或(huo)曰:“賦(fu)者(zhe),古(gu)詩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流也(ye)。”昔(xi)成、康(kang)沒而(er)(er)頌(song)(song)聲寢,王澤(ze)竭而(er)(er)詩不作。大(da)(da)(da)漢(han)(han)初定,日(ri)不暇(xia)給(gei)。至于武、宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,乃崇禮官,考(kao)文章。內(nei)設金馬、石渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,外(wai)興樂府、協律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)興廢繼(ji)絕,潤色鴻業。是(shi)以(yi)眾庶悅豫,福應尤盛,白麟(lin)、赤雁、芝房、寶(bao)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge),薦于郊(jiao)廟。神雀、五(wu)鳳、甘露、黃龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞,以(yi)為年紀。故言語侍(shi)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen),若司馬相如(ru)、虞(yu)(yu)丘壽王、東(dong)方朔、枚皋、王褒、劉向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬,朝(chao)夕(xi)論(lun)思(si)(si),日(ri)月(yue)獻納。而(er)(er)公卿大(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)御(yu)史(shi)大(da)(da)(da)夫倪寬、太(tai)常孔臧、大(da)(da)(da)中大(da)(da)(da)夫董仲舒、宗(zong)正劉德(de)(de)、太(tai)子太(tai)傅蕭望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,時時間作。或(huo)以(yi)抒下情而(er)(er)通諷諭,或(huo)以(yi)宣上(shang)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)盡忠孝,雍(yong)容(rong)揄揚(yang),著于后嗣,抑(yi)亦《雅》《頌(song)(song)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亞也(ye),故孝成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,論(lun)而(er)(er)錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蓋奏(zou)御(yu)者(zhe)千有(you)余(yu)篇,而(er)(er)后大(da)(da)(da)漢(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文章,炳(bing)焉與三(san)代同風(feng)。且(qie)夫道有(you)夷隆,學有(you)粗密,因(yin)時而(er)(er)建德(de)(de)者(zhe),不以(yi)遠近(jin)易則,故皋陶歌(ge)虞(yu)(yu),奚(xi)斯(si)頌(song)(song)魯,同見(jian)采于孔氏,列于《詩》《書》,其義一也(ye)。稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)古(gu)則如(ru)彼(bi),考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漢(han)(han)室(shi)又(you)如(ru)此。斯(si)事(shi)雖細,然先臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊式,國家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺美,不可闕也(ye)。臣(chen)竊見(jian)海內(nei)清平,朝(chao)廷無事(shi),京(jing)師修宮室(shi),浚城隍(huang),起苑囿,以(yi)備(bei)制度。西土耆老,咸(xian)懷怨思(si)(si),冀上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眷顧,而(er)(er)盛稱長(chang)安舊制,有(you)陋雒邑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議。故臣(chen)作《兩(liang)都賦(fu)》,以(yi)極眾人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所眩曜,折以(yi)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)度,其詞(ci)曰:
西都賦
有西都賓問于(yu)東都主人(ren)曰:“蓋聞(wen)皇(huang)漢之初經(jing)營(ying)也(ye),嘗有意乎都河、洛矣。輟而弗康(kang),實用西遷,作我上(shang)都。主人(ren)聞(wen)其故而睹其制乎?”主人(ren)曰:“未也(ye)。愿賓攄(shu)懷舊之蓄念,發思(si)古之幽情,博我以皇(huang)道,弘我以漢京。”賓曰:“唯(wei)(wei)唯(wei)(wei)。”
“漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)都,在于雍州(zhou),實曰長安。左據函谷(gu)、二(er)崤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,表以(yi)太(tai)華(hua)、終(zhong)南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山。右界褒斜、隴(long)首之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,帶以(yi)洪河、涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川。眾(zhong)(zhong)流之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隈,汧涌其(qi)西(xi)。華(hua)實之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毛,則(ze)九州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上腴焉。防御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,則(ze)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隩區焉。是故橫(heng)被六合,三(san)成帝畿,周以(yi)龍興,秦以(yi)虎視。及至(zhi)大漢受命而(er)(er)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也,仰寤東(dong)井(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,俯協《河圖》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈。奉春建(jian)策,留侯(hou)演(yan)成。天人合應,以(yi)發皇(huang)(huang)明,乃眷西(xi)顧,實惟作京。于是睎秦嶺(ling),睋(e)北阜,挾酆灞,據龍首。圖皇(huang)(huang)基于億載(zai),度宏規而(er)(er)大起。肇自高而(er)(er)終(zhong)平,世增飾以(yi)崇(chong)麗。歷十二(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延(yan)祚,故窮(qiong)奢而(er)(er)極(ji)侈。建(jian)金(jin)城其(qi)萬雉(zhi),呀周池而(er)(er)成淵。披三(san)條之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廣路,立十二(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通門。內則(ze)街衢(qu)洞達,閭閻且千(qian),九市(shi)開場,貨別(bie)隧分。入(ru)不得顧,車(che)不得旋,闐城溢郭(guo),旁流百廛。紅塵(chen)四合,煙云相連(lian)。于是既庶且富,娛樂無(wu)疆。都人士女,殊(shu)異乎五(wu)方。游士擬于公侯(hou),列肆侈于姬(ji)姜。鄉曲豪舉,游俠(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄,節慕原、嘗(chang),名(ming)亞春、陵。連(lian)交(jiao)合眾(zhong)(zhong),騁騖乎其(qi)中。
