電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)（Battery）指(zhi)盛有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質溶(rong)液和金(jin)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極以產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)杯、槽或(huo)其他容(rong)器(qi)或(huo)復合容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)部分空間，能(neng)(neng)將化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置。具有(you)(you)正極、負(fu)極之分。隨著(zhu)科技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)泛指(zhi)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)型裝(zhuang)置。如太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)參數主要(yao)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢、容(rong)量、比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為能(neng)(neng)量來源，可(ke)以得(de)到具有(you)(you)穩定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，穩定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，長時間穩定(ding)(ding)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，受外界影響很小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并且電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)結(jie)構簡(jian)(jian)單，攜帶方便，充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)操作簡(jian)(jian)便易(yi)行，不受外界氣候和溫度的(de)(de)(de)影響，性(xing)能(neng)(neng)穩定(ding)(ding)可(ke)靠，在現代社會(hui)生(sheng)活中的(de)(de)(de)各個方面發揮有(you)(you)很大(da)作用(yong)。
1746年，荷(he)蘭(lan)萊(lai)頓大學的(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)森(sen)(sen)布(bu)羅克在發明了(le)收(shou)集(ji)電荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)“萊(lai)頓瓶”。因為(wei)他(ta)(ta)看到好不(bu)容易收(shou)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電卻很容易地在空氣中(zhong)逐(zhu)漸消(xiao)失，他(ta)(ta)想(xiang)尋找一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)保存電的(de)(de)(de)方法。有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天，他(ta)(ta)用一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支槍(qiang)管(guan)懸在空中(zhong)，用起(qi)電機與槍(qiang)管(guan)連著，另(ling)用一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根銅線從槍(qiang)管(guan)中(zhong)引出(chu)，浸入一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)盛有(you)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)玻璃瓶中(zhong)，他(ta)(ta)讓(rang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)助手(shou)(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只手(shou)(shou)握著玻璃瓶，馬(ma)(ma)森(sen)(sen)布(bu)羅克在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旁使勁搖動起(qi)電機。這(zhe)時他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)助手(shou)(shou)不(bu)小心將(jiang)中(zhong)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只手(shou)(shou)與槍(qiang)管(guan)碰(peng)上，他(ta)(ta)猛然感到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)電擊，喊(han)了(le)起(qi)來。馬(ma)(ma)森(sen)(sen)布(bu)羅克于是與助手(shou)(shou)互換了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下，讓(rang)助手(shou)(shou)搖起(qi)電機，他(ta)(ta)自(zi)己(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)(shou)拿水(shui)瓶子，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只手(shou)(shou)去碰(peng)槍(qiang)管(guan)。
1780年(nian)，意(yi)(yi)大(da)利解剖學家(jia)伽伐尼（Luigi Galvani）在(zai)做(zuo)青(qing)蛙解剖時，兩(liang)手分別拿著(zhu)不同(tong)的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)器械(xie)，無意(yi)(yi)中同(tong)時碰在(zai)青(qing)蛙的(de)大(da)腿上，青(qing)蛙腿部的(de)肌肉立刻抽搐了一下，仿佛受到電(dian)流(liu)的(de)刺激，而(er)如果(guo)只(zhi)用一種金(jin)屬(shu)器械(xie)去觸動(dong)青(qing)蛙，就無此種反應。伽伐尼認為，出現(xian)這種現(xian)象是因為動(dong)物軀體(ti)內(nei)部產生的(de)一種電(dian)，他稱之為“生物電(dian)”。
伽伐尼(ni)(ni)的(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)引起了物理(li)(li)學(xue)家們極大興趣的(de)，他們競相重復枷伐尼(ni)(ni)的(de)實驗，企(qi)圖(tu)找(zhao)到(dao)一(yi)種(zhong)產生(sheng)電流的(de)方法，意大利物理(li)(li)學(xue)家伏特在多次實驗后認為(wei)：伽伐尼(ni)(ni)的(de)“生(sheng)物電”之(zhi)說并不正(zheng)確，青蛙的(de)肌(ji)肉(rou)(rou)之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)能(neng)產生(sheng)電流，大概是(shi)肌(ji)肉(rou)(rou)中(zhong)某種(zhong)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)在起作用。為(wei)了論證自己的(de)觀點，伏特把兩種(zhong)不同的(de)金屬(shu)片(pian)浸在各(ge)種(zhong)溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)進行試驗。結果發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，這兩種(zhong)金屬(shu)片(pian)中(zhong)，只要有一(yi)種(zhong)與溶液(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了化學(xue)反應，金屬(shu)片(pian)之(zhi)間就能(neng)夠產生(sheng)電流。
