探空火箭(jian)是用于將科學儀器以拋物線軌跡(ji)送入地球大氣層的上部區域,使(shi)其進入近地空間(jian)的一種火箭(jian)。
探(tan)(tan)空(kong)基本結(jie)構(gou)(gou)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)包(bao)括箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、動力裝置(zhi)、穩定(ding)(ding)尾翼等(deng)(deng)。大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)單級或(huo)兩級火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),也(ye)有為(wei)3級、4級的(de)。動力裝置(zhi)通常(chang)用(yong)(yong)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發動機(ji),可(ke)(ke)以簡化和(he)(he)(he)(he)縮短發射(she)操作時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)姿(zi)態和(he)(he)(he)(he)飛行彈道(dao)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求不像導彈和(he)(he)(he)(he)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)那樣(yang)嚴格,一般(ban)不設(she)控(kong)制系統,僅靠穩定(ding)(ding)尾翼或(huo)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繞(rao)縱軸(zhou)旋轉來保證飛行穩定(ding)(ding)。需要(yao)(yao)精確(que)定(ding)(ding)位和(he)(he)(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)向時(shi)(shi)才設(she)置(zhi)控(kong)制系統。 除探(tan)(tan)測火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基本結(jie)構(gou)(gou)外,探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系統還包(bao)括有效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷(he)、發射(she)裝置(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)臺(tai)(tai)站(zhan)等(deng)(deng): (1) 有效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷(he)大(da)(da)多(duo)裝在箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頭的(de)儀(yi)器(qi)艙內。儀(yi)器(qi)艙的(de)直徑(jing)有時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)于箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)直徑(jing)。有效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷(he)采(cai)集到(dao)的(de)信(xin)息通過遙(yao)測裝置(zhi)發送到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)臺(tai)(tai)站(zhan)接(jie)(jie)收(shou)處理,或(huo)者(zhe)在火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)降過程中(zhong)將有效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷(he)從火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內彈射(she)出來,利(li)用(yong)(yong)降落(luo)傘等(deng)(deng)氣動減(jian)速(su)裝置(zhi)安全降落(luo)到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)回收(shou)。有效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷(he)的(de)重量和(he)(he)(he)(he)尺寸取決于探(tan)(tan)測要(yao)(yao)求,一般(ban)為(wei)幾公斤到(dao)幾百公斤,最大(da)(da)可(ke)(ke)達(da)幾噸。 (2) 發射(she)裝置(zhi)通常(chang)用(yong)(yong)導軌和(he)(he)(he)(he)塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)發射(she)架,使火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獲得(de)足(zu)夠(gou)大(da)(da)的(de)出架速(su)度(du)。無控(kong)制火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)飛行彈道(dao)受風(feng)的(de)影響較(jiao)大(da)(da),為(wei)了保證達(da)到(dao)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)高度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)減(jian)小彈道(dao)散布(bu),探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發射(she)時(shi)(shi)尚需根(gen)據(ju)發射(she)場的(de)高空(kong)風(feng)資料采(cai)用(yong)(yong)風(feng)補償技術來調整和(he)(he)(he)(he)確(que)定(ding)(ding)發射(she)角(jiao)度(du)。大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)從地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)以接(jie)(jie)近垂(chui)直狀態發射(she),也(ye)有從移動式(shi)(shi)(shi)發射(she)車發射(she)的(de),根(gen)據(ju)需要(yao)(yao)還可(ke)(ke)從艦船或(huo)升在空(kong)中(zhong)的(de)氣球上發射(she)。 (3) 地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)臺(tai)(tai)站(zhan)主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括接(jie)(jie)收(shou)測量信(xin)息的(de)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)收(shou)設(she)備、跟(gen)蹤火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)定(ding)(ding)位測速(su)設(she)備(如雷達(da))和(he)(he)(he)(he)電子(zi)計算機(ji)等(deng)(deng)。雷達(da)跟(gen)蹤方式(shi)(shi)(shi)有反(fan)射(she)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)應答式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種,應答式(shi)(shi)(shi)比反(fan)射(she)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)跟(gen)蹤距離更大(da)(da)。地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)收(shou)設(she)備接(jie)(jie)收(shou)的(de)遙(yao)測數(shu)據(ju)直接(jie)(jie)輸入(ru)電子(zi)計算機(ji)處理,實時(shi)(shi)給出探(tan)(tan)測結(jie)果。
無(wu)(wu)論(lun)固體運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)還是液體運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),無(wu)(wu)論(lun)單級運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)還是多(duo)級運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)部分均包(bao)括(kuo)結構系(xi)統(又(you)稱(cheng)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)體結構)、動力(li)裝置系(xi)統(又(you)稱(cheng)推(tui)進(jin)系(xi)統)和控制系(xi)統。這三(san)大系(xi)統稱(cheng)為運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)系(xi)統,主(zhu)系(xi)統的(de)(de)可(ke)靠與否,將直接(jie)(jie)影(ying)響運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行(xing)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)敗。此外(wai),運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上還有一(yi)些不直接(jie)(jie)影(ying)響飛(fei)行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)敗并由(you)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上設(she)(she)備(bei)與地面設(she)(she)備(bei)共同組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)系(xi)統,例如遙測(ce)系(xi)統、外(wai)彈道(dao)測(ce)量系(xi)統、安全系(xi)統和瞄準系(xi)統等。其(qi)中:
1)箭體(ti)結構(gou)是運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭的基體(ti),它用(yong)來維持火(huo)(huo)箭的外形,承受火(huo)(huo)箭在地面運輸、發射操作和在飛行(xing)中作用(yong)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭上的各(ge)種載(zai)荷,安裝連接火(huo)(huo)箭各(ge)系(xi)統的所有(you)儀器、設備,把箭上所有(you)系(xi)統、組件連接組合成一個整體(ti)。
2)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)裝置系(xi)統(tong)是推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)飛行并獲(huo)得一定速度的(de)裝置。對液體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian)來說,動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)裝置系(xi)統(tong)由推(tui)進劑輸送、增壓系(xi)統(tong)和液體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩大部(bu)分(fen)組成。固體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian)的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)裝置系(xi)統(tong)較為簡(jian)單(dan),它的(de)主(zhu)要部(bu)分(fen)就是固體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji),推(tui)進劑直接裝在發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)燃燒室殼體(ti)內。
3)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是用來(lai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)沿預(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)軌道(dao)正常、可(ke)靠飛(fei)行(xing)的(de)部(bu)分(fen)。控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)由制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)和導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、姿(zi)態控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)源(yuan)供配(pei)電(dian)和時序控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)三大(da)部(bu)分(fen)組成。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)和導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)功(gong)用是控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)按(an)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)動,把有效(xiao)載荷送到(dao)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)空間位置(zhi)并使(shi)之準確(que)(que)進入軌道(dao)。姿(zi)態控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)姿(zi)態穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))的(de)功(gong)用是糾正運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行(xing)中(zhong)的(de)俯仰(yang)、偏航(hang)、滾動誤差,使(shi)之保持正確(que)(que)的(de)飛(fei)行(xing)姿(zi)態。電(dian)源(yuan)供配(pei)電(dian)和時序控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)則按(an)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)飛(fei)行(xing)時序實施供配(pei)電(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
4)遙測系(xi)統的(de)功(gong)用(yong)是把運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭飛行中各系(xi)統的(de)工作參(can)(can)數及環境(jing)參(can)(can)數測量(liang)(liang)下(xia)來,通(tong)過運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭上(shang)的(de)無線電發射機(ji)將這(zhe)些參(can)(can)數送回地(di)面(mian),由地(di)面(mian)接收(shou)(shou)機(ji)接收(shou)(shou);亦可將測量(liang)(liang)所得的(de)參(can)(can)數記(ji)錄在(zai)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭上(shang)的(de)磁記(ji)錄器(qi)(qi)上(shang),在(zai)地(di)面(mian)回收(shou)(shou)磁記(ji)錄器(qi)(qi)。這(zhe)些測量(liang)(liang)參(can)(can)數既可用(yong)來預報航天器(qi)(qi)入軌時(shi)的(de)軌道(dao)參(can)(can)數,又可用(yong)來鑒定和改進運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭的(de)性能。一旦(dan)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭在(zai)飛行中出(chu)現故障,這(zhe)些參(can)(can)數就是故障分析的(de)依據。
5)外彈道測量系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功用(yong)是(shi)利用(yong)地(di)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)光學和(he)無線電設備與(yu)裝在(zai)運載火(huo)箭(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)對應裝置一(yi)起對飛行(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)運載火(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)跟蹤,并測量其飛行(xing)參數,用(yong)來預(yu)報航天器入軌時的(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道參數,也可用(yong)來作(zuo)為鑒定制導系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度和(he)故障分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。
