探空火箭是用于將(jiang)科學儀(yi)器以拋物線軌(gui)跡送入(ru)地球大(da)氣層的上部區域,使其進(jin)入(ru)近地空間(jian)的一種火箭。
探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)基本結構火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)包括(kuo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體結構、動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、穩定尾(wei)翼等。大(da)(da)多數探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)單級(ji)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),也(ye)(ye)有(you)為(wei)3級(ji)、4級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)通常用固體火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji),可(ke)以簡化和(he)(he)(he)縮短發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)操作時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)姿態和(he)(he)(he)飛行彈(dan)(dan)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求不(bu)像導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)和(he)(he)(he)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)那樣(yang)嚴格(ge),一般不(bu)設(she)控制(zhi)系統,僅靠穩定尾(wei)翼或(huo)(huo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繞縱軸旋轉(zhuan)來保證飛行穩定。需要(yao)精確定位和(he)(he)(he)定向時(shi)(shi)才(cai)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)控制(zhi)系統。 除探(tan)(tan)測(ce)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基本結構外,探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系統還(huan)包括(kuo)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷、發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站等: (1) 有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷大(da)(da)多裝(zhuang)在箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器艙內。儀(yi)器艙的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑有(you)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)大(da)(da)于箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體直(zhi)徑。有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷采(cai)集到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)通過(guo)遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送到(dao)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站接(jie)收處(chu)理,或(huo)(huo)者在火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下降過(guo)程中將(jiang)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷從(cong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內彈(dan)(dan)射(she)(she)出來,利(li)用降落傘等氣動(dong)減速(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)安全降落到(dao)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)回收。有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)重量和(he)(he)(he)尺寸(cun)取決(jue)于探(tan)(tan)測(ce)要(yao)求,一般為(wei)幾公斤(jin)到(dao)幾百公斤(jin),最大(da)(da)可(ke)達(da)幾噸。 (2) 發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)通常用導(dao)軌(gui)和(he)(he)(he)塔式(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)架,使火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獲得足夠大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出架速(su)度。無控制(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛行彈(dan)(dan)道受風的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響較大(da)(da),為(wei)了(le)保證達(da)到(dao)預定的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度和(he)(he)(he)減小彈(dan)(dan)道散布,探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)尚需根據(ju)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)高空(kong)(kong)(kong)風資(zi)料(liao)采(cai)用風補償技(ji)術來調整和(he)(he)(he)確定發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)角(jiao)度。大(da)(da)多數探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)從(cong)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)以接(jie)近垂直(zhi)狀態發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),也(ye)(ye)有(you)從(cong)移動(dong)式(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)車發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de),根據(ju)需要(yao)還(huan)可(ke)從(cong)艦(jian)船或(huo)(huo)升(sheng)在空(kong)(kong)(kong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣球(qiu)上發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)。 (3) 地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)接(jie)收測(ce)量信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)收設(she)備、跟蹤(zong)(zong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定位測(ce)速(su)設(she)備(如(ru)雷達(da))和(he)(he)(he)電子計算機(ji)等。雷達(da)跟蹤(zong)(zong)方式(shi)有(you)反射(she)(she)式(shi)和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)答式(shi)兩(liang)種(zhong),應(ying)(ying)答式(shi)比反射(she)(she)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)跟蹤(zong)(zong)距離更大(da)(da)。地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)收設(she)備接(jie)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)數據(ju)直(zhi)接(jie)輸入電子計算機(ji)處(chu)理,實(shi)時(shi)(shi)給出探(tan)(tan)測(ce)結果。
無論固體運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)還是(shi)液體運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),無論單級(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)還是(shi)多(duo)級(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),其主(zhu)要的(de)組成部(bu)分均包括結構系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)箭(jian)(jian)體結構)、動力裝(zhuang)置系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)推進系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong))和控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。這三大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)主(zhu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),主(zhu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)可(ke)靠與否,將直(zhi)接影響運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛行的(de)成敗。此外,運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)還有一(yi)些不(bu)直(zhi)接影響飛行成敗并由(you)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)設(she)備與地面(mian)設(she)備共(gong)同組成的(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),例如(ru)遙測系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、外彈道測量系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、安全系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和瞄準(zhun)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)等。其中:
1)箭(jian)(jian)體結構是運載火箭(jian)(jian)的(de)基體,它用來(lai)維持火箭(jian)(jian)的(de)外(wai)形,承受火箭(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)地(di)面運輸、發射操作和(he)在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)行中作用載火箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)各種載荷,安裝連接火箭(jian)(jian)各系統(tong)的(de)所有(you)儀器、設備,把箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)所有(you)系統(tong)、組件連接組合成(cheng)一個整體。
2)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)系統是推(tui)動(dong)(dong)運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)飛行(xing)并獲得一定速(su)度的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。對(dui)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)來說,動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)系統由推(tui)進(jin)劑輸(shu)送、增壓系統和液(ye)體(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發動(dong)(dong)機兩(liang)大部分組成(cheng)。固體(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)系統較為簡單(dan),它的主要部分就是固體(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發動(dong)(dong)機,推(tui)進(jin)劑直(zhi)接裝(zhuang)在發動(dong)(dong)機的燃燒室殼體(ti)(ti)內。
3)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)是用(yong)來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭沿預(yu)(yu)(yu)定軌(gui)道(dao)正常(chang)、可靠飛行(xing)的(de)部分(fen)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)由制導和(he)導航系(xi)統(tong)、姿(zi)態控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)、電源供配電和(he)時序(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)三大(da)部分(fen)組成。制導和(he)導航系(xi)統(tong)的(de)功用(yong)是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭按(an)預(yu)(yu)(yu)定的(de)軌(gui)道(dao)運(yun)動(dong),把有效(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)送到預(yu)(yu)(yu)定的(de)空間位置并使之準確進入軌(gui)道(dao)。姿(zi)態控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)(又稱姿(zi)態穩定系(xi)統(tong))的(de)功用(yong)是糾正運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭飛行(xing)中的(de)俯(fu)仰(yang)、偏航、滾(gun)動(dong)誤差,使之保持(chi)正確的(de)飛行(xing)姿(zi)態。電源供配電和(he)時序(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)則按(an)預(yu)(yu)(yu)定飛行(xing)時序(xu)實施(shi)供配電控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。
4)遙測(ce)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)功用是把運(yun)載(zai)火箭飛行(xing)中各系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)工(gong)作參(can)(can)數及環境(jing)參(can)(can)數測(ce)量下來(lai),通過運(yun)載(zai)火箭上的(de)(de)無線(xian)電發射機將(jiang)這(zhe)些參(can)(can)數送回(hui)地面(mian),由地面(mian)接收(shou)機接收(shou);亦可將(jiang)測(ce)量所得的(de)(de)參(can)(can)數記錄在運(yun)載(zai)火箭上的(de)(de)磁記錄器上,在地面(mian)回(hui)收(shou)磁記錄器。這(zhe)些測(ce)量參(can)(can)數既(ji)可用來(lai)預報航天(tian)器入(ru)軌(gui)時的(de)(de)軌(gui)道參(can)(can)數,又(you)可用來(lai)鑒定和改(gai)進(jin)運(yun)載(zai)火箭的(de)(de)性能。一旦運(yun)載(zai)火箭在飛行(xing)中出現(xian)故(gu)障,這(zhe)些參(can)(can)數就是故(gu)障分析(xi)的(de)(de)依據。
5)外彈(dan)道測量(liang)系統的(de)功用(yong)(yong)是利用(yong)(yong)地面的(de)光學和無線電設備與裝(zhuang)在(zai)運載火(huo)箭上的(de)對應裝(zhuang)置一起對飛行(xing)中的(de)運載火(huo)箭進行(xing)跟蹤,并測量(liang)其飛行(xing)參數,用(yong)(yong)來預報航天器入軌時的(de)軌道參數,也可用(yong)(yong)來作為鑒定制導系統的(de)精度和故障分析的(de)依據。