1799年(nian)，意大(da)利物理(li)學家伏(fu)特把(ba)一(yi)塊(kuai)鋅(xin)板和(he)一(yi)塊(kuai)錫板浸在鹽水(shui)里，發現連接兩(liang)塊(kuai)金屬的導線中(zhong)有電流通過。于是，他(ta)就把(ba)許多鋅(xin)片與銀(yin)片之間墊上浸透鹽水(shui)的絨布或紙(zhi)片，平疊起(qi)來。用(yong)手(shou)觸摸兩(liang)端時，會感到(dao)強(qiang)烈(lie)的電流刺激。伏(fu)特用(yong)這種方法成功地制成了世界上第一(yi)個(ge)電池——“伏(fu)特電堆(dui)”。這個(ge)“伏(fu)特電堆(dui)”實際上就是串聯的電池組。它成為早(zao)期電學實驗，電報(bao)機的電力(li)來源。
1836年，英國(guo)的丹尼爾對(dui)“伏特電(dian)(dian)堆”進(jin)行了改(gai)良(liang)。他使(shi)用稀硫(liu)酸作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液，解(jie)決了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)化問題，制造出第一個(ge)不極(ji)化，能保持平衡電(dian)(dian)流的鋅(xin)—銅(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)此后，這些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)都(dou)存在電(dian)(dian)壓隨著使(shi)用時間延(yan)長而下降的問題。
當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)(shi)用一段時間后電(dian)(dian)壓下降時，可(ke)(ke)以給(gei)他通以反(fan)向電(dian)(dian)流，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓回升。因為(wei)這種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能充電(dian)(dian)，可(ke)(ke)以反(fan)復使(shi)(shi)用，所以稱它為(wei)“蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。
也(ye)是在(zai)1860年，法國的(de)(de)(de)(de)雷克(ke)(ke)蘭士（George Leclanche）還發明(ming)了世界廣(guang)受(shou)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)（碳鋅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)前身。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極是鋅和(he)汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)棒（鋅－伏特原(yuan)型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極，經(jing)證明(ming)是作(zuo)為(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極制(zhi)作(zuo)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳(jia)金(jin)屬之(zhi)一(yi)），而(er)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)極是以一(yi)個多孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)杯子盛裝著碾(nian)碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化錳(meng)和(he)碳的(de)(de)(de)(de)混合(he)物。在(zai)此混合(he)物中插有一(yi)根(gen)碳棒作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)流收(shou)集(ji)器。負(fu)(fu)(fu)極棒和(he)正(zheng)(zheng)極杯都被浸在(zai)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)氯化銨溶液中。此系(xi)統被稱為(wei)“濕電(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。雷克(ke)(ke)蘭士制(zhi)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)雖然(ran)簡陋但卻便(bian)宜(yi)，所以一(yi)直到1880年才被改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“干電(dian)池(chi)(chi)”取代(dai)。負(fu)(fu)(fu)極被改進(jin)成鋅罐（即電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)殼(ke)），電(dian)解液變為(wei)糊狀而(er)非液體，基本上這就是我(wo)們所熟知的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳鋅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。
1887年，英國人赫勒森發明了(le)最早的(de)干電池。干電池的(de)電解液為(wei)糊(hu)狀(zhuang)，不會(hui)溢漏，便于攜帶，因此獲得了(le)廣泛應(ying)用。
1890年愛迪生（Thomas Edison）發明可充電鐵鎳(nie)電池。
在(zai)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)直接轉變為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)是靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)自發進行氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)、還(huan)原等(deng)(deng)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，這種(zhong)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應分(fen)別在(zai)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上進行。負(fu)極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位較負(fu)并在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)原劑組成(cheng)，如鋅、鎘、鉛等(deng)(deng)活潑金屬和(he)(he)氫或碳氫化(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)等(deng)(deng)。