探(tan)空火箭是用于(yu)將科學儀器以(yi)拋物線軌跡送入(ru)(ru)地球(qiu)大氣層的上部(bu)區域,使其進入(ru)(ru)近地空間的一種火箭。
探空(kong)基本(ben)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)包括(kuo)(kuo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體結(jie)(jie)(jie)構、動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)尾翼(yi)等(deng)。大(da)(da)多數探空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為單級(ji)(ji)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),也有(you)(you)為3級(ji)(ji)、4級(ji)(ji)的(de)。動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置(zhi)通(tong)常(chang)用(yong)固(gu)體火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機,可以(yi)簡化和(he)(he)(he)(he)縮短發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)操作時間(jian)。探空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)姿態和(he)(he)(he)(he)飛行彈(dan)道(dao)的(de)要求不像導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)那樣嚴格(ge),一般不設控制系(xi)統,僅靠穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)尾翼(yi)或(huo)(huo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繞縱軸(zhou)旋轉來(lai)保(bao)證飛行穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。需(xu)要精確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)向(xiang)時才(cai)設置(zhi)控制系(xi)統。 除探測(ce)(ce)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基本(ben)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構外,探空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)統還包括(kuo)(kuo)有(you)(you)效(xiao)載荷(he)、發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站等(deng): (1) 有(you)(you)效(xiao)載荷(he)大(da)(da)多裝(zhuang)在箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頭的(de)儀器艙(cang)內(nei)。儀器艙(cang)的(de)直徑有(you)(you)時可大(da)(da)于箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體直徑。有(you)(you)效(xiao)載荷(he)采(cai)集到的(de)信息通(tong)過(guo)(guo)遙測(ce)(ce)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)發(fa)送到地面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站接(jie)收處理,或(huo)(huo)者在火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下降(jiang)(jiang)過(guo)(guo)程中將有(you)(you)效(xiao)載荷(he)從(cong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內(nei)彈(dan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)來(lai),利用(yong)降(jiang)(jiang)落傘(san)等(deng)氣(qi)動(dong)減(jian)速(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)安全降(jiang)(jiang)落到地面(mian)(mian)(mian)回收。有(you)(you)效(xiao)載荷(he)的(de)重量和(he)(he)(he)(he)尺寸(cun)取(qu)決(jue)于探測(ce)(ce)要求,一般為幾公(gong)斤到幾百公(gong)斤,最大(da)(da)可達幾噸(dun)。 (2) 發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)通(tong)常(chang)用(yong)導(dao)(dao)軌和(he)(he)(he)(he)塔式(shi)(shi)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)架,使(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獲得足(zu)夠大(da)(da)的(de)出(chu)架速(su)(su)度。無控制火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)飛行彈(dan)道(dao)受(shou)風的(de)影響較大(da)(da),為了(le)保(bao)證達到預定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)高度和(he)(he)(he)(he)減(jian)小彈(dan)道(dao)散(san)布,探空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)時尚(shang)需(xu)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)場的(de)高空(kong)風資(zi)料(liao)采(cai)用(yong)風補償技術來(lai)調(diao)整(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)角度。大(da)(da)多數探空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)從(cong)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)以(yi)接(jie)近垂直狀態發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she),也有(you)(you)從(cong)移(yi)動(dong)式(shi)(shi)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)車(che)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de),根(gen)據(ju)(ju)需(xu)要還可從(cong)艦船或(huo)(huo)升在空(kong)中的(de)氣(qi)球(qiu)上發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)。 (3) 地面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站主要包括(kuo)(kuo)接(jie)收測(ce)(ce)量信息的(de)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)收設備、跟蹤火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)測(ce)(ce)速(su)(su)設備(如雷達)和(he)(he)(he)(he)電子計算機等(deng)。雷達跟蹤方(fang)式(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)反射(she)(she)(she)(she)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)答(da)(da)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)種,應(ying)答(da)(da)式(shi)(shi)比反射(she)(she)(she)(she)式(shi)(shi)的(de)跟蹤距離更大(da)(da)。地面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)收設備接(jie)收的(de)遙測(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)直接(jie)輸(shu)入電子計算機處理,實時給出(chu)探測(ce)(ce)結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)。
無(wu)論(lun)固體(ti)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)還(huan)(huan)是液體(ti)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),無(wu)論(lun)單(dan)級運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)還(huan)(huan)是多級運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其主(zhu)要的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分均(jun)包括(kuo)結構系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(又稱箭(jian)體(ti)結構)、動力裝置(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(又稱推進系(xi)(xi)統(tong))和控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。這(zhe)三(san)大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)稱為(wei)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),主(zhu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)可靠與否,將直(zhi)(zhi)接影響運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)飛行的(de)(de)成(cheng)敗(bai)。此外,運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)還(huan)(huan)有一些不直(zhi)(zhi)接影響飛行成(cheng)敗(bai)并(bing)由箭(jian)上(shang)設備與地面設備共同組成(cheng)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),例如遙測系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、外彈道測量系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、安全系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和瞄準系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等。其中(zhong):
1)箭(jian)體(ti)(ti)結構是運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)基體(ti)(ti),它用來維(wei)持火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)外形,承(cheng)受火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)在(zai)地面運(yun)輸、發(fa)射操作和在(zai)飛(fei)行中作用載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)上的(de)各種(zhong)載(zai)荷,安裝連接火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)各系統(tong)(tong)的(de)所(suo)有儀器、設備,把(ba)箭(jian)上所(suo)有系統(tong)(tong)、組件連接組合成一個整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)。
2)動(dong)(dong)力(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)系統(tong)是推動(dong)(dong)運載火(huo)箭(jian)飛行并獲(huo)得一定(ding)速度(du)的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。對液(ye)體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)來說,動(dong)(dong)力(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)系統(tong)由(you)推進劑(ji)輸送(song)、增(zeng)壓(ya)系統(tong)和液(ye)體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機兩大(da)部分組成。固(gu)(gu)體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)的動(dong)(dong)力(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)系統(tong)較為簡單,它的主(zhu)要部分就是固(gu)(gu)體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機,推進劑(ji)直接裝(zhuang)在(zai)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的燃燒室殼體(ti)內。
3)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)用來控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)沿預定軌道(dao)正(zheng)常、可(ke)靠飛(fei)行的(de)部分。控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)由(you)制(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)和(he)導(dao)航系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、姿態控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)時序控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)三大部分組成(cheng)。制(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)和(he)導(dao)航系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)功用是(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)按(an)預定的(de)軌道(dao)運動(dong),把(ba)有效載(zai)(zai)荷送到預定的(de)空間(jian)位置并(bing)使之準確(que)(que)進入(ru)軌道(dao)。姿態控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(又(you)稱姿態穩定系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong))的(de)功用是(shi)糾正(zheng)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)飛(fei)行中(zhong)的(de)俯仰(yang)、偏航、滾動(dong)誤(wu)差,使之保(bao)持正(zheng)確(que)(que)的(de)飛(fei)行姿態。電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)時序控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)則(ze)按(an)預定飛(fei)行時序實施供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。
4)遙測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)功用(yong)是(shi)把運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)飛行中(zhong)各系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)工作參(can)(can)數(shu)及環(huan)境參(can)(can)數(shu)測(ce)量(liang)下來,通過運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)上的(de)(de)無(wu)線電發射機將這些(xie)參(can)(can)數(shu)送回(hui)地(di)面(mian)(mian),由地(di)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou)機接(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou);亦可(ke)(ke)將測(ce)量(liang)所得的(de)(de)參(can)(can)數(shu)記(ji)錄在運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)上的(de)(de)磁記(ji)錄器上,在地(di)面(mian)(mian)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)磁記(ji)錄器。這些(xie)測(ce)量(liang)參(can)(can)數(shu)既可(ke)(ke)用(yong)來預報航天器入軌時的(de)(de)軌道參(can)(can)數(shu),又可(ke)(ke)用(yong)來鑒定和(he)改進(jin)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)性能。一(yi)旦運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)在飛行中(zhong)出現故障(zhang),這些(xie)參(can)(can)數(shu)就是(shi)故障(zhang)分析(xi)的(de)(de)依據。
