或(huo)曰(yue):“賦者(zhe),古詩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)也。”昔成、康沒而頌(song)(song)聲寢,王(wang)澤竭而詩不(bu)作。大(da)漢初(chu)定,日不(bu)暇給。至(zhi)于武、宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,乃(nai)崇禮官,考(kao)文章。內設(she)金(jin)馬(ma)、石渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,外興樂(le)府(fu)、協(xie)律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)興廢(fei)繼(ji)絕(jue),潤色鴻(hong)業。是以(yi)眾庶悅豫,福應尤盛,白麟(lin)、赤雁、芝房(fang)、寶鼎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge),薦于郊廟。神雀、五鳳、甘露、黃龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞,以(yi)為年紀。故(gu)言語侍(shi)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen),若司馬(ma)相如(ru)、虞丘壽王(wang)、東(dong)方(fang)朔、枚皋、王(wang)褒、劉向(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬,朝夕論思,日月獻納。而公卿(qing)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)御(yu)史大(da)夫(fu)(fu)倪寬、太(tai)常孔臧(zang)、大(da)中大(da)夫(fu)(fu)董仲舒(shu)、宗正(zheng)劉德、太(tai)子太(tai)傅蕭望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,時(shi)時(shi)間作。或(huo)以(yi)抒下(xia)情而通諷諭,或(huo)以(yi)宣(xuan)上德而盡忠孝,雍(yong)容(rong)揄揚,著于后嗣,抑亦《雅》《頌(song)(song)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亞也,故(gu)孝成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,論而錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蓋(gai)奏御(yu)者(zhe)千有余篇(pian),而后大(da)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文章,炳焉(yan)與三(san)代同(tong)風。且夫(fu)(fu)道有夷隆,學有粗密,因(yin)時(shi)而建德者(zhe),不(bu)以(yi)遠近易(yi)則(ze)(ze),故(gu)皋陶歌(ge)虞,奚斯頌(song)(song)魯,同(tong)見(jian)采于孔氏(shi),列于《詩》《書》,其義一也。稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上古則(ze)(ze)如(ru)彼,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漢室又如(ru)此。斯事(shi)雖細,然先臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊式,國家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺美,不(bu)可闕也。臣(chen)(chen)竊(qie)見(jian)海內清平,朝廷無事(shi),京師修宮室,浚城隍,起苑(yuan)囿,以(yi)備制度。西(xi)土耆老,咸懷怨思,冀上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眷顧,而盛稱長安(an)舊制,有陋雒邑(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議。故(gu)臣(chen)(chen)作《兩都賦》,以(yi)極眾人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)眩(xuan)曜,折以(yi)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)度,其詞曰(yue):
西都賦
有(you)西都(dou)(dou)賓問于東都(dou)(dou)主人曰:“蓋(gai)聞(wen)皇漢(han)之初經(jing)營也(ye)(ye),嘗有(you)意乎(hu)都(dou)(dou)河(he)、洛矣。輟而弗康,實用西遷,作我上都(dou)(dou)。主人聞(wen)其故而睹其制乎(hu)?”主人曰:“未也(ye)(ye)。愿賓攄懷舊之蓄念,發思(si)古之幽情,博我以皇道,弘我以漢(han)京。”賓曰:“唯唯。”
“漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西都(dou),在于(yu)(yu)雍(yong)州(zhou),實(shi)(shi)曰長(chang)安。左據函谷、二崤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,表(biao)以(yi)太華(hua)、終(zhong)南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山。右(you)界褒斜、隴首之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,帶以(yi)洪河(he)、涇、渭(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川。眾流之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隈,汧涌其西。華(hua)實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毛,則(ze)九州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上腴焉。防御(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,則(ze)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隩(yu)區焉。是故(gu)橫被六合(he)(he),三(san)成帝畿(ji),周(zhou)以(yi)龍興(xing),秦以(yi)虎視(shi)。及至大(da)漢受命而(er)都(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也,仰寤東井之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,俯協《河(he)圖(tu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈(ling)。奉春建(jian)策,留(liu)侯演成。天人合(he)(he)應(ying),以(yi)發皇(huang)明,乃眷(juan)西顧(gu),實(shi)(shi)惟(wei)作京。于(yu)(yu)是睎秦嶺,睋北(bei)阜(fu),挾酆灞,據龍首。圖(tu)皇(huang)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)億載(zai),度宏規而(er)大(da)起(qi)。肇自高而(er)終(zhong)平,世(shi)增飾(shi)以(yi)崇麗(li)。歷十二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延祚,故(gu)窮(qiong)奢而(er)極侈。建(jian)金城其萬(wan)雉(zhi),呀周(zhou)池而(er)成淵。披三(san)條之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廣路(lu),立十二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通門。內則(ze)街衢洞達,閭閻且千,九市(shi)開場,貨別(bie)隧分。入不得(de)顧(gu),車不得(de)旋,闐城溢(yi)郭,旁流百廛(chan)。紅塵四合(he)(he),煙云(yun)相連。于(yu)(yu)是既庶且富,娛樂無疆(jiang)。都(dou)人士女,殊異乎五方(fang)。游(you)士擬于(yu)(yu)公(gong)侯,列肆侈于(yu)(yu)姬姜。鄉(xiang)曲(qu)豪舉,游(you)俠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄,節慕原、嘗(chang),名亞春、陵。連交合(he)(he)眾,騁騖(wu)乎其中。