正極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位較正并在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)劑組成(cheng)，如二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳、二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)等(deng)(deng)金屬氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)或空氣，鹵(lu)素及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)鹽類，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)酸及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)鹽類等(deng)(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則是具有(you)良(liang)好離子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)，如酸、堿(jian)、鹽的(de)(de)(de)(de)水溶液，有(you)機(ji)或無機(ji)非水溶液、熔融(rong)鹽或固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。當外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)斷開時，兩極(ji)之間雖然(ran)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差（開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），但沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，存儲在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)并不(bu)轉換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。當外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)閉(bi)合(he)(he)時，在(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下(xia)即(ji)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。同(tong)時在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)存在(zai)自由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)必然(ran)伴隨兩極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)或還(huan)原反(fan)(fan)(fan)應，以及(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應物(wu)和(he)(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應產(chan)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)移。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)也要(yao)(yao)(yao)由離子的(de)(de)(de)(de)遷(qian)移來完成(cheng)。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)和(he)(he)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)過(guo)程是保(bao)證(zheng)正常(chang)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)條件(jian)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向恰與放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應必須是可(ke)(ke)逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)，才能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)反(fan)(fan)(fan)方向傳(chuan)(chuan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與傳(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)進行。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應可(ke)(ke)逆是構成(cheng)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)條件(jian)。G為吉布斯反(fan)(fan)(fan)應自由能(neng)(neng)增量（焦）；F為法(fa)拉第常(chang)數(shu)=96500庫=26.8安·小時；n為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)當量數(shu)。這是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本熱力(li)學(xue)關(guan)系式，也是計(ji)算(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)量轉換效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本熱力(li)學(xue)方程式。實際上，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)偏離熱力(li)學(xue)平衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)，這種(zhong)現象稱為極(ji)化(hua)(hua)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)（單位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)面(mian)積(ji)上通過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)）越大，極(ji)化(hua)(hua)越嚴重(zhong)。極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象是造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)量損失的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)原因之一。
極化的原因有三(san)：
①由電池(chi)中各部分電阻造成的極(ji)(ji)化稱為歐(ou)姆極(ji)(ji)化；
②由電極(ji)－電解質界(jie)面層(ceng)中(zhong)電荷(he)傳(chuan)遞過程(cheng)的阻滯造(zao)成(cheng)的極(ji)化(hua)稱為活化(hua)極(ji)化(hua)；
③由電極(ji)－電解(jie)質(zhi)界面層中傳質(zhi)過程(cheng)遲緩而(er)造成的極(ji)化稱為(wei)濃差極(ji)化。減小(xiao)極(ji)化的方法是(shi)增大電極(ji)反應(ying)(ying)面積、減小(xiao)電流(liu)密度(du)、提高反應(ying)(ying)溫度(du)以(yi)及(ji)改(gai)善電極(ji)表面的催(cui)化活性。
電動勢是兩個電極的平衡電極電位之差，以鉛酸蓄電池為例，E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In（αH2SO4/αH2O）。
其中：E—電動勢
Ф+0—正極標(biao)準電(dian)極電(dian)位，其值為1.690V
Ф-0—負(fu)極(ji)標準電(dian)極(ji)電(dian)位，其值(zhi)為-0.356V
R—通用氣體常數，其值為8.314
T—溫度，與電池所處溫度有關
F—法拉(la)第(di)常數(shu)，其值為96485
αH2SO4—硫(liu)酸的活度(du)，與硫(liu)酸濃度(du)有關(guan)
αH2O—水的活度，與(yu)硫酸(suan)濃(nong)度有關