6)安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)功用是(shi)當運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)在飛行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)一旦出現故障不能繼(ji)續飛行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi),將(jiang)其(qi)在空中(zhong)(zhong)炸毀,避免運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)墜落時(shi)(shi)給地面造成災難性的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害。安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)包(bao)括運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)毀系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和地面的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)線電安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)兩部分。箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)毀系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)由測量裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、計算機(ji)(ji)和爆(bao)(bao)炸裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(炸藥筒)組成。當運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing)姿(zi)態(tai)、飛行(xing)(xing)速(su)度超出允許的(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)時(shi)(shi),計算機(ji)(ji)發出引(yin)爆(bao)(bao)爆(bao)(bao)炸裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)指令,使運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)在空中(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)毀。無(wu)(wu)線電安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)則是(shi)由地面雷達(da)測量運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing)軌道,當運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing)超出預先規定的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)范圍(wei)時(shi)(shi),從地面發出引(yin)爆(bao)(bao)箭(jian)上(shang)爆(bao)(bao)炸裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)指令,由箭(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)接收(shou)機(ji)(ji)接收(shou)后將(jiang)火(huo)箭(jian)在空中(zhong)(zhong)炸毀。
7)瞄準系統的(de)功(gong)用是給運載火(huo)箭在發射前(qian)進(jin)行初(chu)始(shi)方位定(ding)向。瞄準系統由地面瞄準設備(bei)和運載火(huo)箭上(shang)的(de)瞄準設備(bei)共同(tong)組成。
火箭是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大發明(ming)之(zhi)一。公元969年,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已經發明(ming)了(le)(le)火藥(yao)(火藥(yao)是(shi)(shi)在唐朝(chao)發明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))。北宋(song)軍官岳義方、馮(feng)繼升造出了(le)(le)世(shi)(shi)界上(shang)第一個(ge)以火藥(yao)為動力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)行兵(bing)(bing)器——-火箭。這種(zhong)火箭由箭身和(he)(he)藥(yao)筒組成,其中(zhong)藥(yao)筒用竹(zhu)、厚紙制成,內充火藥(yao),前(qian)端(duan)封死,后端(duan)引出導(dao)火繩,點(dian)燃(ran)后,火藥(yao)燃(ran)燒(shao)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)向后噴出,以氣體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反作用力把(ba)(ba)火箭推(tui)向前(qian),飛(fei)行中(zhong)殺傷敵(di)兵(bing)(bing)。這種(zhong)最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始火箭在工(gong)作原(yuan)理上(shang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)現代火箭沒(mei)有什么不同。公元12世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)葉,原(yuan)始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火箭經過(guo)改(gai)進后,廣泛(fan)地用于戰爭(zheng)。如公元1161年宋(song)軍與(yu)(yu)(yu)金兵(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“采石之(zhi)戰”中(zhong)所(suo)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“霹靂炮”,其實就是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)火箭兵(bing)(bing)器。當時(shi)在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)間(jian)廣為流(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能高飛(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“火流(liu)星(xing)”(亦稱(cheng)“起(qi)火”),實際就是(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)界上(shang)第一種(zhong)觀(guan)賞性火箭。元、明(ming)之(zhi)后,即公元13世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)以后,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火箭兵(bing)(bing)器在戰爭(zheng)中(zhong)有了(le)(le)很(hen)大發展(zhan),涌現了(le)(le)許多(duo)(duo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)現代火箭類(lei)型相近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火箭形式。13世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)葉,蒙古人入(ru)侵中(zhong)亞、西亞和(he)(he)歐洲,阿拉伯人侵略西班牙(ya),他(ta)們把(ba)(ba)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火箭技術傳入(ru)了(le)(le)歐洲及世(shi)(shi)界其它(ta)地區。到了(le)(le)這時(shi),德意(yi)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)艾伯特斯·麥格(ge)諾才在歐洲首次記述了(le)(le)關于制作火箭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術。歐洲人最(zui)早使用火箭兵(bing)(bing)器,是(shi)(shi)在1379年意(yi)大利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕多(duo)(duo)亞戰爭(zheng)和(he)(he)1380年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威尼斯之(zhi)戰中(zhong)。
至20世紀初,俄國著名(ming)科學(xue)家康斯坦丁(ding)·齊(qi)奧爾(er)科夫斯基(ji)從(cong)理論上證明(ming)了多級火(huo)箭(jian)可以克服地球(qiu)引力(li)而進入太空,并建(jian)立了火(huo)箭(jian)運動的(de)基(ji)本數(shu)學(xue)方程,奠定了航(hang)天飛(fei)(fei)行動力(li)學(xue)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。此(ci)外,他肯定了液體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動機是航(hang)天器(qi)最適宜(yi)的(de)動力(li)裝置,為運載(zai)器(qi)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)指出了方向(xiang),并提出為實現(xian)飛(fei)(fei)向(xiang)其他行星(xing)必須設置中間(jian)站,以及(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)在星(xing)際(ji)空間(jian)飛(fei)(fei)行的(de)條件(jian)和火(huo)箭(jian)地面起飛(fei)(fei)條件(jian)。
美國(guo)著名(ming)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)專家羅伯特·哈(ha)金斯·戈(ge)達(da)德把航天理論(lun)與(yu)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)技術相結(jie)合,提(ti)出了(le)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行(xing)的(de)數學原理,指出火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)必須具(ju)有每(mei)秒7.9公里的(de)速(su)度(du)才能(neng)克(ke)服地(di)球引力,同時(shi)他研(yan)究了(le)利用(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)把載荷送至月(yue)球的(de)幾種可能(neng)方案。戈(ge)達(da)德從1921年開始研(yan)制液(ye)體火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),于1926年3月(yue)16日進行(xing)了(le)人類首(shou)次(ci)液(ye)體火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行(xing)試驗并獲得(de)成功(火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)長3.04米(mi),飛(fei)行(xing)2.5秒,達(da)到(dao) 12米(mi)高,56米(mi)遠),這使得(de)他成為液(ye)體火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)實際發明人。1932年他首(shou)次(ci)用(yong)(yong)陀螺控制的(de)燃氣舵操縱火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)飛(fei)行(xing),1935年他試驗的(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)以超聲速(su)飛(fei)行(xing),最大(da)射程(cheng)約20公里。
1942年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)3日,德(de)國首次(ci)(ci)(ci)成功地發(fa)(fa)射了(le)(le)(le)(le)人類歷史上第一(yi)枚彈(dan)(dan)道導彈(dan)(dan)——V-2,并(bing)(bing)于1944年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)6日首次(ci)(ci)(ci)投(tou)入作戰(zhan)使用。第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)世界大(da)戰(zhan)期間,先(xian)后(hou)(hou)有(you)約4300多(duo)枚V-2導彈(dan)(dan)襲擊了(le)(le)(le)(le)英國、荷蘭安(an)特衛(wei)普港和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)目標,造(zao)成了(le)(le)(le)(le)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞。V-2是單級液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),全長14米(mi),質量(liang)為(wei)13噸(dun),箭(jian)(jian)體直徑1.65米(mi),最(zui)大(da)射程(cheng)(cheng)320公(gong)(gong)里,發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機熄火(huo)高度96公(gong)(gong)里,飛行時間約320秒,命中精度圓公(gong)(gong)算偏(pian)差5公(gong)(gong)里,有(you)效載荷約1噸(dun)。其(qi)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)選用液氧/酒精液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機,推(tui)力(li)為(wei)260千牛(合26.5噸(dun)力(li)),最(zui)長工(gong)作時間68秒。其(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)使用帶程(cheng)(cheng)序裝(zhuang)置和(he)(he)陀螺積分(fen)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)自主(zhu)式陀螺控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)成功在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)上實(shi)現了(le)(le)(le)(le)19世紀末、20世紀初航(hang)天技(ji)術(shu)先(xian)驅者的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)設想,并(bing)(bing)培養和(he)(he)造(zao)就了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)大(da)批(pi)有(you)實(shi)踐經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)專家,對現代(dai)大(da)型火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)起到了(le)(le)(le)(le)繼往開(kai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計雖不盡完(wan)美,但它卻是人類擁有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)件(jian)向地球引力(li)挑戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju),成為(wei)航(hang)天技(ji)術(shu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要里程(cheng)(cheng)碑。第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)世界大(da)戰(zhan)后(hou)(hou),美、蘇兩國分(fen)別接收了(le)(le)(le)(le)參與V-2研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)專家、設備及資(zi)料,為(wei)這兩個國家在(zai)第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)世界大(da)戰(zhan)后(hou)(hou)迅(xun)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)導彈(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)創造(zao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。40年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)末至50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)末,在(zai)V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,以美、蘇為(wei)主(zhu)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)武器(qi)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)迅(xun)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),各種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)導彈(dan)(dan)武器(qi)相繼問世,并(bing)(bing)形成了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)個完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)導彈(dan)(dan)武器(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。