“若(ruo)乃(nai)觀(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)四郊(jiao),浮游近縣,則(ze)南(nan)望杜、霸,北眺五(wu)陵。名都對郭,邑居相承。英(ying)俊(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域,紱冕(mian)所(suo)興(xing)。冠蓋(gai)如云,七相五(wu)公。與乎(hu)(hu)州(zhou)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豪杰,五(wu)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨殖,三(san)選(xuan)七遷,充奉陵邑。蓋(gai)以(yi)強干(gan)弱枝,隆上(shang)都而觀(guan)(guan)萬(wan)(wan)國也(ye)。封(feng)畿(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,厥土千里(li),逴躒諸夏,兼其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)有(you)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)陽則(ze)崇(chong)山隱天,幽(you)林(lin)穹谷,陸(lu)海珍藏,藍田美玉。商、洛(luo)緣(yuan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)隈,鄠(hu)、杜濱其(qi)(qi)(qi)足,源泉灌注,陂池交屬(shu)。竹林(lin)果園,芳(fang)草甘木,郊(jiao)野(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,號為近蜀。其(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)則(ze)冠以(yi)九嵕,陪以(yi)甘泉,乃(nai)有(you)靈宮起乎(hu)(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)。秦(qin)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)極觀(guan)(guan),淵云之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)頌(song)嘆,于是(shi)乎(hu)(hu)存焉。下有(you)鄭、白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沃,衣食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源。提(ti)封(feng)五(wu)萬(wan)(wan),疆(jiang)埸綺分,溝塍(cheng)刻縷,原隰龍鱗(lin),決渠降雨,荷插成云。五(wu)谷垂穎,桑麻鋪棻。東郊(jiao)則(ze)有(you)通溝大(da)漕,潰渭洞河,泛舟(zhou)山東,控引淮湖,與海通波。西郊(jiao)則(ze)有(you)上(shang)囿禁苑,林(lin)麓藪澤,陂池連乎(hu)(hu)蜀漢,繚以(yi)周墻,四百余里(li)。離宮別館(guan),三(san)十六(liu)所(suo)。神池靈沼,往往而在。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)乃(nai)有(you)九真之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麟,大(da)宛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬,黃支(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犀,條支(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳥。逾(yu)昆侖(lun),越巨海,殊(shu)方異類,至于三(san)萬(wan)(wan)里(li)。
“其(qi)宮(gong)室(shi)也,體(ti)象(xiang)乎(hu)天(tian)地,經緯乎(hu)陰陽(yang)(yang)。據坤靈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正位,放太(tai)紫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圓方。樹中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華闕,豐冠(guan)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朱堂。因瑰材而究(jiu)奇,抗應龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虹梁。列棼橑以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)布翼,荷棟(dong)桴而高驤。雕(diao)玉瑱以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居楹,裁金壁以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飾珰。發五色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渥彩,光(guang)焰朗以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)景(jing)彰。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)左(zuo)墄右(you)平,重軒三(san)階(jie)。閨房周(zhou)通,門闥洞開。列鐘虡于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)庭(ting)(ting),立金人于(yu)(yu)端(duan)闈。仍(reng)增崖(ya)而衡閾,臨峻(jun)路而啟(qi)扉。徇以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)離(li)殿別寢(qin),承(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)崇臺閑(xian)館,煥若列宿(su),紫宮(gong)是(shi)環。清涼(liang)、宣溫、神仙、長年、金華、玉堂、白虎、麒麟,區(qu)宇若茲,不可(ke)殫(dan)論(lun)。增盤崔嵬,登(deng)降炤爛(lan),殊形詭制,每(mei)各(ge)異觀。乘茵(yin)步輦(nian),惟所息(xi)宴。后(hou)(hou)宮(gong)則(ze)有掖庭(ting)(ting)、椒房,后(hou)(hou)妃(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)。合歡(huan)、增城、安處(chu)、常寧、茝若、椒風、披香、發越、蘭林、蕙草(cao)、鴛鸞、飛翔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,昭陽(yang)(yang)特盛(sheng),隆乎(hu)孝成。屋不呈材,墻不露形。裛以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藻(zao)繡(xiu),絡(luo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)綸連。隨(sui)侯(hou)明月(yue),錯落其(qi)間(jian)。金釭銜璧,是(shi)為列錢。翡翠火齊,流(liu)耀含(han)英(ying)。懸黎垂棘,夜(ye)光(guang)在焉。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)玄墀(chi)筘砌,玉階(jie)彤庭(ting)(ting),碝(ruan)磩彩致,琳珉青熒,珊(shan)瑚碧樹,周(zhou)阿而生。紅羅颯纚,綺組繽紛。精曜(yao)華燭(zhu),俯仰(yang)如神。后(hou)(hou)宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),十有四(si)位。窈(yao)窕繁華,更盛(sheng)迭貴(gui)。處(chu)乎(hu)斯列者,蓋以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)數。左(zuo)右(you)庭(ting)(ting)中(zhong)(zhong),朝堂百(bai)寮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,蕭、曹、魏、邴,謀謨乎(hu)其(qi)上。佐命(ming)則(ze)垂統,輔翼則(ze)成化。流(liu)大漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愷悌,蕩亡秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒(du)螫。故令斯人揚樂和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聲(sheng),作畫一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)。功德著于(yu)(yu)祖宗,膏澤洽(qia)于(yu)(yu)黎庶。又有天(tian)祿、石(shi)渠,典籍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府。命(ming)夫諄(zhun)誨故老(lao),名(ming)儒師傅,講(jiang)論(lun)乎(hu)六藝(yi),稽合乎(hu)同異。又有承(cheng)明、金馬、著作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)(ting)。大雅(ya)宏達,于(yu)(yu)茲為群(qun)。元元本(ben)(ben)本(ben)(ben),周(zhou)見洽(qia)聞。啟(qi)發篇章,校理秘(mi)文。周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鉤陳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,衛以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)嚴更之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,總(zong)禮官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)科,群(qun)百(bai)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廉孝。虎賁贅衣,閹尹閽寺(si)。陛(bi)戟(ji)百(bai)重,各(ge)有典司。