從上式中可看出，鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的標準電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢為1.690-（-0.0.356）=2.046V，因此(ci)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的標稱電(dian)(dian)壓為2V。鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢與溫(wen)度及硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)濃度有關。
在(zai)設(she)計規定的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)（如溫(wen)度(du)、放(fang)電(dian)率(lv)、終止電(dian)壓等(deng)）下，電(dian)池應能(neng)放(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)最低容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，單位為安培/每小時(shi)(shi)，以(yi)(yi)符(fu)號C表(biao)(biao)示。容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)受(shou)放(fang)電(dian)率(lv)的(de)(de)影響較大，所以(yi)(yi)常在(zai)字母C的(de)(de)右(you)下角(jiao)以(yi)(yi)阿拉(la)伯數字標(biao)明(ming)放(fang)電(dian)率(lv)，如C20=50，表(biao)(biao)明(ming)在(zai)20時(shi)(shi)率(lv)下的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)為50安·小時(shi)(shi)。電(dian)池的(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)根據電(dian)池反(fan)應式(shi)中電(dian)極活(huo)(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)和按法拉(la)第定律計算的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)電(dian)化學當量(liang)(liang)精(jing)確求(qiu)出(chu)。由于電(dian)池中可(ke)能(neng)發生的(de)(de)副反(fan)應以(yi)(yi)及設(she)計時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特殊(shu)需要，電(dian)池的(de)(de)實際容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)往往低于理(li)論(lun)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。
電(dian)(dian)池在常溫下(xia)的(de)(de)典型工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓，又(you)稱(cheng)標稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓。它(ta)是(shi)選(xuan)用不(bu)同種類電(dian)(dian)池時的(de)(de)參考。電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)實(shi)際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓隨不(bu)同使用條件(jian)等于正、負電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)勢之差。它(ta)只與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)種類有(you)關，而與(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)數量(liang)無關。電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓本質(zhi)上是(shi)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，但在某些特(te)殊條件(jian)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)極反應所引(yin)起的(de)(de)金屬晶體或某些成相(xiang)膜的(de)(de)相(xiang)變會造成電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)微小波動，這種現象稱(cheng)為(wei)噪(zao)聲。波動的(de)(de)幅度很小但頻率(lv)范圍(wei)很寬(kuan)，故可與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)路中自激噪(zao)聲相(xiang)區(qu)別。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)開(kai)(kai)(kai)路狀態下的(de)(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)斷路時（即沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過兩(liang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)與負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)之差。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)用V開(kai)(kai)(kai)表示，即V開(kai)(kai)(kai)=Ф+-Ф-，其中(zhong)Ф+、Ф-分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)均小于(yu)它的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)。這是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溶液中(zhong)所建立的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，通常(chang)并非平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，而是(shi)穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。一(yi)般(ban)(ban)可近似認為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)。