世(shi)界第一(yi)(yi)枚(mei)專門用于高空(kong)(kong)(kong)大氣探(tan)(tan)(tan)測的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是美國于 1945年(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)研制成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)“女兵下士”火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。它能將11公(gong)斤的(de)有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷送到 70公(gong)里(li)的(de)高空(kong)(kong)(kong)。此后(hou),美國和(he)蘇(su)聯利用繳獲(huo)的(de)V-2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)射(she)了(le)一(yi)(yi)批探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代的(de)國際(ji)地(di)球物(wu)理年(nian)(nian)(nian)活動大大推動了(le)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan),許多(duo)(duo)國家開(kai)始了(le)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)研制。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代,世(shi)界上已有(you)(you)20多(duo)(duo)個國家發(fa)展(zhan)或使(shi)用了(le)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)量高達數千枚(mei)。中國在1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)以前(qian)曾(ceng)發(fa)射(she)過試驗(yan)性火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)正式研制探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),先后(hou)研制成(cheng)(cheng)T-7液體探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和(he)改進型(xing) T-7A探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。 1965年(nian)(nian)(nian)起開(kai)始研制固(gu)體探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)“和(he)平”2號和(he)6號。
看似復雜(za)的(de)(de)火(huo)箭,原(yuan)理(li)其實非(fei)常(chang)簡單(dan)(dan),早在17世(shi)紀(ji),牛(niu)頓就很清(qing)晰地進(jin)行了描述:如果以一(yi)定(ding)速(su)度向后拋(pao)出一(yi)定(ding)質量,就會受到(dao)一(yi)個反作用力的(de)(de)推動,向前(qian)加速(su)。簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)火(huo)箭甚(shen)至早在牛(niu)頓提出這一(yi)原(yuan)理(li)前(qian)幾百年就在中國(guo)被(bei)發明出來(lai),并得到(dao)了應用,包括軍用的(de)(de)火(huo)藥箭和(he)節日(ri)慶(qing)典的(de)(de)煙花。
火(huo)箭向后(hou)拋出(chu)一定質量是(shi)靠火(huo)箭發動(dong)機(ji)來(lai)完成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。火(huo)箭發動(dong)機(ji)點火(huo)以后(hou),推(tui)進劑(ji)(液體(ti)(ti)的(de)或(huo)固體(ti)(ti)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)和氧(yang)化劑(ji))在(zai)發動(dong)機(ji)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室里燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao),產生(sheng)大量高(gao)壓(ya)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti);高(gao)壓(ya)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)從(cong)發動(dong)機(ji)噴管高(gao)速噴出(chu),對(dui)火(huo)箭產生(sheng)的(de)反作用力,使火(huo)箭沿氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)噴射的(de)反方向前進。固體(ti)(ti)推(tui)進劑(ji)是(shi)從(cong)底層(ceng)向頂層(ceng)或(huo)從(cong)內(nei)層(ceng)向外層(ceng)快速燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)的(de),而(er)液體(ti)(ti)推(tui)進劑(ji)是(shi)用高(gao)壓(ya)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)對(dui)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)與氧(yang)化劑(ji)貯箱(xiang)增(zeng)壓(ya),然(ran)后(hou)用渦(wo)輪泵將燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)與氧(yang)化劑(ji)進一步增(zeng)壓(ya)并(bing)輸送進燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室。推(tui)進劑(ji)的(de)化學能在(zai)發動(dong)機(ji)內(nei)轉化為燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)的(de)動(dong)能,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)速氣(qi)流噴出(chu),產生(sheng)推(tui)力。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)藥曾經是(shi)原始的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),目(mu)前戰術(shu)型火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)或較小導(dao)彈大多(duo)采用(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)藥推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。人(ren)們習(xi)慣性把這樣的(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料叫(jiao)做“單元推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”。需要燃(ran)燒(shao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加氧化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)燃(ran)料被稱為(wei)(wei):“二(er)元推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”。組合(he)使用(yong)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)稱為(wei)(wei)混(hun)(hun)合(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。使用(yong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機比(bi)沖(chong)(chong)和(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)比(bi)沖(chong)(chong)介(jie)于液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之間。1950年代美國(guo)研制成(cheng)功(gong)氧化氫(qing)和(he)聚(ju)乙烯作為(wei)(wei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機的(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1964年法國(guo)首(shou)先(xian)發(fa)射成(cheng)功(gong)采用(yong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)動(dong)力的(de)氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。我國(guo)“長征一號D”運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)第一級(ji)(ji)、第二(er)級(ji)(ji)用(yong)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機,第三級(ji)(ji)用(yong)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機。也是(shi)采用(yong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。
選擇推(tui)(tui)進劑所(suo)需要考慮的因素很(hen)多,如要求高(gao)的化(hua)學(xue)能焓、低(di)分子(zi)量的燃燒產物。比熱(re)大、導熱(re)率高(gao)。飽和蒸汽氣壓低(di),化(hua)學(xue)穩定性好,比重大、無毒、無腐蝕(shi)性等。一種推(tui)(tui)進劑不(bu)可(ke)能完全(quan)具備以上的這些性能,因此不(bu)斷研究新燃料是開發空(kong)間航行的首要任務。
使用核能(neng)燃(ran)料的火箭發(fa)動機的比沖量高(gao)、壽命長。但技術復雜,只適用長期工作(zuo)的航天器及運載火箭的高(gao)能(neng)末級。1986年前蘇(su)聯已在和平號(hao)空間站應用核動力發(fa)動機。核燃(ran)料的危害(hai)性是放射性污(wu)染環境(jing)。
目前火(huo)箭(jian)發射(she)有三種方式:一是(shi)地面發射(she),二是(shi)空(kong)中發射(she),三是(shi)海(hai)上(shang)發射(she)。
早(zao)期,運送有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)火箭都是(shi)從(cong)地(di)面發(fa)射(she)(she)場發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)。地(di)面發(fa)射(she)(she)場受地(di)理位(wei)置的(de)制約,限制了有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)范圍,難(nan)以(yi)滿足各種有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)需(xu)求,于是(shi)出現了從(cong)空(kong)中(zhong)發(fa)射(she)(she)和(he)從(cong)海上平臺發(fa)射(she)(she)火箭的(de)方(fang)式。
從(cong)(cong)空(kong)中發(fa)射(she)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是用飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)將火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)運送到高空(kong)后,再釋(shi)放火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在空(kong)中點(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)飛(fei)向預定軌(gui)道(dao)。采用這種發(fa)射(she)方(fang)式,飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)以在不(bu)同地(di)點(dian)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)場起飛(fei),從(cong)(cong)空(kong)中任何地(di)點(dian)發(fa)射(she),它不(bu)受地(di)理位置的限制(zhi)。這樣(yang),不(bu)僅(jin)增加了發(fa)射(she)窗口(kou),而且還(huan)會擴(kuo)大(da)軌(gui)道(dao)傾角的范圍,因(yin)而具有很大(da)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)動性。載機(ji)(ji)(ji)相當于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的基礎級,能(neng)(neng)提(ti)(ti)高火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)本身的運載能(neng)(neng)力,同樣(yang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)從(cong)(cong)空(kong)中發(fa)射(she)比從(cong)(cong)地(di)面發(fa)射(she),其運載能(neng)(neng)力幾(ji)乎可(ke)以提(ti)(ti)高一(yi)倍。
與地面(mian)發(fa)射(she)場(chang)相比,從(cong)海上平臺發(fa)射(she)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)同樣(yang)具有多種(zhong)優勢。首(shou)先,可以(yi)靈活(huo)選(xuan)擇發(fa)射(she)地點,當(dang)選(xuan)擇在(zai)赤道附近(jin)海域發(fa)射(she)時,能充分借(jie)助(zhu)地球的(de)(de)自轉速度,提高火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)運載能力;其次,周圍(wei)沒有居民點,火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)落區(qu)的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇范圍(wei)較(jiao)大(da),從(cong)而可使多級火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)設計更加優化,進一步(bu)提高火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)運載能力。
運載(zai)火箭發射前準備
與運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)研制一樣,運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)發射同樣是一項綜合性的(de)(de)系統(tong)工程。它涉及的(de)(de)面(mian)很廣,包(bao)括運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)檢(jian)查(cha)、測(ce)試、轉運(yun)(yun)、加注推進劑、發射程序(xu)與數據的(de)(de)計算和裝(zhuang)訂、點火(huo)發射、跟蹤測(ce)量、安全控制、指(zhi)揮通信、地面(mian)勤務(wu)保障等多(duo)方面(mian)的(de)(de)工作。
運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)首先進(jin)(jin)(jin)入技術(shu)準(zhun)備(bei)區的(de)(de)(de)專用廠房(fang)。在這里先對(dui)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器設備(bei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)單(dan)元測(ce)試(shi),即對(dui)儀(yi)器設備(bei)單(dan)獨進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)試(shi),檢查(cha)(cha)其(qi)性能(neng)和(he)精確測(ce)量其(qi)參(can)數(shu)。單(dan)元測(ce)試(shi)合格(ge)后(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分系(xi)(xi)統(tong)測(ce)試(shi),它(ta)是(shi)在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)處于(yu)工(gong)(gong)作狀態(tai)下,對(dui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)內各(ge)(ge)儀(yi)器設備(bei)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)協調性和(he)功能(neng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢查(cha)(cha),并測(ce)量其(qi)工(gong)(gong)作參(can)數(shu)。接下來各(ge)(ge)分系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之間進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)匹配測(ce)試(shi),檢查(cha)(cha)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之間工(gong)(gong)作是(shi)否協調匹配。最后(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)所有系(xi)(xi)統(tong)都參(can)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)總檢查(cha)(cha),總檢查(cha)(cha)一般(ban)要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多次,以模擬各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)飛行(xing)(xing)狀態(tai)來驗(yan)證運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)全系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)性能(neng)和(he)可靠性,并使火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)達到(dao)符合發射狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。總檢查(cha)(cha)之后(hou),開始在運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)安裝各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)品(pin)和(he)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)裝置,并準(zhun)備(bei)轉場。