“周廬千列,徼道綺錯(cuo)。輦路經營,修除飛閣。自未(wei)央而(er)(er)(er)(er)連桂宮,北彌明光而(er)(er)(er)(er)亙長樂。凌隥道而(er)(er)(er)(er)超(chao)西墉(yong),掍建章(zhang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)連外(wai)屬(shu)。設璧門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳳闕(que),上觚棱而(er)(er)(er)(er)棲金(jin)爵(jue)。內則別風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶕峣,眇麗巧而(er)(er)(er)(er)聳擢(zhuo),張千門而(er)(er)(er)(er)立萬(wan)戶(hu),順(shun)陰陽(yang)(yang)以開闔。爾乃正殿(dian)崔(cui)嵬,層構厥高,臨乎(hu)未(wei)央。經駘蕩而(er)(er)(er)(er)出馺娑,洞枍詣以與天梁。上反宇以蓋戴,激(ji)(ji)日(ri)景而(er)(er)(er)(er)納光。神明郁(yu)其特起,遂偃蹇而(er)(er)(er)(er)上躋。軼(yi)云(yun)雨于(yu)太半(ban),虹霓回帶(dai)于(yu)棼楣(mei)。雖輕(qing)迅與僄(piao)狡,猶愕眙而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)能階。攀井(jing)干(gan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)未(wei)半(ban),目(mu)眴轉而(er)(er)(er)(er)意迷,舍欞(ling)檻而(er)(er)(er)(er)卻倚,若顛(dian)墜而(er)(er)(er)(er)復稽(ji),魂怳(huang)怳(huang)以失度,巡回途而(er)(er)(er)(er)下低,既懲懼(ju)于(yu)登望,降(jiang)周流(liu)以彷徨。步(bu)甬道以縈紆(yu),又杳窱而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)見(jian)陽(yang)(yang)。排飛闥而(er)(er)(er)(er)上出,若游目(mu)于(yu)天表(biao),似無依而(er)(er)(er)(er)洋(yang)洋(yang)。前唐中而(er)(er)(er)(er)后太液,攬(lan)滄海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湯湯。揚(yang)波(bo)濤于(yu)碣石,激(ji)(ji)神岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶈嶈。濫瀛(ying)洲與方壺,蓬萊起乎(hu)中央。于(yu)是靈草(cao)冬榮,神木叢生。巖峻崷崪,金(jin)石崢(zheng)嶸。抗仙掌以承露,擢(zhuo)雙立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)莖,軼(yi)埃壒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混濁,鮮顥氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清英。騁文(wen)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丕誕,馳五利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)刑。庶松喬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群類(lei),時游從乎(hu)斯庭。實列仙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)攸(you)館,非吾人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)寧。
“爾乃盛娛游(you)之(zhi)壯觀,奮(fen)泰武乎上(shang)(shang)囿。因(yin)茲以(yi)威(wei)戎夸狄(di),耀威(wei)靈(ling)而(er)講武事。命荊州使起鳥、詔梁(liang)野(ye)而(er)驅獸(shou)。毛群(qun)內闐,飛羽上(shang)(shang)覆,接翼側足,集禁林而(er)屯聚。水衡虞人,修(xiu)其營表。種別群(qun)分,部曲(qu)有署。罘網連纮,籠山絡野(ye)。列(lie)卒周匝,星羅(luo)云(yun)布。于是乘鑾(luan)輿,備法駕,帥群(qun)臣(chen),披飛廉,入苑門(men)。遂(sui)繞酆鄗,歷上(shang)(shang)蘭(lan)。六師(shi)發逐,百獸(shou)駭(hai)殫,震震爚(yue)爚(yue),雷奔(ben)電激,草(cao)木(mu)(mu)涂地,山淵反覆。蹂(rou)躪其十二(er)三,乃拗怒而(er)少息。爾乃期門(men)佽(ci)飛,列(lie)刃鉆鍭,要趹(jue)追蹤。鳥驚(jing)觸絲,獸(shou)駭(hai)值(zhi)鋒。機不(bu)(bu)虛(xu)掎,弦不(bu)(bu)再(zai)控。矢不(bu)(bu)單殺,中必疊雙。颮颮紛(fen)紛(fen),矰繳相纏。風(feng)毛雨血,灑野(ye)蔽天。平原赤,勇(yong)士厲。猿狖(you)失木(mu)(mu),豺狼懾竄。爾乃移師(shi)趨險,并(bing)蹈潛穢。窮虎奔(ben)突(tu),狂兕觸蹶(jue)。許(xu)少施(shi)巧,秦(qin)成(cheng)力折。掎僄(piao)狡(jiao),扼猛(meng)噬。脫角挫脰,徒搏獨殺。挾師(shi)豹,拖熊螭。曳犀犛,頓象(xiang)羆。超洞(dong)壑,越峻崖。蹶(jue)巉巖,巨(ju)石(shi)頹(tui)。松柏(bo)仆(pu),叢林摧。草(cao)木(mu)(mu)無余,禽(qin)獸(shou)殄(tian)夷。
“于是天子乃登屬玉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)館,歷(li)長揚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榭。覽(lan)(lan)山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體勢,觀三軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺獲。原野(ye)蕭條,目(mu)極四裔。禽(qin)相鎮(zhen)壓,獸相枕藉。然后收禽(qin)會眾,論(lun)功賜胙。陳(chen)輕(qing)騎以行炰,騰酒車以斟(zhen)酌。割鮮野(ye)食,舉烽命(ming)釂。饗賜畢,勞逸齊,大輅鳴(ming)鑾(luan),容(rong)與徘徊。集乎(hu)(hu)(hu)豫章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宇,臨乎(hu)(hu)(hu)昆明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池。左牽牛而右織女,似云(yun)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無涯。茂樹(shu)蔭蔚,芳草(cao)被堤。蘭茝發色,曄曄猗猗。若摛錦(jin)布繡,燭燿(yao)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)其(qi)(qi)陂。鳥則玄鶴白鷺,黃(huang)鵠鵁鸛(guan),鸧鴰鴇鶂(ni),鳧鷖鴻雁。朝發河海,夕宿(su)江(jiang)漢。沉浮(fu)往來,云(yun)集霧散。于是后宮(gong)乘(cheng)輚(zhan)輅,登龍舟。張鳳蓋,建華(hua)旗。祛(qu)黼帷,鏡清流(liu)。靡微風(feng),澹淡浮(fu)。棹(zhao)女謳(ou),鼓吹震(zhen),聲激越(yue),謍(ying)厲天,鳥群翔,直窺淵。招白鷴,下雙鵠。揄(yu)文竿(gan),出比目(mu)。撫鴻罿,御(yu)矰繳,方舟并騖,俯仰極樂。遂(sui)乃風(feng)舉云(yun)搖,浮(fu)游(you)溥覽(lan)(lan)。前乘(cheng)秦嶺,后越(yue)九嵕,東薄河華(hua),西涉(she)岐雍。宮(gong)館所(suo)(suo)歷(li),百有(you)余區。行所(suo)(suo)朝夕,儲不改供(gong)。