“若乃(nai)觀其(qi)四郊(jiao)(jiao),浮游近(jin)縣,則南望杜、霸,北眺五(wu)陵。名(ming)都對郭(guo),邑居相(xiang)(xiang)承。英俊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域,紱冕所興。冠(guan)蓋(gai)如云,七相(xiang)(xiang)五(wu)公。與乎(hu)州郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豪杰,五(wu)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨殖,三(san)選七遷(qian),充奉(feng)陵邑。蓋(gai)以(yi)(yi)強(qiang)干弱枝,隆上(shang)(shang)都而觀萬國也(ye)。封(feng)畿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),厥土(tu)千里(li),逴躒諸夏(xia),兼(jian)其(qi)所有(you)。其(qi)陽則崇(chong)山隱天,幽林穹谷(gu),陸海珍藏,藍田(tian)美(mei)玉。商、洛(luo)緣其(qi)隈,鄠、杜濱其(qi)足,源泉(quan)灌注,陂池(chi)交屬(shu)。竹(zhu)林果園,芳草甘木,郊(jiao)(jiao)野(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,號為近(jin)蜀(shu)。其(qi)陰(yin)則冠(guan)以(yi)(yi)九嵕,陪以(yi)(yi)甘泉(quan),乃(nai)有(you)靈宮(gong)起乎(hu)其(qi)中(zhong)。秦(qin)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)極觀,淵(yuan)云之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所頌嘆,于是(shi)乎(hu)存(cun)焉(yan)。下有(you)鄭、白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沃,衣食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源。提封(feng)五(wu)萬,疆埸綺分,溝塍刻縷(lv),原隰龍鱗,決渠降雨,荷插成云。五(wu)谷(gu)垂穎(ying),桑麻(ma)鋪棻。東郊(jiao)(jiao)則有(you)通溝大漕,潰渭洞河,泛舟山東,控引淮湖,與海通波。西(xi)郊(jiao)(jiao)則有(you)上(shang)(shang)囿禁苑(yuan),林麓藪澤,陂池(chi)連乎(hu)蜀(shu)漢,繚以(yi)(yi)周墻(qiang),四百余里(li)。離宮(gong)別(bie)館,三(san)十六所。神池(chi)靈沼(zhao),往(wang)往(wang)而在。其(qi)中(zhong)乃(nai)有(you)九真之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麟,大宛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬,黃(huang)支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犀,條支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳥。逾昆侖,越巨海,殊(shu)方(fang)異類,至于三(san)萬里(li)。
“其(qi)宮(gong)室(shi)也,體(ti)象乎(hu)天地(di),經緯乎(hu)陰陽(yang)。據坤靈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正位,放(fang)太紫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圓方。樹中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華闕,豐冠山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朱堂。因(yin)瑰材而究奇,抗(kang)應龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虹梁。列(lie)(lie)棼(fen)橑以(yi)(yi)(yi)布(bu)翼,荷棟桴而高驤。雕玉(yu)瑱以(yi)(yi)(yi)居楹,裁金壁(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)飾(shi)珰。發(fa)(fa)五色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渥彩,光(guang)焰朗以(yi)(yi)(yi)景彰。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)左(zuo)墄右(you)(you)平,重軒三階。閨(gui)房周(zhou)通,門(men)闥洞開。列(lie)(lie)鐘虡于(yu)中(zhong)庭(ting),立金人(ren)于(yu)端闈(wei)。仍增崖而衡(heng)閾,臨峻路而啟扉。徇(xun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)離殿別寢(qin),承以(yi)(yi)(yi)崇臺閑館,煥若(ruo)列(lie)(lie)宿,紫宮(gong)是(shi)(shi)環。清涼、宣溫、神(shen)仙、長年(nian)、金華、玉(yu)堂、白虎、麒麟,區宇若(ruo)茲,不(bu)可殫論。增盤(pan)崔嵬,登降(jiang)炤爛,殊形詭制,每(mei)各異觀(guan)。乘茵步輦,惟所息宴(yan)。后宮(gong)則有(you)掖庭(ting)、椒房,后妃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)。合歡(huan)、增城(cheng)、安處、常寧(ning)、茝(chai)若(ruo)、椒風(feng)、披香、發(fa)(fa)越、蘭林、蕙草、鴛鸞、飛翔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列(lie)(lie),昭陽(yang)特(te)盛,隆乎(hu)孝成。屋不(bu)呈(cheng)材,墻不(bu)露(lu)形。裛(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)藻繡,絡以(yi)(yi)(yi)綸連(lian)。隨侯明(ming)月,錯落其(qi)間。金釭銜(xian)璧,是(shi)(shi)為列(lie)(lie)錢。翡翠火(huo)齊,流耀含英。懸黎垂(chui)棘,夜光(guang)在焉。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)玄(xuan)墀(chi)筘砌,玉(yu)階彤庭(ting),碝磩(qi)彩致,琳(lin)珉青熒(ying),珊(shan)瑚碧樹,周(zhou)阿而生。紅羅颯(sa)纚,綺組繽紛。精曜(yao)華燭(zhu),俯仰(yang)如神(shen)。后宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),十有(you)四位。窈窕繁華,更盛迭貴。處乎(hu)斯列(lie)(lie)者,蓋以(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)數。左(zuo)右(you)(you)庭(ting)中(zhong),朝堂百(bai)(bai)(bai)寮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,蕭、曹、魏、邴,謀謨乎(hu)其(qi)上。佐命則垂(chui)統,輔翼則成化。流大(da)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愷悌,蕩亡(wang)秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒螫。故令斯人(ren)揚樂和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聲,作(zuo)畫一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌。功德(de)著于(yu)祖宗,膏澤洽(qia)于(yu)黎庶。又(you)有(you)天祿、石(shi)渠,典籍(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府。命夫諄誨(hui)故老,名儒師(shi)傅,講論乎(hu)六藝,稽合乎(hu)同異。又(you)有(you)承明(ming)、金馬(ma)、著作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)。大(da)雅宏達,于(yu)茲為群(qun)。元元本(ben)(ben)本(ben)(ben),周(zhou)見洽(qia)聞。啟發(fa)(fa)篇(pian)章,校(xiao)理秘文。周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉤(gou)陳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,衛以(yi)(yi)(yi)嚴更之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,總禮官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲科,群(qun)百(bai)(bai)(bai)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廉(lian)孝。虎賁贅(zhui)衣,閹(yan)尹(yin)閽寺。陛戟百(bai)(bai)(bai)重,各有(you)典司。