在運載(zai)火箭進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)技術測試的同時(shi),發射場內的測控系統(tong)要進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)設(she)備(bei)聯(lian)試。先是進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)場內設(she)備(bei)聯(lian)試,然后(hou)再與(yu)分布在各地的測控站設(she)備(bei)聯(lian)試。與(yu)此同時(shi),地面(mian)勤務保障(zhang)部門對發射設(she)備(bei)、加注設(she)備(bei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)調試;氣象(xiang)保障(zhang)部門開通氣象(xiang)情報網(wang)和(he)天氣會商網(wang),啟動氣象(xiang)測量雷達,開始進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)天氣的長、中(zhong)、短(duan)期預報。
當運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)技術準備區經檢(jian)查(cha)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)達到可以進(jin)行發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態后(hou),即可轉運(yun)(yun)到發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區。發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區內有發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)臺、勤(qin)務塔(ta)和臍帶塔(ta)等(deng)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)設施。運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)(fen)級運(yun)(yun)至發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區后(hou),由勤(qin)務塔(ta)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)吊(diao)裝設備對(dui)(dui)運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)(fen)級吊(diao)裝、對(dui)(dui)接(jie)和總(zong)裝,并將(jiang)其豎立(li)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)臺上。隨后(hou)在(zai)豎立(li)狀(zhuang)態下對(dui)(dui)運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)再一次進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)系(xi)統測(ce)試(shi)(shi)、系(xi)統間性能匹(pi)配測(ce)試(shi)(shi)、總(zong)檢(jian)查(cha)和發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)演練等(deng)。在(zai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區測(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容要(yao)比在(zai)技術區的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)簡(jian)化。在(zai)檢(jian)查(cha)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)工(gong)作結束后(hou),就可向運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)加(jia)注(zhu)推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji),并進(jin)行瞄準定位。與此同時(shi),地(di)面勤(qin)務保障部門(men)要(yao)進(jin)行推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)化驗,確(que)定推(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)注(zhu)參數(shu);氣象(xiang)部門(men)要(yao)提供臨發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)前發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)場(chang)(chang)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)氣情(qing)況及(ji)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)場(chang)(chang)區上空的(de)(de)(de)(de)高空風場(chang)(chang)等(deng)情(qing)況,以及(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)飛行經過(guo)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象(xiang)情(qing)況。
運載火(huo)箭發射(she)程序
當一切準備工作基(ji)本結(jie)束之(zhi)后(hou),發(fa)射(she)工作便可進(jin)(jin)(jin)入倒計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階段。倒計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階段開始(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),由指(zhi)揮中心向(xiang)發(fa)射(she)場、火(huo)箭飛行過程(cheng)中箭體分(fen)離后(hou)的(de)落區、分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)各地的(de)測控站(zhan)、遠洋測量(liang)艦隊和(he)有關部門(men)統一發(fa)布(bu)口令(ling)。各部門(men)、各單位(wei)接到口令(ling)后(hou),根據時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)統一勤(qin)務系統提(ti)供的(de)統一時(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘各自進(jin)(jin)(jin)入臨射(she)前的(de)工作程(cheng)序。一般運(yun)載火(huo)箭的(de)倒計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)從由發(fa)射(she)窗口確定的(de)發(fa)射(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)前1個小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)開始(shi),叫做1小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)準備。然后(hou)是(shi)30分(fen)鐘準備、15分(fen)鐘準備、5分(fen)鐘準備、1分(fen)鐘準備,最后(hou)是(shi)從10開始(shi)倒數至1,運(yun)載火(huo)箭點火(huo)起飛。采用低溫推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑的(de)運(yun)載火(huo)箭,由于(yu)低溫推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑極(ji)易蒸發(fa),必須嚴格控制推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑加注后(hou)的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),因(yin)此常(chang)提(ti)前到離發(fa)射(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)4-7小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)就開始(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入倒計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階段。
發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)進入(ru)1小時(shi)(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)后(hou),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各項工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)均按時(shi)(shi)間(jian)程序(xu)由地(di)面(mian)測(ce)試發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)設備(bei)(bei)來操作(zuo),它(ta)可以(yi)是半自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),也可以(yi)是全自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)這(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)過(guo)程中(zhong),主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)有(you)(you):對箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上系(xi)統通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)進行(xing)射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)功能檢查,對火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)裝訂飛行(xing)程序(xu)和數據,進行(xing)精確瞄準(zhun),對推進劑(ji)貯(zhu)箱進行(xing)增壓(ya),對采用(yong)低溫(wen)推進劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)補加(jia)推進劑(ji),氣路連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器、加(jia)注連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)開(kai)(kai),遙測(ce)系(xi)統、外測(ce)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)插頭(tou)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)。到(dao)1分鐘準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)時(shi)(shi),箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上系(xi)統由地(di)面(mian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉為(wei)由箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),經10秒(miao)鐘自(zi)(zi)(zi)檢正常后(hou),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)落(luo),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)擺桿離(li)(li)開(kai)(kai)運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)擺到(dao)預定位置。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)除底部只有(you)(you)一個(ge)經脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)拔插頭(tou)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)尚(shang)與(yu)(yu)地(di)面(mian)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)外,其他一切與(yu)(yu)地(di)面(mian)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)插頭(tou)均已完全脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)開(kai)(kai)。射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)30秒(miao)鐘,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統與(yu)(yu)各地(di)測(ce)控(kong)(kong)跟蹤(zong)站開(kai)(kai)始(shi)啟(qi)動(dong);射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)7秒(miao)鐘,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高速攝影機(ji)開(kai)(kai)拍,開(kai)(kai)始(shi)記錄火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點(dian)火(huo)起飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實況;到(dao)0秒(miao)時(shi)(shi)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點(dian)火(huo)。當火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)離(li)(li)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)時(shi)(shi),底部唯一尚(shang)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)拔插頭(tou)被拉脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo),火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)(yu)地(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)線控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)完全中(zhong)斷(duan)。但如果(guo)在(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點(dian)火(huo)尚(shang)未離(li)(li)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)前(qian),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)不(bu)正常,地(di)面(mian)可通(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)根電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)對火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)實施緊急關機(ji)。
火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)起飛后,在控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統的控制(zhi)(zhi)下,分(fen)別完成程序轉彎、助推(tui)器(qi)脫(tuo)落、上面(mian)級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的點(dian)火(huo)(huo)與關機、級(ji)間分(fen)離(li)(li)和整流罩分(fen)離(li)(li)等;當火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)到達(da)入軌(gui)點(dian)時,有效載荷與火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)離(li)(li)、進(jin)入預(yu)定軌(gui)道運(yun)行(xing),這(zhe)時,運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的發射工作(zuo)完滿結束。
按級(ji)(ji)數來(lai)分,可(ke)分為單級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)兩種類(lei)型。由于單級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)應用(yong)上很難實(shi)現宇(yu)宙飛行所必需的(de)宇(yu)宙速(su)度,因此需要采用(yong)多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)來(lai)解決這一問(wen)題。多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)一子級(ji)(ji)在(zai)發射點火(huo)后就開始工作,工作結束后與整個火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)分離,再由二子級(ji)(ji)繼續將有效載(zai)荷推向太空,以此類(lei)推,直至把有效載(zai)荷送入預定軌道。多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)一般由2-4級(ji)(ji)組(zu)成,有串聯、并聯和串-并聯三種聯接方(fang)式(shi)。
按動力能源