6)安(an)全(quan)(quan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)功用是(shi)當運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)在飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)中(zhong)一旦出現故障不能繼續飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)時(shi),將其在空中(zhong)炸(zha)(zha)毀(hui),避免運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)墜落時(shi)給地(di)面(mian)造成(cheng)災難性的(de)危害。安(an)全(quan)(quan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)包括運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)自毀(hui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)地(di)面(mian)的(de)無(wu)線電安(an)全(quan)(quan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)兩部(bu)分。箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)自毀(hui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)由測量裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、計算機和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(炸(zha)(zha)藥筒)組成(cheng)。當運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)姿態、飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)速(su)度超出允許的(de)范圍時(shi),計算機發出引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)指令,使運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)在空中(zhong)自毀(hui)。無(wu)線電安(an)全(quan)(quan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)則是(shi)由地(di)面(mian)雷達測量運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)軌道,當運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)超出預先(xian)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)范圍時(shi),從地(di)面(mian)發出引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)箭(jian)上(shang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)指令,由箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)接收機接收后將火(huo)箭(jian)在空中(zhong)炸(zha)(zha)毀(hui)。
7)瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)系統(tong)的(de)功(gong)用是給運載火箭(jian)(jian)在發射(she)前進行初始(shi)方位定向。瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)系統(tong)由地面瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)設備和運載火箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)設備共同組成。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代的(de)(de)(de)重大發明(ming)(ming)之一(yi)。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)969年(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已經發明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)是(shi)(shi)在唐朝發明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de))。北宋軍(jun)官岳義方(fang)、馮繼升造出了(le)(le)世界(jie)上第一(yi)個以(yi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)為(wei)動力的(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)行兵(bing)器(qi)——-火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。這種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)由箭(jian)(jian)(jian)身(shen)和藥(yao)筒組成,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)筒用(yong)竹、厚紙制成,內充火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao),前端封死,后(hou)(hou)端引(yin)出導(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)繩,點燃(ran)后(hou)(hou),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)燃(ran)燒產生的(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)向(xiang)后(hou)(hou)噴出,以(yi)氣體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)反作用(yong)力把火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)推向(xiang)前,飛(fei)行中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殺(sha)傷(shang)敵兵(bing)。這種(zhong)最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在工作原(yuan)理上與(yu)現代火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)沒(mei)有什么不同。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)12世紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie),原(yuan)始的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)經過改進后(hou)(hou),廣泛(fan)地(di)用(yong)于戰(zhan)(zhan)爭。如公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1161年(nian)宋軍(jun)與(yu)金兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)“采(cai)石(shi)之戰(zhan)(zhan)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)“霹(pi)靂炮”,其(qi)實就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兵(bing)器(qi)。當時在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民間廣為(wei)流行的(de)(de)(de)能高飛(fei)的(de)(de)(de)“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)流星”(亦(yi)稱“起(qi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)”),實際就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)世界(jie)上第一(yi)種(zhong)觀賞性火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、明(ming)(ming)之后(hou)(hou),即公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)13世紀(ji)(ji)以(yi)后(hou)(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兵(bing)器(qi)在戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有了(le)(le)很(hen)大發展,涌現了(le)(le)許多(duo)與(yu)現代火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)類(lei)型相近的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)形式(shi)。13世紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie),蒙古(gu)人入(ru)侵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)、西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)和歐(ou)洲(zhou),阿拉伯人侵略西(xi)班(ban)牙(ya),他們把中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)技術(shu)傳入(ru)了(le)(le)歐(ou)洲(zhou)及世界(jie)其(qi)它地(di)區。到了(le)(le)這時,德意志的(de)(de)(de)艾伯特斯·麥格諾才在歐(ou)洲(zhou)首次記(ji)述了(le)(le)關于制作火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)。歐(ou)洲(zhou)人最(zui)早使(shi)(shi)用(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兵(bing)器(qi),是(shi)(shi)在1379年(nian)意大利的(de)(de)(de)帕多(duo)亞(ya)(ya)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭和1380年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)威尼斯之戰(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
至(zhi)20世紀初,俄(e)國(guo)著名科(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)康斯坦丁(ding)·齊奧爾科(ke)夫斯基(ji)從理(li)論上證明了多級火(huo)箭(jian)可以(yi)克服地(di)球引力(li)而進入太空(kong),并建立了火(huo)箭(jian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)的基(ji)本數學(xue)(xue)方程(cheng),奠定了航天(tian)飛行動(dong)(dong)力(li)學(xue)(xue)的基(ji)礎。此外(wai),他(ta)(ta)肯(ken)定了液體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機是航天(tian)器最適宜的動(dong)(dong)力(li)裝置(zhi),為運(yun)(yun)載器的發(fa)展指出了方向,并提(ti)出為實(shi)現飛向其他(ta)(ta)行星(xing)(xing)必(bi)須設置(zhi)中(zhong)間(jian)站,以(yi)及(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)在星(xing)(xing)際空(kong)間(jian)飛行的條(tiao)件和(he)火(huo)箭(jian)地(di)面起飛條(tiao)件。
美國著(zhu)名火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)專家羅伯特·哈金斯·戈達(da)(da)德(de)(de)把航天理(li)論與火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)技術(shu)相結合,提出了(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)飛行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)數學(xue)原理(li),指(zhi)出火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)必須具有每秒(miao)7.9公(gong)里的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度才能克服地球引力,同時他研究了(le)利用火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)把載荷送至(zhi)月(yue)球的(de)(de)(de)幾種可能方案。戈達(da)(da)德(de)(de)從1921年(nian)開(kai)始研制(zhi)(zhi)液體火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),于1926年(nian)3月(yue)16日進行(xing)(xing)了(le)人類首次液體火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)飛行(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)并獲得(de)成功(火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)長3.04米(mi),飛行(xing)(xing)2.5秒(miao),達(da)(da)到 12米(mi)高,56米(mi)遠),這使得(de)他成為液體火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)實際發(fa)明(ming)人。1932年(nian)他首次用陀螺控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)燃氣舵操縱火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing),1935年(nian)他試驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)以超聲速(su)飛行(xing)(xing),最大(da)射程約20公(gong)里。
1942年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)3日(ri),德(de)國(guo)(guo)首次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)功地(di)發(fa)射了(le)(le)(le)人類歷史上第一枚彈(dan)(dan)道導彈(dan)(dan)——V-2,并(bing)于1944年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)6日(ri)首次(ci)(ci)投(tou)入(ru)作(zuo)戰使(shi)用。第二(er)次(ci)(ci)世界(jie)大(da)(da)戰期間(jian)(jian),先后有(you)約4300多枚V-2導彈(dan)(dan)襲擊(ji)了(le)(le)(le)英國(guo)(guo)、荷蘭(lan)安特(te)衛(wei)普港和(he)其(qi)(qi)他目標,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)。V-2是單級液體火(huo)箭,全長14米(mi),質量為(wei)(wei)13噸(dun),箭體直徑1.65米(mi),最(zui)大(da)(da)射程320公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,發(fa)動(dong)機熄火(huo)高度96公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,飛(fei)行時間(jian)(jian)約320秒(miao)(miao),命(ming)中(zhong)精(jing)度圓公(gong)(gong)(gong)算偏差5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,有(you)效載荷約1噸(dun)。其(qi)(qi)動(dong)力系統(tong)(tong)選(xuan)用液氧/酒精(jing)液體火(huo)箭發(fa)動(dong)機,推力為(wei)(wei)260千牛(合26.5噸(dun)力),最(zui)長工(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian)(jian)68秒(miao)(miao)。其(qi)(qi)控制(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)使(shi)用帶程序裝置和(he)陀螺積分儀的(de)(de)自主(zhu)式陀螺控制(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)。V-2的(de)(de)成(cheng)功在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程上實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)19世紀末、20世紀初航天(tian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)先驅者(zhe)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)想,并(bing)培養和(he)造(zao)(zao)就了(le)(le)(le)一大(da)(da)批(pi)有(you)實(shi)踐經驗的(de)(de)火(huo)箭專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia),對現(xian)代(dai)大(da)(da)型(xing)火(huo)箭的(de)(de)發(fa)展起到了(le)(le)(le)繼(ji)往(wang)開來的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。V-2的(de)(de)設(she)計雖不盡完美(mei),但它卻是人類擁(yong)有(you)的(de)(de)第一件(jian)向(xiang)地(di)球引力挑戰的(de)(de)工(gong)具,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)航天(tian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)發(fa)展史上的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要里程碑。第二(er)次(ci)(ci)世界(jie)大(da)(da)戰后,美(mei)、蘇(su)兩國(guo)(guo)分別接(jie)收了(le)(le)(le)參(can)與V-2研制(zhi)的(de)(de)部分專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)、設(she)備及(ji)資料,為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)兩個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)在(zai)(zai)第二(er)次(ci)(ci)世界(jie)大(da)(da)戰后迅速(su)發(fa)展火(huo)箭和(he)導彈(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)創造(zao)(zao)了(le)(le)(le)有(you)利的(de)(de)條件(jian)。40年(nian)代(dai)末至50年(nian)代(dai)末,在(zai)(zai)V-2的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上,以美(mei)、蘇(su)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)研制(zhi)的(de)(de)火(huo)箭武器得到了(le)(le)(le)迅速(su)發(fa)展,各種類型(xing)的(de)(de)導彈(dan)(dan)武器相繼(ji)問世,并(bing)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)一個(ge)完整的(de)(de)導彈(dan)(dan)武器系統(tong)(tong)。
