或(huo)曰:“賦者,古詩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流也(ye)。”昔(xi)成(cheng)、康沒而(er)頌(song)(song)聲寢,王澤竭而(er)詩不(bu)(bu)作。大(da)(da)漢(han)初(chu)定,日不(bu)(bu)暇給。至于(yu)(yu)武(wu)、宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi),乃(nai)崇禮官,考文章。內(nei)設金馬、石(shi)渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,外興樂府(fu)、協律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)興廢繼絕,潤色鴻業(ye)。是以(yi)(yi)眾(zhong)庶(shu)悅豫,福應(ying)尤盛(sheng),白(bai)麟、赤雁(yan)、芝房、寶鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌,薦于(yu)(yu)郊廟。神雀、五鳳(feng)、甘(gan)露、黃龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞,以(yi)(yi)為年紀。故(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)語侍從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen),若司馬相如、虞(yu)丘壽王、東(dong)方朔、枚皋、王褒、劉向(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬,朝夕論思(si),日月獻納。而(er)公(gong)卿大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)御史(shi)大(da)(da)夫(fu)倪寬、太(tai)常孔臧、大(da)(da)中大(da)(da)夫(fu)董仲舒、宗(zong)正(zheng)劉德、太(tai)子太(tai)傅蕭望(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,時(shi)時(shi)間作。或(huo)以(yi)(yi)抒下情(qing)而(er)通諷(feng)諭,或(huo)以(yi)(yi)宣(xuan)上德而(er)盡(jin)忠孝(xiao)(xiao),雍容揄(yu)揚,著(zhu)于(yu)(yu)后(hou)嗣,抑亦(yi)《雅》《頌(song)(song)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亞(ya)也(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)孝(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi),論而(er)錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蓋奏御者千(qian)有(you)余篇(pian),而(er)后(hou)大(da)(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文章,炳(bing)焉與三代同(tong)風。且夫(fu)道有(you)夷隆,學有(you)粗密,因時(shi)而(er)建德者,不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)遠近(jin)易則,故(gu)(gu)(gu)皋陶(tao)歌虞(yu),奚(xi)斯(si)頌(song)(song)魯,同(tong)見采(cai)于(yu)(yu)孔氏,列于(yu)(yu)《詩》《書》,其義一(yi)也(ye)。稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上古則如彼(bi),考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漢(han)室又如此。斯(si)事(shi)雖細,然先(xian)臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊式,國家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺美,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)闕也(ye)。臣(chen)(chen)竊(qie)見海內(nei)清平,朝廷(ting)無事(shi),京師修宮(gong)室,浚城(cheng)隍,起苑囿,以(yi)(yi)備制(zhi)度。西土(tu)耆老,咸懷怨思(si),冀上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眷顧,而(er)盛(sheng)稱長安舊制(zhi),有(you)陋雒(luo)邑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議(yi)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)臣(chen)(chen)作《兩都賦》,以(yi)(yi)極眾(zhong)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)眩曜,折以(yi)(yi)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法度,其詞曰:
西都賦
有西都賓問于(yu)東都主人(ren)曰:“蓋聞皇(huang)漢之(zhi)(zhi)初經營(ying)也,嘗有意乎都河、洛矣(yi)。輟(chuo)而(er)弗康,實用(yong)西遷,作(zuo)我上都。主人(ren)聞其故而(er)睹其制(zhi)乎?”主人(ren)曰:“未(wei)也。愿(yuan)賓攄(shu)懷舊(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)蓄念,發思(si)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)幽(you)情,博我以(yi)皇(huang)道,弘我以(yi)漢京。”賓曰:“唯(wei)唯(wei)。”
“漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)都(dou),在于(yu)(yu)(yu)雍州,實(shi)曰長安(an)。左據(ju)函谷、二(er)崤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻(zu),表(biao)以(yi)太華、終(zhong)(zhong)南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山。右界(jie)褒斜、隴首之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,帶以(yi)洪河(he)、涇(jing)、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川。眾流(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隈,汧涌(yong)其西(xi)。華實(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毛,則(ze)九(jiu)(jiu)州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上腴焉。防御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻(zu),則(ze)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隩(yu)區焉。是(shi)(shi)故橫(heng)被(bei)六(liu)合(he),三(san)成(cheng)帝(di)畿,周以(yi)龍(long)興,秦(qin)(qin)以(yi)虎(hu)視。及至(zhi)大漢受命而都(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也,仰寤東井之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,俯協(xie)《河(he)圖(tu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈。奉春建策,留侯(hou)(hou)演成(cheng)。天人(ren)合(he)應,以(yi)發皇(huang)明,乃眷西(xi)顧,實(shi)惟作京。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)睎秦(qin)(qin)嶺,睋(e)北阜,挾酆灞(ba),據(ju)龍(long)首。圖(tu)皇(huang)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)億載,度宏(hong)規而大起。肇自(zi)高而終(zhong)(zhong)平,世增飾以(yi)崇麗。歷十(shi)二(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延祚,故窮(qiong)奢而極侈。建金(jin)城(cheng)其萬(wan)雉,呀周池而成(cheng)淵。披三(san)條之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廣路(lu),立十(shi)二(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通門。內(nei)則(ze)街衢洞達,閭閻且千,九(jiu)(jiu)市開(kai)場(chang),貨別隧分。入不得顧,車不得旋,闐(tian)城(cheng)溢郭,旁流(liu)百廛。紅塵(chen)四(si)合(he),煙云相(xiang)連。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)既庶且富,娛樂無疆。都(dou)人(ren)士(shi)女,殊(shu)異乎(hu)五方。游(you)士(shi)擬于(yu)(yu)(yu)公侯(hou)(hou),列肆侈于(yu)(yu)(yu)姬姜。鄉曲(qu)豪舉,游(you)俠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄,節慕原、嘗,名亞春、陵(ling)。連交合(he)眾,騁騖(wu)乎(hu)其中。