“周(zhou)(zhou)廬千(qian)列(lie)(lie),徼道(dao)綺錯。輦路(lu)經(jing)營,修除飛閣。自未央而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)連桂宮,北彌明光而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)亙長樂。凌隥(deng)道(dao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)超西墉,掍建章而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)連外(wai)屬。設璧門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳳闕,上觚棱而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)棲金(jin)爵。內則別風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶕峣,眇麗巧而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)聳擢(zhuo),張千(qian)門(men)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立萬戶,順陰陽以(yi)(yi)(yi)開闔。爾乃正殿崔嵬,層構厥高,臨乎(hu)(hu)未央。經(jing)駘蕩而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出馺娑,洞枍詣以(yi)(yi)(yi)與天梁。上反宇以(yi)(yi)(yi)蓋戴,激(ji)日景而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納光。神明郁其特起(qi),遂(sui)偃(yan)蹇而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上躋。軼云雨(yu)于太(tai)(tai)半,虹霓(ni)回帶于棼(fen)楣(mei)。雖輕迅與僄狡,猶(you)愕眙(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不能階。攀井(jing)干而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)未半,目眴轉而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)意迷,舍欞檻而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)卻倚,若顛(dian)墜而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)復稽,魂怳怳以(yi)(yi)(yi)失度,巡回途而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)下低(di),既懲懼于登望,降周(zhou)(zhou)流以(yi)(yi)(yi)彷徨。步甬道(dao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)縈紆,又杳窱而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不見陽。排飛闥而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上出,若游目于天表,似無依而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)洋洋。前(qian)唐中而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后太(tai)(tai)液,攬滄海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湯湯。揚(yang)波濤于碣石,激(ji)神岳(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶈(qiang)嶈(qiang)。濫(lan)瀛洲與方壺,蓬萊起(qi)乎(hu)(hu)中央。于是靈草冬榮(rong),神木叢(cong)生。巖(yan)峻崷崪,金(jin)石崢嶸(rong)。抗(kang)仙掌以(yi)(yi)(yi)承露,擢(zhuo)雙立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)莖,軼埃壒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混濁,鮮顥氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清英。騁(cheng)文(wen)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丕誕,馳五利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所刑。庶松喬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群類,時游從乎(hu)(hu)斯庭。實列(lie)(lie)仙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)攸(you)館,非吾(wu)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所寧(ning)。
“爾(er)(er)乃盛(sheng)娛游之壯觀,奮泰(tai)武乎上(shang)囿。因(yin)茲以威戎夸(kua)狄,耀威靈而(er)(er)講(jiang)武事(shi)。命荊州使(shi)起鳥(niao)、詔梁野而(er)(er)驅獸(shou)。毛(mao)群(qun)內闐,飛(fei)羽上(shang)覆,接翼(yi)側足(zu),集(ji)禁林而(er)(er)屯(tun)聚。水衡虞人,修其營表。種(zhong)別群(qun)分,部曲有署(shu)。罘網連(lian)纮,籠山(shan)絡野。列卒周匝,星(xing)羅云布。于是(shi)乘鑾輿,備法(fa)駕,帥群(qun)臣,披飛(fei)廉,入苑(yuan)門(men)。遂(sui)繞酆鄗(hao),歷上(shang)蘭。六(liu)師發逐,百獸(shou)駭(hai)殫,震震爚爚,雷奔電激,草木涂地,山(shan)淵反覆。蹂(rou)躪其十(shi)二三,乃拗怒(nu)而(er)(er)少息。爾(er)(er)乃期門(men)佽飛(fei),列刃鉆鍭,要趹追蹤。鳥(niao)驚觸絲,獸(shou)駭(hai)值鋒(feng)。機不虛掎(ji),弦不再控。矢不單殺,中必疊雙。颮(biao)颮(biao)紛紛,矰繳相(xiang)纏。風毛(mao)雨血,灑(sa)野蔽(bi)天。平原赤,勇(yong)士厲。猿狖失木,豺狼懾(she)竄。爾(er)(er)乃移(yi)師趨險,并蹈潛(qian)穢。窮(qiong)虎奔突,狂兕觸蹶。許少施巧,秦成(cheng)力折。掎(ji)僄(piao)狡,扼猛(meng)噬。脫角挫脰,徒搏獨殺。挾(xie)師豹,拖(tuo)熊螭。曳犀犛,頓(dun)象羆(pi)。超洞壑,越峻崖。蹶巉巖,巨石(shi)頹。松柏仆,叢林摧。草木無余,禽獸(shou)殄夷。
“于是天(tian)子乃登(deng)屬(shu)玉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)館,歷(li)長揚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榭。覽(lan)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體勢(shi),觀三軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺(sha)獲。原野蕭條,目極(ji)四(si)裔。禽(qin)相(xiang)鎮壓,獸相(xiang)枕藉。然后(hou)收禽(qin)會眾,論功賜(si)胙。陳(chen)輕騎以行(xing)炰,騰酒車以斟酌。割鮮(xian)野食,舉烽命釂。饗賜(si)畢,勞逸齊,大輅(lu)鳴(ming)鑾,容與徘徊(huai)。集(ji)乎豫章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宇,臨(lin)乎昆明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池。左(zuo)牽牛而右織(zhi)女,似(si)云漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)涯。茂樹蔭蔚(yu),芳草(cao)被堤。蘭茝(chai)發色,曄曄猗(yi)猗(yi)。若摛(chi)錦(jin)布繡(xiu),燭燿(yao)乎其(qi)陂(po)。鳥則(ze)玄鶴(he)白(bai)鷺,黃鵠鵁(jiao)鸛(guan),鸧鴰鴇(bao)鶂(ni),鳧鷖鴻雁。