世界(jie)第一枚專門用(yong)于高(gao)空(kong)(kong)(kong)大氣探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是美國(guo)于 1945年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋研(yan)制(zhi)成功的(de)(de)(de)“女兵下士”火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。它能將11公斤的(de)(de)(de)有效載荷送(song)到 70公里的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)空(kong)(kong)(kong)。此后(hou),美國(guo)和蘇聯利用(yong)繳獲(huo)的(de)(de)(de)V-2火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)射(she)了(le)一批探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。50年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際地球物(wu)理年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)活動(dong)大大推動(dong)了(le)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,許多國(guo)家開始(shi)了(le)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)制(zhi)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代,世界(jie)上已有20多個(ge)國(guo)家發(fa)展或使用(yong)了(le)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)量高(gao)達數千枚。中國(guo)在1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以前曾發(fa)射(she)過試驗性火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)正式研(yan)制(zhi)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),先后(hou)研(yan)制(zhi)成T-7液體探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和改(gai)進型 T-7A探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。 1965年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)起(qi)開始(shi)研(yan)制(zhi)固體探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)“和平”2號和6號。
看似復雜(za)的(de)火箭,原理(li)其實非常簡單(dan),早在17世紀,牛頓(dun)就很清晰地進行了描述:如果以(yi)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)速度(du)向后拋(pao)出一(yi)(yi)定(ding)質量,就會受到一(yi)(yi)個反作用(yong)力的(de)推動,向前(qian)加速。簡單(dan)的(de)火箭甚至早在牛頓(dun)提出這一(yi)(yi)原理(li)前(qian)幾(ji)百年就在中國被發明出來,并得(de)到了應用(yong),包括軍用(yong)的(de)火藥箭和節日慶典的(de)煙花。
火箭向后拋出一定質(zhi)量是靠(kao)火箭發動(dong)(dong)機來完成(cheng)的。火箭發動(dong)(dong)機點火以后,推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(液(ye)體(ti)(ti)的或固體(ti)(ti)的燃料和(he)氧(yang)化(hua)劑(ji))在(zai)(zai)發動(dong)(dong)機燃燒室(shi)里燃燒,產生大(da)量高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)氣體(ti)(ti);高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)氣體(ti)(ti)從(cong)(cong)(cong)發動(dong)(dong)機噴管高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)噴出,對(dui)火箭產生的反(fan)作用(yong)力(li),使火箭沿(yan)氣體(ti)(ti)噴射(she)的反(fan)方向前進(jin)(jin)。固體(ti)(ti)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)是從(cong)(cong)(cong)底層(ceng)向頂(ding)層(ceng)或從(cong)(cong)(cong)內層(ceng)向外層(ceng)快速(su)(su)燃燒的,而液(ye)體(ti)(ti)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)是用(yong)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)氣體(ti)(ti)對(dui)燃料與(yu)(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)劑(ji)貯箱(xiang)增壓(ya),然后用(yong)渦輪泵(beng)將燃料與(yu)(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)劑(ji)進(jin)(jin)一步增壓(ya)并輸送進(jin)(jin)燃燒室(shi)。推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)的化(hua)學能在(zai)(zai)發動(dong)(dong)機內轉化(hua)為燃氣的動(dong)(dong)能,形成(cheng)高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)氣流噴出,產生推(tui)力(li)。
火(huo)藥曾經是原始的火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji),目前戰術型火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)或(huo)較(jiao)小導彈(dan)大(da)多采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)藥推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。人們(men)習慣(guan)性(xing)把這樣的固(gu)體(ti)燃(ran)料叫做(zuo)“單(dan)元推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)”。需要燃(ran)燒(shao)劑(ji)(ji)加(jia)氧化劑(ji)(ji)的燃(ran)料被稱為:“二元推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)”。組合(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液(ye)體(ti)和固(gu)體(ti)燃(ran)料推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)的稱為混合(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混合(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)的火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)比沖(chong)和體(ti)積比沖(chong)介于(yu)液(ye)體(ti)和固(gu)體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間。1950年(nian)代美國(guo)研制成(cheng)功氧化氫和聚乙烯作為火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)的混合(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。1964年(nian)法國(guo)首先發(fa)射成(cheng)功采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混合(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)為動力的氣象火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。我國(guo)“長征一號D”運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)第一級(ji)、第二級(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液(ye)體(ti)燃(ran)料火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji),第三級(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)固(gu)體(ti)燃(ran)料火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)。也是采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混合(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。
選擇推進劑所需要(yao)考慮的(de)因(yin)素很多(duo),如要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)化學能(neng)(neng)焓、低(di)分子量的(de)燃燒產物。比熱大、導熱率(lv)高(gao)。飽和蒸汽氣壓低(di),化學穩定性(xing)好(hao),比重大、無毒、無腐蝕(shi)性(xing)等。一種推進劑不可能(neng)(neng)完全具備以(yi)上(shang)的(de)這些性(xing)能(neng)(neng),因(yin)此不斷(duan)研究新(xin)燃料是(shi)開發空(kong)間航行的(de)首(shou)要(yao)任務(wu)。
使用(yong)核能燃料(liao)的火箭(jian)發動機(ji)的比(bi)沖量高、壽命長(chang)。但技術(shu)復雜,只適用(yong)長(chang)期(qi)工作的航(hang)天器及(ji)運載火箭(jian)的高能末級。1986年前蘇(su)聯(lian)已在(zai)和平號空間站(zhan)應(ying)用(yong)核動力發動機(ji)。核燃料(liao)的危害性是放射(she)性污染環境。
目前(qian)火(huo)箭發射(she)(she)有三種方(fang)式(shi):一是地(di)面發射(she)(she),二是空(kong)中發射(she)(she),三是海上發射(she)(she)。
早期,運送有效載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)都(dou)是從地(di)面發(fa)射(she)(she)場(chang)發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)。地(di)面發(fa)射(she)(she)場(chang)受地(di)理位置的(de)制約,限制了(le)有效載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)范(fan)圍,難(nan)以滿足各種有效載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)需求,于是出現了(le)從空中發(fa)射(she)(she)和(he)從海上(shang)平(ping)臺發(fa)射(she)(she)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)方式。
從空中發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是(shi)用飛機(ji)將火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)運送到高(gao)空后(hou),再釋放火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在空中點(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)飛向預定(ding)軌道。采用這種發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)方式,飛機(ji)可以在不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)地點(dian)(dian)的機(ji)場(chang)起飛,從空中任何地點(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),它不(bu)(bu)受地理位置的限制。這樣(yang),不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)增加(jia)了(le)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)窗口,而且還會擴大(da)軌道傾角的范圍(wei),因而具有很大(da)的機(ji)動性。載機(ji)相(xiang)當于火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的基礎級(ji),能(neng)提高(gao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)本身的運載能(neng)力,同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)從空中發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)比從地面發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),其運載能(neng)力幾乎可以提高(gao)一倍(bei)。
與地面(mian)發(fa)射(she)場相比,從海上平(ping)臺(tai)發(fa)射(she)火箭(jian)(jian)同樣具有多種優勢(shi)。首先,可(ke)以靈活(huo)選擇發(fa)射(she)地點,當選擇在赤道附近(jin)海域發(fa)射(she)時,能(neng)(neng)充(chong)分借助(zhu)地球的自轉速度,提高火箭(jian)(jian)的運載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li);其次,周圍(wei)沒有居民點,火箭(jian)(jian)落(luo)區的選擇范圍(wei)較大,從而可(ke)使(shi)多級(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)的設計(ji)更加(jia)優化,進一步提高火箭(jian)(jian)的運載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。
運載火(huo)箭發射前準備
與運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)研制一樣(yang)(yang),運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)發射同樣(yang)(yang)是一項綜(zong)合(he)性的(de)(de)系統(tong)工程。它(ta)涉及(ji)的(de)(de)面很廣(guang),包括(kuo)運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)檢查、測(ce)試、轉運(yun)、加注推進劑、發射程序與數據的(de)(de)計算和裝訂、點火(huo)發射、跟蹤測(ce)量、安全(quan)控制、指揮通信、地面勤務保障(zhang)等多方(fang)面的(de)(de)工作。
運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)首先(xian)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)技術(shu)準備(bei)區的(de)(de)專用(yong)廠房。在這(zhe)里先(xian)對箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)儀器設備(bei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)單元測(ce)試(shi)(shi),即對儀器設備(bei)單獨(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)測(ce)試(shi)(shi),檢(jian)查其(qi)性能(neng)和精確測(ce)量(liang)其(qi)參(can)數(shu)。單元測(ce)試(shi)(shi)合格(ge)后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分系(xi)統(tong)(tong)測(ce)試(shi)(shi),它是在系(xi)統(tong)(tong)處(chu)于工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)狀(zhuang)態下,對系(xi)統(tong)(tong)內各(ge)儀器設備(bei)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)協調(diao)性和功能(neng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)查,并(bing)測(ce)量(liang)其(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)參(can)數(shu)。接下來各(ge)分系(xi)統(tong)(tong)之(zhi)間進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)匹配測(ce)試(shi)(shi),檢(jian)查系(xi)統(tong)(tong)之(zhi)間工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是否(fou)協調(diao)匹配。最后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)所有系(xi)統(tong)(tong)都參(can)加(jia)的(de)(de)總(zong)檢(jian)查,總(zong)檢(jian)查一(yi)般要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)多次,以(yi)模擬(ni)各(ge)種(zhong)飛行(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態來驗證運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)全系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)技術(shu)性能(neng)和可靠性,并(bing)使火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)達到符合發射狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)要求。總(zong)檢(jian)查之(zhi)后,開始在運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)安裝各(ge)種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)品和火(huo)(huo)工(gong)裝置,并(bing)準備(bei)轉(zhuan)場。