“若(ruo)乃觀(guan)其四郊(jiao),浮游(you)近(jin)縣(xian),則(ze)南望杜、霸,北眺五(wu)陵。名都對郭,邑居相承。英俊(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域,紱(fu)冕所(suo)興。冠蓋如云,七相五(wu)公。與乎州郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豪杰,五(wu)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨(huo)殖(zhi),三(san)選七遷,充(chong)奉陵邑。蓋以(yi)強干弱枝,隆(long)上都而觀(guan)萬(wan)國也。封畿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,厥土(tu)千里(li)(li),逴躒諸夏,兼(jian)其所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)。其陽則(ze)崇山隱天(tian),幽林穹谷(gu),陸海珍藏(zang),藍(lan)田美(mei)玉。商(shang)、洛(luo)緣其隈,鄠(hu)、杜濱其足,源(yuan)泉灌注,陂(po)池(chi)交屬。竹林果園(yuan),芳草甘(gan)木,郊(jiao)野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,號為近(jin)蜀。其陰則(ze)冠以(yi)九嵕,陪以(yi)甘(gan)泉,乃有(you)(you)(you)(you)靈宮起乎其中。秦漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)極觀(guan),淵云之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)頌(song)嘆(tan),于是乎存焉。下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鄭、白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沃,衣(yi)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan)。提封五(wu)萬(wan),疆埸綺分,溝塍(cheng)刻縷,原隰龍鱗,決渠降雨,荷插成云。五(wu)谷(gu)垂(chui)穎,桑麻(ma)鋪棻。東郊(jiao)則(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)通溝大(da)漕,潰渭洞(dong)河,泛舟山東,控引(yin)淮湖,與海通波。西郊(jiao)則(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)上囿禁(jin)苑,林麓(lu)藪澤(ze),陂(po)池(chi)連乎蜀漢,繚以(yi)周(zhou)墻,四百(bai)余(yu)里(li)(li)。離宮別館,三(san)十六所(suo)。神池(chi)靈沼,往往而在(zai)。其中乃有(you)(you)(you)(you)九真(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麟,大(da)宛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬,黃支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犀,條支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳥。逾昆侖,越巨海,殊方(fang)異(yi)類,至于三(san)萬(wan)里(li)(li)。
“其宮室也,體象乎(hu)天地,經緯乎(hu)陰陽。據坤靈之(zhi)正位(wei),放太紫之(zhi)圓方(fang)。樹中(zhong)之(zhi)華闕,豐冠山之(zhi)朱堂(tang)(tang)。因瑰材而究奇(qi),抗應龍之(zhi)虹梁。列(lie)棼橑(lao)以(yi)(yi)布翼(yi),荷棟桴而高驤。雕玉瑱(tian)以(yi)(yi)居(ju)楹,裁金(jin)壁以(yi)(yi)飾珰。發(fa)五色之(zhi)渥彩(cai),光焰(yan)朗以(yi)(yi)景(jing)彰。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是左墄右(you)平(ping),重軒(xuan)三階(jie)。閨房(fang)周(zhou)通,門闥洞開。列(lie)鐘虡(ju)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)庭(ting),立(li)金(jin)人(ren)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)端闈。仍增崖而衡閾,臨峻路而啟扉。徇以(yi)(yi)離(li)殿別寢(qin),承以(yi)(yi)崇(chong)臺閑館,煥若(ruo)列(lie)宿(su),紫宮是環。清(qing)涼、宣(xuan)溫、神仙、長年、金(jin)華、玉堂(tang)(tang)、白(bai)虎(hu)(hu)、麒(qi)麟,區宇若(ruo)茲(zi),不(bu)可殫論。增盤崔(cui)嵬,登降炤爛(lan),殊形詭制,每各異(yi)觀(guan)。乘茵步(bu)輦,惟所息宴。后宮則有(you)(you)掖庭(ting)、椒(jiao)房(fang),后妃之(zhi)室。