朝發河海,夕(xi)宿江(jiang)漢(han)。沉(chen)浮往來,云集(ji)霧散。于是后(hou)宮(gong)乘(cheng)輚輅(lu),登(deng)龍舟。張鳳蓋,建華旗(qi)。祛(qu)黼帷,鏡清流。靡微風(feng),澹淡浮。棹(zhao)女謳,鼓吹震,聲激(ji)越(yue),謍厲天(tian),鳥群翔,直窺(kui)淵。招白(bai)鷴,下(xia)雙鵠。揄文竿,出比目。撫鴻罿,御矰繳(jiao),方(fang)舟并(bing)騖,俯仰極(ji)樂。遂乃風(feng)舉云搖,浮游(you)(you)溥覽(lan)。前(qian)乘(cheng)秦嶺(ling),后(hou)越(yue)九嵕,東薄(bo)河華,西涉岐雍(yong)。宮(gong)館所(suo)歷(li),百有余(yu)區。行(xing)所(suo)朝夕(xi),儲不改供。禮上下(xia)而接山(shan)(shan)川,究休佑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)用(yong)。采游(you)(you)童之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歡謠,第從臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉頌。于斯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,都都相(xiang)望,邑邑相(xiang)屬(shu)。國籍十(shi)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基,家承百年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業,士(shi)食舊德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名氏,農服先(xian)疇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畎畝(mu),商循族世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)鬻(yu),工用(yong)高(gao)曾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規矩(ju)。粲乎隱隱,各得其(qi)所(suo)。
“若臣者徒觀跡于舊墟,聞之乎故老,十分而未得其一端,故不能遍舉也。”
東都賦
東都主人(ren)(ren)喟(kui)然而(er)(er)(er)嘆曰:“痛乎風俗之(zhi)移人(ren)(ren)也。子實秦人(ren)(ren),矜(jin)夸館(guan)室,保界河山,信(xin)識昭、襄而(er)(er)(er)知始(shi)皇矣,烏睹(du)大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)云為乎?夫大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)開元也,奮布衣以登皇位,由數期而(er)(er)(er)創萬代(dai),蓋六籍所不能(neng)談,前圣靡得言焉當(dang)此之(zhi)時(shi),功有(you)(you)橫而(er)(er)(er)當(dang)天,討有(you)(you)逆而(er)(er)(er)順(shun)民。故婁敬度勢而(er)(er)(er)獻其(qi)說,蕭公權宜而(er)(er)(er)拓其(qi)制。時(shi)豈泰而(er)(er)(er)安(an)之(zhi)哉,計不得以已也。吾(wu)子曾不是(shi)睹(du),顧(gu)曜(yao)后嗣之(zhi)末造,不亦暗乎?今將語子以建武之(zhi)治(zhi),永平之(zhi)事(shi),監于(yu)太清,以變子之(zhi)惑志。
“往者王(wang)莽作逆,漢祚(zuo)中(zhong)缺,天(tian)(tian)(tian)人致(zhi)誅,六合相滅。于(yu)時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂,生人幾亡,鬼神泯(min)絕(jue),壑無完柩(jiu),郛罔遺室。原野厭人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉,川谷(gu)流人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血,秦、項之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災,猶不克半,書契以來,未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或紀(ji)。故下(xia)人號而(er)上訴,上帝(di)懷而(er)降(jiang)監,乃致(zhi)命乎圣(sheng)(sheng)皇(huang)。于(yu)是圣(sheng)(sheng)皇(huang)乃握(wo)乾符,闡(chan)坤珍,披皇(huang)圖(tu),稽(ji)帝(di)文,赫然發憤,應(ying)若興云(yun),霆擊昆陽,憑怒雷震。遂超(chao)大河,跨北(bei)岳,立(li)號高邑(yi),建(jian)都(dou)河、洛(luo)。紹百(bai)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒(huang)屯(tun),因(yin)造化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕩滌,體元立(li)制(zhi),繼天(tian)(tian)(tian)而(er)作。系唐統,接漢緒(xu),茂育群生,恢復(fu)疆(jiang)宇,勛(xun)兼乎在昔,事勤乎三五。豈特方軌并(bing)跡,紛(fen)紛(fen)后辟,治(zhi)近古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)務,蹈一(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險易云(yun)爾哉。且夫(fu)建(jian)武(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元,天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)革命,四海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,更造夫(fu)婦,肇有(you)父子,君臣初(chu)建(jian),人倫實(shi)始,斯乃伏犧氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以基皇(huang)德也。分(fen)州土(tu)(tu),立(li)市朝,作盤(pan)輿,造器械,斯乃軒轅氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以開帝(di)功也。龔(gong)行天(tian)(tian)(tian)罰(fa),應(ying)天(tian)(tian)(tian)順人,斯乃湯(tang)、武(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以昭王(wang)業也。遷(qian)都(dou)改邑(yi),有(you)殷(yin)宗中(zhong)興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則焉。即土(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),有(you)周成(cheng)隆平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)焉。不階(jie)尺土(tu)(tu)一(yi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄,同(tong)符乎高祖。克己復(fu)禮,以奉終(zhong)始,允恭乎孝文。憲章稽(ji)古,封岱(dai)勒成(cheng),儀炳(bing)乎世(shi)宗。案(an)《六經(jing)》而(er)校德,眇古昔而(er)論功,仁(ren)圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事既該,而(er)帝(di)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)備矣(yi)。
