德(de)壽(shou)宮(gong)(韓語(yu):???;英文: Deoksugung Palace) 原(yuan)來是(shi)朝(chao)(chao)鮮成宗(zong)(zong)的哥(ge)哥(ge)月山大君(jun)的住宅。壬辰倭亂后,朝(chao)(chao)鮮宣(xuan)祖移(yi)居于(yu)此,稱“貞(zhen)陵洞(dong)行宮(gong)(??? ??)”,光海君(jun)即(ji)位后將其改(gai)稱為“慶運宮(gong)(???)“,從(cong)而使(shi)之具有了王宮(gong)的面貌(mao)。1897年(nian),朝(chao)(chao)鮮高宗(zong)(zong)在此宣(xuan)布成立大韓帝(di)國。慶運宮(gong)成為大韓帝(di)國的皇宮(gong)。1907年(nian)高宗(zong)(zong)被強(qiang)制退位后改(gai)稱“德(de)壽(shou)宮(gong)”。
德(de)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是首爾的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一個中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)。占地18635平方(fang)米,內有(you)(you)正殿(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和殿(dian)、光明門(men),昔(xi)御堂、浚明堂、即祚堂,還有(you)(you)國(guo)王寢宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)—咸寧殿(dian),高(gao)宗接見國(guo)內外貴賓的(de)(de)(de)德(de)弘殿(dian),高(gao)宗欣賞音樂的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)等。德(de)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里還有(you)(you)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)文物展覽館(guan)和德(de)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)美(mei)術(shu)館(guan)。此外還有(you)(you)跳(tiao)板等五項傳統民族(zu)娛(yu)樂活動,在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)秋節(jie)和春節(jie)后召開,4-10月每月的(de)(de)(de)第三個星期日召開傳統文化藝術(shu)節(jie),那時可觀賞到宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)舞(wu)蹈。
德(de)壽宮(gong)是韓國史跡124號保護單(dan)位,位于首爾廣場附(fu)近,地鐵(市廳站(zhan))1號線(xian)2號出(chu)口(kou)/2號線(xian)12號出(chu)口(kou)。德(de)壽宮(gong)共有(you)13個(ge)景(jing)點,作為(wei)宮(gong),現存的建筑共有(you)13處,包括(kuo)各(ge)種門(men)(men)和橋,比較小,相當于一個(ge)街心花園,主(zhu)要景(jing)點有(you):大漢門(men)(men)、禁川橋、中和殿、昔御堂(tang)、德(de)弘(hong)殿、咸寧(ning)殿、靜(jing)觀軒(xuan)、即(ji)阼堂(tang)、浚眀堂(tang)、石造殿、光(guang)明門(men)(men)。以下(xia)為(wei)各(ge)建筑簡介:
大漢門(men)(men):是(shi)現在德(de)壽宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)正門(men)(men),原名大安門(men)(men),懸匾的(de)(de)(de)字由當時的(de)(de)(de)漢城府判尹(相當于首(shou)爾市長)南廷哲所寫(xie)。大漢門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)街對面就是(shi)plazahotel。
中和(he)殿:是德壽宮正(zheng)殿,在被火燒之前(qian)是雄偉的(de)二層(ceng)建筑,現在是單層(ceng),殿內的(de)屋(wu)頂上畫著兩條象征皇帝的(de)七爪(zhua)長龍。
石(shi)造(zao)殿(dian):該(gai)殿(dian)是(shi)(shi)作為高宗皇帝的(de)(de)(de)辦公(gong)室及接待(dai)室,石(shi)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)西洋式建(jian)筑。于1900年(nian)動(dong)工,1909年(nian)竣工,共三層。高宗死(si)后,石(shi)造(zao)殿(dian)成為日本(ben)美術(shu)(shu)作品展覽(lan)館(guan),向公(gong)眾(zhong)開放(fang)。1946年(nian)5月美、蘇聯合委員會曾在(zai)此開會。現(xian)在(zai)石(shi)造(zao)館(guan)的(de)(de)(de)東館(guan)是(shi)(shi)宮(gong)(gong)中文(wen)物展覽(lan)館(guan),西館(guan)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)立(li)現(xian)代美術(shu)(shu)館(guan)分館(guan)。現(xian)在(zai)石(shi)造(zao)館(guan)的(de)(de)(de)東館(guan)是(shi)(shi)宮(gong)(gong)中文(wen)物展覽(lan)館(guan),西館(guan)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)立(li)現(xian)代美術(shu)(shu)館(guan)分館(guan)。其外形與美國(guo)白宮(gong)(gong)很相似,是(shi)(shi)韓國(guo)近代大型(xing)建(jian)筑始祖,同(tong)時(shi)也保留傳統的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑,令德壽宮(gong)(gong)成為韓洋建(jian)筑業(ye)并存的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)宮(gong)(gong)。
光明門(men):原(yuan)來是咸寧殿的正(zheng)門(men),1938年被(bei)遷往西南邊就(jiu)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)展示昌慶(qing)宮(gong)報漏閣自(zi)擊漏的場所。報漏閣自(zi)擊漏本來在昌慶(qing)宮(gong),是自(zi)動水鐘為(wei)(wei)朝鮮(xian)時(shi)代國家標準鐘表。每(mei)個時(shi)刻都有生肖屬(shu)相(xiang)出(chu)來報時(shi)。為(wei)(wei)韓國國寶(229號(hao))。