按動力能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)分為(wei)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及光子(zi)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等。目前最常用的(de)是化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),它又(you)分為(wei)液體(ti)推(tui)進劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、固體(ti)推(tui)進劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和固-液混(hun)合推(tui)進劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。作(zuo)為(wei)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)代表(biao),核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)優點是其發動機比(bi)沖比(bi)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)高(gao),而(er)推(tui)進劑(ji)只有一種,簡化(hua)了火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結構(gou),適合執行長時間(jian)任務或(huo)星際任務。
按用(yong)途(tu)分為探空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。探空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)指在近(jin)太空(kong)進行探測、科學試(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),一般(ban)不設控制系統(tong),是30~200千米高空(kong)的(de)(de)有效探測工具(ju)。探空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)還可按研(yan)究對象或用(yong)途(tu)分翔如地(di)球物理火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、氣象火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、生物火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、技術試(shi)驗(yan)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和防(fang)雹火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)等。運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)又(you)分為衛星運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和載(zai)人運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。
按控制形式
按控制(zhi)形式分(fen)為有控火(huo)箭和(he)無(wu)控火(huo)箭。
按運載能力
按運載能力分為(wei)小型火箭、中型火箭、大(da)型火箭和重型火箭。
按軌(gui)(gui)道分為近地軌(gui)(gui)道火箭(jian)、太陽同步軌(gui)(gui)道火箭(jian)、地球(qiu)同步軌(gui)(gui)道火箭(jian)及月球(qiu)軌(gui)(gui)道火箭(jian)等。
按可否重復使用
按可否重(zhong)復使用分為一次性使用火箭、部(bu)分重(zhong)復使用火箭和(he)完全(quan)重(zhong)復使用火箭等(deng)。
由中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技集團有(you)(you)限公司自主研制的(de)(de)(de)長征(zheng)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),承擔(dan)了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)96.4%的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)任(ren)務,發(fa)射(she)(she)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)器(qi)(qi)總(zong)質量(liang)占中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)射(she)(she)總(zong)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)99.2%。從(cong)1970年首飛(fei)至今,長征(zheng)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)先后有(you)(you)17型基(ji)礎級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)5型上面級投入使(shi)用,成(cheng)功(gong)將(jiang)500多個(ge)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)器(qi)(qi)送(song)入預定軌(gui)道,實現了(le)(le)從(cong)無到(dao)有(you)(you),從(cong)串聯到(dao)捆綁,從(cong)一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)星到(dao)一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)多星,從(cong)發(fa)射(she)(she)衛星到(dao)發(fa)射(she)(she)載(zai)(zai)人飛(fei)船(chuan)和(he)(he)月球(qiu)探測(ce)器(qi)(qi),從(cong)現役運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)新一(yi)(yi)代運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)重(zhong)大跨越,具(ju)備(bei)了(le)(le)發(fa)射(she)(she)低、中、高(gao)(gao)不同(tong)軌(gui)道、不同(tong)類型載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),運載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)入軌(gui)精度均處于世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)先進水(shui)平,已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)、世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)知名、在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)高(gao)(gao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技產業具(ju)有(you)(you)自主知識(shi)產權的(de)(de)(de)品牌。多年來(lai),長征(zheng)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)力(li)支撐保(bao)障了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)(zai)人航(hang)天(tian)(tian)、月球(qiu)探測(ce)、北斗衛星導航(hang)、高(gao)(gao)分辨率(lv)(lv)(lv)對地(di)觀測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)重(zhong)大工程任(ren)務的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功(gong)實施,為(wei)(wei)推動相關領域發(fa)展,加(jia)快科(ke)(ke)(ke)技強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)設(she)打下了(le)(le)堅實基(ji)礎。據(ju)統(tong)計,長征(zheng)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)300次(ci)發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)約為(wei)(wei)96%。與前50次(ci)發(fa)射(she)(she)相比,后250次(ci)發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)明顯提(ti)升且趨于穩(wen)定。在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)三個(ge)100次(ci)發(fa)射(she)(she)中,長征(zheng)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)共將(jiang)225顆航(hang)天(tian)(tian)器(qi)(qi)送(song)入預定軌(gui)道,發(fa)射(she)(she)成(cheng)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)達(da)97%,居(ju)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)領先地(di)位。2018年,長征(zheng)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)年發(fa)射(she)(she)連(lian)續成(cheng)功(gong)次(ci)數(shu)(shu)達(da)到(dao)37次(ci),首次(ci)獨居(ju)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)發(fa)射(she)(she)次(ci)數(shu)(shu)年度第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)位,在(zai)(zai)近20年世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)發(fa)射(she)(she)史中,是連(lian)續成(cheng)功(gong)發(fa)射(she)(she)次(ci)數(shu)(shu)最高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)年,創造了(le)(le)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)航(hang)天(tian)(tian)發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)新紀錄。
歐空局研制(zhi)的運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列。由歐洲(zhou)11個國家組成的歐空局于(yu)1973年開始研制(zhi),迄(qi)今已發(fa)(fa)(fa)展了阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)1~5五(wu)種型(xing)別。目前使用最多的是阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于(yu)1988年1月(yue)開始研制(zhi),1996年6月(yue)首(shou)次(ci)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing),迄(qi)今為止,研制(zhi)并投入使用的有阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5G、5GS、5ECA、5ES等(deng)型(xing)號(hao),起飛(fei)質(zhi)量為746~480噸,起飛(fei)推(tui)(tui)(tui)力為11400~13000kN,可用于(yu)向地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)道(dao)、太陽(yang)同步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)、中(zhong)低(di)軌(gui)道(dao)以及飛(fei)離(li)地球(qiu)軌(gui)道(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射各類衛星和航天器,同時也可執行(xing)(xing)一箭(jian)多星發(fa)(fa)(fa)射任務,曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射過天網、SYRACUSE等(deng)軍用通信衛星。阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5為兩級(ji)(ji)液(ye)(ye)體火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),一子級(ji)(ji)采(cai)用液(ye)(ye)氫、液(ye)(ye)氧(yang)(yang)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑,二(er)(er)子級(ji)(ji)采(cai)用四氧(yang)(yang)化二(er)(er)氮、一甲基(ji)肼或液(ye)(ye)氧(yang)(yang)/液(ye)(ye)氫推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑,在一子級(ji)(ji)周圍捆綁了2枚大型(xing)固體助(zhu)推(tui)(tui)(tui)器。目前在用的火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)型(xing)號(hao)主(zhu)要有阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5GS、5ECA、5ES。阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5GS低(di)溫(wen)主(zhu)級(ji)(ji)采(cai)用火(huo)(huo)神(shen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji),上面級(ji)(ji)采(cai)用可重復點火(huo)(huo)常溫(wen)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji),地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)道(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力達到6.5噸。阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5ECA采(cai)用改進的火(huo)(huo)神(shen)2低(di)溫(wen)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji),二(er)(er)子級(ji)(ji)改用低(di)溫(wen)上面級(ji)(ji),使地球(qiu)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)道(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力提高到10.5噸。阿(a)(a)里安(an)(an)(an)5ES火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)主(zhu)要用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射歐洲(zhou)自(zi)動轉(zhuan)移飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)器(ATV),近地軌(gui)道(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力為21噸。
日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運載(zai)火箭(jian)系列(lie)。研制(zhi)始于(yu)(yu)1981年(nian),迄今已發(fa)(fa)展了(le)(le)H-1、H-2、H-2A等多種型(xing)(xing)號,目前正(zheng)(zheng)在研制(zhi)H-2B火箭(jian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)H-2轉移飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)器(HTV)。H-1火箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)轉移軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)1.1噸(dun)(dun),由(you)于(yu)(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)美(mei)國(guo)技術,只允(yun)許用(yong)(yong)(yong)來發(fa)(fa)射(she)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)國(guo)內(nei)衛星(xing)(xing),1988年(nian)投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),1992年(nian)退役。H-2火箭(jian)是日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)獨(du)立研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首枚(mei)大型(xing)(xing)兩級(ji)捆綁式液體(ti)運載(zai)火箭(jian),主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)1~2噸(dun)(dun)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing),于(yu)(yu)1994年(nian)開始首飛(fei)(fei),由(you)于(yu)(yu)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)高、可靠性差以(yi)及操作復雜等問題(ti),1999被停止使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。