“至(zhi)于(yu)永平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,重熙而(er)(er)累洽,盛(sheng)三雍(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上儀,修袞(gun)龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法服(fu),鋪鴻藻,信景鑠,揚世廟,正雅(ya)(ya)樂。人神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和允洽,群臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序既肅。乃動大輅,遵皇(huang)(huang)衢,省方(fang)巡(xun)狩(shou),窮覽(lan)萬(wan)(wan)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有無,考(kao)(kao)聲(sheng)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所被,散(san)皇(huang)(huang)明(ming)以(yi)燭幽。然(ran)后增周(zhou)舊(jiu),修洛邑,扇巍巍,顯翼翼。光(guang)漢京(jing)于(yu)諸夏(xia),總八(ba)(ba)方(fang)而(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極(ji)。是以(yi)皇(huang)(huang)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),宮室(shi)光(guang)明(ming),闕庭神(shen)(shen)麗,奢不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可逾,儉不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能侈(chi)。外則(ze)因原野以(yi)作苑,填流泉(quan)而(er)(er)為(wei)沼,發蘋藻以(yi)潛魚,豐圃草以(yi)毓獸(shou),制同乎梁鄒(zou),誼合乎靈囿(you)。若乃順時(shi)(shi)節(jie)而(er)(er)蒐狩(shou),簡車(che)徒以(yi)講(jiang)武,則(ze)必臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王制》,考(kao)(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風》《雅(ya)(ya)》,歷《騶虞(yu)》,覽(lan)《駟鐵》,嘉《車(che)攻》,采《吉日(ri)》,禮(li)官整儀,乘輿乃出。于(yu)是發鯨魚,鏗華鐘(zhong),登玉(yu)輅,乘時(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long),鳳蓋(gai)棽麗,和鑾玲瓏,天(tian)官景從,寢威(wei)盛(sheng)容(rong)。山靈護(hu)野,屬御方(fang)神(shen)(shen),雨師(shi)(shi)泛灑,風伯清塵,千乘雷(lei)起,萬(wan)(wan)騎(qi)紛紜(yun),元戎竟野,戈鋌彗云,羽旄掃霓,旌旗拂天(tian)。焱焱炎炎,揚光(guang)飛文(wen),吐(tu)焰生(sheng)風,欱野噴山,日(ri)月為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奪(duo)明(ming),丘陵(ling)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)搖震。遂集乎中囿(you),陳(chen)師(shi)(shi)案屯,駢(pian)部曲(qu),列(lie)(lie)校隊,勒三軍,誓將(jiang)帥。然(ran)后舉(ju)烽伐鼓,申令三驅,輶車(che)霆(ting)激,驍騎(qi)電騖,由基發射,范(fan)氏施御,弦(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)睼(ti)是禽,轡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)詭遇(yu),飛者未及翔,走(zou)者未及去。指顧倏忽,獲車(che)已實,樂不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)極(ji)盤,殺不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)物,馬踠余足,士怒未渫,先(xian)驅復路,屬車(che)案節(jie)。于(yu)是薦(jian)三犧,效五牲,禮(li)神(shen)(shen)祇,懷百(bai)(bai)靈,覲明(ming)堂,臨辟(pi)雍(yong),揚緝熙,宣(xuan)皇(huang)(huang)風,登靈臺,考(kao)(kao)休徵。俯仰乎乾坤,參象乎圣躬(gong),目中夏(xia)而(er)(er)布德(de),瞰四(si)裔而(er)(er)抗(kang)棱。西蕩河源(yuan),東澹海漘,北動幽崖(ya),南趯朱垠。殊方(fang)別區,界絕而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)鄰。自(zi)孝武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)征,孝宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所未臣,莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)陸詟水栗(li),奔走(zou)而(er)(er)來賓(bin)。遂綏(sui)哀牢,開永昌,春王三朝,會同漢京(jing)。是日(ri)也,天(tian)子(zi)受四(si)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)籍(ji),膺萬(wan)(wan)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貢(gong)珍(zhen),內(nei)撫諸夏(xia),外綏(sui)百(bai)(bai)蠻。爾乃盛(sheng)禮(li)興樂,供帳置(zhi)乎云龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭,陳(chen)百(bai)(bai)寮而(er)(er)贊群后,究皇(huang)(huang)儀而(er)(er)展(zhan)帝(di)容(rong)。于(yu)是庭實千品,旨酒萬(wan)(wan)鐘(zhong),列(lie)(lie)金罍,班玉(yu)觴,嘉珍(zhen)御,太牢饗。爾乃食舉(ju)《雍(yong)》徹,太師(shi)(shi)奏樂,陳(chen)金石,布絲竹,鐘(zhong)鼓鏗鍧,管弦(xian)燁煜。抗(kang)五聲(sheng),極(ji)六律,歌九功,舞八(ba)(ba)佾,《韶》《武》備(bei),泰古華。四(si)夷間奏,德(de)廣所及,僸佅兜離,罔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)集。萬(wan)(wan)樂備(bei),百(bai)(bai)禮(li)暨,皇(huang)(huang)歡浹(jia),群臣醉,降(jiang)煙煴,調元氣,然(ran)后撞鐘(zhong)告罷,百(bai)(bai)寮遂退(tui)。
“是(shi)圣上(shang)親萬方之(zhi)歡娛,又沐(mu)浴于(yu)(yu)(yu)膏澤(ze),懼其侈心之(zhi)將(jiang)萌,而(er)(er)怠于(yu)(yu)(yu)東(dong)作也,乃申舊間,下(xia)(xia)明詔,命(ming)有司(si),班憲(xian)度,昭節儉,示太素。去后宮(gong)之(zhi)麗飾,損乘輿(yu)之(zhi)服御,抑(yi)工商之(zhi)淫業,興農桑之(zhi)盛(sheng)務(wu)。遂令海(hai)內棄末(mo)而(er)(er)反本,背(bei)偽而(er)(er)歸真,女修織,男務(wu)耕耘(yun),器用陶匏,服尚素玄,恥(chi)纖靡而(er)(er)不服,賤奇麗而(er)(er)弗(fu)珍(zhen),捐(juan)金于(yu)(yu)(yu)山,沈珠于(yu)(yu)(yu)淵。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)百(bai)姓(xing)滌瑕蕩穢,而(er)(er)鏡(jing)至(zhi)清,形神寂漠,耳目弗(fu)營,嗜欲之(zhi)源(yuan)滅,廉恥(chi)之(zhi)心生,莫(mo)不優(you)游而(er)(er)自(zi)得(de),玉潤而(er)(er)金聲(sheng)。是(shi)以四海(hai)之(zhi)內,學校如林,庠序盈門,獻酬(chou)交錯,俎豆莘莘,下(xia)(xia)舞(wu)上(shang)歌,蹈(dao)德詠仁。登降飪(ren)宴(yan)之(zhi)禮(li)既畢,因相與嗟嘆玄德,讜言弘(hong)說,咸含和而(er)(er)吐氣,頌(song)曰:盛(sheng)哉乎斯世!