5)外彈道測量(liang)系(xi)統的(de)(de)功用(yong)(yong)是利(li)用(yong)(yong)地(di)面的(de)(de)光學和(he)無(wu)線電設備(bei)與裝在運載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian)上的(de)(de)對應裝置一起對飛行中的(de)(de)運載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian)進行跟蹤,并測量(liang)其(qi)飛行參(can)數(shu),用(yong)(yong)來預報航天器入軌時的(de)(de)軌道參(can)數(shu),也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)來作為(wei)鑒定(ding)制導系(xi)統的(de)(de)精度和(he)故障分析的(de)(de)依據。
6)安(an)全(quan)(quan)系統的(de)(de)功(gong)用是(shi)當(dang)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中一旦出現(xian)故障不(bu)能繼(ji)續飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)時,將其在(zai)(zai)空中炸(zha)(zha)毀(hui),避免運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)墜(zhui)落(luo)時給地面(mian)造(zao)成災(zai)難性的(de)(de)危(wei)害。安(an)全(quan)(quan)系統包括(kuo)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)毀(hui)系統和(he)地面(mian)的(de)(de)無線電安(an)全(quan)(quan)系統兩部分。箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)毀(hui)系統由(you)測量(liang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、計(ji)算機和(he)爆炸(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(炸(zha)(zha)藥筒)組成。當(dang)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)姿態(tai)、飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)速度(du)超出允許的(de)(de)范(fan)圍時,計(ji)算機發(fa)出引爆爆炸(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling),使運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)空中自(zi)(zi)毀(hui)。無線電安(an)全(quan)(quan)系統則是(shi)由(you)地面(mian)雷達測量(liang)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)軌(gui)道,當(dang)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)超出預(yu)先規定(ding)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)范(fan)圍時,從(cong)地面(mian)發(fa)出引爆箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上爆炸(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling),由(you)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)接收(shou)機接收(shou)后(hou)將火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)空中炸(zha)(zha)毀(hui)。
7)瞄(miao)準系(xi)統的功用是(shi)給運載火(huo)箭在(zai)發射前進(jin)行初始(shi)方(fang)位(wei)定向。瞄(miao)準系(xi)統由地面瞄(miao)準設備和(he)運載火(huo)箭上的瞄(miao)準設備共同組成。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)的(de)重大(da)發明之(zhi)一。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)969年(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已經(jing)發明了(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)(火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)是(shi)在(zai)唐(tang)朝發明的(de))。北(bei)宋軍(jun)官岳義(yi)方、馮繼升造出(chu)了(le)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)第一個(ge)以火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)為動(dong)力(li)的(de)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)——-火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。這(zhe)種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)由箭(jian)身和(he)藥(yao)(yao)筒(tong)組成,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)筒(tong)用竹、厚紙制成,內(nei)充火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao),前端封(feng)死,后(hou)(hou)端引出(chu)導火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)繩,點燃(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)產生(sheng)的(de)氣體向后(hou)(hou)噴(pen)出(chu),以氣體的(de)反(fan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用力(li)把火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)推向前,飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)殺傷敵兵(bing)(bing)。這(zhe)種(zhong)最早的(de)原始火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)在(zai)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原理上(shang)(shang)與現代(dai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)沒(mei)有(you)(you)什么(me)不同(tong)。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)12世(shi)紀中(zhong)(zhong)葉,原始的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)經(jing)過改進后(hou)(hou),廣泛地(di)用于戰(zhan)爭。如(ru)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1161年(nian)宋軍(jun)與金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)的(de)“采石之(zhi)戰(zhan)”中(zhong)(zhong)所使(shi)(shi)用的(de)“霹靂(li)炮(pao)”,其(qi)(qi)實就是(shi)一種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)。當(dang)時(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)民間廣為流(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)能高(gao)飛(fei)的(de)“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)流(liu)星”(亦稱“起火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)”),實際就是(shi)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)第一種(zhong)觀賞性火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)、明之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),即公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)13世(shi)紀以后(hou)(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)在(zai)戰(zhan)爭中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)了(le)很大(da)發展,涌現了(le)許多與現代(dai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)類型相近的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)形式。13世(shi)紀中(zhong)(zhong)葉,蒙古人入(ru)侵(qin)中(zhong)(zhong)亞、西亞和(he)歐洲,阿拉伯人侵(qin)略西班牙,他們(men)把中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)技(ji)術傳入(ru)了(le)歐洲及世(shi)界其(qi)(qi)它地(di)區。到了(le)這(zhe)時(shi),德意志的(de)艾伯特(te)斯·麥格諾才在(zai)歐洲首次記(ji)述了(le)關于制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)技(ji)術。歐洲人最早使(shi)(shi)用火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi),是(shi)在(zai)1379年(nian)意大(da)利的(de)帕多亞戰(zhan)爭和(he)1380年(nian)的(de)威尼斯之(zhi)戰(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)。
至(zhi)20世紀初,俄(e)國(guo)著名科學家康斯(si)坦丁·齊奧爾科夫斯(si)基從理論上證明了多級火(huo)箭可以(yi)(yi)克服地(di)球引力而進入太空,并(bing)建(jian)立了火(huo)箭運動(dong)的(de)基本數學方程,奠定了航(hang)(hang)天飛(fei)行動(dong)力學的(de)基礎。此外,他肯定了液體火(huo)箭發動(dong)機是航(hang)(hang)天器(qi)最適宜的(de)動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置,為運載器(qi)的(de)發展(zhan)指出了方向(xiang),并(bing)提出為實現飛(fei)向(xiang)其他行星必須設置中(zhong)間(jian)站,以(yi)(yi)及火(huo)箭在(zai)星際空間(jian)飛(fei)行的(de)條(tiao)件和火(huo)箭地(di)面(mian)起飛(fei)條(tiao)件。
美(mei)國(guo)著名火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)專(zhuan)家羅(luo)伯特·哈金斯·戈(ge)達德(de)把航天理論與火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)技術相結合(he),提出(chu)了火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)飛行(xing)(xing)的數學原理,指出(chu)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)必(bi)須(xu)具有每秒(miao)7.9公(gong)里(li)的速度才能克服地球(qiu)引(yin)力(li),同時他研(yan)究了利用火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)把載荷送(song)至月(yue)球(qiu)的幾種可能方(fang)案(an)。戈(ge)達德(de)從(cong)1921年(nian)開始研(yan)制液(ye)體(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),于1926年(nian)3月(yue)16日進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了人類首(shou)次液(ye)體(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)飛行(xing)(xing)試驗并(bing)獲得成功(火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)長(chang)3.04米,飛行(xing)(xing)2.5秒(miao),達到 12米高,56米遠),這使得他成為液(ye)體(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的實際發明人。1932年(nian)他首(shou)次用陀螺控制的燃氣舵操縱火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的飛行(xing)(xing),1935年(nian)他試驗的火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)以超(chao)聲速飛行(xing)(xing),最大射程約20公(gong)里(li)。
1942年(nian)(nian)10月3日(ri)(ri),德國(guo)首次(ci)(ci)成功地(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射了人類(lei)歷史上(shang)第一枚彈道導(dao)彈——V-2,并于1944年(nian)(nian)9月6日(ri)(ri)首次(ci)(ci)投入(ru)作(zuo)戰使用。第二次(ci)(ci)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)大(da)(da)(da)戰期間(jian),先后有(you)(you)約4300多枚V-2導(dao)彈襲擊了英(ying)國(guo)、荷蘭安特衛普港(gang)和(he)(he)其(qi)他目標(biao),造成了極大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞。V-2是(shi)單級液體火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),全(quan)長14米,質量為13噸(dun),箭(jian)體直徑1.65米,最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)射程(cheng)(cheng)320公里,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji)熄火(huo)(huo)(huo)高度96公里,飛行時間(jian)約320秒(miao),命(ming)中精度圓公算偏差5公里,有(you)(you)效載荷約1噸(dun)。其(qi)動力(li)系統選用液氧/酒(jiu)精液體火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji),推力(li)為260千牛(合26.5噸(dun)力(li)),最(zui)長工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian)68秒(miao)。其(qi)控制(zhi)系統使用帶(dai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)裝置和(he)(he)陀(tuo)螺積分儀的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主式陀(tuo)螺控制(zhi)系統。V-2的(de)(de)(de)成功在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)實現了19世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀末、20世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀初航天(tian)技(ji)術先驅者的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術設想,并培養和(he)(he)造就(jiu)了一大(da)(da)(da)批有(you)(you)實踐經驗的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)專(zhuan)家,對現代大(da)(da)(da)型火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展起到(dao)了繼(ji)往開(kai)來的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。V-2的(de)(de)(de)設計雖不盡完(wan)美,但它卻(que)是(shi)人類(lei)擁有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)第一件(jian)向地(di)球引力(li)挑戰的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具,成為航天(tian)技(ji)術發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)重要(yao)里程(cheng)(cheng)碑。第二次(ci)(ci)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)大(da)(da)(da)戰后,美、蘇兩(liang)國(guo)分別接收(shou)了參與V-2研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)部分專(zhuan)家、設備及資料,為這兩(liang)個(ge)國(guo)家在(zai)(zai)第二次(ci)(ci)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)大(da)(da)(da)戰后迅(xun)速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)和(he)(he)導(dao)彈的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術創造了有(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。40年(nian)(nian)代末至(zhi)50年(nian)(nian)代末,在(zai)(zai)V-2的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),以(yi)美、蘇為主研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)武(wu)器(qi)得到(dao)了迅(xun)速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展,各種類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)彈武(wu)器(qi)相(xiang)繼(ji)問世(shi)(shi)(shi),并形(xing)成了一個(ge)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)彈武(wu)器(qi)系統。