合歡、增城、安(an)處(chu)、常寧、茝(chai)若(ruo)、椒(jiao)風(feng)、披香(xiang)、發(fa)越、蘭林、蕙(hui)草、鴛鸞、飛翔之(zhi)列(lie),昭陽特盛,隆乎(hu)孝成(cheng)。屋不(bu)呈(cheng)材,墻不(bu)露形。裛以(yi)(yi)藻繡(xiu),絡以(yi)(yi)綸(lun)連。隨(sui)侯(hou)明月(yue),錯落其間。金(jin)釭銜(xian)璧,是為列(lie)錢。翡翠火(huo)齊(qi),流耀含英。懸黎垂棘,夜光在焉。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是玄墀筘砌,玉階(jie)彤(tong)庭(ting),碝磩彩(cai)致,琳珉青熒(ying),珊瑚碧樹,周(zhou)阿而生。紅羅颯纚,綺(qi)組繽紛。精曜華燭,俯仰如神。后宮之(zhi)號(hao),十有(you)(you)四位(wei)。窈(yao)窕繁華,更盛迭貴。處(chu)乎(hu)斯列(lie)者,蓋以(yi)(yi)百數。左右(you)庭(ting)中(zhong),朝堂(tang)(tang)百寮之(zhi)位(wei),蕭、曹、魏、邴,謀謨乎(hu)其上(shang)。佐命則垂統,輔翼(yi)則成(cheng)化。流大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)愷悌,蕩亡秦之(zhi)毒螫(shi)。故令斯人(ren)揚樂(le)和之(zhi)聲,作(zuo)(zuo)畫(hua)一之(zhi)歌。功德著于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祖(zu)宗,膏澤洽于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)黎庶(shu)。又有(you)(you)天祿、石渠(qu),典籍之(zhi)府(fu)。命夫諄誨故老,名(ming)儒師傅(fu),講(jiang)論乎(hu)六藝,稽合乎(hu)同異(yi)。又有(you)(you)承明、金(jin)馬、著作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)庭(ting)。大(da)雅宏達,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)茲(zi)為群(qun)。元(yuan)元(yuan)本本,周(zhou)見洽聞。啟發(fa)篇章,校理秘文。周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)鉤陳之(zhi)位(wei),衛以(yi)(yi)嚴更之(zhi)署,總禮官之(zhi)甲科,群(qun)百郡之(zhi)廉孝。虎(hu)(hu)賁贅衣,閹尹閽寺。陛戟百重,各有(you)(you)典司。
“周廬千列,徼道綺錯。輦路經營,修除飛(fei)(fei)閣。自未(wei)央而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)連桂宮,北彌明(ming)光而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)亙長樂。凌隥(deng)道而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)超(chao)西墉,掍建章而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)連外屬。設(she)璧門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)鳳闕,上(shang)觚棱而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)棲金爵(jue)。內(nei)則(ze)別風之(zhi)(zhi)嶕(jiao)峣,眇(miao)麗(li)巧而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)聳(song)擢,張千門(men)(men)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立萬戶,順陰陽以(yi)(yi)開闔。爾乃正(zheng)殿崔(cui)嵬(wei),層構(gou)厥高,臨乎未(wei)央。經駘蕩而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出馺娑,洞枍詣以(yi)(yi)與天梁。上(shang)反宇以(yi)(yi)蓋(gai)戴,激(ji)日景而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納光。神(shen)明(ming)郁其特(te)起,遂(sui)偃蹇而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上(shang)躋(ji)。軼(yi)云(yun)雨于(yu)太(tai)半,虹霓回(hui)帶于(yu)棼(fen)楣。雖輕迅與僄(piao)狡,猶愕(e)眙而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不能階。