禮上(shang)下而接山(shan)川,究(jiu)休(xiu)佑(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)。采游(you)童之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歡謠,第(di)從臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉頌(song)。于斯(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,都都相望,邑邑相屬。國籍(ji)十世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基,家承百年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業,士食舊(jiu)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名氏,農服先疇(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畎畝,商循族世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)鬻,工用(yong)高曾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)矩。粲乎(hu)(hu)(hu)隱隱,各得其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)。
“若臣(chen)者徒觀跡于(yu)舊墟(xu),聞之乎(hu)故(gu)老,十(shi)分而未得(de)其(qi)一端,故(gu)不能遍舉也(ye)。”
東都賦
東都主人喟然(ran)而(er)嘆曰(yue):“痛乎風俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)移人也。子(zi)實秦人,矜夸(kua)館(guan)室,保界河山,信識昭、襄而(er)知(zhi)始皇矣,烏睹(du)(du)大(da)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云為乎?夫大(da)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開元也,奮(fen)布衣以(yi)(yi)登皇位,由(you)數期而(er)創(chuang)萬代(dai),蓋六籍所(suo)不能(neng)談,前圣(sheng)靡得言焉當此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),功(gong)有(you)橫而(er)當天(tian),討有(you)逆(ni)而(er)順(shun)民。故婁敬度勢而(er)獻其說,蕭公權宜而(er)拓其制。時(shi)豈(qi)泰(tai)而(er)安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉,計不得以(yi)(yi)已也。吾子(zi)曾不是睹(du)(du),顧曜后嗣(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)造,不亦暗(an)乎?今將語子(zi)以(yi)(yi)建武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi),永平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,監于太清,以(yi)(yi)變子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惑志。
“往者王(wang)莽(mang)作逆,漢祚中缺,天(tian)(tian)人(ren)致誅,六合相(xiang)滅。于時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan),生人(ren)幾(ji)亡,鬼神泯絕(jue),壑(he)無完柩(jiu),郛罔遺室。原(yuan)野厭(yan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉,川(chuan)谷(gu)流(liu)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血,秦、項(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災,猶不(bu)克半(ban),書契以(yi)來,未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或紀。故下人(ren)號而(er)上訴,上帝懷(huai)而(er)降監,乃致命(ming)乎(hu)圣皇。于是圣皇乃握乾符,闡坤(kun)珍,披皇圖(tu),稽(ji)帝文(wen)(wen),赫然發憤,應若興云(yun),霆擊昆陽,憑怒雷震。遂(sui)超大河,跨北岳,立號高(gao)(gao)邑,建都河、洛。紹百王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒屯,因造(zao)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕩滌,體元立制,繼天(tian)(tian)而(er)作。系唐統,接漢緒(xu),茂育群生,恢(hui)復疆宇,勛兼乎(hu)在昔,事勤乎(hu)三五。豈特方軌(gui)并跡,紛(fen)紛(fen)后(hou)辟,治近古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)務,蹈一圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險易云(yun)爾哉。且夫(fu)建武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元,天(tian)(tian)地(di)革命(ming),四海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,更造(zao)夫(fu)婦,肇有父(fu)子,君(jun)臣初建,人(ren)倫(lun)實始(shi),斯乃伏(fu)犧氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)基(ji)皇德(de)(de)也。分(fen)州土(tu)(tu)(tu),立市朝(chao),作盤輿,造(zao)器械,斯乃軒轅氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)開帝功也。龔行天(tian)(tian)罰(fa),應天(tian)(tian)順人(ren),斯乃湯、武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)昭王(wang)業也。遷都改邑,有殷宗中興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則焉(yan)。即土(tu)(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,有周成隆平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉(yan)。不(bu)階尺土(tu)(tu)(tu)一人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄,同符乎(hu)高(gao)(gao)祖。克己復禮(li),以(yi)奉(feng)終始(shi),允恭乎(hu)孝文(wen)(wen)。憲章稽(ji)古(gu),封岱勒成,儀炳乎(hu)世宗。案《六經》而(er)校德(de)(de),眇古(gu)昔而(er)論功,仁(ren)圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事既該,而(er)帝王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道備(bei)矣。
“至(zhi)于(yu)永(yong)(yong)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,重熙而(er)(er)(er)累(lei)洽(qia),盛三(san)(san)雍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上儀,修(xiu)袞(gun)龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法服,鋪鴻藻(zao)(zao),信景(jing)鑠,揚(yang)世廟,正雅(ya)樂(le)。人神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和允洽(qia),群(qun)臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序(xu)既肅。乃(nai)(nai)動大輅,遵皇衢,省方巡(xun)狩(shou),窮(qiong)覽萬(wan)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)無,考聲教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)被,散皇明以(yi)燭幽。然(ran)后增周舊,修(xiu)洛邑,扇巍巍,顯翼翼。光漢(han)京(jing)于(yu)諸(zhu)夏(xia),總八方而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極(ji)。