在(zai)運載火箭進行技術測(ce)試(shi)的(de)同時,發射(she)場(chang)內的(de)測(ce)控系統要進行設備(bei)聯試(shi)。先是(shi)進行場(chang)內設備(bei)聯試(shi),然后再(zai)與(yu)分布(bu)在(zai)各地的(de)測(ce)控站設備(bei)聯試(shi)。與(yu)此同時,地面(mian)勤務保(bao)障(zhang)部(bu)門對發射(she)設備(bei)、加注設備(bei)進行調試(shi);氣象(xiang)保(bao)障(zhang)部(bu)門開(kai)通氣象(xiang)情報(bao)網(wang)和天氣會商網(wang),啟動氣象(xiang)測(ce)量雷(lei)達,開(kai)始進行天氣的(de)長(chang)、中(zhong)、短期預報(bao)。
當運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭在(zai)(zai)技術準備區(qu)(qu)經(jing)檢查測(ce)試(shi)達到可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)的(de)狀(zhuang)態后(hou)(hou)(hou),即可(ke)轉(zhuan)運(yun)到發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)有發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)臺、勤(qin)(qin)務(wu)(wu)塔(ta)和(he)臍帶塔(ta)等主要發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)設(she)施。運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭分(fen)(fen)級運(yun)至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)后(hou)(hou)(hou),由勤(qin)(qin)務(wu)(wu)塔(ta)上的(de)吊(diao)裝設(she)備對運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭分(fen)(fen)級吊(diao)裝、對接和(he)總裝,并將(jiang)其豎立在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)臺上。隨后(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)豎立狀(zhuang)態下對運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭再一次進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)系統(tong)測(ce)試(shi)、系統(tong)間性(xing)能匹配測(ce)試(shi)、總檢查和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)演練(lian)等。在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)測(ce)試(shi)的(de)內(nei)容要比在(zai)(zai)技術區(qu)(qu)的(de)測(ce)試(shi)簡化(hua)。在(zai)(zai)檢查測(ce)試(shi)工作結束后(hou)(hou)(hou),就可(ke)向運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭加注(zhu)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑,并進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)瞄準定位(wei)。與此同(tong)時,地面(mian)勤(qin)(qin)務(wu)(wu)保障部門要進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑化(hua)驗,確定推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑的(de)加注(zhu)參數;氣象(xiang)部門要提供臨發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)前發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)場(chang)(chang)區(qu)(qu)的(de)天氣情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)及發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)場(chang)(chang)區(qu)(qu)上空的(de)高空風場(chang)(chang)等情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),以(yi)及火(huo)箭飛行(xing)經(jing)過地區(qu)(qu)的(de)氣象(xiang)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)。
運(yun)載(zai)火箭發射(she)程序
當(dang)一切準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)工作(zuo)基本結束之后(hou)(hou)(hou),發(fa)射(she)(she)工作(zuo)便可進入倒(dao)計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階段(duan)。倒(dao)計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階段(duan)開始時(shi)(shi)(shi),由指揮中心向發(fa)射(she)(she)場(chang)、火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛行過程(cheng)中箭(jian)(jian)體分(fen)離后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)落區、分(fen)布在各地的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)控站、遠洋測(ce)量艦隊和有關部(bu)門(men)(men)統(tong)(tong)一發(fa)布口令。各部(bu)門(men)(men)、各單位接到(dao)口令后(hou)(hou)(hou),根據(ju)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間統(tong)(tong)一勤務系統(tong)(tong)提供的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一時(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)各自進入臨(lin)射(she)(she)前的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)程(cheng)序(xu)。一般(ban)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)倒(dao)計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)從由發(fa)射(she)(she)窗口確定的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間前1個小時(shi)(shi)(shi)開始,叫做1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)。然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)30分(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)、15分(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)、5分(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)、1分(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)從10開始倒(dao)數至1,運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)起飛。采(cai)用低溫(wen)(wen)推進劑的(de)(de)(de)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),由于(yu)低溫(wen)(wen)推進劑極易蒸(zheng)發(fa),必(bi)須嚴(yan)格控制推進劑加注后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間,因此常提前到(dao)離發(fa)射(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間4-7小時(shi)(shi)(shi)就開始進入倒(dao)計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階段(duan)。
發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)(jin)入1小時(shi)(shi)準(zhun)備后(hou),發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)場的(de)(de)各(ge)項工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)均(jun)按時(shi)(shi)間(jian)程序由地(di)面(mian)測試發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)控(kong)制(zhi)設(she)備來操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),它可(ke)以(yi)是半(ban)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de),也可(ke)以(yi)是全(quan)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)。在這(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)準(zhun)備過程中,主要(yao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)有:對(dui)(dui)箭(jian)上系(xi)統通電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)前(qian)(qian)(qian)功能檢(jian)查,對(dui)(dui)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)裝訂飛(fei)行(xing)程序和(he)數據,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)精(jing)確瞄準(zhun),對(dui)(dui)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑貯箱進(jin)(jin)行(xing)增壓,對(dui)(dui)采用低(di)溫推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)補加推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑,氣路連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器(qi)、加注連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)脫開,遙測系(xi)統、外測系(xi)統的(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)插(cha)頭自(zi)動(dong)(dong)脫落。到1分(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備時(shi)(shi),箭(jian)上系(xi)統由地(di)面(mian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉為(wei)由箭(jian)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian),經(jing)(jing)10秒(miao)鐘(zhong)自(zi)檢(jian)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)后(hou),電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)脫落,電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)擺(bai)桿離開運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)擺(bai)到預定(ding)位置(zhi)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)除底(di)(di)部只有一個(ge)經(jing)(jing)脫拔插(cha)頭連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)尚(shang)與(yu)地(di)面(mian)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)外,其他一切與(yu)地(di)面(mian)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)插(cha)頭均(jun)已完全(quan)脫開。射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)前(qian)(qian)(qian)30秒(miao)鐘(zhong),發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)場的(de)(de)測控(kong)系(xi)統與(yu)各(ge)地(di)測控(kong)跟蹤站開始啟動(dong)(dong);射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)前(qian)(qian)(qian)7秒(miao)鐘(zhong),發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)周圍的(de)(de)高速攝影機(ji)開拍,開始記錄火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)點火(huo)(huo)起飛(fei)的(de)(de)實況;到0秒(miao)時(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)點火(huo)(huo)。當火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)離開發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)時(shi)(shi),底(di)(di)部唯一尚(shang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)著的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)脫拔插(cha)頭被拉脫,火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)與(yu)地(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)有線控(kong)制(zhi)完全(quan)中斷(duan)。但如果在火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)點火(huo)(huo)尚(shang)未離開發射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)前(qian)(qian)(qian),發現火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang),地(di)面(mian)可(ke)通過這(zhe)根電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)對(dui)(dui)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)實施(shi)緊(jin)急關機(ji)。
火(huo)箭(jian)起飛(fei)后,在控制系統的(de)控制下,分(fen)別完成程(cheng)序轉彎、助推器脫落、上面級(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)點(dian)火(huo)與關機、級(ji)間分(fen)離(li)和整流罩分(fen)離(li)等;當(dang)火(huo)箭(jian)到達(da)入(ru)軌點(dian)時,有(you)效(xiao)載荷與火(huo)箭(jian)分(fen)離(li)、進入(ru)預定軌道(dao)運(yun)行,這時,運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)發射工作完滿(man)結(jie)束。
按級(ji)(ji)數來分(fen),可分(fen)為單(dan)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)、多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)兩種類型。由于(yu)單(dan)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)在實際應(ying)用上很難(nan)實現宇(yu)宙飛行(xing)所必需的宇(yu)宙速度,因(yin)此需要采用多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)來解決這一問(wen)題。多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的一子級(ji)(ji)在發射(she)點火(huo)(huo)(huo)后(hou)就開(kai)始工作,工作結(jie)束后(hou)與整個火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)分(fen)離(li),再由二子級(ji)(ji)繼續將有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)推向太空,以此類推,直至把有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)送入預定軌道。多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)一般由2-4級(ji)(ji)組成,有(you)串聯(lian)、并聯(lian)和串-并聯(lian)三(san)種聯(lian)接方(fang)式。
按動力能源