攀(pan)井干而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)未(wei)半,目(mu)(mu)眴(xuan)轉(zhuan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)意迷,舍欞檻而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)卻倚,若顛墜(zhui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)復稽(ji),魂怳怳以(yi)(yi)失(shi)度,巡回(hui)途而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)下低,既懲懼于(yu)登望,降周流以(yi)(yi)彷徨。步甬道以(yi)(yi)縈紆,又(you)杳窱而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不見陽。排飛(fei)(fei)闥而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上(shang)出,若游目(mu)(mu)于(yu)天表,似無依而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)洋洋。前唐中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后太(tai)液,攬滄(cang)海之(zhi)(zhi)湯湯。揚波濤于(yu)碣(jie)石(shi),激(ji)神(shen)岳之(zhi)(zhi)嶈嶈。濫(lan)瀛洲(zhou)與方壺,蓬萊起乎中(zhong)(zhong)央。于(yu)是靈草冬榮,神(shen)木叢生。巖(yan)峻崷(qiu)崪,金石(shi)崢嶸。抗仙掌以(yi)(yi)承露,擢雙立之(zhi)(zhi)金莖(jing),軼(yi)埃(ai)壒之(zhi)(zhi)混濁,鮮顥氣之(zhi)(zhi)清英(ying)。騁(cheng)文成之(zhi)(zhi)丕誕,馳五利之(zhi)(zhi)所刑。庶松喬之(zhi)(zhi)群類,時游從乎斯(si)庭。實列仙之(zhi)(zhi)攸館,非吾人之(zhi)(zhi)所寧。
“爾(er)乃(nai)盛娛游(you)之(zhi)壯(zhuang)觀(guan),奮泰武(wu)乎(hu)上囿。因茲以威(wei)戎夸狄,耀威(wei)靈而講武(wu)事。命荊州使(shi)起鳥、詔梁野(ye)而驅獸(shou)。毛(mao)(mao)群內闐,飛(fei)羽上覆(fu),接(jie)翼側足,集禁林(lin)而屯聚。水衡虞(yu)人,修其營表。種別(bie)群分,部曲(qu)有(you)署。罘網連(lian)纮,籠山絡(luo)野(ye)。列卒周匝,星羅云(yun)布。于是乘鑾輿(yu),備法(fa)駕,帥群臣(chen),披飛(fei)廉,入苑門。遂繞酆鄗,歷上蘭。六師發逐,百獸(shou)駭殫,震震爚爚,雷奔電激(ji),草木(mu)涂地,山淵反覆(fu)。蹂(rou)躪(lin)其十二三,乃(nai)拗怒而少息。爾(er)乃(nai)期門佽飛(fei),列刃鉆鍭(hou),要趹追蹤。鳥驚觸絲,獸(shou)駭值鋒。機不(bu)虛掎,弦不(bu)再(zai)控。矢不(bu)單(dan)殺,中必疊雙(shuang)。颮颮紛紛,矰繳(jiao)相纏。風毛(mao)(mao)雨血,灑野(ye)蔽天。平原赤,勇士厲。猿狖失木(mu),豺狼懾竄。爾(er)乃(nai)移師趨(qu)險,并蹈潛穢。窮虎奔突,狂兕觸蹶(jue)。許少施巧,秦成力折。掎僄狡(jiao),扼猛噬。脫(tuo)角挫(cuo)脰,徒搏(bo)獨殺。挾(xie)師豹,拖(tuo)熊螭(chi)。曳(ye)犀犛(li),頓象(xiang)羆。超洞壑(he),越峻(jun)崖(ya)。蹶(jue)巉(chan)巖,巨石頹。松柏(bo)仆,叢林(lin)摧。草木(mu)無余,禽(qin)獸(shou)殄(tian)夷。
“于是(shi)(shi)天(tian)子乃登屬(shu)玉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)館(guan),歷長揚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榭(xie)。覽(lan)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)勢(shi),觀三軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺獲。原野蕭條(tiao),目極(ji)四裔。禽相(xiang)鎮壓(ya),獸(shou)相(xiang)枕藉。然后收禽會眾,論(lun)功(gong)賜(si)胙。陳輕(qing)騎以行炰,騰酒車以斟酌。割鮮野食,舉(ju)烽命釂。饗賜(si)畢,勞逸(yi)齊,大輅(lu)鳴(ming)鑾,容與徘徊(huai)。集乎(hu)豫章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宇(yu),臨乎(hu)昆明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池。左牽(qian)牛而右織女,似云漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)涯。茂樹蔭蔚,芳草(cao)被(bei)堤。蘭茝發色(se),曄曄猗猗。若摛(chi)錦布繡,燭(zhu)燿乎(hu)其陂(po)。鳥則玄鶴白鷺,黃鵠(hu)鵁鸛,鸧(cang)鴰鴇(bao)鶂,鳧鷖(yi)鴻雁。朝(chao)發河(he)海(hai),夕宿江漢(han)。沉浮(fu)(fu)往來,云集霧散。于是(shi)(shi)后宮乘(cheng)輚輅(lu),登龍舟。