世界(jie)第一(yi)枚(mei)專門(men)用于高空(kong)(kong)大(da)氣探(tan)測的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是美(mei)國(guo)于 1945年(nian)秋研制成(cheng)功的(de)“女兵(bing)下士”火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。它能將11公斤的(de)有(you)效載荷送到 70公里的(de)高空(kong)(kong)。此后(hou),美(mei)國(guo)和(he)蘇聯利用繳獲的(de)V-2火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發射(she)了一(yi)批(pi)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。50年(nian)代的(de)國(guo)際地球物理年(nian)活動(dong)大(da)大(da)推動(dong)了探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)發展,許(xu)多國(guo)家開始(shi)了探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)研制。到80年(nian)代,世界(jie)上已(yi)有(you)20多個(ge)國(guo)家發展或使用了探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),年(nian)發射(she)量高達數千(qian)枚(mei)。中國(guo)在1958年(nian)以前曾發射(she)過試(shi)驗性火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),1958年(nian)正式研制探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),先后(hou)研制成(cheng)T-7液體探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)改進型(xing) T-7A探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。 1965年(nian)起開始(shi)研制固體探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)“和(he)平”2號和(he)6號。
看似復(fu)雜的(de)火箭(jian)(jian),原理其實非常簡單,早在(zai)17世紀,牛頓就很(hen)清晰地進行了描(miao)述(shu):如果以一(yi)(yi)定速(su)度向后拋出一(yi)(yi)定質(zhi)量,就會受(shou)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)個反作用力的(de)推動,向前加速(su)。簡單的(de)火箭(jian)(jian)甚至(zhi)早在(zai)牛頓提(ti)出這一(yi)(yi)原理前幾(ji)百年就在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)被發(fa)明出來,并(bing)得到(dao)了應用,包括軍用的(de)火藥箭(jian)(jian)和節日慶典的(de)煙花。
火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)向后(hou)拋出一(yi)定(ding)質量(liang)是(shi)靠火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)來完成的(de)。火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)點火(huo)以后(hou),推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(液體(ti)的(de)或固(gu)體(ti)的(de)燃料(liao)和氧化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))在(zai)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)燃燒室(shi)里燃燒,產生(sheng)大量(liang)高壓(ya)氣(qi)體(ti);高壓(ya)氣(qi)體(ti)從發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)噴管高速噴出,對火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)產生(sheng)的(de)反作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力,使(shi)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)沿氣(qi)體(ti)噴射(she)的(de)反方向前進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。固(gu)體(ti)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)從底層向頂(ding)層或從內(nei)層向外層快速燃燒的(de),而液體(ti)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)高壓(ya)氣(qi)體(ti)對燃料(liao)與(yu)氧化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)貯箱(xiang)增壓(ya),然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)渦輪(lun)泵將燃料(liao)與(yu)氧化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步增壓(ya)并輸送進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)燃燒室(shi)。推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)化(hua)學能在(zai)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)內(nei)轉化(hua)為(wei)燃氣(qi)的(de)動(dong)(dong)能,形成高速氣(qi)流噴出,產生(sheng)推(tui)力。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)藥曾(ceng)經是原始(shi)的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji),目前戰術型(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或較(jiao)小導(dao)彈大(da)多采用火(huo)(huo)(huo)藥推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。人們習(xi)慣性把這樣的(de)(de)固體燃(ran)料叫做“單元推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)”。需要(yao)燃(ran)燒(shao)劑(ji)(ji)加(jia)氧(yang)(yang)化劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料被稱為(wei)(wei)(wei):“二(er)元推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)”。組合使(shi)用液(ye)(ye)體和(he)固體燃(ran)料推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。使(shi)用混(hun)(hun)(hun)合推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)比(bi)沖和(he)體積(ji)比(bi)沖介于液(ye)(ye)體和(he)固體火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)之間。1950年代(dai)美國研制成功氧(yang)(yang)化氫和(he)聚乙烯作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。1964年法國首先發射成功采用混(hun)(hun)(hun)合推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)動(dong)力的(de)(de)氣象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。我(wo)國“長征一號D”運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)第(di)一級、第(di)二(er)級用液(ye)(ye)體燃(ran)料火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發動(dong)機(ji)(ji),第(di)三級用固體燃(ran)料火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。也是采用混(hun)(hun)(hun)合推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。
選擇推進劑所需要(yao)考慮(lv)的(de)因(yin)素很多(duo),如要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)化學能焓、低分(fen)子(zi)量的(de)燃(ran)燒產(chan)物(wu)。比熱(re)大、導熱(re)率高(gao)。飽(bao)和蒸汽氣壓低,化學穩定(ding)性好,比重(zhong)大、無毒、無腐(fu)蝕性等。一種推進劑不(bu)可能完全具備以(yi)上的(de)這些性能,因(yin)此不(bu)斷(duan)研究新燃(ran)料是(shi)開發空間航行(xing)的(de)首要(yao)任務。
使用核(he)能(neng)燃料的(de)(de)火箭(jian)發動機的(de)(de)比沖(chong)量高、壽(shou)命長(chang)。但技術復(fu)雜(za),只適用長(chang)期(qi)工作的(de)(de)航天器(qi)及運(yun)載火箭(jian)的(de)(de)高能(neng)末級。1986年前蘇聯已在和平(ping)號空間站應用核(he)動力發動機。核(he)燃料的(de)(de)危(wei)害性是放(fang)射性污染環境。
目(mu)前火箭發(fa)射有(you)三種方式:一(yi)是地面發(fa)射,二是空中發(fa)射,三是海上發(fa)射。
早(zao)期,運(yun)送有(you)效載(zai)(zai)荷(he)的火(huo)箭都是(shi)從地面(mian)發(fa)(fa)射場發(fa)(fa)射的。地面(mian)發(fa)(fa)射場受(shou)地理位置的制約,限制了(le)有(you)效載(zai)(zai)荷(he)的發(fa)(fa)射范圍,難以滿足(zu)各(ge)種有(you)效載(zai)(zai)荷(he)的需求,于是(shi)出(chu)現了(le)從空(kong)中發(fa)(fa)射和從海(hai)上(shang)平(ping)臺發(fa)(fa)射火(huo)箭的方(fang)式。
從(cong)空中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)射火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是用(yong)飛機(ji)(ji)將火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)運送(song)到高(gao)(gao)空后,再(zai)釋放火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)在空中(zhong)點火(huo)(huo)飛向預定(ding)軌道(dao)。采(cai)用(yong)這種發(fa)(fa)射方式,飛機(ji)(ji)可(ke)以(yi)在不同(tong)地(di)點的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)場起(qi)飛,從(cong)空中(zhong)任何地(di)點發(fa)(fa)射,它不受地(di)理位置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)限制。這樣,不僅增加(jia)了發(fa)(fa)射窗口,而且還會擴(kuo)大(da)軌道(dao)傾角的(de)(de)(de)范圍,因而具有很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)動性。載(zai)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)當(dang)于火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎級,能(neng)提高(gao)(gao)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)本身的(de)(de)(de)運載(zai)能(neng)力(li),同(tong)樣火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)從(cong)空中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)射比從(cong)地(di)面發(fa)(fa)射,其運載(zai)能(neng)力(li)幾乎可(ke)以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)一倍。
與地面發射(she)場相比,從(cong)海上(shang)平臺發射(she)火(huo)箭(jian)同(tong)樣具(ju)有多種優勢。首先,可以靈活選擇發射(she)地點(dian),當選擇在(zai)赤(chi)道附近海域發射(she)時,能充分借助地球的(de)自轉速度,提高(gao)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)運載能力;其(qi)次,周(zhou)圍(wei)沒有居民點(dian),火(huo)箭(jian)落區的(de)選擇范(fan)圍(wei)較(jiao)大,從(cong)而(er)可使多級火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)設計更(geng)加優化,進一步提高(gao)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)運載能力。
運載火(huo)箭發射前準備(bei)
與(yu)運載(zai)火(huo)箭的(de)研制一樣,運載(zai)火(huo)箭的(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)同樣是一項綜(zong)合(he)性的(de)系統工(gong)程。它涉(she)及的(de)面很廣,包括運載(zai)火(huo)箭的(de)檢查、測(ce)(ce)試、轉運、加注(zhu)推進(jin)劑(ji)、發(fa)射(she)(she)程序與(yu)數據的(de)計算和裝訂、點火(huo)發(fa)射(she)(she)、跟(gen)蹤測(ce)(ce)量(liang)、安全控制、指(zhi)揮(hui)通信(xin)、地面勤務保障等多方面的(de)工(gong)作。
運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)首(shou)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入技(ji)術(shu)準(zhun)(zhun)備區的(de)專用廠房(fang)。在(zai)這(zhe)里先(xian)對(dui)(dui)箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)儀器(qi)(qi)設備進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)單(dan)元測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi),即對(dui)(dui)儀器(qi)(qi)設備單(dan)獨進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi),檢(jian)查其性(xing)能和(he)精(jing)確測(ce)量其參數。單(dan)元測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)合格后(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)系統(tong)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi),它是在(zai)系統(tong)處于(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)下,對(dui)(dui)系統(tong)內各儀器(qi)(qi)設備工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)協調性(xing)和(he)功(gong)能進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢(jian)查,并測(ce)量其工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)參數。接下來各分(fen)系統(tong)之間進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)匹配(pei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi),檢(jian)查系統(tong)之間工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是否協調匹配(pei)。最后(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)箭(jian)上(shang)所有系統(tong)都參加的(de)總(zong)檢(jian)查,總(zong)檢(jian)查一般要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多次,以(yi)模擬各種飛行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)來驗證運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)全系統(tong)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)性(xing)能和(he)可(ke)靠性(xing),并使火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)達(da)到符合發射(she)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)的(de)要(yao)求。總(zong)檢(jian)查之后(hou),開始(shi)在(zai)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)安裝各種火(huo)(huo)工(gong)品和(he)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)裝置,并準(zhun)(zhun)備轉場。