咸(xian)寧殿:是高(gao)宗的(de)寢殿,其名之意是祈愿(yuan)高(gao)宗永遠平安(an)。現(xian)在改裝為東面(mian)是皇帝的(de)房(fang)間,西面(mian)是皇后的(de)房(fang)間。
靜觀軒:是韓(han)國(guo)較(jiao)早的(de)西洋建筑。 靜觀軒建于1900年。高宗曾在(zai)此喝咖啡、休閑,后面有一條又(you)窄又(you)長的(de)秘密地(di)下(xia)通(tong)道(dao),通(tong)向俄羅(luo)斯(si)公館,現在(zai)依然(ran)存在(zai)。石造殿與(yu)靜觀軒都(dou)是慶(qing)運(yun)宮內現存的(de)西式建筑。
浚明(ming)堂:是國(guo)王處(chu)理政務的偏殿(國(guo)王處(chu)理政務、接見大(da)臣之地)。
即(ji)(ji)阼堂:是光海(hai)君(jun)和仁祖曾舉(ju)行過即(ji)(ji)位儀式的(de)地方,故得名為即(ji)(ji)阼堂,也是1902年“中和殿”建成之(zhi)前高宗的(de)居(ju)所,掛有(you)高宗手(shou)書匾額。
昔御(yu)堂(tang):位于(yu)即(ji)阼堂(tang)旁邊,是德壽宮(gong)內唯一的(de)兩層殿閣(ge),為(wei)木結構建筑,未涂刷(shua)宮(gong)中御(yu)用(yong)油(you)漆,因(yin)此看上去與(yu)一般住宅(zhai)無異。是仁穆(mu)大妃曾(ceng)被幽閉的(de)地(di)方。
門票:大人(19-64歲)1000韓(han)元團體(20人以上(shang)(shang)):800韓(han)元青少(shao)年(nian)(7-18歲)500韓(han)元團體(10人以上(shang)(shang))400韓(han)元6歲以下,65歲以上(shang)(shang)免(mian)費。
開館(guan)(guan)時間:9:00-21:00(每周一閉館(guan)(guan))節假日無中文導游(you)。
開放時(shi)間(jian):每年3月(yue)-10月(yue)為9:00-18:00,逢周(zhou)六、周(zhou)日則(ze)延長至(zhi)19:00。每年11-次年2月(yue)為9:00-17:30,逢周(zhou)四、周(zhou)五則(ze)延長至(zhi)21:00。
交通:地鐵(tie)1號線(2號出(chu)口),2號線(12號出(chu)口)市(shi)政府站出(chu)站后步行2~5分鐘。
德(de)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(英文(wen)名:Deoksugung),原來是(shi)朝(chao)鮮(xian)時代成(cheng)宗(zong)的哥哥—月山大(da)(da)君的私邸(di)。壬辰倭亂(luan)致使(shi)朝(chao)鮮(xian)的宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿受到(dao)嚴重破(po)壞,法宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(國(guo)王起居及處理政(zheng)務(wu)之宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong))——景福宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完全被燒毀,其他宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿也(ye)受到(dao)不(bu)同程度的損(sun)壞。當時避難(nan)回京的朝(chao)鮮(xian)宣祖沒有居所(suo),因此(ci),將規模較大(da)(da)、破(po)壞不(bu)是(shi)很嚴重的月山大(da)(da)君宅邸(di)定為(wei)行宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),該(gai)行宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就是(shi)今天德(de)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的雛形。接著光(guang)海君時稱(cheng)為(wei)慶運宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(英文(wen)名:Gyeongungung),后(hou)來朝(chao)鮮(xian)高宗(zong)把居處從俄羅斯公(gong)館(guan)移到(dao)此(ci)地(di)(di)后(hou),作為(wei)正式宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿使(shi)用。朝(chao)鮮(xian)純(chun)宗(zong)繼位后(hou)移至昌(chang)德(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時,為(wei)表達高宗(zong)的長壽(shou)(shou),把宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)名稱(cheng)作德(de)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。這是(shi)高宗(zong)渡(du)過余生的地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang),也(ye)是(shi)駕(jia)崩(beng)的地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)。