張鳳蓋(gai),建華(hua)旗。祛黼帷,鏡清(qing)流。靡微風,澹淡浮(fu)(fu)。棹女謳,鼓(gu)吹(chui)震,聲激越,謍厲天(tian),鳥群(qun)翔,直窺淵。招白鷴,下雙鵠(hu)。揄文竿,出比目。撫(fu)鴻罿(tong),御矰繳,方(fang)舟并騖,俯(fu)仰極(ji)樂。遂(sui)乃風舉(ju)云搖,浮(fu)(fu)游(you)溥覽(lan)。前乘(cheng)秦(qin)嶺,后越九(jiu)嵕,東(dong)薄河(he)華(hua),西(xi)涉岐雍。宮館(guan)所(suo)歷,百有余(yu)區。行所(suo)朝(chao)夕,儲不改供。禮上(shang)下而接(jie)山川,究休佑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)用(yong)。采游(you)童之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歡謠(yao),第(di)從臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉(jia)頌。于斯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,都都相(xiang)望(wang),邑邑相(xiang)屬(shu)。國籍十世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基,家承百年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye),士(shi)食舊德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)氏,農服先疇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畎畝,商循族世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)鬻,工用(yong)高(gao)曾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)矩。粲乎(hu)隱隱,各得其所(suo)。
“若臣者徒觀跡(ji)于(yu)舊墟,聞之(zhi)乎(hu)故(gu)老,十分(fen)而未得其一(yi)端,故(gu)不能(neng)遍(bian)舉也(ye)。”
東都賦
東都主人(ren)(ren)喟然而嘆(tan)曰:“痛(tong)乎(hu)(hu)風俗之移人(ren)(ren)也。子(zi)實(shi)秦(qin)人(ren)(ren),矜夸館室,保界河山,信識(shi)昭、襄而知(zhi)始(shi)皇矣(yi),烏(wu)睹大漢之云(yun)為乎(hu)(hu)?夫(fu)大漢之開(kai)元也,奮布(bu)衣以(yi)(yi)登皇位,由數期而創(chuang)萬(wan)代,蓋六籍所不(bu)(bu)能談,前圣靡得言焉當(dang)此之時,功有橫而當(dang)天,討有逆而順民。故(gu)婁敬(jing)度勢而獻(xian)其說,蕭公權(quan)宜而拓(tuo)其制。時豈泰而安之哉,計不(bu)(bu)得以(yi)(yi)已也。吾子(zi)曾(ceng)不(bu)(bu)是睹,顧曜后嗣之末造,不(bu)(bu)亦暗乎(hu)(hu)?今將語(yu)子(zi)以(yi)(yi)建武之治,永平之事,監(jian)于太清,以(yi)(yi)變子(zi)之惑(huo)志。
“往者王(wang)莽作逆,漢祚中(zhong)缺,天(tian)人(ren)致誅,六合相滅。于時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂,生人(ren)幾亡,鬼神(shen)泯(min)絕,壑無完柩(jiu),郛罔遺(yi)室。原野厭(yan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉(rou),川谷流人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血,秦、項(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災,猶不克半,書契以(yi)(yi)來,未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或紀。故下人(ren)號而(er)(er)(er)上訴,上帝懷而(er)(er)(er)降監,乃致命乎(hu)圣(sheng)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)。于是(shi)圣(sheng)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)乃握(wo)乾符,闡(chan)坤珍,披(pi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)圖,稽帝文(wen),赫然(ran)發憤,應(ying)若興云,霆擊昆陽,憑怒雷震(zhen)。遂超大河,跨北(bei)岳,立號高(gao)邑,建(jian)(jian)都河、洛。紹(shao)百(bai)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒(huang)屯(tun),因造化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕩滌,體(ti)元(yuan)立制,繼天(tian)而(er)(er)(er)作。