按動力(li)能(neng)源分為(wei)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、電能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、核能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、太陽能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)及光(guang)子火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)等。目(mu)前最常用的(de)是化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),它又分為(wei)液體推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、固體推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和固-液混合推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。作為(wei)新能(neng)源火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)代表,核能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)優點是其發動機比(bi)沖比(bi)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)高,而(er)推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)只有一種,簡化(hua)了火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)結構,適合執行長時(shi)間任務或星際(ji)任務。
按用(yong)(yong)途(tu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)指在近太空(kong)進行(xing)探(tan)測、科(ke)學試(shi)驗的(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),一般不設控制系統,是30~200千(qian)米高空(kong)的(de)有效探(tan)測工具。探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)還(huan)可(ke)按研究對(dui)象或(huo)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)翔如地(di)球物理火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、氣象火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、生物火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、技術(shu)試(shi)驗火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)防雹火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)等。運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)又分(fen)(fen)(fen)為衛星運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)載(zai)(zai)人(ren)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。
按控制形式
按控制形(xing)式分為有控火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和無控火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。
按運載能力
按運載能力分為小型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)、中型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)和重(zhong)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)。
按軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)分為近地(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)、太陽同(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)、地(di)球同(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)及(ji)月球軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)等。
按可否重復使用
按可否(fou)重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)使用分(fen)為(wei)一(yi)次性(xing)使用火(huo)箭、部分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)使用火(huo)箭和完全重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)使用火(huo)箭等。
由中(zhong)國(guo)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天科(ke)技(ji)集團有(you)(you)限公司自(zi)主研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),承擔(dan)了(le)(le)我(wo)國(guo)96.4%的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)任務(wu),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天器(qi)總質(zhi)量占(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)總質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)99.2%。從(cong)1970年(nian)首飛至今,長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)先(xian)后(hou)有(you)(you)17型基礎級火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和(he)5型上面(mian)級投入(ru)使(shi)用,成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)將(jiang)500多個(ge)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天器(qi)送入(ru)預(yu)定軌(gui)(gui)道(dao),實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)從(cong)無(wu)到有(you)(you),從(cong)串聯(lian)到捆綁,從(cong)一(yi)箭(jian)(jian)一(yi)星(xing)(xing)到一(yi)箭(jian)(jian)多星(xing)(xing),從(cong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)衛星(xing)(xing)到發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)載(zai)人飛船和(he)月球(qiu)探測(ce)器(qi),從(cong)現(xian)役(yi)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)到新(xin)一(yi)代運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)等一(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列重大(da)跨越,具備(bei)了(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)低、中(zhong)、高(gao)不(bu)同(tong)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)、不(bu)同(tong)類型載(zai)荷的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)和(he)入(ru)軌(gui)(gui)精度均處于世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)先(xian)進(jin)水平(ping),已成(cheng)(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)第(di)一(yi)、世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)知名、在國(guo)際高(gao)科(ke)技(ji)產業具有(you)(you)自(zi)主知識產權的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)牌。多年(nian)來,長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)力(li)支撐(cheng)保障了(le)(le)我(wo)國(guo)載(zai)人航(hang)(hang)(hang)天、月球(qiu)探測(ce)、北(bei)斗(dou)衛星(xing)(xing)導航(hang)(hang)(hang)、高(gao)分辨率(lv)對地(di)觀測(ce)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統等一(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列重大(da)工程(cheng)任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)實(shi)施(shi),為推動相(xiang)(xiang)關領域發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan),加(jia)快科(ke)技(ji)強(qiang)國(guo)和(he)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天強(qiang)國(guo)建設打下了(le)(le)堅(jian)實(shi)基礎。據(ju)統計(ji),長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)300次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)約為96%。與前50次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)相(xiang)(xiang)比,后(hou)250次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)明顯提(ti)升且趨于穩定。在第(di)三個(ge)100次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)中(zhong),長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)共將(jiang)225顆航(hang)(hang)(hang)天器(qi)送入(ru)預(yu)定軌(gui)(gui)道(dao),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)高(gao)達97%,居(ju)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)領先(xian)地(di)位。2018年(nian),長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)連續成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)次(ci)數達到37次(ci),首次(ci)獨(du)居(ju)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)次(ci)數年(nian)度第(di)一(yi)位,在近20年(nian)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)各國(guo)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)史中(zhong),是(shi)連續成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)次(ci)數最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)年(nian),創造(zao)了(le)(le)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)紀錄(lu)。
歐(ou)空(kong)局(ju)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列。由歐(ou)洲11個(ge)國家組成的(de)歐(ou)空(kong)局(ju)于1973年開(kai)始研(yan)制(zhi),迄今已(yi)發(fa)展了阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)1~5五種型(xing)別。目前使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最多的(de)是(shi)阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于1988年1月開(kai)始研(yan)制(zhi),1996年6月首次飛(fei)行,迄今為止,研(yan)制(zhi)并投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)有阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5G、5GS、5ECA、5ES等型(xing)號(hao),起飛(fei)質量為746~480噸(dun)(dun),起飛(fei)推力為11400~13000kN,可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于向地球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道、太(tai)陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道、中(zhong)低軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道以及飛(fei)離地球(qiu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道發(fa)射各類(lei)衛星(xing)(xing)和航天器(qi)(qi),同(tong)時也可(ke)執(zhi)行一箭(jian)多星(xing)(xing)發(fa)射任務,曾發(fa)射過天網、SYRACUSE等軍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)通(tong)信衛星(xing)(xing)。阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5為兩(liang)級(ji)(ji)液體(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),一子(zi)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液氫、液氧推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji),二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四氧化二氮、一甲基(ji)肼或液氧/液氫推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji),在(zai)(zai)一子(zi)級(ji)(ji)周圍捆綁了2枚大型(xing)固體(ti)助(zhu)推器(qi)(qi)。目前在(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)型(xing)號(hao)主(zhu)(zhu)要有阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5GS、5ECA、5ES。阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5GS低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)主(zhu)(zhu)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)神(shen)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji),上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)重(zhong)復(fu)點火(huo)(huo)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji),地球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力達(da)到6.5噸(dun)(dun)。阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5ECA采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)的(de)火(huo)(huo)神(shen)2低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji),二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)改(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji),使(shi)地球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力提高到10.5噸(dun)(dun)。阿(a)(a)(a)里(li)安(an)(an)5ES火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于發(fa)射歐(ou)洲自動(dong)轉移(yi)(yi)飛(fei)行器(qi)(qi)(ATV),近地軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力為21噸(dun)(dun)。