電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)部時(shi)受到的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)。它包括(kuo)歐姆(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)和(he)極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)，極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)又包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)和(he)濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)。由于內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)存(cun)在，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓總(zong)是(shi)小于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)或開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)不(bu)是(shi)常數，在充放電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中隨(sui)(sui)時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)斷變化(hua)（逐(zhu)漸變大(da)），這是(shi)因為活性物質的(de)(de)組成，電(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)溫度(du)(du)(du)都(dou)在不(bu)斷的(de)(de)改變。歐姆(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)遵(zun)守歐姆(mu)(mu)定律(lv)，極(ji)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)隨(sui)(sui)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)而(er)增(zeng)大(da)，但(dan)不(bu)是(shi)線(xian)性關系(xi)。常隨(sui)(sui)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)大(da)而(er)增(zeng)加(jia)。
內阻(zu)是決定電池(chi)(chi)性能(neng)的(de)一個重要指標，它直接影響電池(chi)(chi)的(de)工作(zuo)電壓，工作(zuo)電流，輸出的(de)能(neng)量和功率，對(dui)于電池(chi)(chi)來(lai)說，其內阻(zu)越小越好。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內具有(you)很大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極-電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質界面(mian)面(mian)積，故可將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池等效(xiao)為一大電(dian)(dian)(dian)容與小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)感的(de)(de)串聯回(hui)路(lu)。但實(shi)際情況復(fu)雜得(de)多，尤其是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)阻抗隨時間和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)平而變化，所測得(de)的(de)(de)阻抗只對具體的(de)(de)測量狀(zhuang)態有(you)效(xiao)。
有時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)(lv)兩種表示法。時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)表示的(de)(de)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)，數值上等于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)額定(ding)容量（安(an)·小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）除以(yi)(yi)規定(ding)的(de)(de)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流（安(an)）所得(de)的(de)(de)小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數。倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)另(ling)一種表示法，其數值為時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)倒數。原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)經某一固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)來表示。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)影響較大。
儲(chu)存壽命(ming)(ming)指從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制成到開始使(shi)用(yong)之(zhi)間(jian)允許存放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)最長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)，以(yi)年(nian)為(wei)單位。包(bao)括儲(chu)存期(qi)和使(shi)用(yong)期(qi)在(zai)內的(de)總期(qi)限稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)有效(xiao)期(qi)。儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)(ming)有干儲(chu)存壽命(ming)(ming)和濕儲(chu)存壽命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)分。循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)壽命(ming)(ming)是蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)滿足(zu)規(gui)定(ding)條件(jian)下所(suo)能達到的(de)最大充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)次數(shu)。在(zai)規(gui)定(ding)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)壽命(ming)(ming)時(shi)必須同時(shi)規(gui)定(ding)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)試驗的(de)制度，包(bao)括充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率(lv)、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度和環(huan)(huan)(huan)境溫度范圍等(deng)。
電(dian)(dian)池在存放(fang)過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)自行損失的速率。用單位儲存時間(jian)內自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)損失的容(rong)量(liang)(liang)占儲存前容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的百分數表示。
其中(zhong)E為電(dian)動勢，r為電(dian)源內(nei)阻，內(nei)電(dian)壓U內(nei)=Ir，E=U內(nei)+U外
適用范圍(wei)：任何電路
閉合(he)電路中的能量(liang)轉化：
E=U+Ir
EI=UI+I^2R
P釋放=EI
P輸出=UI
純電阻電路中
P輸出(chu)=I^2R
=E^2R/（R+r）^2
=E^2/（R^2+2r+r^2/R）
當(dang)r=R時(shi)P輸(shu)出最大，P輸(shu)出=E^2/4r（均值(zhi)不等(deng)式）