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)皇城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,宮室(shi)光明,闕庭(ting)(ting)神麗(li)(li),奢不(bu)可(ke)逾,儉不(bu)能侈(chi)。外則因(yin)原野(ye)(ye)以(yi)作苑,填流泉而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)沼,發蘋(pin)藻(zao)(zao)以(yi)潛魚,豐(feng)圃草以(yi)毓獸,制同乎(hu)(hu)(hu)梁鄒,誼(yi)合乎(hu)(hu)(hu)靈囿。若乃(nai)(nai)順時節而(er)(er)(er)蒐(sou)狩(shou),簡車(che)徒以(yi)講武(wu),則必臨(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王制》,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風》《雅(ya)》,歷《騶(zou)虞》,覽《駟鐵》,嘉(jia)《車(che)攻》,采《吉日(ri)》,禮(li)(li)官整儀,乘(cheng)輿乃(nai)(nai)出。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)發鯨魚,鏗華(hua)鐘,登(deng)玉輅,乘(cheng)時龍(long),鳳蓋棽麗(li)(li),和鑾玲瓏,天官景(jing)從,寢威盛容。山靈護野(ye)(ye),屬御方神,雨(yu)師泛(fan)灑,風伯清塵,千乘(cheng)雷起,萬(wan)騎紛(fen)紜,元(yuan)(yuan)戎竟野(ye)(ye),戈鋌彗云(yun),羽旄(mao)掃霓(ni),旌(jing)旗拂天。焱(yan)焱(yan)炎(yan)炎(yan),揚(yang)光飛文,吐焰(yan)生(sheng)風,欱野(ye)(ye)噴山,日(ri)月為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奪明,丘陵為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)搖震(zhen)。遂(sui)集乎(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)囿,陳(chen)師案(an)屯,駢(pian)部(bu)曲,列校隊,勒三(san)(san)軍,誓將帥。然(ran)后舉烽伐鼓,申令三(san)(san)驅(qu),輶車(che)霆激,驍(xiao)騎電騖,由(you)基發射,范氏(shi)施(shi)御,弦不(bu)睼是(shi)(shi)禽,轡(pei)不(bu)詭遇,飛者未(wei)及(ji)翔,走(zou)者未(wei)及(ji)去。指顧倏忽,獲車(che)已實(shi),樂(le)不(bu)極(ji)盤,殺不(bu)盡物,馬(ma)踠余足(zu),士怒未(wei)渫,先驅(qu)復(fu)路,屬車(che)案(an)節。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)薦三(san)(san)犧(xi),效(xiao)五牲,禮(li)(li)神祇,懷(huai)百(bai)靈,覲(jin)明堂,臨(lin)辟雍,揚(yang)緝(ji)熙,宣(xuan)皇風,登(deng)靈臺,考休(xiu)徵。俯仰乎(hu)(hu)(hu)乾坤,參象乎(hu)(hu)(hu)圣(sheng)躬,目中(zhong)夏(xia)而(er)(er)(er)布德,瞰四裔而(er)(er)(er)抗(kang)棱(leng)。西(xi)蕩(dang)河源,東(dong)澹海(hai)漘,北(bei)動幽崖,南趯朱垠。殊方別區(qu),界絕而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)鄰。自(zi)孝武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)征,孝宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)未(wei)臣(chen),莫不(bu)陸詟(zhe)水栗,奔走(zou)而(er)(er)(er)來(lai)賓。遂(sui)綏哀牢(lao),開永(yong)(yong)昌,春王三(san)(san)朝,會同漢(han)京(jing)。是(shi)(shi)日(ri)也,天子受四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)籍,膺萬(wan)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貢(gong)珍(zhen),內撫(fu)諸(zhu)夏(xia),外綏百(bai)蠻(man)。爾乃(nai)(nai)盛禮(li)(li)興樂(le),供(gong)帳置乎(hu)(hu)(hu)云(yun)龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)(ting),陳(chen)百(bai)寮而(er)(er)(er)贊群(qun)后,究皇儀而(er)(er)(er)展帝(di)容。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)庭(ting)(ting)實(shi)千品,旨酒(jiu)萬(wan)鐘,列金罍(lei),班玉觴,嘉(jia)珍(zhen)御,太(tai)牢(lao)饗。爾乃(nai)(nai)食舉《雍》徹,太(tai)師奏(zou)樂(le),陳(chen)金石,布絲竹(zhu),鐘鼓鏗鍧,管弦燁煜。抗(kang)五聲,極(ji)六(liu)律,歌九功,舞八佾,《韶》《武(wu)》備,泰古華(hua)。四夷間奏(zou),德廣所(suo)(suo)及(ji),僸佅兜離(li),罔不(bu)具(ju)集。萬(wan)樂(le)備,百(bai)禮(li)(li)暨(ji),皇歡浹,群(qun)臣(chen)醉,降煙煴,調元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi),然(ran)后撞鐘告罷,百(bai)寮遂(sui)退。
“是(shi)圣上(shang)親萬方之歡娛(yu),又沐浴(yu)于膏(gao)澤,懼其侈心(xin)之將萌,而(er)(er)怠于東作也,乃申舊間,下明詔,命有司(si),班憲度(du),昭節儉,示太(tai)素(su)。去后宮之麗飾,損乘輿之服(fu)御,抑(yi)工商之淫業,興農(nong)桑之盛務(wu)。遂令海內(nei)棄末而(er)(er)反本,背偽而(er)(er)歸真,女修織,男務(wu)耕耘,器用陶匏(pao),服(fu)尚素(su)玄,恥(chi)纖靡而(er)(er)不服(fu),賤(jian)奇麗而(er)(er)弗珍,捐(juan)金(jin)于山,沈珠于淵。于是(shi)百(bai)姓滌瑕蕩(dang)穢,而(er)(er)鏡(jing)至清,形神寂(ji)漠,耳(er)目弗營,嗜欲之源滅,廉(lian)恥(chi)之心(xin)生(sheng),莫不優游(you)而(er)(er)自(zi)得,玉(yu)潤而(er)(er)金(jin)聲。是(shi)以四海之內(nei),學校如林,庠序盈門(men),獻(xian)酬交(jiao)錯(cuo),俎豆莘莘,下舞上(shang)歌,蹈德(de)(de)詠(yong)仁。登降飪宴之禮既畢(bi),因相與嗟嘆玄德(de)(de),讜言弘說(shuo),咸含(han)和而(er)(er)吐氣(qi),頌曰:盛哉乎斯世!
“今論者但(dan)知(zhi)(zhi)誦虞、夏之(zhi)《書(shu)》,詠殷(yin)、周之(zhi)《詩》,講羲、文之(zhi)《易》,論孔氏之(zhi)《春秋(qiu)》,罕能精古今之(zhi)清濁,究(jiu)漢德(de)之(zhi)所由。唯子(zi)頗識(shi)舊典,又徒馳騁(cheng)乎末流。溫(wen)故知(zhi)(zhi)新已(yi)難,而(er)知(zhi)(zhi)德(de)者鮮矣。且(qie)夫僻界西戎,險阻四塞,修其防御,孰(shu)與(yu)處乎土中,平夷(yi)洞達,萬(wan)方(fang)輻湊?秦嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之(zhi)川,曷若(ruo)四瀆、五岳,帶河溯洛,圖書(shu)之(zhi)淵?建章、甘(gan)泉(quan),館御列仙(xian),孰(shu)與(yu)靈(ling)臺(tai)、明(ming)堂(tang),統和天人?太液、昆明(ming),鳥獸之(zhi)囿,曷若(ruo)辟雍海流,道德(de)之(zhi)富?游俠逾侈,犯義侵禮,孰(shu)與(yu)同履(lv)法度(du),翼翼濟濟也?子(zi)徒習秦阿房之(zhi)造天,而(er)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)京洛之(zhi)有制也。識(shi)函谷之(zhi)可關(guan),而(er)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)王者之(zhi)無外也。”
主(zhu)人(ren)之(zhi)辭未(wei)終(zhong),西(xi)都(dou)賓矍然失容,逡巡降(jiang)階(jie),揲然意下,捧(peng)手欲辭。”主(zhu)人(ren)曰:“復(fu)位,今將授予以五篇之(zhi)詩(shi)。”賓既卒業(ye),乃稱曰:“美哉乎斯詩(shi)!義正乎揚雄,事(shi)實乎相如,匪唯(wei)主(zhu)人(ren)之(zhi)好學,蓋乃遭遇乎斯時也。小(xiao)子狂簡(jian),不(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)裁,既聞正道(dao),請終(zhong)身而(er)誦之(zhi)。”