在運載火(huo)箭進(jin)行技術測試(shi)的(de)同(tong)時,發射場內的(de)測控系(xi)統要進(jin)行設(she)備聯試(shi)。先是進(jin)行場內設(she)備聯試(shi),然后再與(yu)分布在各地的(de)測控站設(she)備聯試(shi)。與(yu)此同(tong)時,地面(mian)勤(qin)務保障部(bu)門對發射設(she)備、加(jia)注設(she)備進(jin)行調試(shi);氣象(xiang)保障部(bu)門開(kai)通氣象(xiang)情報網和(he)天氣會商網,啟動氣象(xiang)測量雷達,開(kai)始進(jin)行天氣的(de)長(chang)、中(zhong)、短期預報。
當運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)準(zhun)備(bei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)檢(jian)查測(ce)試達到可(ke)以進行發(fa)射(she)的(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)后(hou),即可(ke)轉運(yun)(yun)到發(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。發(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)有發(fa)射(she)臺(tai)、勤(qin)(qin)(qin)務(wu)塔和臍帶塔等主要(yao)(yao)(yao)發(fa)射(she)設施。運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭分(fen)級運(yun)(yun)至發(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)后(hou),由勤(qin)(qin)(qin)務(wu)塔上的(de)(de)吊裝設備(bei)對(dui)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭分(fen)級吊裝、對(dui)接和總裝,并將其豎立(li)在(zai)發(fa)射(she)臺(tai)上。隨后(hou)在(zai)豎立(li)狀態(tai)(tai)下對(dui)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭再一次進行分(fen)系統(tong)測(ce)試、系統(tong)間性能(neng)匹配測(ce)試、總檢(jian)查和發(fa)射(she)演練(lian)等。在(zai)發(fa)射(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)測(ce)試的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容要(yao)(yao)(yao)比在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)測(ce)試簡(jian)化。在(zai)檢(jian)查測(ce)試工作結(jie)束(shu)后(hou),就可(ke)向(xiang)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭加注推進劑(ji),并進行瞄準(zhun)定位。與此同時,地面勤(qin)(qin)(qin)務(wu)保障部(bu)門(men)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進行推進劑(ji)化驗(yan),確定推進劑(ji)的(de)(de)加注參數;氣(qi)象部(bu)門(men)要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)供(gong)臨發(fa)射(she)前(qian)發(fa)射(she)場區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)天氣(qi)情(qing)況(kuang)及(ji)發(fa)射(she)場區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)上空的(de)(de)高空風場等情(qing)況(kuang),以及(ji)火(huo)箭飛行經(jing)過地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)象情(qing)況(kuang)。
運載火箭發射程(cheng)序
當(dang)一(yi)(yi)切準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)工(gong)作基本結束之后,發(fa)(fa)射工(gong)作便(bian)可進入倒(dao)計時(shi)階(jie)段。倒(dao)計時(shi)階(jie)段開(kai)始時(shi),由指揮中心向發(fa)(fa)射場、火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行過程(cheng)(cheng)中箭(jian)(jian)體(ti)分(fen)(fen)離后的(de)(de)(de)(de)落(luo)區(qu)、分(fen)(fen)布在各(ge)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)測控站、遠(yuan)洋測量艦隊(dui)和有關(guan)部門(men)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)布口(kou)令。各(ge)部門(men)、各(ge)單位接到口(kou)令后,根據時(shi)間(jian)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)勤務系統(tong)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)鐘(zhong)各(ge)自進入臨射前的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作程(cheng)(cheng)序。一(yi)(yi)般運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倒(dao)計時(shi)從由發(fa)(fa)射窗口(kou)確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射時(shi)間(jian)前1個小(xiao)時(shi)開(kai)始,叫做1小(xiao)時(shi)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)。然后是(shi)(shi)30分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)、15分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)、5分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)、1分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei),最后是(shi)(shi)從10開(kai)始倒(dao)數(shu)至1,運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)起飛(fei)。采用低溫推進劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),由于低溫推進劑(ji)極易蒸發(fa)(fa),必須嚴格控制推進劑(ji)加注后的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian),因此常提前到離發(fa)(fa)射時(shi)間(jian)4-7小(xiao)時(shi)就開(kai)始進入倒(dao)計時(shi)階(jie)段。
發(fa)射(she)工(gong)作(zuo)進(jin)入1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)后(hou)(hou),發(fa)射(she)場的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項(xiang)工(gong)作(zuo)均按時(shi)(shi)(shi)間程(cheng)序由(you)地面(mian)(mian)測(ce)試發(fa)射(she)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)設備(bei)(bei)來操作(zuo),它可以是半自(zi)動的(de)(de)(de),也可以是全(quan)(quan)(quan)自(zi)動的(de)(de)(de)。在這(zhe)段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)過程(cheng)中(zhong),主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)有(you)(you):對(dui)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上系(xi)統(tong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)以進(jin)行(xing)射(she)前(qian)(qian)功能檢查,對(dui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)訂飛(fei)行(xing)程(cheng)序和數(shu)據,進(jin)行(xing)精確瞄準(zhun),對(dui)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑貯箱進(jin)行(xing)增壓,對(dui)采用低溫推(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)補加推(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑,氣路連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)器、加注連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)器自(zi)動脫(tuo)(tuo)開(kai),遙測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)、外(wai)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)自(zi)動脫(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)。到(dao)1分鐘準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)時(shi)(shi)(shi),箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上系(xi)統(tong)由(you)地面(mian)(mian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉為由(you)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),經10秒(miao)鐘自(zi)檢正常后(hou)(hou),電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)器自(zi)動脫(tuo)(tuo)落(luo),電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)擺桿離開(kai)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)擺到(dao)預定位置。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)除底部(bu)只(zhi)有(you)(you)一個經脫(tuo)(tuo)拔(ba)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)尚(shang)與(yu)地面(mian)(mian)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)外(wai),其他一切與(yu)地面(mian)(mian)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)均已完全(quan)(quan)(quan)脫(tuo)(tuo)開(kai)。射(she)前(qian)(qian)30秒(miao)鐘,發(fa)射(she)場的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)與(yu)各(ge)地測(ce)控(kong)(kong)跟蹤站(zhan)開(kai)始啟動;射(she)前(qian)(qian)7秒(miao)鐘,發(fa)射(she)臺周圍的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速攝影機開(kai)拍(pai),開(kai)始記錄火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)(huo)起飛(fei)的(de)(de)(de)實況;到(dao)0秒(miao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)(huo)。當火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)離開(kai)發(fa)射(she)臺時(shi)(shi)(shi),底部(bu)唯一尚(shang)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)著的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)脫(tuo)(tuo)拔(ba)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)被拉脫(tuo)(tuo),火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)地面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)線控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)完全(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)斷。但如果在火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)(huo)尚(shang)未離開(kai)發(fa)射(she)臺前(qian)(qian),發(fa)現(xian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機工(gong)作(zuo)不正常,地面(mian)(mian)可通過這(zhe)根電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)對(dui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)實施緊急(ji)關機。
火箭起飛后,在控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)下,分(fen)(fen)別完成程序轉彎、助推器脫落(luo)、上面級(ji)火箭的(de)(de)點火與關(guan)機、級(ji)間分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)和整流(liu)罩分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)等;當(dang)火箭到(dao)達入(ru)(ru)軌(gui)點時(shi),有(you)效載荷與火箭分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)、進入(ru)(ru)預定軌(gui)道運行(xing),這時(shi),運載火箭的(de)(de)發射工作完滿(man)結束。
按級(ji)數來分,可分為單(dan)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)、多(duo)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)兩種(zhong)類型。由(you)(you)于單(dan)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)在實際(ji)應用上很難實現(xian)宇宙飛行所必需的宇宙速(su)度,因此(ci)需要(yao)采(cai)用多(duo)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)來解決這一問(wen)題(ti)。多(duo)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的一子級(ji)在發射點火(huo)(huo)后(hou)就開(kai)始工作,工作結束后(hou)與整個火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)分離,再(zai)由(you)(you)二子級(ji)繼續(xu)將有效載(zai)荷推(tui)向太空,以此(ci)類推(tui),直至(zhi)把有效載(zai)荷送入預(yu)定軌道。多(duo)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)一般由(you)(you)2-4級(ji)組成,有串聯(lian)、并聯(lian)和串-并聯(lian)三種(zhong)聯(lian)接(jie)方式。
按動力能源
按動力能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)分為(wei)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、核能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)光子火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)等。目前最常用的是(shi)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),它(ta)又分為(wei)液體推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、固(gu)體推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和固(gu)-液混合推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。作為(wei)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的代表,核能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的優點是(shi)其(qi)發(fa)動機比沖比化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的高,而(er)推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)只有一種(zhong),簡化(hua)了火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)結構,適(shi)合執行(xing)長時(shi)間任務或星際任務。