“今(jin)論者但知誦虞、夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《書(shu)》,詠殷(yin)、周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《詩》,講羲、文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《易》,論孔氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春秋(qiu)》,罕能(neng)精古今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清濁(zhuo),究漢德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所由(you)。唯子頗識(shi)舊典,又徒馳騁(cheng)乎末流。溫故知新已(yi)難(nan),而(er)知德者鮮矣。且夫僻界西戎,險阻四(si)塞,修其防御(yu)(yu),孰(shu)與(yu)處(chu)乎土中,平夷(yi)洞達(da),萬(wan)方輻湊?秦嶺、九嵕(zong),涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川,曷(he)若四(si)瀆、五(wu)岳,帶河(he)溯(su)洛,圖書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵?建章、甘泉,館御(yu)(yu)列仙,孰(shu)與(yu)靈臺、明(ming)堂,統和天人?太液、昆明(ming),鳥獸(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)囿,曷(he)若辟(pi)雍海流,道德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)?游俠逾侈(chi),犯義侵禮(li),孰(shu)與(yu)同履法度,翼翼濟(ji)濟(ji)也?子徒習秦阿房之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造天,而(er)不知京(jing)洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有制也。識(shi)函谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可關(guan),而(er)不知王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)外也。”
主(zhu)(zhu)人之(zhi)辭(ci)未終(zhong),西都賓矍(jue)然失(shi)容,逡巡降階,揲然意下,捧(peng)手欲辭(ci)。”主(zhu)(zhu)人曰:“復位,今將(jiang)授予以五篇之(zhi)詩。”賓既卒業,乃稱曰:“美哉乎斯(si)詩!義正乎揚雄,事實乎相如,匪唯主(zhu)(zhu)人之(zhi)好學,蓋乃遭遇乎斯(si)時也(ye)。小(xiao)子狂(kuang)簡,不知所裁,既聞正道,請終(zhong)身而誦之(zhi)。”
其詩曰:
于昭明(ming)(ming)堂,明(ming)(ming)堂孔陽。圣皇宗(zong)祀,穆穆煌煌。上(shang)帝宴饗(xiang),五位(wei)時序。誰其配之?世祖、光武(wu)。普(pu)天率士,各以(yi)其職。猗歟緝熙,允懷多福。(明(ming)(ming)堂詩)
乃流辟雍(yong)(yong),辟雍(yong)(yong)湯湯。圣(sheng)王蒞止(zhi),造舟為梁(liang)。皤皤國老,乃父乃兄(xiong)。抑(yi)抑(yi)威(wei)儀,孝友光明。于赫太上,示我漢行。洪化惟神(shen),永觀厥(jue)成。(辟雍(yong)(yong)詩(shi))
乃經靈(ling)臺,靈(ling)臺既崇。帝勤(qin)時(shi)登,爰考(kao)休徵。三光宣精,五(wu)行布序。習(xi)習(xi)祥風,祁祁甘(gan)雨。百谷蓁(zhen)蓁(zhen),庶草蕃廡。屢惟豐年,于皇樂胥(xu)。(靈(ling)臺詩)
岳修(xiu)貢兮(xi)川效(xiao)珍,吐金景兮(xi)歊浮(fu)云。寶鼎(ding)見兮(xi)色紛缊,煥其炳(bing)兮(xi)被龍文。登祖廟兮(xi)享(xiang)圣神,昭靈德兮(xi)彌(mi)億年(nian)。(寶鼎(ding)詩)
啟靈篇兮(xi)(xi)披瑞(rui)圖,獲白雉(zhi)兮(xi)(xi)效素烏,嘉祥(xiang)阜兮(xi)(xi)集皇(huang)(huang)都。發皓羽兮(xi)(xi)奮翹英,容絜朗兮(xi)(xi)于純精。彰(zhang)皇(huang)(huang)德兮(xi)(xi)侔周成(cheng),永延長兮(xi)(xi)膺天慶。(白雉(zhi)詩(shi))
班固(gu)(公元32年(nian)(nian)—公元92年(nian)(nian)),字孟堅(jian),扶(fu)風安陵(ling)(今陜西咸(xian)陽(yang)東北)人,班彪長子。九歲能文。建武二(er)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元47年(nian)(nian))前后入洛(luo)陽(yang)太學,博覽群書,窮(qiong)究九流百家之言。建武三(san)十年(nian)(nian)(公元54年(nian)(nian)),其父(fu)班彪卒,自太學返回鄉(xiang)里。為(wei)父(fu)守(shou)喪時(shi)期,在(zai)班彪續補《史(shi)記(ji)》之作(zuo)《史(shi)記(ji)后傳》的基礎(chu)上(shang)開(kai)始編寫《漢(han)書》,至建初年(nian)(nian)間基本完(wan)成。漢(han)明帝(di)時(shi),曾任蘭臺令史(shi),與(yu)陳宗、尹(yin)敏(min)、孟異共同(tong)撰(zhuan)成《世(shi)祖本紀》,升遷(qian)為(wei)郎,負責校定(ding)秘書。章(zhang)帝(di)時(shi),以史(shi)官兼任記(ji)錄,奉命把討論(lun)結果整理(li)成《白(bai)虎(hu)通義(yi)》,又(you)稱《白(bai)虎(hu)通德論(lun)》。永元元年(nian)(nian)(公元89年(nian)(nian)),大(da)將軍竇(dou)憲(xian)奉旨遠(yuan)征匈奴(nu),他參(can)與(yu)謀議,竇(dou)憲(xian)在(zai)政(zheng)爭中失敗自殺(sha),洛(luo)陽(yang)令借機捕他入獄,后于永元四年(nian)(nian)(公元92年(nian)(nian))死于獄中。他擅長作(zuo)賦,撰(zhuan)有《兩都(dou)賦》、《幽(you)通賦》等。
《兩都(dou)賦》在結(jie)體與(yu)手法(fa)上(shang)學習(xi)了司馬(ma)相如《子虛(xu)賦》《上(shang)林賦》的(de)結(jie)構(gou)方式,分《西(xi)(xi)都(dou)》、《東(dong)(dong)都(dou)》;《子虛(xu)賦》虛(xu)擬亡是公針(zhen)對(dui)楚之(zhi)子虛(xu)、齊之(zhi)烏有先生互相炫耀,而(er)(er)(er)明天子之(zhi)義 ,《兩都(dou)賦》由虛(xu)擬東(dong)(dong)都(dou)主人針(zhen)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)都(dou)賓贊(zan)(zan)揚(yang)長安, 望朝廷西(xi)(xi)顧 ,而(er)(er)(er)盛稱(cheng)洛邑制(zhi)度,以(yi)折(zhe)(zhe)西(xi)(xi)賓淫侈之(zhi)論。上(shang)篇只(zhi)(zhi)寫(xie)西(xi)(xi)都(dou),下篇只(zhi)(zhi)寫(xie)東(dong)(dong)都(dou),內容劃(hua)分清楚,結(jie)構(gou)較(jiao)為合理。從主導思想上(shang)說,他(ta)不(bu)(bu)在規模和繁華的(de)程(cheng)度上(shang)貶(bian)西(xi)(xi)都(dou)而(er)(er)(er)褒(bao)東(dong)(dong)都(dou),而(er)(er)(er)從禮(li)法(fa)的(de)角度,從制(zhi)度上(shang)衡(heng)量(liang)此(ci)前贊(zan)(zan)美(mei)西(xi)(xi)都(dou)者所述西(xi)(xi)都(dou)的(de)壯麗繁華實為奢淫過度,無益(yi)于天下。《西(xi)(xi)都(dou)賦》寫(xie)長安都(dou)城的(de)壯麗宏大(da),宮殿(dian)之(zhi)奇偉(wei)華美(mei),后宮之(zhi)奢侈淫靡,也(ye)極(ji)盡鋪排(pai)之(zhi)能事,使作者著實表現出了寫(xie)騁辭(ci)大(da)賦的(de)才能。但(dan)結(jie)果卻不(bu)(bu)是寫(xie)得越奢華便(bian)越體現著作者對(dui)它的(de)贊(zan)(zan)揚(yang),而(er)(er)(er)是折(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)以(yi)法(fa)度,衡(heng)之(zhi)以(yi)王制(zhi)。《東(dong)(dong)都(dou)賦》寫(xie)洛陽,雖也(ye)寫(xie)宮室、田獵(lie)的(de)內容,但(dan)比較(jiao)概括,而(er)(er)(er)從禮(li)法(fa)制(zhi)度出發(fa),宣揚(yang)“宮室光明,闕庭神麗,奢不(bu)(bu)可逾,儉(jian)不(bu)(bu)能侈”,“順時(shi)節而(er)(er)(er)蒐狩,簡車(che)徒以(yi)講(jiang)武,則(ze)必臨之(zhi)以(yi)《王制(zhi)》,考(kao)之(zhi)以(yi)《風(feng)》《雅》”。
杜篤(du)的(de)《論都(dou)(dou)賦》建議遷都(dou)(dou)長(chang)安,寫(xie)得很策略;班固維護建都(dou)(dou)洛陽,在處理對(dui)前漢西都(dou)(dou)評(ping)價上,也(ye)(ye)極為謹慎小心。《東都(dou)(dou)賦》開頭云(yun):“東都(dou)(dou)主人喟然而(er)嘆曰:‘痛乎風(feng)俗之移人也(ye)(ye)。子實秦人,矜夸(kua)館(guan)室,保(bao)界河(he)山,信識昭襄而(er)知始皇(huang)矣(yi),烏睹(du)大漢之云(yun)為乎?’”