其詩曰:
于昭明(ming)堂,明(ming)堂孔陽。圣皇宗祀,穆穆煌煌。上帝宴饗(xiang),五(wu)位時序。誰其配之?世(shi)祖、光武。普天(tian)率士,各(ge)以其職(zhi)。猗歟緝熙,允懷多福(fu)。(明(ming)堂詩)
乃(nai)流辟雍(yong),辟雍(yong)湯湯。圣王(wang)蒞止,造舟為梁(liang)。皤皤國老,乃(nai)父乃(nai)兄。抑抑威儀,孝(xiao)友光明。于赫(he)太上(shang),示(shi)我漢(han)行。洪(hong)化惟神(shen),永觀厥成。(辟雍(yong)詩(shi))
乃(nai)經靈(ling)臺,靈(ling)臺既崇。帝勤(qin)時(shi)登,爰(yuan)考休徵(zhi)。三光宣精,五行布序。習習祥風,祁祁甘雨。百谷蓁(zhen)蓁(zhen),庶草蕃廡。屢惟豐年,于(yu)皇樂胥。(靈(ling)臺詩)
岳(yue)修貢兮川效珍,吐(tu)金景兮歊浮云。寶(bao)鼎(ding)見(jian)兮色紛缊(yun),煥其炳兮被(bei)龍文(wen)。登祖(zu)廟兮享圣神,昭靈(ling)德兮彌億年。(寶(bao)鼎(ding)詩)
啟(qi)靈篇(pian)兮(xi)(xi)披瑞圖,獲白(bai)雉兮(xi)(xi)效素(su)烏,嘉祥阜兮(xi)(xi)集皇都。發皓(hao)羽兮(xi)(xi)奮翹英,容絜朗兮(xi)(xi)于(yu)純精。彰皇德(de)兮(xi)(xi)侔周成(cheng),永延長(chang)兮(xi)(xi)膺(ying)天慶。(白(bai)雉詩)
班固(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)32年(nian)(nian)(nian)—公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)),字孟堅(jian),扶風安陵(今陜西咸陽(yang)東北)人,班彪(biao)長子。九歲能文。建武(wu)二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)47年(nian)(nian)(nian))前后入洛(luo)陽(yang)太(tai)學(xue),博覽群書,窮究九流百家(jia)之言。建武(wu)三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)54年(nian)(nian)(nian)),其父(fu)班彪(biao)卒,自太(tai)學(xue)返回(hui)鄉里。為父(fu)守喪(sang)時(shi)期,在(zai)班彪(biao)續(xu)補《史(shi)(shi)記》之作《史(shi)(shi)記后傳》的(de)基礎上開始編(bian)寫(xie)《漢(han)書》,至建初年(nian)(nian)(nian)間基本完成。漢(han)明帝時(shi),曾任蘭臺(tai)令史(shi)(shi),與陳宗、尹敏、孟異共同撰(zhuan)成《世祖本紀(ji)》,升(sheng)遷為郎,負責(ze)校定秘書。章帝時(shi),以史(shi)(shi)官兼任記錄,奉命(ming)把討論結(jie)果整理成《白(bai)虎通(tong)(tong)義》,又稱《白(bai)虎通(tong)(tong)德論》。永(yong)元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)89年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大將軍竇憲奉旨遠(yuan)征匈奴,他參(can)與謀(mou)議,竇憲在(zai)政爭中(zhong)(zhong)失(shi)敗自殺,洛(luo)陽(yang)令借(jie)機捕他入獄(yu),后于永(yong)元(yuan)(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian))死于獄(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)。他擅(shan)長作賦,撰(zhuan)有《兩都賦》、《幽通(tong)(tong)賦》等。
《兩都(dou)賦》在(zai)結(jie)體與手法上學習了司馬(ma)相(xiang)(xiang)如《子(zi)(zi)虛(xu)(xu)賦》《上林賦》的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)方式,分《西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)》、《東(dong)都(dou)》;《子(zi)(zi)虛(xu)(xu)賦》虛(xu)(xu)擬亡是公針對楚之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)虛(xu)(xu)、齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)烏有先生互相(xiang)(xiang)炫耀,而(er)明(ming)天子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)義(yi) ,《兩都(dou)賦》由虛(xu)(xu)擬東(dong)都(dou)主人針對西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)賓贊(zan)揚長安, 望朝廷西(xi)(xi)(xi)顧 ,而(er)盛稱洛邑制(zhi)度(du),以(yi)折(zhe)西(xi)(xi)(xi)賓淫(yin)(yin)侈(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)論。上篇(pian)只(zhi)寫(xie)西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou),下(xia)篇(pian)只(zhi)寫(xie)東(dong)都(dou),內容(rong)劃分清楚,結(jie)構(gou)較為合理。從(cong)主導思想上說,他不(bu)(bu)在(zai)規(gui)模和繁華(hua)的(de)(de)(de)程度(du)上貶(bian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)而(er)褒東(dong)都(dou),而(er)從(cong)禮(li)法的(de)(de)(de)角度(du),從(cong)制(zhi)度(du)上衡量此前(qian)贊(zan)美西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)者(zhe)(zhe)所述西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)的(de)(de)(de)壯麗(li)繁華(hua)實為奢淫(yin)(yin)過度(du),無(wu)益于天下(xia)。《西(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)賦》寫(xie)長安都(dou)城的(de)(de)(de)壯麗(li)宏大,宮(gong)殿之(zhi)(zhi)奇偉華(hua)美,后(hou)宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)奢侈(chi)淫(yin)(yin)靡,也(ye)(ye)極盡(jin)鋪排(pai)之(zhi)(zhi)能事,使作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)著實表(biao)現(xian)出了寫(xie)騁辭大賦的(de)(de)(de)才能。但(dan)結(jie)果卻不(bu)(bu)是寫(xie)得越(yue)奢華(hua)便越(yue)體現(xian)著作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)對它的(de)(de)(de)贊(zan)揚,而(er)是折(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)法度(du),衡之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)王制(zhi)。《東(dong)都(dou)賦》寫(xie)洛陽,雖(sui)也(ye)(ye)寫(xie)宮(gong)室、田獵的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong),但(dan)比(bi)較概括,而(er)從(cong)禮(li)法制(zhi)度(du)出發,宣揚“宮(gong)室光明(ming),闕庭神麗(li),奢不(bu)(bu)可逾,儉不(bu)(bu)能侈(chi)”,“順時節(jie)而(er)蒐狩,簡車徒以(yi)講武,則必臨(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王制(zhi)》,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風》《雅》”。
杜(du)篤(du)的(de)《論都(dou)賦》建(jian)議(yi)遷都(dou)長(chang)安(an),寫得(de)很(hen)策略;班固維護建(jian)都(dou)洛陽,在處理對前(qian)漢西都(dou)評價上,也極為(wei)謹(jin)慎小(xiao)心。《東(dong)都(dou)賦》開頭云:“東(dong)都(dou)主人(ren)喟然而嘆曰:‘痛乎(hu)風俗之移人(ren)也。子實秦人(ren),矜夸(kua)館(guan)室,保界河山,信識昭襄而知始皇矣,烏睹大漢之云為(wei)乎(hu)?’”