目前在用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是以(yi)H-2為(wei)(wei)基礎進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2A火箭(jian)系列(lie),有(you)標(biao)準型(xing)(xing)(H2A202、H2A2022、H2A2024)和增(zeng)(zeng)強型(xing)(xing)(H2A204),均為(wei)(wei)二級(ji)火箭(jian),一、二子級(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)液氧/液氫推進(jin)劑(ji),通過模(mo)塊(kuai)化設(she)計,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)相同(tong)(tong)火箭(jian)結構模(mo)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)配置來組成不同(tong)(tong)火箭(jian)型(xing)(xing)號,最大近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)10噸(dun)(dun),最大地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)轉移軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為(wei)(wei)6噸(dun)(dun),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)政(zheng)府軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和民用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she),包括地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)通信衛星(xing)(xing)、偵察衛星(xing)(xing)、月(yue)球(qiu)探測(ce)器和星(xing)(xing)際(ji)探測(ce)器等,同(tong)(tong)時承攬國(guo)際(ji)商(shang)業發(fa)(fa)射(she)服務(wu)。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)在H-2A火箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上發(fa)(fa)展更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2B火箭(jian),其一子級(ji)直徑從(cong)4米增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)到5米,主(zhu)發(fa)(fa)動機增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)到2臺,可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷質量為(wei)(wei)16.5噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)HTV,向國(guo)際(ji)空間(jian)站運送貨物(wu),也可將(jiang)質量8噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他類型(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷送入地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)轉移軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)。
蘇聯/俄羅(luo)斯研制的(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)非(fei)導彈衍生的(de)(de)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭。是專為航天(tian)任(ren)務設計(ji)的(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載(zai)器(qi),包括二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、三級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和四級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing),于1965年進行首飛,曾(ceng)發射了“熒光(guang)屏”、“彩虹”、“地(di)(di)平線”系列通信衛(wei)星(xing)、格洛納斯(GLONSS)軍民兩(liang)用(yong)導航衛(wei)星(xing)及“月球”、“金(jin)(jin)星(xing)”、“火(huo)星(xing)”等探測(ce)(ce)(ce)器(qi),執行過月面采(cai)樣返回和金(jin)(jin)星(xing)表面軟著陸(lu)任(ren)務。二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)1961年開始研制,采(cai)用(yong)四氧(yang)化二(er)氮及偏二(er)甲肼推(tui)進劑(ji),用(yong)于發射大型(xing)(xing)(xing)月球探測(ce)(ce)(ce)器(qi)、星(xing)際(ji)探測(ce)(ce)(ce)器(qi)、空(kong)間站艙件(jian)和地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(xing),能把12.5噸(dun)有效載(zai)荷(he)送入近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)。三級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)由二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭加上(shang)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)液體三子(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)成,主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于發射蘇聯空(kong)間站與量子(zi)號(hao)、晶體號(hao)及宇(yu)宙號(hao)空(kong)間站艙,能把21噸(dun)的(de)(de)有效載(zai)荷(he)送入近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)。目前使用(yong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)是四級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)K/DM和質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)M/微風M兩(liang)種(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)火(huo)箭,是在三級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)增加上(shang)面級(ji)(ji)(ji)Block DM 和微風M構(gou)(gou)成,Block DM采(cai)用(yong)液氧(yang)和煤油推(tui)進劑(ji),微風M采(cai)用(yong)四氧(yang)化二(er)氮和偏二(er)甲肼推(tui)進劑(ji)。質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)K/DM主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于發射政府(fu)的(de)(de)有效載(zai)荷(he),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能力覆蓋2.75-4.35噸(dun),月球軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)運(yun)載(zai)能力達(da)到6.2噸(dun)。質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)M/微風M火(huo)箭主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于國際(ji)商業發射服務,同(tong)時也可執行政府(fu)的(de)(de)發射任(ren)務,是目前質(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)火(huo)箭中運(yun)載(zai)能力最大的(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)轉移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能力達(da)到6.2噸(dun),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)載(zai)能力達(da)到2.92噸(dun)。
蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)/俄羅斯的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列(lie)是世界(jie)上歷史最(zui)(zui)久、發(fa)(fa)射(she)次(ci)數最(zui)(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。前(qian)蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)以戰略導彈為基(ji)礎(chu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)東(dong)方(fang)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),后續又(you)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),現已發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)上升號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、閃(shan)電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)U、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/伊卡爾、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/弗雷(lei)蓋(gai)特、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2等10余個型(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),最(zui)(zui)大近(jin)地(di)(di)軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)為8.2噸(dun)(dun)(dun),太陽同步軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)為4.8噸(dun)(dun)(dun),地(di)(di)球(qiu)同步轉移(yi)軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)為2.4噸(dun)(dun)(dun)。目前(qian)主要使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U、閃(shan)電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG和(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U和(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)為兩級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結構,全(quan)部采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液氧、煤油推進(jin)(jin)劑,主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)載人/不載人貨(huo)運(yun)(yun)飛(fei)船(chuan)或軍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)照相偵(zhen)察衛(wei)(wei)星(xing),曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)射(she)過上升號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載人飛(fei)船(chuan)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載人飛(fei)船(chuan)、進(jin)(jin)步號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)貨(huo)運(yun)(yun)飛(fei)船(chuan)以及第2代(dai)宇宙號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)照相偵(zhen)察衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)。在(zai)二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上還可增加伊卡爾和(he)弗雷(lei)蓋(gai)特上面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)商(shang)業高軌道(dao)發(fa)(fa)射(she)。閃(shan)電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是三(san)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)軍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)大橢圓軌道(dao)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing),地(di)(di)球(qiu)同步轉移(yi)軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)為1.6噸(dun)(dun)(dun),曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)射(she)過閃(shan)電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通信衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)和(he)預(yu)警衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系列(lie)中改動最(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)三(san)子(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。其(qi)基(ji)本型(xing)(二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing))可將(jiang)近(jin)地(di)(di)軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)提高到8.2噸(dun)(dun)(dun),帶上面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)三(san)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)可將(jiang)有(you)效載荷(he)送(song)入大橢圓軌道(dao)和(he)地(di)(di)球(qiu)同步軌道(dao),地(di)(di)球(qiu)同步軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)為2.7~3噸(dun)(dun)(dun),太陽同步軌道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)為4.5~4.9噸(dun)(dun)(dun)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)既與原來的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)有(you)很好的(de)(de)繼(ji)承性(xing),又(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更好地(di)(di)適應國(guo)際商(shang)業發(fa)(fa)射(she)市場的(de)(de)需(xu)求,最(zui)(zui)終將(jiang)取(qu)代(dai)現用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG和(he)閃(shan)電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M,進(jin)(jin)行載人飛(fei)船(chuan)、軍事和(he)商(shang)業衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she)。
印(yin)度為(wei)(wei)發射(she)(she)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)在(zai)探空(kong)火箭(jian)基礎上發展而(er)來的運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)。先后(hou)成功研制了(le)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)3(SLV-3)、加大推(tui)力(li)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)(ASLV)、極(ji)地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)(PSLV)和(he)地(di)(di)球同(tong)步軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)(GSLV)。PSLV、GSLV是印(yin)度在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的主力(li)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)。PSLV采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四級(ji)(ji)(ji)結構,一、三子(zi)(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)固體(ti)推(tui)進劑,二(er)、四子(zi)(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一甲基肼和(he)四氧化二(er)氮,主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于向(xiang)極(ji)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)發射(she)(she)遙感衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),近地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)達到3.2噸,太陽同(tong)步軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)為(wei)(wei)2噸。GSLV火箭(jian)是在(zai)PSLV火箭(jian)基礎上改進而(er)來,主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于向(xiang)地(di)(di)球同(tong)步軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)發射(she)(she)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),同(tong)時也可執行(xing)近地(di)(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)發射(she)(she)任(ren)務。GSLV由固體(ti)一子(zi)(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、液體(ti)二(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、低溫(wen)上面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)等三級(ji)(ji)(ji)構成,并在(zai)一子(zi)(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)周圍捆綁了(le)4枚液體(ti)助推(tui)器,地(di)(di)球同(tong)步轉移軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)約為(wei)(wei)2噸。