批(pi)評的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)頭(tou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)是秦(qin)皇(huang)而非漢(han)帝。下面(mian)接(jie)著一小段寫“大漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)開元”,十分(fen)概括。因為(wei)后漢(han)以承前(qian)(qian)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)皇(huang)統自居(ju)(ju),對(dui)(dui)(dui)前(qian)(qian)漢(han)不能不加肯定;但從前(qian)(qian)、后漢(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比較(jiao)來(lai)說,當(dang)時(shi)統治者需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是對(dui)(dui)(dui)后漢(han)功業和(he)東(dong)都(dou)(dou)洛陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)贊揚、歌頌,故(gu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)前(qian)(qian)漢(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功業不能作(zuo)太具體(ti)、詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)表述。下面(mian)說:“今將(jiang)語子以建武之(zhi)(zhi)治,永(yong)平之(zhi)(zhi)事,監于(yu)太清,以變子之(zhi)(zhi)惑志”,開始對(dui)(dui)(dui)后漢(han)王朝功業、禮制的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)敘。又說:“遷都(dou)(dou)改邑,有(you)殷宗中興之(zhi)(zhi)則焉(yan);即土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)中,有(you)周成(cheng)隆平之(zhi)(zhi)制焉(yan)。”又從歷史方面(mian)來(lai)論證定都(dou)(dou)洛邑,前(qian)(qian)有(you)先例,且居(ju)(ju)天下之(zhi)(zhi)中,得地利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)便。由賦中內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)排和(he)措(cuo)詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)上下照應情況,可以看出當(dang)時(shi)最高統治者的(de)(de)(de)(de)心態和(he)班固對(dui)(dui)(dui)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)把握。
《東都(dou)賦(fu)》以封建(jian)禮法(fa)為(wei)準則(ze),贊揚了建(jian)武、永平的盛(sheng)世(shi),以“盛(sheng)乎斯世(shi)”一(yi)語作為(wei)大段描述的結尾,對(dui)西(xi)都(dou)賓先予稱(cheng)贊,再予批評,行文搖曳多(duo)姿,善于達意。下面又將西(xi)都(dou)同東都(dou)的形勢及(ji)風俗直接加以比較:“且夫(fu)僻界西(xi)戎(rong),險阻四塞(sai),修(xiu)其防(fang)御(yu),孰與處乎土(tu)中(zhong),平夷洞達,萬方輻湊?秦嶺(ling)、九嵕,涇、渭之川,曷(he)(he)若四瀆、五岳,帶河溯洛,圖(tu)書之淵?建(jian)章、甘泉,館御(yu)列仙(xian),孰與靈臺、明堂,統和天人?太液、昆明,鳥(niao)獸(shou)之囿,曷(he)(he)若辟(pi)雍海流,道德之富?游(you)俠逾侈,犯義(yi)侵禮,孰與同履法(fa)度(du),翼翼濟濟也?”
態度鮮明(ming)地稱贊(zan)東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)洛陽(yang)地利、形勢及(ji)禮俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淳厚,建筑、設置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合于(yu)王道(dao)。“統和天人”、“同履(lv)法度”,點(dian)出了《東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》的(de)主題;“圖書之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵”、“道(dao)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富”,是(shi)《東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》著力鋪敘(xu)、宣揚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在。下(xia)面照應本篇開(kai)頭(tou)部分(fen):“子徒(tu)習秦(qin)阿房之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)天,而不(bu)知(zhi)京(jing)洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有制也;識函谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可關,而不(bu)知(zhi)王者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無外也”。完全以一(yi)個新的(de)尺度來衡量(liang)秦(qin)(實際上(shang)是(shi)代指西漢)和東(dong)(dong)漢王朝政教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得失。接著以西都(dou)(dou)賓的(de)折服為賦(fu)(fu)正文部分(fen)的(de)收束(shu)。這同《上(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)》的(de)結(jie)尾完全一(yi)樣。但整個說來,班固的(de)《兩(liang)都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》開(kai)頭(tou)、結(jie)尾、過渡等章法更為嚴謹、自然(ran),且富于(yu)情態,長(chang)于(yu)韻味。
班固《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》由于創作的(de)目的(de)在(zai)于表述一(yi)個政治問題上(shang)的(de)個人見解(jie),甚至是(shi)(shi)為了參(can)與一(yi)場(chang)爭論,故它(ta)(ta)不似《子虛(xu)》《上(shang)林》的(de)有(you)很多虛(xu)夸的(de)部分,以氣(qi)爭勝,而更(geng)多實(shi)證。它(ta)(ta)主要不是(shi)(shi)抒發一(yi)種情感,表現一(yi)種精(jing)神(shen),而是(shi)(shi)要表現一(yi)種思想(xiang),體現一(yi)種觀念(nian)。這(zhe)也可以說是(shi)(shi)同時代(dai)風氣(qi)有(you)關,是(shi)(shi)當時文風和(he)社會(hui)風氣(qi)的(de)體現。另外,同該賦(fu)中強(qiang)調(diao)禮制、強(qiang)調(diao)崇儒思想(xiang)相一(yi)致,賦(fu)的(de)語言典(dian)雅和(he)麗(馬積(ji)高先生(sheng)《賦(fu)史》即已指(zhi)出這(zhe)一(yi)點),節(jie)奏步武從容(rong),和(he)鑾相鳴,可謂金聲玉振,有(you)廟堂(tang)朝儀的(de)風度。