系唐統,接漢緒,茂育群生,恢復疆宇,勛兼乎(hu)在昔,事(shi)勤乎(hu)三五。豈特方軌并(bing)跡,紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)后辟,治近古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)務,蹈(dao)一圣(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險易云爾哉。且夫(fu)建(jian)(jian)武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan),天(tian)地革命,四海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,更(geng)造夫(fu)婦,肇有(you)父子,君臣初建(jian)(jian),人(ren)倫實始(shi),斯(si)(si)乃伏(fu)犧(xi)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)基皇(huang)(huang)(huang)德也(ye)(ye)。分州土(tu),立市朝,作盤(pan)輿,造器械,斯(si)(si)乃軒轅氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)開(kai)帝功(gong)也(ye)(ye)。龔行(xing)天(tian)罰,應(ying)天(tian)順人(ren),斯(si)(si)乃湯、武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)昭王(wang)業也(ye)(ye)。遷都改邑,有(you)殷宗(zong)中(zhong)興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)焉。即土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),有(you)周(zhou)成隆平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉。不階尺土(tu)一人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄,同(tong)符乎(hu)高(gao)祖(zu)。克己復禮,以(yi)(yi)奉(feng)終始(shi),允(yun)恭(gong)乎(hu)孝文(wen)。憲章稽古,封岱(dai)勒成,儀炳乎(hu)世宗(zong)。案《六經》而(er)(er)(er)校德,眇古昔而(er)(er)(er)論功(gong),仁(ren)圣(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)既該,而(er)(er)(er)帝王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道備(bei)矣。
“至于永(yong)平之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),重熙而(er)(er)累(lei)洽(qia),盛三(san)(san)雍之(zhi)(zhi)上儀,修(xiu)袞龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)法服,鋪鴻藻,信景鑠(shuo),揚(yang)(yang)世廟,正雅(ya)樂(le)(le)。人神之(zhi)(zhi)和(he)允洽(qia),群臣之(zhi)(zhi)序既肅。乃(nai)動(dong)大(da)輅,遵皇(huang)衢,省方(fang)(fang)巡狩,窮覽萬國之(zhi)(zhi)有無,考(kao)聲教之(zhi)(zhi)所被,散皇(huang)明(ming)(ming)以燭幽(you)。然后(hou)增周(zhou)舊,修(xiu)洛邑,扇巍巍,顯(xian)翼(yi)翼(yi)。光漢(han)京于諸夏,總八(ba)方(fang)(fang)而(er)(er)為之(zhi)(zhi)極(ji)。是以皇(huang)城之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),宮室光明(ming)(ming),闕(que)庭(ting)神麗,奢不(bu)(bu)可逾,儉(jian)不(bu)(bu)能侈(chi)。外則(ze)因原野(ye)(ye)以作苑,填流(liu)泉而(er)(er)為沼,發(fa)蘋藻以潛魚,豐圃草(cao)以毓獸(shou),制同(tong)乎(hu)梁鄒(zou),誼合乎(hu)靈囿。若乃(nai)順(shun)時(shi)節而(er)(er)蒐狩,簡車(che)徒(tu)以講武,則(ze)必臨(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)以《王(wang)制》,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)以《風(feng)(feng)》《雅(ya)》,歷《騶虞》,覽《駟鐵》,嘉《車(che)攻》,采《吉日》,禮官整儀,乘(cheng)輿乃(nai)出。于是發(fa)鯨魚,鏗華鐘(zhong),登(deng)(deng)玉輅,乘(cheng)時(shi)龍(long),鳳蓋棽(chen)麗,和(he)鑾玲瓏,天(tian)官景從,寢威(wei)盛容。