按用(yong)途(tu)分(fen)(fen)為探空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。探空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)指在近(jin)太空(kong)(kong)進(jin)行(xing)探測(ce)、科(ke)學試驗(yan)的火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),一般(ban)不設控制系(xi)統,是30~200千米高空(kong)(kong)的有效探測(ce)工具。探空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)還(huan)可按研究對象(xiang)或用(yong)途(tu)分(fen)(fen)翔如(ru)地球物理火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、氣象(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、生物火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、技術(shu)試驗(yan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和防雹火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)等。運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)又分(fen)(fen)為衛星運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和載(zai)人運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。
按控制形式
按控制形式分(fen)為有(you)控火箭(jian)和無控火箭(jian)。
按運載能力
按運載能力分為(wei)小型火(huo)箭(jian)、中(zhong)型火(huo)箭(jian)、大(da)型火(huo)箭(jian)和(he)重(zhong)型火(huo)箭(jian)。
按軌道(dao)分為(wei)近地軌道(dao)火箭、太陽同步(bu)軌道(dao)火箭、地球(qiu)(qiu)同步(bu)軌道(dao)火箭及(ji)月球(qiu)(qiu)軌道(dao)火箭等。
按可否重復使用
按(an)可否(fou)重(zhong)復(fu)使(shi)用分(fen)為一次性使(shi)用火箭(jian)、部分(fen)重(zhong)復(fu)使(shi)用火箭(jian)和(he)完全重(zhong)復(fu)使(shi)用火箭(jian)等。
由中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)科(ke)技集團有(you)(you)限(xian)公司自(zi)主(zhu)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)長征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)列運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian),承擔了(le)(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)96.4%的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射任務(wu),發(fa)(fa)(fa)射航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)器總質量占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射總質量的(de)(de)(de)99.2%。從(cong)1970年(nian)首(shou)飛至(zhi)今,長征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)列運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)先后有(you)(you)17型基礎級(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)和5型上(shang)面級(ji)投入(ru)(ru)使(shi)用,成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)將500多(duo)個(ge)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)器送(song)入(ru)(ru)預定軌(gui)道(dao),實現了(le)(le)(le)從(cong)無到有(you)(you),從(cong)串聯到捆(kun)綁,從(cong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)箭(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)星(xing)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)箭(jian)多(duo)星(xing),從(cong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射衛星(xing)到發(fa)(fa)(fa)射載(zai)人飛船和月(yue)球(qiu)探測(ce)器,從(cong)現役運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)到新(xin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)代運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)等一(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列重大(da)跨越(yue),具(ju)備(bei)了(le)(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射低、中(zhong)(zhong)、高(gao)不同軌(gui)道(dao)、不同類型載(zai)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),運(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)和入(ru)(ru)軌(gui)精(jing)度(du)均處(chu)于(yu)世界(jie)(jie)先進水平(ping),已成(cheng)(cheng)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)、世界(jie)(jie)知名、在國(guo)(guo)際高(gao)科(ke)技產(chan)業具(ju)有(you)(you)自(zi)主(zhu)知識產(chan)權的(de)(de)(de)品牌。多(duo)年(nian)來,長征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)列運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)有(you)(you)力(li)支撐保(bao)障了(le)(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)載(zai)人航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)、月(yue)球(qiu)探測(ce)、北斗衛星(xing)導航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)、高(gao)分辨率對(dui)地(di)觀測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統等一(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列重大(da)工程任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)實施,為推(tui)動相(xiang)關領(ling)域(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan),加(jia)快(kuai)科(ke)技強國(guo)(guo)和航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)強國(guo)(guo)建設打下了(le)(le)(le)堅實基礎。據統計,長征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)箭(jian)300次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率約為96%。與前50次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射相(xiang)比,后250次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率明顯提升且趨于(yu)穩定。在第三個(ge)100次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射中(zhong)(zhong),長征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)箭(jian)共(gong)將225顆航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)器送(song)入(ru)(ru)預定軌(gui)道(dao),發(fa)(fa)(fa)射成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率高(gao)達97%,居世界(jie)(jie)領(ling)先地(di)位。2018年(nian),長征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)箭(jian)年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射連續(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數達到37次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),首(shou)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)獨居世界(jie)(jie)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數年(nian)度(du)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)位,在近20年(nian)世界(jie)(jie)各國(guo)(guo)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射史中(zhong)(zhong),是連續(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian),創(chuang)造了(le)(le)(le)世界(jie)(jie)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)紀錄。
歐(ou)空局研制的運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列。由歐(ou)洲11個(ge)國家組(zu)成的歐(ou)空局于(yu)1973年(nian)開始(shi)(shi)研制,迄今已發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)1~5五種型(xing)別。目(mu)前使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最多(duo)(duo)的是阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于(yu)1988年(nian)1月(yue)開始(shi)(shi)研制,1996年(nian)6月(yue)首次飛行(xing),迄今為止,研制并投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的有(you)阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5G、5GS、5ECA、5ES等(deng)型(xing)號,起飛質量為746~480噸(dun),起飛推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)力為11400~13000kN,可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)向地(di)球同步(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、太陽同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、中(zhong)低軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)以及(ji)飛離地(di)球軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)各(ge)類衛星和航天器(qi),同時也可(ke)(ke)執(zhi)行(xing)一(yi)箭(jian)多(duo)(duo)星發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)任務,曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)過天網、SYRACUSE等(deng)軍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)通信衛星。阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5為兩級(ji)(ji)液(ye)體(ti)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),一(yi)子(zi)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液(ye)氫、液(ye)氧推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑,二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四氧化二氮(dan)、一(yi)甲(jia)基(ji)肼或液(ye)氧/液(ye)氫推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑,在一(yi)子(zi)級(ji)(ji)周圍(wei)捆綁了2枚大型(xing)固(gu)體(ti)助推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)器(qi)。目(mu)前在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)型(xing)號主(zhu)要有(you)阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5GS、5ECA、5ES。阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5GS低溫(wen)主(zhu)級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機,上面級(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)重復點火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)常溫(wen)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機,地(di)球同步(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力達到6.5噸(dun)。阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5ECA采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)改進(jin)(jin)的火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)2低溫(wen)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機,二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)改用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低溫(wen)上面級(ji)(ji),使(shi)地(di)球同步(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力提高到10.5噸(dun)。阿(a)(a)(a)里安(an)5ES火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)歐(ou)洲自動轉(zhuan)移(yi)飛行(xing)器(qi)(ATV),近(jin)地(di)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力為21噸(dun)。