日(ri)本研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)列。研制(zhi)始于(yu)1981年,迄(qi)今已發(fa)(fa)展了(le)H-1、H-2、H-2A等(deng)多種(zhong)型(xing)號(hao),目前正(zheng)在研制(zhi)H-2B火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)H-2轉(zhuan)移(yi)飛行(xing)器(HTV)。H-1火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運載(zai)能力(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.1噸(dun)(dun),由于(yu)使用(yong)(yong)了(le)美國(guo)技術(shu),只允許用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)日(ri)本國(guo)內(nei)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing),1988年投入(ru)使用(yong)(yong),1992年退(tui)役。H-2火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)日(ri)本獨立研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首枚大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)兩級捆綁式液體運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)1~2噸(dun)(dun)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing),于(yu)1994年開始首飛,由于(yu)成(cheng)本高、可(ke)靠性差(cha)以及(ji)操(cao)作復雜(za)等(deng)問題,1999被停(ting)止(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)。目前在用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)以H-2為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎進(jin)行(xing)了(le)較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2A火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)列,有(you)標準型(xing)(H2A202、H2A2022、H2A2024)和(he)增強(qiang)型(xing)(H2A204),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)二級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),一、二子級使用(yong)(yong)液氧/液氫推進(jin)劑,通過模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)化設計,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)相(xiang)同火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)結構模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同配置來(lai)(lai)組成(cheng)不(bu)同火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)型(xing)號(hao),最大(da)(da)(da)近地軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運載(zai)能力(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10噸(dun)(dun),最大(da)(da)(da)地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運載(zai)能力(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)6噸(dun)(dun),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)日(ri)本政府(fu)軍用(yong)(yong)和(he)民用(yong)(yong)有(you)效載(zai)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she),包括地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)通信衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)、偵(zhen)察衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)、月球(qiu)探測器和(he)星(xing)(xing)(xing)際探測器等(deng),同時(shi)承攬國(guo)際商(shang)業發(fa)(fa)射(she)服務。日(ri)本正(zheng)在H-2A火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)發(fa)(fa)展更大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2B火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)一子級直徑從(cong)4米增加到5米,主(zhu)發(fa)(fa)動機增加到2臺(tai),可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)有(you)效載(zai)荷質(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)16.5噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)HTV,向國(guo)際空間站(zhan)運送貨物,也(ye)可(ke)將質(zhi)量(liang)8噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他類型(xing)有(you)效載(zai)荷送入(ru)地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)。
蘇聯/俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)研制的(de)(de)第一種非導彈(dan)衍生的(de)(de)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭。是專為航(hang)(hang)天任務(wu)設計的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)器,包括二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)、三(san)級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)和四級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing),于(yu)1965年進(jin)行首飛(fei),曾發(fa)(fa)射了“熒(ying)光屏”、“彩虹”、“地(di)(di)平線”系列通信衛星、格洛納斯(si)(GLONSS)軍民(min)兩用導航(hang)(hang)衛星及(ji)“月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)”、“金(jin)星”、“火(huo)(huo)(huo)星”等(deng)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器,執行過月(yue)面(mian)采樣返(fan)回和金(jin)星表面(mian)軟著(zhu)陸任務(wu)。二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)1961年開始研制,采用四氧(yang)化二氮及(ji)偏二甲(jia)肼(jing)推進(jin)劑(ji),用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射大(da)型(xing)(xing)月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器、星際探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器、空間站(zhan)艙件和地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛星,能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)12.5噸有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)荷送(song)入近地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。三(san)級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)由二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭加上一個液(ye)體三(san)子(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)構成,主(zhu)要用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射蘇聯空間站(zhan)與量(liang)子(zi)號(hao)、晶體號(hao)及(ji)宇宙號(hao)空間站(zhan)艙,能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)21噸的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)荷送(song)入近地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。目(mu)前使用的(de)(de)主(zhu)要是四級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)K/DM和質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)M/微風M兩種型(xing)(xing)號(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭,是在三(san)級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭的(de)(de)基礎上增(zeng)加上面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)Block DM 和微風M構成,Block DM采用液(ye)氧(yang)和煤油推進(jin)劑(ji),微風M采用四氧(yang)化二氮和偏二甲(jia)肼(jing)推進(jin)劑(ji)。質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)K/DM主(zhu)要用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射政府的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)荷,地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)覆蓋2.75-4.35噸,月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)達(da)到(dao)6.2噸。質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)M/微風M火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭主(zhu)要用于(yu)國際商業發(fa)(fa)射服務(wu),同(tong)(tong)(tong)時也可執行政府的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射任務(wu),是目(mu)前質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭中運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)最大(da)的(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)號(hao),地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)達(da)到(dao)6.2噸,地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)達(da)到(dao)2.92噸。
蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)/俄(e)羅斯的(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)列是世界上(shang)歷史最久(jiu)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)次(ci)數最多(duo)的(de)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)途運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。前(qian)蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)以戰略導彈(dan)為(wei)(wei)基礎發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展了東方(fang)號(hao)(hao)(hao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),后續又發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展了聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),現(xian)已發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展了上(shang)升號(hao)(hao)(hao)、閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電號(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)U、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)U/伊(yi)卡爾、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)U/弗雷(lei)(lei)蓋(gai)特、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)FG、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)2等10余個型(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao),最大(da)近地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)為(wei)(wei)8.2噸(dun),太陽同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)為(wei)(wei)4.8噸(dun),地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)為(wei)(wei)2.4噸(dun)。目(mu)前(qian)主要(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)是聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)U、閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電號(hao)(hao)(hao)M、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)FG和(he)(he)(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)U和(he)(he)(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)FG火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)兩級(ji)(ji)結構,全部采(cai)用(yong)(yong)液氧(yang)、煤(mei)油推進(jin)劑,主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)/不載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)貨運(yun)(yun)飛船(chuan)或軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)照相偵察衛(wei)星,曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)過上(shang)升號(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)飛船(chuan)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)飛船(chuan)、進(jin)步(bu)號(hao)(hao)(hao)貨運(yun)(yun)飛船(chuan)以及第2代(dai)(dai)宇宙號(hao)(hao)(hao)照相偵察衛(wei)星。在二級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG的(de)基礎上(shang)還可增加伊(yi)卡爾和(he)(he)(he)弗雷(lei)(lei)蓋(gai)特上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji),用(yong)(yong)于商業高軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)。閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電號(hao)(hao)(hao)M火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是三級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)的(de)大(da)橢圓軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星,地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)為(wei)(wei)1.6噸(dun),曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)過閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電號(hao)(hao)(hao)通信衛(wei)星和(he)(he)(he)預警衛(wei)星。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)列中改動(dong)最大(da)的(de)型(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了新的(de)二子級(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)三子級(ji)(ji)。其基本(ben)型(xing)(xing)(二級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing))可將(jiang)近地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)提高到8.2噸(dun),帶(dai)上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji)的(de)三級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)可將(jiang)有效載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)荷送入大(da)橢圓軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)(he)地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao),地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)為(wei)(wei)2.7~3噸(dun),太陽同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)為(wei)(wei)4.5~4.9噸(dun)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)既與原來的(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有很好的(de)繼承性(xing),又能(neng)(neng)更好地(di)(di)適應國際商業發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)市(shi)場的(de)需求(qiu),最終將(jiang)取(qu)代(dai)(dai)現(xian)用(yong)(yong)的(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG和(he)(he)(he)閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電號(hao)(hao)(hao)M,進(jin)行載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)飛船(chuan)、軍(jun)事(shi)和(he)(he)(he)商業衛(wei)星的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)。