批評的(de)(de)矛頭對(dui)準的(de)(de)是秦皇而非(fei)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)帝(di)。下(xia)面接著一(yi)小段寫“大漢(han)(han)(han)(han)之開(kai)元”,十分概括。因為(wei)后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)以(yi)承前(qian)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)之皇統(tong)自(zi)居,對(dui)前(qian)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)不(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)加(jia)肯(ken)定;但從前(qian)、后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)比較來說,當(dang)時統(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)需(xu)要的(de)(de)是對(dui)后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)功(gong)業(ye)和東都(dou)洛陽(yang)的(de)(de)贊揚、歌頌,故對(dui)前(qian)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)功(gong)業(ye)不(bu)(bu)能作太(tai)具體(ti)、詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)表述(shu)。下(xia)面說:“今將語(yu)子(zi)以(yi)建武(wu)之治(zhi),永平之事,監于太(tai)清,以(yi)變子(zi)之惑志”,開(kai)始對(dui)后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)王(wang)朝功(gong)業(ye)、禮制(zhi)的(de)(de)鋪敘。又(you)說:“遷都(dou)改邑,有(you)殷宗中興之則焉;即土之中,有(you)周成隆(long)平之制(zhi)焉。”又(you)從歷史方面來論證定都(dou)洛邑,前(qian)有(you)先例(li),且居天下(xia)之中,得地利之便。由賦中內容的(de)(de)安排(pai)和措詞的(de)(de)上下(xia)照應情況,可以(yi)看出當(dang)時最高統(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)心態和班固對(dui)此的(de)(de)把握。
《東都賦(fu)》以(yi)封建禮法(fa)為(wei)(wei)準則,贊(zan)揚了建武、永平的盛世,以(yi)“盛乎(hu)斯世”一語作為(wei)(wei)大段描(miao)述(shu)的結尾,對西(xi)都賓先(xian)予稱贊(zan),再予批評,行文搖曳多姿,善于(yu)達(da)意。下面又將西(xi)都同(tong)東都的形(xing)勢及風俗(su)直接(jie)加以(yi)比較:“且夫僻(pi)界西(xi)戎,險阻四塞,修其防御(yu),孰(shu)(shu)與(yu)處乎(hu)土中(zhong),平夷洞達(da),萬方輻湊?秦(qin)嶺、九嵕(zong),涇、渭之(zhi)川,曷(he)(he)若(ruo)四瀆、五岳,帶河溯洛,圖書之(zhi)淵?建章、甘泉,館御(yu)列仙,孰(shu)(shu)與(yu)靈臺、明堂,統和天人?太液、昆(kun)明,鳥(niao)獸之(zhi)囿,曷(he)(he)若(ruo)辟雍(yong)海流,道德之(zhi)富?游俠逾(yu)侈,犯義侵禮,孰(shu)(shu)與(yu)同(tong)履法(fa)度,翼翼濟濟也?”
態度鮮明(ming)地稱贊東(dong)都(dou)洛(luo)陽地利、形勢及(ji)禮俗之(zhi)(zhi)淳厚,建筑、設置之(zhi)(zhi)合于王道。“統(tong)和(he)天(tian)(tian)人”、“同履法度”,點出了(le)《東(dong)都(dou)賦(fu)》的主題;“圖(tu)書之(zhi)(zhi)淵”、“道德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)”,是《東(dong)都(dou)賦(fu)》著(zhu)力(li)鋪敘(xu)、宣(xuan)揚(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在。下面照(zhao)應(ying)本篇開頭(tou)部(bu)分:“子徒習(xi)秦阿房之(zhi)(zhi)造天(tian)(tian),而不知(zhi)(zhi)京洛(luo)之(zhi)(zhi)有制(zhi)也(ye);識函谷之(zhi)(zhi)可關,而不知(zhi)(zhi)王者之(zhi)(zhi)無外也(ye)”。完全以(yi)一(yi)個新的尺度來衡量秦(實際上是代指西漢(han))和(he)東(dong)漢(han)王朝政(zheng)教之(zhi)(zhi)得(de)失。接著(zhu)以(yi)西都(dou)賓的折服為(wei)賦(fu)正文部(bu)分的收束。這(zhe)同《上林賦(fu)》的結尾(wei)完全一(yi)樣。但(dan)整個說(shuo)來,班固的《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》開頭(tou)、結尾(wei)、過渡等(deng)章法更為(wei)嚴謹、自然,且富(fu)于情態,長于韻味。
班(ban)固《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》由于創(chuang)作的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在于表述一(yi)個政治問題上的(de)(de)個人見(jian)解,甚(shen)至(zhi)是為了參與(yu)一(yi)場爭(zheng)論,故它(ta)不似《子虛(xu)》《上林》的(de)(de)有(you)(you)很多(duo)虛(xu)夸的(de)(de)部(bu)分,以氣(qi)(qi)爭(zheng)勝,而更(geng)多(duo)實(shi)證。它(ta)主要(yao)不是抒發一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)情感,表現一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)精神,而是要(yao)表現一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)思想,體現一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)念。這也可以說是同(tong)時代(dai)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)關,是當時文風(feng)和社會風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)體現。另外,同(tong)該賦(fu)中強調(diao)禮制、強調(diao)崇儒思想相(xiang)一(yi)致,賦(fu)的(de)(de)語言典雅(ya)和麗(馬積高先生《賦(fu)史》即(ji)已指(zhi)出這一(yi)點),節奏步武從容(rong),和鑾相(xiang)鳴,可謂金聲(sheng)玉振,有(you)(you)廟堂朝儀的(de)(de)風(feng)度。
