commission),是(shi)由(you)各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)工委員會(hui)組成的(de)(de)(de)世界性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)組織,其目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為了促進世界電(dian)(dian)(dian)工電(dian)(dian)(dian)子領域的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)。其中關(guan)于鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)為IEC285,關(guan)于鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)IEC61436,鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)IEC標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)行業依據的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)SANYO或Panasonic的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。
電(dian)池常(chang)用IEC標準(zhun)有鎳鎘電(dian)池的(de)標準(zhun)為IEC602851999;鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池的(de)標準(zhun)為IEC614361998.1;鋰電(dian)池的(de)標準(zhun)為IEC619602000.11。
電池常用國(guo)家標準有(you)鎳鎘電池的標準為GB/T11013_1996GB/T18289_2000;鎳氫電池的標準為GB/T15100_1994GB/T18288_2000;鋰(li)電池的標準為GB/T10077_1998YD/T998_1999,GB/T18287_2000。
另(ling)外電池常用標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)也有日本工業標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)JIS C關(guan)于(yu)電池的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)及SANYOPANASONIC公司制定的(de)(de)關(guan)于(yu)電池企業標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。