日(ri)本(ben)(ben)研制的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系列(lie)。研制始于(yu)1981年(nian)(nian),迄今已(yi)發展了(le)H-1、H-2、H-2A等(deng)多種型(xing)號,目(mu)(mu)前(qian)正(zheng)在(zai)研制H-2B火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)于(yu)發射H-2轉(zhuan)移飛行(xing)器(HTV)。H-1火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌道(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能力為(wei)1.1噸,由于(yu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)了(le)美(mei)國技術,只允(yun)許用(yong)來(lai)發射日(ri)本(ben)(ben)國內衛星,1988年(nian)(nian)投入使(shi)(shi)用(yong),1992年(nian)(nian)退(tui)役(yi)。H-2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是日(ri)本(ben)(ben)獨立研制的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)枚大(da)型(xing)兩級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)捆(kun)綁式液體運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)發射1~2噸級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌道(dao)衛星,于(yu)1994年(nian)(nian)開始首(shou)飛,由于(yu)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)高、可靠性差以及(ji)操作復雜(za)等(deng)問題,1999被停止使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)在(zai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是以H-2為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)進行(xing)了(le)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改進的(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2A火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系列(lie),有(you)(you)標準(zhun)型(xing)(H2A202、H2A2022、H2A2024)和增(zeng)強(qiang)型(xing)(H2A204),均為(wei)二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),一、二子級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)液氧(yang)/液氫(qing)推進劑,通過模塊(kuai)化設(she)計,采用(yong)相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)結構模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)配置來(lai)組成(cheng)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)型(xing)號,最大(da)近地(di)(di)軌道(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能力為(wei)10噸,最大(da)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)載(zai)能力為(wei)6噸,用(yong)于(yu)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)政府軍用(yong)和民用(yong)有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)發射,包括地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌道(dao)通信(xin)衛星、偵察衛星、月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)探測器和星際(ji)探測器等(deng),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時承攬國際(ji)商(shang)業發射服務。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)正(zheng)在(zai)H-2A火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上發展更大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2B火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其一子級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)直(zhi)徑從4米增(zeng)加(jia)到5米,主(zhu)發動機(ji)增(zeng)加(jia)到2臺,可用(yong)于(yu)發射有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷質量為(wei)16.5噸的(de)(de)(de)(de)HTV,向國際(ji)空間站運(yun)送貨(huo)物,也(ye)可將質量8噸的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他類(lei)型(xing)有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷送入地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌道(dao)。
蘇(su)聯/俄羅斯研制的第一種非導彈衍生的運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭。是(shi)專為航(hang)(hang)天(tian)任(ren)務設(she)計的大型(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載器,包括二(er)(er)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、三(san)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)四(si)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing),于(yu)1965年進行首飛,曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射了(le)“熒光屏”、“彩虹”、“地(di)平線(xian)”系(xi)列通信衛星(xing)、格(ge)洛(luo)納斯(GLONSS)軍民兩用(yong)(yong)導航(hang)(hang)衛星(xing)及“月(yue)(yue)球(qiu)”、“金(jin)星(xing)”、“火(huo)(huo)(huo)星(xing)”等探測器,執(zhi)行過月(yue)(yue)面采(cai)樣返回和(he)(he)金(jin)星(xing)表面軟著陸任(ren)務。二(er)(er)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)1961年開始研制,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)四(si)氧(yang)化二(er)(er)氮及偏二(er)(er)甲肼推(tui)進劑(ji),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射大型(xing)(xing)(xing)月(yue)(yue)球(qiu)探測器、星(xing)際(ji)探測器、空間站艙件和(he)(he)地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步軌(gui)道衛星(xing),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)12.5噸(dun)有效(xiao)載荷送(song)入近(jin)地(di)軌(gui)道。三(san)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)由二(er)(er)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭加上(shang)(shang)一個液(ye)體三(san)子(zi)級(ji)構成(cheng),主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射蘇(su)聯空間站與量子(zi)號(hao)、晶(jing)體號(hao)及宇宙號(hao)空間站艙,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)21噸(dun)的有效(xiao)載荷送(song)入近(jin)地(di)軌(gui)道。目前使用(yong)(yong)的主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)四(si)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)K/DM和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)M/微(wei)風M兩種型(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭,是(shi)在三(san)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭的基礎上(shang)(shang)增加上(shang)(shang)面級(ji)Block DM 和(he)(he)微(wei)風M構成(cheng),Block DM采(cai)用(yong)(yong)液(ye)氧(yang)和(he)(he)煤油推(tui)進劑(ji),微(wei)風M采(cai)用(yong)(yong)四(si)氧(yang)化二(er)(er)氮和(he)(he)偏二(er)(er)甲肼推(tui)進劑(ji)。質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)K/DM主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射政府的有效(xiao)載荷,地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步轉移軌(gui)道運(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力覆(fu)蓋(gai)2.75-4.35噸(dun),月(yue)(yue)球(qiu)軌(gui)道的運(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力達(da)到(dao)6.2噸(dun)。質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)M/微(wei)風M火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)國際(ji)商業發(fa)(fa)(fa)射服務,同(tong)(tong)(tong)時也可執(zhi)行政府的發(fa)(fa)(fa)射任(ren)務,是(shi)目前質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭中運(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力最大的型(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao),地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步轉移軌(gui)道運(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力達(da)到(dao)6.2噸(dun),地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步軌(gui)道運(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力達(da)到(dao)2.92噸(dun)。
蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)/俄(e)羅斯的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系列是(shi)(shi)世界上(shang)歷史(shi)最(zui)久、發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)次數最(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)用(yong)途運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。前(qian)蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)以戰略導彈為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了東(dong)方(fang)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),后續又發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),現已(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了上(shang)升號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)U、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/伊卡爾(er)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/弗(fu)雷蓋(gai)特、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2等10余個型(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),最(zui)大近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)8.2噸(dun),太陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)4.8噸(dun),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)2.4噸(dun)。目前(qian)主(zhu)要使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U、閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG和聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U和聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)兩級(ji)(ji)結(jie)構(gou),全部采用(yong)液氧(yang)、煤(mei)油推進(jin)劑,主(zhu)要用(yong)于發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)/不載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)貨(huo)運(yun)(yun)(yun)飛(fei)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)或軍用(yong)照相(xiang)偵(zhen)察(cha)(cha)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)過上(shang)升號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)飛(fei)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)飛(fei)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、進(jin)步(bu)(bu)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)貨(huo)運(yun)(yun)(yun)飛(fei)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)以及第2代(dai)宇宙(zhou)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)照相(xiang)偵(zhen)察(cha)(cha)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)。在二(er)級(ji)(ji)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)還可增加伊卡爾(er)和弗(fu)雷蓋(gai)特上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji),用(yong)于商(shang)業高軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)。閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)三級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),主(zhu)要用(yong)于發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)軍用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)大橢圓軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)1.6噸(dun),曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)過閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通信衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)和預(yu)警衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)2火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系列中改(gai)動最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),采用(yong)了新的(de)(de)(de)二(er)子級(ji)(ji)和三子級(ji)(ji)。其基(ji)本型(xing)(二(er)級(ji)(ji)型(xing))可將近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力提高到8.2噸(dun),帶上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)三級(ji)(ji)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)可將有效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)荷送入大橢圓軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)2.7~3噸(dun),太陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)4.5~4.9噸(dun)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)既(ji)與原來的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)有很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng)性(xing),又能(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)(di)適應國際商(shang)業發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)市場的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu),最(zui)終將取代(dai)現用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG和閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M,進(jin)行載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)飛(fei)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、軍事和商(shang)業衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)。