美國軌道科學公司研制的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種空(kong)射(she)型(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。它(ta)是世界(jie)上唯一(yi)投入使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)射(she)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),主要用于將小(xiao)型(xing)衛星送(song)入近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道,進(jin)行微重力(li)實驗(yan)、材料(liao)試驗(yan)、通(tong)信、定位(wei)、地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)資源探測或完成(cheng)其他特殊任務。它(ta)具有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)用潛力(li),適合于戰(zhan)時發射(she)小(xiao)衛星,也可用來運(yun)(yun)送(song)武器彈藥,使軍(jun)事指揮(hui)員擁有攻(gong)擊(ji)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)上任何目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。飛(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)座(zuo)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)包括標準型(xing)和加長(chang)型(xing)(飛(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)座(zuo)XL)兩(liang)個型(xing)號(hao),均為三級(ji)(ji)固體運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),采用端羥基聚丁二烯推進(jin)劑。標準型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)座(zuo)全長(chang)15.5米(mi),直徑1.27米(mi),翼(yi)展(zhan)6.7米(mi),起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)質(zhi)量18.886噸,起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)推力(li)498.2千牛,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)375千克,1998年停止(zhi)使用。加長(chang)型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)座(zuo)XL是在(zai)基本(ben)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上通(tong)過(guo)加長(chang)一(yi)、二級(ji)(ji)和提(ti)高性(xing)能(neng)(neng)發展(zhan)而(er)來的(de)(de)(de)(de),全長(chang)16.9米(mi),起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)質(zhi)量23.13噸,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)443千克。發射(she)標準型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)座(zuo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為改裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)B-52轟(hong)炸機(ji)(ji)(ji),運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)吊(diao)掛在(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)翼(yi)下。加長(chang)型(xing)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)馬(ma)座(zuo)XL使用改裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)L-1011飛(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)作載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji),火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)吊(diao)掛在(zai)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)腹部。發射(she)時,火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)由(you)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)攜帶至預定地(di)(di)(di)點上空(kong)投放(fang),自由(you)下落5秒后點火(huo)(huo)(huo),投放(fang)時,飛(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)高度(du)約11900米(mi),飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行速(su)度(du)0.8馬(ma)赫。
在大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)洲際彈道導彈基礎上發展起來的(de)運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系列。包括大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)2、大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)3、大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)34和大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)4等運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),主要用于發射軍用衛星。大(da)力(li)(li)神(shen)2為兩級可貯推進(jin)劑(ji)(混肼/四氧化(hua)二氮)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),是(shi)該系列中最早投(tou)入使用的(de)型
號(hao),曾用(yong)于發(fa)射美國的雙子(zi)(zi)星(xing)座(zuo)(zuo)飛(fei)船(chuan)、氣(qi)象(xiang)衛(wei)星(xing)和(he)月球(qiu)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器(qi)。大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)3、34和(he)大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)4均為(wei)三級(ji)火箭,其中(zhong)大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)3和(he)大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)34主(zhu)要用(yong)于發(fa)射極地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)軍事衛(wei)星(xing)(偵察)、地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(國防通(tong)信、預(yu)(yu)警)以及星(xing)際探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器(qi)。大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)4火箭于1985年(nian)(nian)開始研制,在1986年(nian)(nian)挑戰(zhan)者號(hao)航(hang)天飛(fei)機(ji)失(shi)事之(zhi)后,成(cheng)為(wei)發(fa)射大(da)型軍用(yong)衛(wei)星(xing)的主(zhu)要運載(zai)(zai)火箭,承擔美國空(kong)軍地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(預(yu)(yu)警、通(tong)信、中(zhong)繼(ji)、氣(qi)象(xiang))和(he)近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)偵察衛(wei)星(xing)的發(fa)射任務(wu)。大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)4系列(lie)(lie)包括大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)4A、4B兩(liang)種型號(hao),為(wei)芯級(ji)加(jia)捆綁構型,一、二子(zi)(zi)級(ji)也采用(yong)混(hun)肼(jing)/四氧(yang)化(hua)二氮推進劑(ji),可(ke)以在無上面級(ji)的狀態下把有效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷送(song)入近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao),也可(ke)以使用(yong)慣性上面級(ji)(IUS)或(huo)半人馬座(zuo)(zuo)上面級(ji),把有效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷直接送(song)入地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao),近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)運載(zai)(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)達(da)到21.7噸,地(di)(di)球(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)運載(zai)(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)達(da)到5.7噸。2005年(nian)(nian)10月,大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)4完成(cheng)最(zui)后一次發(fa)射后,被更為(wei)廉(lian)價、可(ke)靠的德爾(er)它4和(he)宇宙神(shen)(shen)(shen)5火箭取代。至此,大(da)力(li)(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)(shen)系列(lie)(lie)火箭全部(bu)退(tui)役。
美(mei)國(guo)從(cong)事火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)主要機構有(you): 美(mei)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)航(hang)天局(NASA)、陸海(hai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)軍、能源研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)與發(fa)展委員會(ERDA)和(he)大(da)學等單位。 據(ju)統計,1959-1976年(nian)(nian)(nian)NASA在全球37個(ge)發(fa)射(she)場(國(guo)內24個(ge))發(fa)射(she)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)30種1912枚(mei)(mei)(mei)。其中,1968年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)175枚(mei)(mei)(mei),20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中期(qi)(qi)后(hou),每年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)70-80枚(mei)(mei)(mei),近年(nian)(nian)(nian)來發(fa)射(she)數量仍據(ju)世(shi)界(jie)之首。對于微重(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)展有(you)兩(liang)(liang)次(ci)(ci)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)射(she)任務(wu)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)NASA發(fa)射(she) 了(le)“空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)蜂”170A,首次(ci)(ci)利(li)用(yong)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)了(le)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間材(cai)(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)嘗試(shi);1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)再次(ci)(ci)發(fa)射(she)“黑雁”5C 火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)金屬熔煉實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。這兩(liang)(liang)枚(mei)(mei)(mei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)發(fa)射(she),證(zheng)實(shi)了(le)利(li)用(yong)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)微重(zhong)力(li)科學實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是一條可(ke)行(xing)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)途(tu)徑, 揭(jie)開(kai)了(le)微重(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)制和(he)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)序(xu)幕。20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)初美(mei)國(guo)開(kai)始利(li)用(yong)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間材(cai)(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)實(shi) 驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。NASA于1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)初制定(ding)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間材(cai)(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)應(ying)用(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(SPAR)計劃(hua),這是世(shi)界(jie)上第一個(ge)微重(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)應(ying)用(yong)計劃(hua)。從(cong)1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)至1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue),NASA 共發(fa)射(she)9枚(mei)(mei)(mei) SPAR 火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其中6枚(mei)(mei)(mei)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong),2枚(mei)(mei)(mei)失敗(bai),1枚(mei)(mei)(mei)局部成(cheng)功(gong)(gong),共進行(xing)了(le)49項空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間材(cai)(cai)料(liao)科學和(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。 