印度為(wei)發(fa)射(she)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)在探空火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)基礎上(shang)發(fa)展而來的運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。先后成功研制了衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)3(SLV-3)、加大(da)推力衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(ASLV)、極地軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(PSLV)和地球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(GSLV)。PSLV、GSLV是(shi)印度在用(yong)的主(zhu)力運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。PSLV采用(yong)四(si)級(ji)結構,一、三子(zi)級(ji)使用(yong)固(gu)體(ti)推進劑,二、四(si)子(zi)級(ji)使用(yong)一甲基肼和四(si)氧化二氮,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于向極軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)發(fa)射(she)遙(yao)感衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing),近(jin)(jin)地軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能力達到(dao)3.2噸(dun),太(tai)陽同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能力為(wei)2噸(dun)。GSLV火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)在PSLV火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)基礎上(shang)改進而來,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于向地球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)發(fa)射(she)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing),同(tong)時(shi)也可執行近(jin)(jin)地軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)發(fa)射(she)任務。GSLV由固(gu)體(ti)一子(zi)級(ji)、液體(ti)二子(zi)級(ji)、低溫(wen)上(shang)面級(ji)等三級(ji)構成,并(bing)在一子(zi)級(ji)周圍(wei)捆綁了4枚液體(ti)助推器,地球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能力約為(wei)2噸(dun)。
美(mei)國軌道科(ke)學(xue)公司研制的(de)一(yi)種空射(she)型(xing)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。它(ta)是世(shi)界上唯(wei)一(yi)投(tou)入使用(yong)的(de)空射(she)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),主要用(yong)于將(jiang)小型(xing)衛(wei)(wei)星送(song)(song)入近(jin)地(di)軌道,進行微重力(li)(li)實驗、材料試驗、通(tong)信(xin)、定(ding)位、地(di)球資源探測或完成(cheng)其他特殊任務。它(ta)具(ju)有(you)較大(da)的(de)軍(jun)用(yong)潛力(li)(li),適合于戰(zhan)時(shi)發(fa)射(she)小衛(wei)(wei)星,也(ye)可用(yong)來運送(song)(song)武(wu)器彈藥,使軍(jun)事指揮(hui)員擁有(you)攻擊地(di)球上任何目標(biao)的(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)。飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)包(bao)括標(biao)準型(xing)和加(jia)長(chang)(chang)型(xing)(飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)XL)兩個(ge)型(xing)號,均為(wei)三(san)級固體運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),采用(yong)端羥基(ji)聚丁二烯推進劑。標(biao)準型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)全(quan)長(chang)(chang)15.5米(mi),直徑(jing)1.27米(mi),翼展6.7米(mi),起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)質量(liang)18.886噸,起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)推力(li)(li)498.2千牛(niu),近(jin)地(di)軌道運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)375千克,1998年停止使用(yong)。加(jia)長(chang)(chang)型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)XL是在(zai)基(ji)本型(xing)的(de)基(ji)礎上通(tong)過加(jia)長(chang)(chang)一(yi)、二級和提高性能(neng)發(fa)展而來的(de),全(quan)長(chang)(chang)16.9米(mi),起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)質量(liang)23.13噸,近(jin)地(di)軌道運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)443千克。發(fa)射(she)標(biao)準型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)為(wei)改(gai)裝(zhuang)的(de)B-52轟炸機(ji),運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)吊掛在(zai)機(ji)翼下(xia)。加(jia)長(chang)(chang)型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)XL使用(yong)改(gai)裝(zhuang)的(de)L-1011飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)作載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji),火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)吊掛在(zai)載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)腹部(bu)。發(fa)射(she)時(shi),火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)由載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)攜(xie)帶至預定(ding)地(di)點(dian)上空投(tou)放(fang),自由下(xia)落5秒后點(dian)火(huo)(huo),投(tou)放(fang)時(shi),飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)高度(du)(du)約11900米(mi),飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)行速度(du)(du)0.8馬(ma)(ma)赫。
在大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)洲(zhou)際彈(dan)道導彈(dan)基礎上發(fa)展起來(lai)的(de)運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)系(xi)列(lie)。包括大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)2、大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)3、大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)34和大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)4等運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian),主要(yao)用于發(fa)射軍用衛星。大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)2為兩級可貯推(tui)進(jin)劑(混肼/四氧化二氮(dan))火(huo)箭(jian),是該系(xi)列(lie)中最早投(tou)入使用的(de)型
號,曾用(yong)于發(fa)(fa)射美國的(de)雙(shuang)子(zi)星(xing)座飛船、氣(qi)象衛星(xing)和(he)月球探(tan)測(ce)器。大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)3、34和(he)大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)4均為三級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其中大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)3和(he)大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)34主要用(yong)于發(fa)(fa)射極(ji)地軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)軍事衛星(xing)(偵察(cha))、地球同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(國防通信(xin)、預(yu)警)以及星(xing)際探(tan)測(ce)器。大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)4火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于1985年(nian)開(kai)始研制(zhi),在1986年(nian)挑戰者號航天飛機失(shi)事之后(hou),成為發(fa)(fa)射大(da)(da)(da)型軍用(yong)衛星(xing)的(de)主要運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),承擔美國空軍地球同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(預(yu)警、通信(xin)、中繼、氣(qi)象)和(he)近地軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)偵察(cha)衛星(xing)的(de)發(fa)(fa)射任務。大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)4系(xi)列包(bao)括大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)4A、4B兩種型號,為芯級(ji)加捆綁構型,一(yi)、二子(zi)級(ji)也采(cai)用(yong)混肼/四氧化二氮推進劑,可(ke)以在無上面(mian)級(ji)的(de)狀態下把(ba)(ba)有效載荷(he)送入近地軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao),也可(ke)以使用(yong)慣性上面(mian)級(ji)(IUS)或半人馬座上面(mian)級(ji),把(ba)(ba)有效載荷(he)直接送入地球同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao),近地軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能力達(da)到21.7噸,地球同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能力達(da)到5.7噸。2005年(nian)10月,大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)4完成最后(hou)一(yi)次發(fa)(fa)射后(hou),被更為廉價、可(ke)靠的(de)德爾它4和(he)宇宙神(shen)(shen)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)取代。至此,大(da)(da)(da)力神(shen)(shen)系(xi)列火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)全部退(tui)役。
美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)從(cong)事火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)機構(gou)有: 美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家航空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)航天局(NASA)、陸海空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)軍、能源研(yan)究(jiu)與發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)委員會(ERDA)和(he)(he)大學等單位。 據統計(ji)(ji),1959-1976年(nian)(nian)NASA在全球37個發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)場(國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內24個)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)30種1912枚(mei)。其(qi)中,1968年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)175枚(mei),20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)代中期(qi)(qi)后(hou),每年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)70-80枚(mei),近年(nian)(nian)來發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)數量仍據世(shi)(shi)界(jie)之首(shou)。對于(yu)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有兩次(ci)(ci)(ci)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)任務。1971年(nian)(nian)10月NASA發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she) 了“空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)蜂”170A,首(shou)次(ci)(ci)(ci)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)(xing)了空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)實(shi)驗(yan)嘗試;1972年(nian)(nian)1月再次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)“黑(hei)雁”5C 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)(xing)金屬熔煉(lian)實(shi)驗(yan)。這(zhe)兩枚(mei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),證(zheng)實(shi)了利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)(xing)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)力科學實(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)一(yi)條可行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)技術途徑, 揭開(kai)(kai)了微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)研(yan)制和(he)(he)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)序幕。20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)代初美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)實(shi) 驗(yan)。NASA于(yu)1974年(nian)(nian)初制定(ding)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(SPAR)計(ji)(ji)劃,這(zhe)是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上第一(yi)個微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)研(yan)究(jiu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)劃。