印度為(wei)(wei)發射衛星(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)探(tan)空火(huo)箭基(ji)礎上(shang)發展而來的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭。先后成功研制了衛星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭3(SLV-3)、加(jia)大(da)推(tui)力(li)衛星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(ASLV)、極(ji)地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(PSLV)和(he)地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(GSLV)。PSLV、GSLV是印度在(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)的(de)主力(li)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭。PSLV采用(yong)四(si)(si)級(ji)(ji)結構,一、三子(zi)級(ji)(ji)使用(yong)固體推(tui)進(jin)劑,二、四(si)(si)子(zi)級(ji)(ji)使用(yong)一甲基(ji)肼和(he)四(si)(si)氧(yang)化二氮,主要用(yong)于向(xiang)極(ji)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)發射遙感衛星(xing)(xing),近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載能力(li)達到3.2噸,太陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載能力(li)為(wei)(wei)2噸。GSLV火(huo)箭是在(zai)(zai)(zai)PSLV火(huo)箭基(ji)礎上(shang)改進(jin)而來,主要用(yong)于向(xiang)地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)發射衛星(xing)(xing),同(tong)時(shi)也可執行近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)發射任務。GSLV由(you)固體一子(zi)級(ji)(ji)、液(ye)體二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)、低溫上(shang)面級(ji)(ji)等三級(ji)(ji)構成,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一子(zi)級(ji)(ji)周(zhou)圍捆綁(bang)了4枚液(ye)體助推(tui)器,地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉移軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載能力(li)約為(wei)(wei)2噸。
美國軌(gui)道科學公司(si)研(yan)制的(de)一種空(kong)射(she)(she)(she)型(xing)(xing)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。它是(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)唯一投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)空(kong)射(she)(she)(she)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),主要用(yong)(yong)于將小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)衛星送入近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌(gui)道,進(jin)行微重力實(shi)驗、材料試(shi)驗、通信、定位、地(di)(di)(di)球資源探(tan)測或完成其他特殊任務。它具有(you)較大的(de)軍用(yong)(yong)潛力,適(shi)合(he)于戰時發射(she)(she)(she)小(xiao)衛星,也(ye)可用(yong)(yong)來(lai)運(yun)送武器彈藥(yao),使(shi)軍事指揮員擁有(you)攻(gong)擊地(di)(di)(di)球上(shang)任何目標(biao)的(de)能(neng)力。飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)包(bao)括標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)和加(jia)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)(飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)XL)兩個(ge)型(xing)(xing)號(hao),均(jun)為三級(ji)固體運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),采用(yong)(yong)端羥基(ji)聚丁二烯推進(jin)劑。標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)全長(chang)15.5米(mi)(mi),直徑1.27米(mi)(mi),翼展6.7米(mi)(mi),起(qi)(qi)飛(fei)質量18.886噸,起(qi)(qi)飛(fei)推力498.2千牛,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌(gui)道運(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力375千克,1998年(nian)停止使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。加(jia)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)XL是(shi)在(zai)(zai)基(ji)本型(xing)(xing)的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)通過加(jia)長(chang)一、二級(ji)和提高(gao)性能(neng)發展而(er)來(lai)的(de),全長(chang)16.9米(mi)(mi),起(qi)(qi)飛(fei)質量23.13噸,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌(gui)道運(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力443千克。發射(she)(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)載(zai)(zai)機為改(gai)裝的(de)B-52轟(hong)炸(zha)機,運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)吊掛在(zai)(zai)機翼下。加(jia)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)XL使(shi)用(yong)(yong)改(gai)裝的(de)L-1011飛(fei)機作載(zai)(zai)機,火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)吊掛在(zai)(zai)載(zai)(zai)機腹部。發射(she)(she)(she)時,火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)由(you)載(zai)(zai)機攜(xie)帶至預定地(di)(di)(di)點上(shang)空(kong)投放,自由(you)下落(luo)5秒后點火(huo)(huo),投放時,飛(fei)機高(gao)度(du)約11900米(mi)(mi),飛(fei)行速度(du)0.8馬(ma)(ma)(ma)赫。
在大(da)(da)力(li)神洲(zhou)際彈道導彈基礎上發展起來的(de)運(yun)載(zai)火箭系列。包括(kuo)大(da)(da)力(li)神2、大(da)(da)力(li)神3、大(da)(da)力(li)神34和大(da)(da)力(li)神4等運(yun)載(zai)火箭,主要用(yong)于發射軍(jun)用(yong)衛(wei)星(xing)。大(da)(da)力(li)神2為(wei)兩級(ji)可(ke)貯推進(jin)劑(ji)(混肼/四氧化(hua)二氮)火箭,是(shi)該系列中最早投入使(shi)用(yong)的(de)型
號,曾(ceng)用于發(fa)(fa)射(she)美(mei)國(guo)的(de)雙子星(xing)座(zuo)飛(fei)船、氣象(xiang)(xiang)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)和月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)探測器。大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)3、34和大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4均為(wei)三級(ji)火(huo)箭(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)3和大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)34主(zhu)要用于發(fa)(fa)射(she)極地(di)軌道軍事(shi)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(偵(zhen)察(cha))、地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(國(guo)防通信、預(yu)警(jing))以及星(xing)際探測器。大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4火(huo)箭(jian)于1985年(nian)開始研制,在(zai)1986年(nian)挑戰者(zhe)號航(hang)天飛(fei)機失事(shi)之后,成為(wei)發(fa)(fa)射(she)大(da)(da)(da)型軍用衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)的(de)主(zhu)要運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian),承擔美(mei)國(guo)空軍地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(預(yu)警(jing)、通信、中(zhong)(zhong)繼(ji)、氣象(xiang)(xiang))和近(jin)地(di)軌道偵(zhen)察(cha)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)的(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she)任(ren)務(wu)。大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4系(xi)列包(bao)括大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4A、4B兩種型號,為(wei)芯級(ji)加捆綁構(gou)型,一、二子級(ji)也采(cai)用混肼/四氧(yang)化二氮推(tui)進劑,可(ke)以在(zai)無上面級(ji)的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下把(ba)有效載(zai)荷(he)送(song)(song)入近(jin)地(di)軌道,也可(ke)以使用慣性上面級(ji)(IUS)或半人馬座(zuo)上面級(ji),把(ba)有效載(zai)荷(he)直接送(song)(song)入地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道,近(jin)地(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)達到21.7噸(dun),地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)達到5.7噸(dun)。2005年(nian)10月(yue),大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4完成最后一次發(fa)(fa)射(she)后,被更(geng)為(wei)廉價、可(ke)靠的(de)德爾(er)它(ta)4和宇宙神(shen)(shen)5火(huo)箭(jian)取代。至此(ci),大(da)(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)系(xi)列火(huo)箭(jian)全(quan)部退役。
美國(guo)從事(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)主要機(ji)構有(you): 美國(guo)國(guo)家航空(kong)(kong)(kong)航天局(NASA)、陸海空(kong)(kong)(kong)軍、能源研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)與發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展委員會(hui)(ERDA)和(he)大學等單位(wei)。 據(ju)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji),1959-1976年(nian)(nian)(nian)NASA在全球37個(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)場(國(guo)內24個(ge))發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)30種1912枚(mei)(mei)(mei)。其中,1968年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)175枚(mei)(mei)(mei),20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中期后(hou)(hou),每年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)70-80枚(mei)(mei)(mei),近年(nian)(nian)(nian)來發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)數量仍據(ju)世(shi)界之首。對于(yu)微重(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展有(you)兩次(ci)重(zhong)要的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)任務。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)NASA發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she) 了(le)(le)“空(kong)(kong)(kong)蜂”170A,首次(ci)利用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)嘗試(shi);1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)再(zai)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)“黑(hei)雁”5C 火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)(xing)金屬熔煉實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。這兩枚(mei)(mei)(mei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she),證實(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)利用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)(xing)微重(zhong)力(li)科(ke)學實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是一條可(ke)行(xing)(xing)的(de)技術途徑, 揭開了(le)(le)微重(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)(yan)制和(he)應用的(de)序幕。20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)初美國(guo)開始利用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi) 驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。NASA于(yu)1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)初制定(ding)(ding)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加工(gong)(gong)應用火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(SPAR)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),這是世(shi)界上第一個(ge)微重(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)應用計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)。從1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)至1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue),NASA 共發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)9枚(mei)(mei)(mei) SPAR 火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其中6枚(mei)(mei)(mei)成功(gong)(gong),2枚(mei)(mei)(mei)失敗,1枚(mei)(mei)(mei)局部成功(gong)(gong),共進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)49項空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)科(ke)學和(he)加工(gong)(gong)的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。 