干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)也(ye)叫錳(meng)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，所謂(wei)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)相對(dui)(dui)于伏打電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)言，所謂(wei)錳(meng)鋅是(shi)指(zhi)其(qi)原材料(liao)(liao)。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)其(qi)它材料(liao)(liao)的干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)如氧化銀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)言。錳(meng)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)1.5V。干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)消耗化學原料(liao)(liao)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的。它的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不高，所能(neng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的持續電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能(neng)超過1安培(pei)。
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是應用最廣泛的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之一(yi)(yi)。用一(yi)(yi)個玻璃槽(cao)或塑料槽(cao)，注滿硫(liu)酸，再插入兩塊鉛板，一(yi)(yi)塊與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機正極(ji)(ji)相連(lian)，一(yi)(yi)塊與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機負(fu)極(ji)(ji)相連(lian)，經(jing)過十幾小時(shi)(shi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)(yi)塊蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。它(ta)的(de)正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)之間有2伏的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)好處是可以反復多次使用。另外，由于它(ta)的(de)內阻極(ji)(ji)小，所以可以提供(gong)很(hen)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。用它(ta)給汽車的(de)發動機供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，瞬時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可達(da)20多安培。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)貯存(cun)起(qi)來，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)又(you)把化學能(neng)轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。
以鋰為負(fu)極的(de)電(dian)池。它是60年代以后(hou)發展起(qi)來的(de)新型高能量電(dian)池。按(an)所用電(dian)解質不同分為：
①高溫熔融鹽(yan)鋰(li)電池；
②有機電(dian)解質鋰電(dian)池；
③無機非(fei)水(shui)電解質(zhi)鋰電池；
④固體電(dian)解質鋰電(dian)池；
⑤鋰水電池。
鋰電(dian)池的優點是單體電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)，比能量大(da)(da)，儲(chu)存壽命長（可達(da)10年），高(gao)低(di)溫(wen)性(xing)能好，可在-40～150℃使用(yong)。缺點是價格昂(ang)貴(gui)，安全(quan)性(xing)不高(gao)。另外電(dian)壓(ya)滯后和安全(quan)問題尚待(dai)改善(shan)。大(da)(da)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)動力(li)(li)電(dian)池和新的正極材(cai)料的出現(xian)，特(te)別(bie)是磷酸亞(ya)鐵(tie)鋰材(cai)料的發(fa)展(zhan)，對鋰電(dian)發(fa)展(zhan)有很(hen)大(da)(da)幫助(zhu)。
一般分為(wei)：1.2.3.5.7號，其中5號和(he)7號尤為(wei)常用，所謂(wei)的AA電(dian)池就是(shi)5號電(dian)池，而AAA電(dian)池就是(shi)7號電(dian)池。
D型電池（大(da)號(hao)電池/LR20/AM1）直徑ф34.2；高度(du)61.5mm
C型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（2號電(dian)(dian)池(chi)/LR14/AM2）直徑ф26.2；高(gao)度(du)50.0mm
AA型電(dian)(dian)池（5號電(dian)(dian)池/LR6/AM3）直徑ф14.5；高度50.5mm
AAA型電池（7號電池/LR03/AM4）直徑(jing)ф10.5；高度44.5mm
AA/2型電(dian)池（8號電(dian)池LR1/AM5）直(zhi)徑ф11.0；高度30.0mm
AAAA型電(dian)池（9號電(dian)池/LR61/AM6）直徑ф8.0；高度39.5mm
AAAA/2型(xing)電(dian)池（小9號電(dian)池/LR61/AM6）直徑ф8.0；高度28.0mm
說說常見的“AAAA，AAA，AA，A，SC，C，D，N，F”這些(xie)型號
AAAA型號少見，一次性的AAAA勁量(liang)堿性電池偶(ou)爾還能見到，一般是電腦筆里(li)面用(yong)的。標準的AAAA（平頭）電池高度41.5±0.5mm，直徑(jing)8.1±0.2mm。
AAA型號(hao)電(dian)池(chi)就比較常見，以(yi)前(qian)的MP3用(yong)的多是AAA電(dian)池(chi)，標(biao)準的AAA（平頭）電(dian)池(chi)高度43.6±0.5mm，直徑10.1±0.2mm。
AA型(xing)號(hao)電(dian)池就更是盡人(ren)皆知，數(shu)碼相機，電(dian)動玩具(ju)都少(shao)不(bu)了AA電(dian)池，標準的AA（平頭）電(dian)池高度48.0±0.5mm，直徑(jing)14.1±0.2mm。
只(zhi)用一(yi)個A表示型號(hao)的(de)電(dian)池不常(chang)見，這一(yi)系列通常(chang)作電(dian)池組(zu)里面的(de)電(dian)池芯，老攝像機的(de)鎳鎘(ge)，鎳氫電(dian)池，幾(ji)乎都是4/5A，或者4/5SC的(de)電(dian)池芯。標準的(de)A（平(ping)頭）電(dian)池高度49.0±0.5mm，直徑16.8±0.2mm。
SC型號也不常見(jian)，一般是(shi)電(dian)池組里面的電(dian)池芯，多在電(dian)動工具和攝像機以及進口(kou)設備(bei)上(shang)能見(jian)到，標準的SC（平頭）電(dian)池高度42.0±0.5mm，直徑22.1±0.2mm。
C型(xing)號(hao)也(ye)就是二號(hao)電池(chi)，標準的C（平(ping)頭）電池(chi)高度49.5±0.5mm，直徑25.3±0.2mm。
D型(xing)號(hao)就(jiu)是(shi)一號(hao)電(dian)池，用途(tu)廣(guang)泛，民(min)用，軍工，特異型(xing)直流電(dian)源都能找到D型(xing)電(dian)池，標準的(de)D（平頭）電(dian)池高度59.0±0.5mm，直徑32.3±0.2mm。