隨(sui)著1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)“伙伴(ban)”1 號(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)首次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)發(fa)射(she),NASA決定(ding)20世(shi)紀(ji)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)根據(ju)需要每年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)2-4 枚(mei)(mei)(mei)類似火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其中大(da)部分為(wei)生物(wu)技(ji)術(shu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),其他為(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間材(cai)(cai)料(liao)科學和(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。NASA 著名的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)項目(mu)NSROC(NASA SoundingRocket Operations Contract)從(cong)1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)始實(shi)施,為(wei)其火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)提供了(le)完整的(de)(de)前(qian)期(qi)(qi)計劃(hua)、設計、開(kai)發(fa)、集(ji)成(cheng)、測試(shi)、發(fa)射(she)和(he)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)分析(xi)等工(gong)(gong)作。 NSROC于2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)達(da)到ISO 9000標準,平均每年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)約20次(ci)(ci),涵蓋(gai)了(le)不同的(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)測高度和(he)科學應(ying)用(yong)范圍。
日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)在火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)方面進行了(le)(le)(le)非常廣泛的(de)研(yan)究(jiu),在大(da)氣科學、電(dian)離(li)層(ceng)(ceng)、太陽物理、天(tian)體物理以及大(da)氣氣候和預報方面取得了(le)(le)(le)許多科學成果(guo),并與美、英、法、西德等(deng)合(he)作完(wan)成了(le)(le)(le)多種(zhong)類型的(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗,進行了(le)(le)(le)獨具(ju)特色的(de)赤道(dao)區高層(ceng)(ceng)大(da)氣、電(dian)離(li)層(ceng)(ceng)和天(tian)文學的(de)探測研(yan)究(jiu)。1977年(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)宇(yu)宙開發(fa)事業(ye)團(NASDA)制(zhi)定了(le)(le)(le)TT-500A微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)計(ji)劃。1980年(nian)(nian)9月至1983年(nian)(nian)8月共發(fa)射(she)了(le)(le)(le)6枚,均用于空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料加工實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗,有19臺設備(bei)進行了(le)(le)(le)飛行實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗,只(zhi)有約一半的(de)設備(bei)獲(huo)得實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗結果(guo)。20 世紀80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)期,NASDA重(zhong)(zhong)新制(zhi)定了(le)(le)(le)微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)研(yan)究(jiu)計(ji)劃,命名為TR-1A 的(de)微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)于1991年(nian)(nian)9月首次發(fa)射(she)成功(gong),搭載(zai)了(le)(le)(le)5種(zhong)用于空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料科學研(yan)究(jiu)和加工的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗裝置。之后(hou),又制(zhi)定了(le)(le)(le)繼續(xu)發(fa)射(she) 3 枚TR-1A 微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)計(ji)劃。2003 年(nian)(nian)10月,為了(le)(le)(le)提高日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)研(yan)究(jiu)水平,日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)宇(yu)宙航空(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)究(jiu)開發(fa)機(ji)構(JAXA)重(zhong)(zhong)組完(wan)成,所屬ISAS繼續(xu)用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)等(deng)獨特的(de)手段提高空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)科學研(yan)究(jiu)水平。JAXA 目前使(shi)用的(de)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系列有S-310、S-520 和 SS-520。
歐(ou)洲空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)局(ESA)將微(wei)重力科(ke)學實(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)作為主要(yao)(yao)任務(wu)之一,制定了全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)發展研(yan)究(jiu)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua),包括(kuo)用探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行微(wei)重力實(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu),1990-1996年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian),每年(nian)發射1枚(mei)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),4枚(mei)短(duan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。在德國政府2001年(nian)5月(yue)批準的(de)(de)(de)新航天計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)中,用于微(wei)重力實(shi)驗的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)為其重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)組成部分(fen)。德國的(de)(de)(de)兩種朗(lang)繆爾探(tan)(tan)針設備(bei)分(fen)別于 2002年(nian)和 2003年(nian)搭載 NASA 的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)上天。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是德國空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目中的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)工具,主要(yao)(yao)涉及(ji)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)科(ke)學、對地(di)觀測、微(wei)重力研(yan)究(jiu)和返回(hui)技術。2004年(nian)10月(yue)23日,德國宇(yu)航中心(xin)(DLR)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)VSB-30 型火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)試飛成功,它標志著歐(ou)洲微(wei)重力探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)復興。
火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發展航(hang)天(tian)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)起步項目之一(yi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)于(yu)1958 年開始發展火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)事業(ye)(ye)(ye),在著(zhu)名科學(xue)家錢學(xue)森、趙九(jiu)章、楊南生、王希季等倡導(dao)和(he)(he)領導(dao)下創建(jian)了火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)。在研(yan)(yan)制發射了多種型號的(de)試驗研(yan)(yan)究、試驗性探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)基礎上,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)第一(yi)枚探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)1960 年9月(yue)首次發射。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)最早開展研(yan)(yan)究和(he)(he)利用(yong)的(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是用(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)象探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測的(de)氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),研(yan)(yan)制并發射了多種氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),在20世(shi)紀發射的(de)約260枚探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)有半數(shu)以上為氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)層大(da)氣(qi)(海(hai)拔20~80公里(li))的(de)大(da)氣(qi)溫度(du)、壓(ya)力、密度(du)、風速(su)和(he)(he)風向等氣(qi)象要素的(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測,在氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究和(he)(he)應用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)取(qu)得(de)了豐碩的(de)成果(guo)。另有一(yi)些取(qu)樣火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、生物火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)試驗火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
2008年開始的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家大(da)(da)科(ke)學工(gong)程“子午(wu)工(gong)程”的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)由(you)中國(guo)科(ke)學院牽頭,其(qi)中由(you)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)中心負責建(jian)(jian)設(she)實施的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)目(mu)標是(shi)進(jin)行海(hai)南(nan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)射(she)場的(de)(de)(de)改造建(jian)(jian)設(she),以適應新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)體制(zhi)和(he)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)術要求(qiu),將為火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)事業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展提供有利(li)支(zhi)撐,是(shi)重(zhong)振(zhen)中國(guo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)事業的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要一(yi)步(bu)。“子午(wu)工(gong)程”的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系(xi)統主要由(you)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、有效(xiao)載荷(he)艙、地(di)面(mian)遙測(ce)系(xi)統、地(di)面(mian)數據處理(li)系(xi)統和(he)地(di)面(mian)發(fa)射(she)支(zhi)持保障系(xi)統組成。其(qi)目(mu)標是(shi)在海(hai)南(nan)建(jian)(jian)成探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)和(he)地(di)面(mian)聯合監測(ce)大(da)(da)氣和(he)電離層參數的(de)(de)(de)綜合探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)系(xi)統。 聯合觀(guan)測(ce)時(shi),探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)設(she)備(bei)、電離層觀(guan)測(ce)設(she)備(bei)和(he)大(da)(da)氣觀(guan)測(ce)設(she)備(bei)等同(tong)步(bu)工(gong)作, 其(qi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)獲取全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)200公里以下的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)環境資(zi)料(liao),同(tong)時(shi)進(jin)行各(ge)個空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)層次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)耦合效(xiao)應及應用研究(jiu),以期發(fa)現(xian)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)機制(zhi)和(he)規律。
2019年(nian)8月,我(wo)國完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)火箭(jian)殘骸的(de)精準控制,落(luo)在了(le)設(she)定(ding)的(de)落(luo)區(qu)范(fan)圍(wei)內。這次(ci)技術(shu)驗證(zheng)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,標志著我(wo)國成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為繼美國之后(hou)(hou)的(de)第二個掌握這項技術(shu)的(de)國家。這次(ci)驗證(zheng)技術(shu)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,柵格舵發揮了(le)重要(yao)作用(yong),通過它們可以控制回收時(shi)的(de)姿態,確保火箭(jian)殘骸能夠落(luo)在設(she)定(ding)的(de)區(qu)域。此次(ci)技術(shu)的(de)驗證(zheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,則可以免去落(luo)區(qu)居民疏散問(wen)題(ti),也為我(wo)國運載火箭(jian)后(hou)(hou)續助推(tui)器(qi)及子級的(de)可控回收、軟著陸、重復使用(yong)等技術(shu)奠(dian)定(ding)堅實基(ji)礎(chu)。