由于(yu)慶(qing)(qing)運宮(gong)是離宮(gong),因此建筑比較簡(jian)陋,沒有(you)(you)類似(si)景福(fu)宮(gong)勤政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、昌德宮(gong)仁政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、昌慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong)明(ming)政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)慶(qing)(qing)熙宮(gong)崇政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)那樣的(de)(de)(de)正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。從1901年起,開始在慶(qing)(qing)運宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心地(di)帶建造規模(mo)類似(si)于(yu)仁政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),其規模(mo)為五開間、四(si)進(jin),重檐頂,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)有(you)(you)御座(zuo)、五峰(feng)屏,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)外有(you)(you)品階石。在中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)修建了中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)門(men)(men)、朝元門(men)(men)。整個中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)工程耗費約(yue)325萬兩,木(mu)材(cai)購自江(jiang)原道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)淮陽、金城等地(di),石材(cai)包括江(jiang)華島的(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)石、全羅(luo)道(dao)礪山的(de)(de)(de)品階石和(he)漢城近郊的(de)(de)(de)石材(cai)。(《朝鮮王朝儀軌(gui)》:中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)營建都監儀軌(gui))
1904年(nian)4月14日,皇(huang)帝寢殿(dian)(dian)(dian)咸寧殿(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)溫突(地炕)在點火時(shi)發生火災,不僅燒(shao)毀(hui)了咸寧殿(dian)(dian)(dian),而且延燒(shao)到中和殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。此外(wai)太(tai)極殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(即(ji)祚堂(tang)(tang))、昔御(yu)堂(tang)(tang)、供奉(feng)明(ming)成(cheng)皇(huang)后神主(zhu)的(de)景孝殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、接待外(wai)交使節(jie)的(de)浚明(ming)堂(tang)(tang)和咸有齋、供奉(feng)高宗御(yu)影的(de)欽(qin)文閣(ge)、永福堂(tang)(tang)、咸喜堂(tang)(tang)、養怡齋等(deng)(deng)建筑均(jun)被(bei)焚毀(hui)。在火災中幸免(mian)的(de)只有偏處(chu)西北(bei)隅的(de)嘉(jia)靖堂(tang)(tang)、惇德殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、九成(cheng)軒(xuan)和漱玉(yu)軒(xuan)(重明(ming)堂(tang)(tang))。火災之后,大(da)韓帝國(guo)迅速(su)重修慶運(yun)宮(gong),建造(zao)了30多座建筑。除了重建被(bei)燒(shao)毀(hui)的(de)各處(chu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)外(wai),還新(xin)建了德慶堂(tang)(tang)、三祝齋、悠好(hao)室、宮(gong)內府、侍講院(yuan)(yuan)、太(tai)醫院(yuan)(yuan)、秘書院(yuan)(yuan)、公事廳、內班院(yuan)(yuan)、乘輿庫等(deng)(deng)建筑。此外(wai),1900年(nian)建造(zao)的(de)西洋式宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)石造(zao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)也在火災后的(de)1909年(nian)竣工。由于經費有限,中和殿(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)為單檐屋頂。整個重建工程耗銀795萬兩(liang),其中93萬兩(liang)為皇(huang)室內帑。(《朝鮮王(wang)朝儀軌(gui)》:慶運(yun)宮(gong)重建都監儀軌(gui))
1906年,慶運(yun)宮正門(men)(men)(men)大(da)安(an)門(men)(men)(men)被更名(ming)(ming)為“大(da)漢門(men)(men)(men)”。 據大(da)臣李根命(ming)奉命(ming)所(suo)撰《大(da)漢門(men)(men)(men)上(shang)梁文》記載,大(da)漢門(men)(men)(men)得名(ming)(ming)于(yu)“霄(xiao)漢云漢之義”。但韓國社會(hui)上(shang)有(you)(you)說(shuo)(shuo)法是,“安(an)”是女子戴(dai)著(zhu)帽(mao)子,而當時恰好(hao)就有(you)(you)裴貞(zhen)子穿著(zhu)洋裝(zhuang)戴(dai)著(zhu)帽(mao)子頻繁入宮,人們說(shuo)(shuo)此為不祥之兆,故改(gai)名(ming)(ming)“大(da)漢門(men)(men)(men)”。 此外,也(ye)有(you)(you)人說(shuo)(shuo)是按照圖讖說(shuo)(shuo),只有(you)(you)改(gai)成“大(da)漢門(men)(men)(men)”,國運(yun)才會(hui)長(chang)久昌盛,故做此修改(gai)。
1907年,高(gao)宗被(bei)強(qiang)制退位,他(ta)所住(zhu)的慶運宮也被(bei)改名為(wei)“德壽宮”。 日本吞(tun)并朝鮮(xian)半島之(zhi)后(hou),日本朝鮮(xian)總(zong)督府(fu)在宮外修建(jian)新道路,以(yi)及將京畿高(gao)等(deng)女校遷移到(dao)附近,使得德壽宮的范圍大大縮小。1919年以(yi)后(hou),德壽宮成為(wei)接待(dai)貴賓的場(chang)所,而(er)且解放以(yi)后(hou)多用于美蘇(su)共同委(wei)員(yuan)會場(chang)、國立(li)美術館等(deng)。
韓(han)國光復后,由于擴建太(tai)平路,又(you)將市(shi)政廳方向的大漢門和宮(gong)(gong)墻向西平移,因此使德壽宮(gong)(gong)變為今(jin)日占(zhan)地縮小的樣子(zi)。