隨著1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)“伙伴(ban)”1 號火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)首次(ci)成功(gong)(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she),NASA決(jue)定(ding)(ding)20世(shi)紀(ji)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)根據(ju)需要每年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)2-4 枚(mei)(mei)(mei)類(lei)似火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其中大部分為生物(wu)技術實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),其他為空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)科(ke)學和(he)加工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。NASA 著名的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)項目NSROC(NASA SoundingRocket Operations Contract)從1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始實(shi)(shi)施(shi),為其火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)提供(gong)了(le)(le)完整的(de)前期計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)、設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、開發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、集(ji)成、測(ce)試(shi)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)和(he)后(hou)(hou)期分析等工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。 NSROC于(yu)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)達到ISO 9000標準,平均每年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)約20次(ci),涵蓋(gai)了(le)(le)不同(tong)的(de)探測(ce)高度和(he)科(ke)學應用范(fan)圍。
日(ri)本(ben)(ben)在火箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)方面進行了(le)(le)(le)非常廣泛(fan)的研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),在大(da)氣科(ke)學(xue)、電離層(ceng)、太(tai)陽物(wu)(wu)理(li)、天體物(wu)(wu)理(li)以及(ji)大(da)氣氣候(hou)和(he)(he)預報方面取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)許多科(ke)學(xue)成果(guo)(guo),并(bing)與美、英、法、西德(de)等合作完成了(le)(le)(le)多種(zhong)類(lei)型的火箭(jian)實驗(yan)(yan),進行了(le)(le)(le)獨具特(te)色的赤道(dao)區高層(ceng)大(da)氣、電離層(ceng)和(he)(he)天文學(xue)的探(tan)測研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。1977年(nian)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)宇宙開發(fa)事業(ye)團(NASDA)制(zhi)定了(le)(le)(le)TT-500A微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)計劃。1980年(nian)9月至1983年(nian)8月共發(fa)射(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)6枚,均用(yong)于(yu)空(kong)間(jian)材料加工實驗(yan)(yan),有19臺設備進行了(le)(le)(le)飛行實驗(yan)(yan),只有約(yue)一半的設備獲得(de)實驗(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)。20 世紀80年(nian)代后期,NASDA重(zhong)新制(zhi)定了(le)(le)(le)微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)計劃,命(ming)名為(wei)(wei)TR-1A 的微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)于(yu)1991年(nian)9月首次發(fa)射(she)(she)成功,搭載(zai)了(le)(le)(le)5種(zhong)用(yong)于(yu)空(kong)間(jian)材料科(ke)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)和(he)(he)加工的實驗(yan)(yan)裝置。之(zhi)后,又制(zhi)定了(le)(le)(le)繼續發(fa)射(she)(she) 3 枚TR-1A 微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)計劃。2003 年(nian)10月,為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)提(ti)高日(ri)本(ben)(ben)的空(kong)間(jian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)水(shui)平,日(ri)本(ben)(ben)宇宙航空(kong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)開發(fa)機構(JAXA)重(zhong)組(zu)完成,所(suo)屬ISAS繼續用(yong)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)等獨特(te)的手段提(ti)高空(kong)間(jian)科(ke)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)水(shui)平。JAXA 目前使用(yong)的探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)系(xi)列有S-310、S-520 和(he)(he) SS-520。
歐洲空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)局(ESA)將微重(zhong)(zhong)力科學(xue)實(shi)驗研究作為主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)任務之一(yi),制(zhi)定了全面的(de)發展研究計劃(hua),包括用探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)進行(xing)微重(zhong)(zhong)力實(shi)驗研究,1990-1996年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian),每年(nian)發射1枚(mei)長時間(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),4枚(mei)短時間(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。在(zai)德(de)國政府(fu)2001年(nian)5月批(pi)準的(de)新航天計劃(hua)中,用于(yu)微重(zhong)(zhong)力實(shi)驗的(de)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)為其重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)組成部分。德(de)國的(de)兩種朗繆(mou)爾探(tan)針設備分別于(yu) 2002年(nian)和(he)(he) 2003年(nian)搭(da)載(zai) NASA 的(de)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)天。探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是德(de)國空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)項目中的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)工具,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)涉(she)及(ji)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)科學(xue)、對地觀測、微重(zhong)(zhong)力研究和(he)(he)返回技(ji)術。2004年(nian)10月23日,德(de)國宇航中心(DLR)研制(zhi)的(de)VSB-30 型火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)試飛成功,它標(biao)志著歐洲微重(zhong)(zhong)力探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)計劃(hua)的(de)復興。
火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)(tan)空是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)航天事(shi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起步項目之一(yi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)于(yu)(yu)1958 年開始(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)(tan)空事(shi)業(ye),在(zai)(zai)著名科學家錢學森、趙九章(zhang)、楊(yang)南生(sheng)、王希季(ji)等(deng)倡導(dao)和領(ling)導(dao)下創(chuang)建了(le)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)(tan)空事(shi)業(ye)。在(zai)(zai)研制發(fa)射了(le)多(duo)種(zhong)型號的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan)研究、試驗(yan)(yan)性探(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)枚探(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于(yu)(yu)1960 年9月首(shou)次發(fa)射。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)最早(zao)開展(zhan)研究和利用的(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是用于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),研制并發(fa)射了(le)多(duo)種(zhong)氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),在(zai)(zai)20世紀(ji)發(fa)射的(de)(de)(de)(de)約260枚探(tan)(tan)空火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)半數以上(shang)為(wei)氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),用于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)大氣(qi)(海拔20~80公里)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大氣(qi)溫度、壓力、密度、風速(su)和風向等(deng)氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)測(ce),在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究和應用中(zhong)(zhong)取(qu)得了(le)豐碩的(de)(de)(de)(de)成果(guo)。另有(you)一(yi)些(xie)取(qu)樣火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)、生(sheng)物火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)和試驗(yan)(yan)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。
2008年開始的(de)(de)國家(jia)大科學工程(cheng)“子(zi)午工程(cheng)”的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)由中(zhong)國科學院牽頭,其中(zhong)由空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)中(zhong)心負責建(jian)(jian)設(she)實施的(de)(de)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火箭(jian)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)目(mu)(mu)標是(shi)進行(xing)海南(nan)(nan)火箭(jian)發(fa)(fa)射場(chang)的(de)(de)改造(zao)建(jian)(jian)設(she),以(yi)適應新的(de)(de)體制和(he)(he)(he)新的(de)(de)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技術要(yao)求,將為(wei)火箭(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)事業的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展提供有(you)利支撐,是(shi)重振中(zhong)國火箭(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)事業的(de)(de)重要(yao)一步(bu)。“子(zi)午工程(cheng)”的(de)(de)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火箭(jian)系統(tong)(tong)主要(yao)由探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)運載(zai)火箭(jian)、有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷艙(cang)、地(di)面遙測系統(tong)(tong)、地(di)面數據處理系統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)地(di)面發(fa)(fa)射支持保障系統(tong)(tong)組(zu)成。其目(mu)(mu)標是(shi)在(zai)海南(nan)(nan)建(jian)(jian)成探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火箭(jian)探測和(he)(he)(he)地(di)面聯(lian)合(he)監測大氣和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)離層參數的(de)(de)綜合(he)探測系統(tong)(tong)。 聯(lian)合(he)觀(guan)(guan)測時(shi),探空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)探測設(she)備、電(dian)離層觀(guan)(guan)測設(she)備和(he)(he)(he)大氣觀(guan)(guan)測設(she)備等同步(bu)工作, 其目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)是(shi)獲取全面的(de)(de)200公里以(yi)下的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)環境資料(liao),同時(shi)進行(xing)各(ge)個(ge)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)層次的(de)(de)耦(ou)合(he)效(xiao)應及應用研(yan)究,以(yi)期發(fa)(fa)現新的(de)(de)物理機制和(he)(he)(he)規律。
2019年8月,我(wo)國(guo)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)殘(can)骸(hai)的(de)精準控(kong)制(zhi),落(luo)(luo)(luo)在了(le)設定的(de)落(luo)(luo)(luo)區(qu)范圍(wei)內。這(zhe)次(ci)技(ji)術驗證的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,標志著(zhu)我(wo)國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)繼美(mei)國(guo)之后(hou)的(de)第二個掌(zhang)握這(zhe)項技(ji)術的(de)國(guo)家。這(zhe)次(ci)驗證技(ji)術的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,柵(zha)格舵發揮(hui)了(le)重要作用,通過它們可以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)回(hui)收(shou)時的(de)姿態,確保火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)殘(can)骸(hai)能(neng)夠落(luo)(luo)(luo)在設定的(de)區(qu)域。此次(ci)技(ji)術的(de)驗證成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,則可以(yi)免(mian)去落(luo)(luo)(luo)區(qu)居民疏散問題,也為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)后(hou)續助推器及子級的(de)可控(kong)回(hui)收(shou)、軟著(zhu)陸、重復使用等技(ji)術奠定堅實基礎。