N型號不常見(jian)，標準的(de)N（平(ping)頭(tou)）電(dian)池(chi)高(gao)度28.5±0.5mm，直徑11.7±0.2mm。
F型號(hao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，電動助(zhu)力車(che)，動力電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的新一代產品(pin)，大有取代鉛酸(suan)免維護(hu)蓄電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的趨勢，一般都是作電池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯（個人見(jian)解：其(qi)實個太大，不好單(dan)獨使用，呵呵）。標準的F（平頭）電池(chi)(chi)(chi)高度89.0±0.5mm，直徑32.3±0.2mm。
大家注意到，（平(ping)頭）字樣，指的是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)極(ji)是(shi)平(ping)的，沒有突起，使(shi)用做電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組點(dian)焊使(shi)用的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)，一(yi)般(ban)同等(deng)型(xing)號尖(jian)頭的（可(ke)以用作(zuo)單體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供電(dian)(dian)的），在高度上就多(duo)了0.5mm。以此(ci)類推。還有，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)很(hen)多(duo)的時(shi)候并不是(shi)規(gui)規(gui)矩矩的“AAA，AA，A，SC，C，D，N，F”這些主型(xing)號，前面還時(shi)常有分數“1/3，2/3，1/2，2/3，4/5，5/4，7/5”，這些分數表示(shi)的是(shi)池(chi)(chi)體相應的高度，例如(ru)“2/3AA”就是(shi)表示(shi)高是(shi)一(yi)般(ban)AA電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的2/3的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；再(zai)如(ru)“4/5A”就是(shi)表示(shi)高是(shi)一(yi)般(ban)A電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的4/5的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。
還有(you)兩(liang)種型(xing)號(hao)表示方(fang)法，是五位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)，例如，14500，17490，26500，前兩(liang)位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)是指(zhi)池體(ti)直徑，后三(san)位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)是指(zhi)池體(ti)高，例如14500就是指(zhi)AA電池，即大(da)約14mm直徑，50mm高。
例如(ru)，505060AR，305060A，其中前面兩(liang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)數字是(shi)(shi)指厚，中間兩(liang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)數是(shi)(shi)指寬(kuan)，最后面兩(liang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)數是(shi)(shi)指長。例如(ru)505060AR就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)鋰電池的5.0MM是(shi)(shi)厚，寬(kuan)是(shi)(shi)50MM，60MM是(shi)(shi)長。后綴(zhui)AR是(shi)(shi)表示(shi)鋁殼(ke)鋰電池。
不同電(dian)(dian)池(chi)各有(you)特性，用(yong)戶必須依照廠商(shang)說明書指(zhi)示(shi)的方法進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在待機備用(yong)狀(zhuang)態下，電(dian)(dian)話也要耗費電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，如果要進行(xing)(xing)快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，宜先將手機關閉(bi)或(huo)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)拆下進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
有些(xie)自動(dong)化的(de)智能型快速充電(dian)(dian)器當(dang)指示燈信(xin)號轉變時，只表示充滿(man)了90%，充電(dian)(dian)器會自動(dong)改用(yong)慢速充電(dian)(dian)將電(dian)(dian)池完全充滿(man)。用(yong)戶最(zui)好(hao)將電(dian)(dian)池完全充滿(man)后使(shi)用(yong)，否(fou)則會縮短使(shi)用(yong)時間。
如果(guo)電(dian)池(chi)屬鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)，長期不(bu)徹底充、放電(dian)，會在電(dian)池(chi)內留(liu)下痕跡，降(jiang)低電(dian)池(chi)容量，這種現象(xiang)被稱為電(dian)池(chi)記(ji)憶效應。
方法是(shi)把電(dian)池(chi)完(wan)全放(fang)電(dian)，然后重(zhong)新充(chong)(chong)滿(man)。放(fang)電(dian)可(ke)(ke)利用放(fang)電(dian)器(qi)或具有(you)放(fang)電(dian)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以利用手機待機備用模式，如要加速放(fang)電(dian)可(ke)(ke)把顯示屏及電(dian)話(hua)按鍵(jian)的(de)照明燈(deng)打開。要確保電(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)重(zhong)新充(chong)(chong)滿(man)，應依照說明書的(de)指示來控制時間，重(zhong)復充(chong)(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)兩至(zhi)三次。
鋰電池(chi)可貯存(cun)(cun)在環境溫度為-5°C—35°C，相對濕度不大(da)于75%的清潔、干燥、通風的室內，應(ying)避(bi)免(mian)與腐(fu)蝕性物質接觸，遠(yuan)離火源(yuan)及(ji)熱源(yuan)。電池(chi)電量保持標(biao)稱(cheng)容量的30%到50%。推薦貯存(cun)(cun)的電池(chi)每(mei)6個月充電一次。
1、選(xuan)購有“國家免(mian)檢(jian)”、“中國名(ming)(ming)牌”標志的電池產品和地方(fang)名(ming)(ming)牌電池產品，這些產品質量有保障。
2、根據電(dian)器的(de)要求，選擇適用的(de)電(dian)池類(lei)型和規格尺(chi)寸(cun)，并根據電(dian)器耗電(dian)的(de)大(da)小(xiao)和特點(dian)，購買適合電(dian)器的(de)電(dian)池。