從(cong)1975年(nian)(nian)12月至1981年(nian)(nian)1月,NASA 共發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)9枚(mei) SPAR 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其(qi)中6枚(mei)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),2枚(mei)失敗,1枚(mei)局部成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),共進行(xing)(xing)了49項(xiang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)科學和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)實(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究(jiu)。 隨著(zhu)(zhu)1989年(nian)(nian)3月“伙(huo)伴”1 號火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)首(shou)次(ci)(ci)(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),NASA決定(ding)20世(shi)(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)代根據需要(yao)(yao)每年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)2-4 枚(mei)類(lei)似火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其(qi)中大部分(fen)(fen)為生物技術實(shi)驗(yan),其(qi)他為空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)科學和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)實(shi)驗(yan)。NASA 著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)項(xiang)目NSROC(NASA SoundingRocket Operations Contract)從(cong)1999年(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)實(shi)施,為其(qi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)究(jiu)提供了完(wan)整的(de)(de)前期(qi)(qi)計(ji)(ji)劃、設計(ji)(ji)、開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、集成(cheng)(cheng)、測試、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)和(he)(he)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)析等工(gong)作(zuo)。 NSROC于(yu)2000年(nian)(nian)8月達到ISO 9000標(biao)準,平均每年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)約20次(ci)(ci)(ci),涵蓋了不同的(de)(de)探(tan)測高度和(he)(he)科學應用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍。
日本(ben)(ben)在火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探空(kong)(kong)方(fang)面進(jin)(jin)行了非常廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)研究(jiu)(jiu),在大氣(qi)(qi)科(ke)學、電離層(ceng)、太陽物理、天(tian)體物理以及大氣(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)候和預(yu)報方(fang)面取(qu)得了許(xu)多科(ke)學成(cheng)果(guo),并與美、英、法、西德等合作(zuo)完成(cheng)了多種(zhong)類型(xing)的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)實驗(yan)(yan),進(jin)(jin)行了獨(du)具特(te)色的(de)赤道區高(gao)層(ceng)大氣(qi)(qi)、電離層(ceng)和天(tian)文學的(de)探測研究(jiu)(jiu)。1977年(nian)(nian)日本(ben)(ben)宇宙(zhou)開發事業團(NASDA)制(zhi)(zhi)定了TT-500A微重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)。1980年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至1983年(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)共發射(she)了6枚(mei),均用(yong)于空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加(jia)工實驗(yan)(yan),有19臺設(she)備進(jin)(jin)行了飛(fei)行實驗(yan)(yan),只有約一半的(de)設(she)備獲得實驗(yan)(yan)結果(guo)。20 世紀80年(nian)(nian)代后期,NASDA重(zhong)(zhong)新制(zhi)(zhi)定了微重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)研究(jiu)(jiu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),命名為TR-1A 的(de)微重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于1991年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)首次(ci)發射(she)成(cheng)功(gong),搭載了5種(zhong)用(yong)于空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)科(ke)學研究(jiu)(jiu)和加(jia)工的(de)實驗(yan)(yan)裝置(zhi)。之(zhi)后,又制(zhi)(zhi)定了繼續(xu)發射(she) 3 枚(mei)TR-1A 微重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)。2003 年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue),為了提(ti)高(gao)日本(ben)(ben)的(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)研究(jiu)(jiu)水平,日本(ben)(ben)宇宙(zhou)航空(kong)(kong)研究(jiu)(jiu)開發機(ji)構(JAXA)重(zhong)(zhong)組完成(cheng),所屬ISAS繼續(xu)用(yong)探空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)等獨(du)特(te)的(de)手段提(ti)高(gao)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)科(ke)學研究(jiu)(jiu)水平。JAXA 目前使用(yong)的(de)探空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列(lie)有S-310、S-520 和 SS-520。
歐(ou)洲(zhou)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間局(ESA)將微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)科學實(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)作為主要任(ren)務之一,制定了全面的發展研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)計(ji)劃,包括用探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)實(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),1990-1996年間,每(mei)年發射(she)1枚長時間探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),4枚短時間探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。在德(de)國(guo)政府2001年5月批準(zhun)的新(xin)航天計(ji)劃中,用于微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)實(shi)驗的探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)為其重(zhong)要的組(zu)成部分。德(de)國(guo)的兩種朗繆爾探(tan)針(zhen)設備分別于 2002年和 2003年搭(da)載 NASA 的探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)天。探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是(shi)德(de)國(guo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間項目中的重(zhong)要工具,主要涉及空(kong)(kong)(kong)間科學、對(dui)地觀測(ce)、微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)和返(fan)回技術。2004年10月23日,德(de)國(guo)宇航中心(DLR)研(yan)制的VSB-30 型火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)試飛成功(gong),它標志著歐(ou)洲(zhou)微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)劃的復興。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是(shi)中(zhong)國發(fa)展(zhan)航天事(shi)業的(de)(de)(de)起步項目之一(yi)。 中(zhong)國于1958 年(nian)開始發(fa)展(zhan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)事(shi)業,在著名(ming)科學家錢學森、趙九章、楊(yang)南(nan)生(sheng)、王希季等(deng)倡導(dao)和(he)領導(dao)下創建了火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)事(shi)業。在研(yan)制發(fa)射(she)了多(duo)種型號的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究、試(shi)驗(yan)性(xing)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)枚探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于1960 年(nian)9月(yue)首次發(fa)射(she)。中(zhong)國最(zui)早開展(zhan)研(yan)究和(he)利用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)用(yong)于氣(qi)(qi)象探(tan)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),研(yan)制并發(fa)射(she)了多(duo)種氣(qi)(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),在20世紀發(fa)射(she)的(de)(de)(de)約260枚探(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)有半數以上為氣(qi)(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)于中(zhong)層大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(海拔20~80公(gong)里)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)溫度、壓力、密度、風(feng)(feng)速(su)和(he)風(feng)(feng)向等(deng)氣(qi)(qi)象要素的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)測(ce),在氣(qi)(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究和(he)應用(yong)中(zhong)取得了豐碩的(de)(de)(de)成果。另(ling)有一(yi)些取樣火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、生(sheng)物(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)試(shi)驗(yan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
2008年開始的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)大科(ke)(ke)學工程(cheng)“子(zi)午(wu)工程(cheng)”的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國科(ke)(ke)學院牽頭,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)由(you)空間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)負責建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)目標是進(jin)行海(hai)南(nan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)射場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)造建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she),以(yi)適應新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制和(he)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空技術要求(qiu),將為火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空事(shi)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展提供有利(li)支(zhi)撐,是重振中(zhong)(zhong)國火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空事(shi)業的(de)(de)(de)重要一步。“子(zi)午(wu)工程(cheng)”的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要由(you)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、有效(xiao)載荷艙、地(di)面(mian)遙測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、地(di)面(mian)數(shu)據處理系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)地(di)面(mian)發(fa)射支(zhi)持保障系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)組成(cheng)(cheng)。其(qi)目標是在海(hai)南(nan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)和(he)地(di)面(mian)聯合(he)監測(ce)大氣和(he)電離層(ceng)參數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。 聯合(he)觀測(ce)時,探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)、電離層(ceng)觀測(ce)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)和(he)大氣觀測(ce)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)等同(tong)步工作, 其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)是獲(huo)取全(quan)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)200公里以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)環境資(zi)料,同(tong)時進(jin)行各(ge)個(ge)空間(jian)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)耦合(he)效(xiao)應及應用研(yan)究,以(yi)期發(fa)現新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)物理機制和(he)規律。
2019年(nian)8月,我國(guo)完成(cheng)了(le)火箭殘骸的(de)(de)(de)精準控(kong)制,落(luo)(luo)(luo)在了(le)設定的(de)(de)(de)落(luo)(luo)(luo)區范(fan)圍內。這(zhe)次(ci)技術(shu)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功,標志著我國(guo)成(cheng)為繼美國(guo)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)第二個掌握這(zhe)項技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家。這(zhe)次(ci)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功,柵格舵發揮了(le)重要作用,通過它們可以控(kong)制回(hui)收(shou)時的(de)(de)(de)姿(zi)態,確(que)保火箭殘骸能夠落(luo)(luo)(luo)在設定的(de)(de)(de)區域。此次(ci)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)成(cheng)功,則(ze)可以免去(qu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)區居民疏散問題(ti),也為我國(guo)運載火箭后續助(zhu)推器及(ji)子級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)可控(kong)回(hui)收(shou)、軟著陸、重復使用等(deng)技術(shu)奠(dian)定堅實基礎(chu)。