在(zai)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)上(shang),《兩都(dou)賦》對(dui)《子虛(xu)》《上(shang)林》也有突(tu)破,上(shang)文已言及。下面(mian)再看(kan)看(kan)其結(jie)(jie)(jie)尾上(shang)的創意(yi)。作為(wei)全賦的結(jie)(jie)(jie)束,《東(dong)都(dou)賦》末尾不(bu)是(shi)在(zai)西都(dou)賓“矍然失容,逡巡降階,惵然意(yi)下,捧手欲辭”之后即結(jie)(jie)(jie)束,下面(mian)接上(shang)說:“主人(ren)曰(yue):復(fu)位(wei),今將(jiang)授予以(yi)(yi)五篇(pian)(pian)之詩。”大約是(shi)考慮(lv)到下面(mian)即錄附詩,會使(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)(jie)尾割裂(lie)而失去(qu)風韻(yun),故將(jiang)詩附于篇(pian)(pian)末,而以(yi)(yi)西都(dou)賓的稱(cheng)贊(zan)為(wei)結(jie)(jie)(jie)尾:賓既卒業,乃稱(cheng)曰(yue):“美哉乎(hu)斯詩!義(yi)(yi)正(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄,事實乎(hu)相(xiang)如(ru),匪(fei)唯主人(ren)之好學,蓋(gai)乃遭遇乎(hu)斯時也。小子狂簡,不(bu)知所裁,既聞正(zheng)遭,請終身而誦(song)之。”顯得輕(qing)松而詼諧,多少帶有一點寓言的味道,使(shi)(shi)這篇(pian)(pian)騁辭大賦在(zai)莊嚴之中(zhong),帶有活潑之氣。其中(zhong)“義(yi)(yi)正(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄,事實乎(hu)相(xiang)如(ru)”,也可以(yi)(yi)看(kan)作是(shi)班固自己對(dui)《兩都(dou)賦》特色的概括。
《兩都賦(fu)》所(suo)描述的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)內(nei)容(rong),已不再像司馬相(xiang)如那樣(yang)重在帝王宮(gong)苑、游獵,而是(shi)(shi)借鑒揚雄(xiong)(xiong)《蜀都賦(fu)》,創造性地發(fa)展為京都山河形勢、表(biao)里布局和雄(xiong)(xiong)偉氣(qi)象,雖然不能全免(mian)大賦(fu)夸張渲染(ran)失(shi)實(shi)之(zhi)病,但由于采用了不少實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)地理資(zi)料,而不顯(xian)過分虛(xu)浮,有(you)真(zhen)切的(de)(de)(de)現實(shi)感。《兩都賦(fu)》同《子(zi)虛(xu)》《上林(lin)》的(de)(de)(de)僅寫田獵者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)比,內(nei)容(rong)要更為豐(feng)富(fu)、開闊,也(ye)更能集(ji)中(zhong)地、多(duo)角度、多(duo)方面(mian)地展現一個時(shi)代政(zheng)治(zhi)、經濟、文化的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展狀況。《兩都賦(fu)》中(zhong)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)都城(cheng)形勝、街市繁華,還是(shi)(shi)郊野氣(qi)象、農桑豐(feng)碩,都有(you)具體(ti)而生動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)藝術表(biao)現,做(zuo)到了文贍而事詳 ,引人遐想。另(ling)外,在語(yu)言的(de)(de)(de)運用上,排偶之(zhi)中(zhong),音調和諧(xie),極少奇僻的(de)(de)(de)異體(ti)字,明暢順達(da),無(wu)漢(han)賦(fu)常見的(de)(de)(de)臃腫(zhong)澀(se)滯之(zhi)弊,又確(que)實(shi)使讀(du)之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)娓娓而不厭。
《兩都賦》被(bei)蕭統《文(wen)選》列為第(di)一(yi)篇(pian),劉勰(xie)也稱其“明(ming)絢(xuan)以雅贍(shan)”。后世時有(you)人對(dui)《兩都賦》加(jia)以摹擬,形成“京(jing)都賦”的類(lei)型。《文(wen)選》分賦為十五類(lei),“京(jing)都賦”列在第(di)一(yi)。《文(wen)苑英華》《歷代賦匯》等也有(you)“京(jing)都”或(huo)“都邑”一(yi)類(lei)。
盡管在班固之(zhi)前已(yi)有(you)京都(dou)賦(fu)之(zhi)作(zuo),但能(neng)使(shi)這類(lei)題材以及表現方(fang)式、結構(gou)方(fang)式結合而形成大賦(fu)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)門類(lei),乃有(you)賴于《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》取得的(de)(de)(de)成就。歷史(shi)上很多優(you)秀的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品,尤其具(ju)有(you)某(mou)方(fang)面劃時代意義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品,往(wang)往(wang)成為后來作(zuo)家學習、甚至(zhi)摹擬的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)本。班固之(zhi)前的(de)(de)(de)京都(dou)之(zhi)作(zuo),揚雄的(de)(de)(de)《蜀都(dou)賦(fu)》已(yi)有(you)殘(can)缺,崔骃、傅(fu)毅的(de)(de)(de)《反(fan)都(dou)賦(fu)》只余(yu)殘(can)章剩句,傅(fu)毅《洛都(dou)賦(fu)》也有(you)殘(can)缺,便說(shuo)明了它們的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)地位。
盡管《兩都(dou)賦》在藝(yi)術上取得了相(xiang)當的成就,歷來(lai)為(wei)(wei)士大夫所重,但(dan)是總(zong)體來(lai)看,沒有也(ye)不可(ke)能從(cong)根本上革除早已(yi)(yi)被揚雄針砭的散(san)體大賦自(zi)身具有的通(tong)弊,從(cong)而扭轉其(qi)衰竭(jie)之勢(shi)。就賦體文(wen)學發(fa)展的趨勢(shi)而言,當大賦已(yi)(yi)經定型為(wei)(wei)以窮泰極侈的筆墨達頌圣(sheng)之旨(zhi),即便有諷(feng)諭,也(ye)不過(guo)“勸(quan)百諷(feng)一” ,而以騷體為(wei)(wei)代表的抒發(fa)內心情懷(huai)之賦,正越來(lai)越成熟,在顯示出(chu)強(qiang)勁的藝(yi)術生命力(li)之時(shi),仍(reng)要恪守老路,企圖重新振(zhen)興,畢竟是違反客觀規律,逆歷史(shi)潮(chao)流而動,斷(duan)不會(hui)成功。