3、注意查看(kan)電(dian)池的生產日(ri)期(qi)和保(bao)質期(qi)，購買電(dian)池（新(xin)電(dian)池），新(xin)電(dian)池性(xing)能好。
4、注意查看電池的外(wai)觀，應選購(gou)包裝精致、外(wai)觀整潔(jie)、干凈(jing)，無漏液跡象的電池。
5、注意電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)標(biao)(biao)志，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)商標(biao)(biao)上(shang)應標(biao)(biao)明(ming)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)名(ming)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)極性、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)型號(hao)、標(biao)(biao)稱電(dian)壓、商標(biao)(biao)等(deng)；銷售包裝上(shang)（如(ru)2只(zhi)熱縮或4只(zhi)熱縮，或吊牌(pai)掛卡）應有中文廠(chang)址、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)日期和(he)(he)保質(zhi)期或標(biao)(biao)明(ming)保質(zhi)期的(de)截(jie)止(zhi)期限、執(zhi)行(xing)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)編號(hao)（一般為國家標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)GB/T××××-××××）。不(bu)要購買無中文廠(chang)名(ming)、無生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)日期和(he)(he)保質(zhi)期或無標(biao)(biao)明(ming)保質(zhi)期的(de)截(jie)止(zhi)期限、無執(zhi)行(xing)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)產(chan)品。購買堿性鋅(xin)錳電(dian)池(chi)(chi)時應看型號(hao)有無ALKALINE或LR字樣。
6、由于電(dian)池中的汞(gong)對環(huan)(huan)境有害(hai)，為了(le)保護環(huan)(huan)境，在購買時應(ying)選用(yong)商標上標有“無汞(gong)”、“0%汞(gong)”、“不添(tian)加汞(gong)”字(zi)樣的電(dian)池。
國際上通(tong)行(xing)的廢(fei)舊電池處理方式大致有三(san)種(zhong)：固(gu)化深埋(mai)、存放(fang)于廢(fei)礦井、回收(shou)利用。
1．固化深埋、存放于廢礦井(jing)
如法國一家工廠就從中提取鎳(nie)和(he)鎘(ge)，再(zai)將鎳(nie)用(yong)于(yu)煉鋼，鎘(ge)則重(zhong)新用(yong)于(yu)生產電(dian)池(chi)。其余的(de)各類廢電(dian)池(chi)一般都運往專門的(de)有毒、有害垃圾填埋場，但這種(zhong)做法不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)花費太大而且還造(zao)成浪(lang)費，因為其中尚(shang)有不(bu)(bu)少可作原料的(de)有用(yong)物(wu)質。
2．回收利用
（1）熱處(chu)理；（2）“濕處(chu)理”；（3）真空熱處(chu)理法(fa)。
IEC標(biao)準(zhun)即國際電(dian)(dian)(dian)工委員會(hui)（International Electrical Commission），是由各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)工委員會(hui)組成的(de)世(shi)(shi)界性標(biao)準(zhun)化組織，其目的(de)是為了促進世(shi)(shi)界電(dian)(dian)(dian)工電(dian)(dian)(dian)子領域(yu)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)化。其中關(guan)于鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)為IEC285，關(guan)于鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)是IEC61436，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)IEC標(biao)準(zhun)，一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)行業依據(ju)的(de)是SANYO或Panasonic的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)。
電(dian)(dian)池常(chang)用(yong)IEC標準(zhun)有鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)標準(zhun)為(wei)IEC602851999；鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)標準(zhun)為(wei)IEC614361998.1；鋰電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)標準(zhun)為(wei)IEC619602000.11。
電池(chi)(chi)常用(yong)國家(jia)標準有鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)(chi)的標準為GB/T11013_1996GB/T18289_2000；鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)(chi)的標準為GB/T15100_1994GB/T18288_2000；鋰電池(chi)(chi)的標準為GB/T10077_1998YD/T998_1999，GB/T18287_2000。
另外電(dian)池(chi)(chi)常用標準(zhun)也有日本(ben)工業標準(zhun)JIS C關于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)標準(zhun)及SANYOPANASONIC公司制定的(de)關于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)企業標準(zhun)。
精靈世界
】編(bian)輯(ji)上傳提供，詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)屬(shu)于開放(fang)詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)，當前頁面所(suo)(suo)展示的(de)(de)詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)介紹涉及宣傳內容屬(shu)于注冊(ce)用(yong)戶個人(ren)編(bian)輯(ji)行為(wei)(wei)，與(yu)【電池】的(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)屬(shu)企業(ye)/所(suo)(suo)有人(ren)/主體(ti)無關(guan)，網站(zhan)不(bu)完全保證內容信(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)準確(que)性、真(zhen)實性，也不(bu)代表(biao)本站(zhan)立場，各項數(shu)據(ju)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)存在更(geng)新(xin)不(bu)及時的(de)(de)情況，僅(jin)供參考，請(qing)以(yi)官方發布為(wei)(wei)準。如果頁面內容與(yu)實際情況不(bu)符，可點(dian)擊“反饋(kui)”在線向網站(zhan)提出修改(gai)，網站(zhan)將核實后進(jin)行更(geng)正。