在結構上(shang),《兩都賦》對(dui)《子(zi)虛(xu)》《上(shang)林》也(ye)(ye)有(you)突破,上(shang)文(wen)已(yi)言及。下面(mian)(mian)再看看其結尾(wei)上(shang)的創意。作(zuo)為全賦的結束,《東(dong)都賦》末尾(wei)不(bu)是在西(xi)都賓“矍然(ran)失(shi)容,逡巡降階,惵然(ran)意下,捧(peng)手欲辭(ci)”之(zhi)后即結束,下面(mian)(mian)接上(shang)說:“主(zhu)人(ren)曰:復位(wei),今將授予以五篇之(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)。”大約是考慮到下面(mian)(mian)即錄附詩(shi)(shi),會使(shi)(shi)結尾(wei)割裂而(er)(er)失(shi)去風韻,故將詩(shi)(shi)附于(yu)篇末,而(er)(er)以西(xi)都賓的稱(cheng)贊為結尾(wei):賓既(ji)卒業(ye),乃(nai)稱(cheng)曰:“美哉乎斯(si)詩(shi)(shi)!義(yi)正乎揚(yang)(yang)雄,事實乎相如,匪唯主(zhu)人(ren)之(zhi)好學,蓋(gai)乃(nai)遭(zao)遇乎斯(si)時也(ye)(ye)。小子(zi)狂簡,不(bu)知所裁,既(ji)聞正遭(zao),請終身而(er)(er)誦之(zhi)。”顯得輕松而(er)(er)詼(hui)諧,多少帶有(you)一點寓言的味(wei)道,使(shi)(shi)這(zhe)篇騁辭(ci)大賦在莊嚴之(zhi)中(zhong),帶有(you)活潑(po)之(zhi)氣。其中(zhong)“義(yi)正乎揚(yang)(yang)雄,事實乎相如”,也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以看作(zuo)是班固自(zi)己對(dui)《兩都賦》特(te)色的概括(kuo)。
《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》所(suo)描(miao)述的(de)具體內(nei)容,已不(bu)再(zai)像司馬相(xiang)如那樣重在帝王宮(gong)苑、游獵(lie),而(er)(er)是借鑒揚雄(xiong)《蜀都(dou)賦(fu)》,創造性地(di)(di)發(fa)展為京都(dou)山(shan)河形(xing)勢、表里(li)布局和雄(xiong)偉(wei)氣(qi)象,雖然(ran)不(bu)能(neng)全免大賦(fu)夸張渲染失實之病,但由于采用了(le)不(bu)少實際的(de)歷(li)史(shi)地(di)(di)理資料,而(er)(er)不(bu)顯(xian)過分虛(xu)浮,有真切的(de)現實感(gan)。《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》同《子虛(xu)》《上(shang)林》的(de)僅寫田獵(lie)者相(xiang)比,內(nei)容要更(geng)為豐(feng)富、開闊,也更(geng)能(neng)集(ji)中地(di)(di)、多角度、多方面地(di)(di)展現一個(ge)時代政(zheng)治、經(jing)濟、文化的(de)發(fa)展狀況。《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》中無(wu)論是都(dou)城形(xing)勝、街市繁華,還(huan)是郊野氣(qi)象、農桑豐(feng)碩,都(dou)有具體而(er)(er)生(sheng)動的(de)藝術表現,做到(dao)了(le)文贍而(er)(er)事詳 ,引人遐想。另外,在語言的(de)運用上(shang),排偶之中,音調和諧,極少奇僻的(de)異(yi)體字,明暢順(shun)達,無(wu)漢(han)賦(fu)常見的(de)臃(yong)腫(zhong)澀滯之弊,又(you)確(que)實使讀之者娓(wei)娓(wei)而(er)(er)不(bu)厭。
《兩(liang)都賦(fu)》被蕭統(tong)《文(wen)選》列為第(di)(di)一篇,劉(liu)勰也(ye)稱(cheng)其“明絢以(yi)雅贍”。后世時有(you)(you)人對(dui)《兩(liang)都賦(fu)》加以(yi)摹擬,形(xing)成“京(jing)都賦(fu)”的(de)類(lei)(lei)型。《文(wen)選》分賦(fu)為十五(wu)類(lei)(lei),“京(jing)都賦(fu)”列在第(di)(di)一。《文(wen)苑(yuan)英華》《歷代賦(fu)匯》等也(ye)有(you)(you)“京(jing)都”或(huo)“都邑”一類(lei)(lei)。
盡管在(zai)班(ban)固(gu)之前已有(you)京都(dou)賦(fu)之作(zuo),但(dan)能使(shi)這類(lei)題材以及表(biao)現方(fang)式、結(jie)構(gou)方(fang)式結(jie)合(he)而形成大賦(fu)的(de)(de)一種門類(lei),乃有(you)賴于(yu)《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》取得的(de)(de)成就。歷(li)史上很多優秀的(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin),尤其(qi)具有(you)某方(fang)面劃時代(dai)意義的(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin),往往成為(wei)后(hou)來作(zuo)家學習(xi)、甚至摹擬(ni)的(de)(de)范本。班(ban)固(gu)之前的(de)(de)京都(dou)之作(zuo),揚雄的(de)(de)《蜀(shu)都(dou)賦(fu)》已有(you)殘(can)缺(que),崔骃、傅毅的(de)(de)《反都(dou)賦(fu)》只余殘(can)章剩句,傅毅《洛都(dou)賦(fu)》也有(you)殘(can)缺(que),便說(shuo)明了它們的(de)(de)歷(li)史地位(wei)。
盡管《兩都賦(fu)(fu)》在藝術(shu)上取得了相當的(de)(de)(de)成就,歷來為士大(da)夫所重(zhong)(zhong),但是總體來看,沒有(you)也(ye)不可能從根本(ben)上革除早已(yi)被揚雄針砭的(de)(de)(de)散體大(da)賦(fu)(fu)自身具有(you)的(de)(de)(de)通弊,從而扭轉(zhuan)其衰竭之(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)。就賦(fu)(fu)體文學(xue)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢(shi)而言(yan),當大(da)賦(fu)(fu)已(yi)經定型為以(yi)窮(qiong)泰極(ji)侈的(de)(de)(de)筆墨達頌圣之(zhi)(zhi)旨,即便有(you)諷諭,也(ye)不過“勸百(bai)諷一” ,而以(yi)騷體為代表的(de)(de)(de)抒發內心情懷之(zhi)(zhi)賦(fu)(fu),正(zheng)越來越成熟,在顯示出強(qiang)勁的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)生(sheng)命力之(zhi)(zhi)時,仍要恪守(shou)老路,企圖重(zhong)(zhong)新振興,畢(bi)竟是違反客觀(guan)規(gui)律,逆歷史(shi)潮流(liu)而動(dong),斷(duan)不會成功。