山靈護(hu)野(ye)(ye),屬(shu)御(yu)方(fang)(fang)神,雨師泛灑(sa),風(feng)(feng)伯清塵(chen),千(qian)乘(cheng)雷(lei)起,萬騎紛紜,元戎竟野(ye)(ye),戈(ge)鋌彗云,羽(yu)旄掃(sao)霓,旌旗拂(fu)天(tian)。焱(yan)焱(yan)炎炎,揚(yang)(yang)光飛文,吐焰生風(feng)(feng),欱野(ye)(ye)噴山,日月(yue)為之(zhi)(zhi)奪明(ming)(ming),丘陵為之(zhi)(zhi)搖(yao)震。遂(sui)集乎(hu)中囿,陳(chen)師案屯,駢部曲,列校隊,勒三(san)(san)軍,誓將(jiang)帥。然后(hou)舉(ju)(ju)烽伐鼓,申令三(san)(san)驅(qu),輶車(che)霆激(ji),驍騎電騖,由基發(fa)射,范氏施御(yu),弦不(bu)(bu)睼(ti)是禽,轡不(bu)(bu)詭遇,飛者未(wei)(wei)及翔(xiang),走(zou)者未(wei)(wei)及去。指顧倏忽,獲車(che)已實,樂(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)極(ji)盤,殺不(bu)(bu)盡物,馬踠余足,士(shi)怒未(wei)(wei)渫(xie),先驅(qu)復路,屬(shu)車(che)案節。于是薦三(san)(san)犧,效五(wu)牲,禮神祇,懷百(bai)靈,覲明(ming)(ming)堂(tang),臨(lin)辟(pi)雍,揚(yang)(yang)緝熙,宣(xuan)皇(huang)風(feng)(feng),登(deng)(deng)靈臺,考(kao)休徵。俯仰乎(hu)乾坤,參象乎(hu)圣躬,目中夏而(er)(er)布(bu)德,瞰四裔而(er)(er)抗(kang)棱(leng)。西蕩河源,東澹海漘,北動(dong)幽(you)崖,南趯朱垠。殊方(fang)(fang)別區,界絕而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)鄰。自孝武之(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)征,孝宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)所未(wei)(wei)臣,莫不(bu)(bu)陸詟(zhe)水栗,奔走(zou)而(er)(er)來賓。遂(sui)綏哀牢(lao),開永(yong)昌,春王(wang)三(san)(san)朝(chao),會同(tong)漢(han)京。是日也(ye),天(tian)子(zi)受四海之(zhi)(zhi)圖籍(ji),膺萬國之(zhi)(zhi)貢(gong)珍(zhen)(zhen),內(nei)撫諸夏,外綏百(bai)蠻。爾乃(nai)盛禮興樂(le)(le),供帳置(zhi)乎(hu)云龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting),陳(chen)百(bai)寮而(er)(er)贊群后(hou),究皇(huang)儀而(er)(er)展帝容。于是庭(ting)實千(qian)品,旨(zhi)酒萬鐘(zhong),列金(jin)罍,班玉觴,嘉珍(zhen)(zhen)御(yu),太(tai)牢(lao)饗。爾乃(nai)食(shi)舉(ju)(ju)《雍》徹,太(tai)師奏(zou)樂(le)(le),陳(chen)金(jin)石,布(bu)絲(si)竹(zhu),鐘(zhong)鼓鏗鍧,管弦燁煜。抗(kang)五(wu)聲,極(ji)六律,歌九功,舞八(ba)佾,《韶(shao)》《武》備,泰古華。四夷間奏(zou),德廣(guang)所及,僸佅兜(dou)離,罔不(bu)(bu)具(ju)集。萬樂(le)(le)備,百(bai)禮暨,皇(huang)歡浹,群臣醉,降煙煴(yun),調元氣,然后(hou)撞鐘(zhong)告罷(ba),百(bai)寮遂(sui)退。
“是(shi)(shi)圣上親(qin)萬方之(zhi)歡娛,又沐(mu)浴于(yu)膏澤,懼其侈心之(zhi)將萌,而(er)(er)(er)怠于(yu)東作也,乃申舊間,下明詔,命有司,班憲度,昭(zhao)節儉,示太(tai)素(su)。去后(hou)宮之(zhi)麗飾(shi),損乘(cheng)輿之(zhi)服御(yu),抑(yi)工商之(zhi)淫業,興農桑之(zhi)盛務(wu)。遂令(ling)海(hai)內棄末(mo)而(er)(er)(er)反本,背(bei)偽而(er)(er)(er)歸(gui)真,女修織,男務(wu)耕(geng)耘(yun),器用陶匏(pao),服尚素(su)玄(xuan),恥纖(xian)靡(mi)而(er)(er)(er)不服,賤奇麗而(er)(er)(er)弗珍,捐金(jin)于(yu)山,沈珠于(yu)淵。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)百(bai)姓滌瑕蕩(dang)穢(hui),而(er)(er)(er)鏡(jing)至清,形神寂漠,耳目弗營,嗜欲(yu)之(zhi)源滅,廉恥之(zhi)心生,莫不優游而(er)(er)(er)自得(de),玉潤(run)而(er)(er)(er)金(jin)聲。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)四海(hai)之(zhi)內,學校如(ru)林,庠序盈門,獻(xian)酬交錯,俎豆莘莘,下舞上歌,蹈德(de)詠(yong)仁。登降飪宴之(zhi)禮既畢(bi),因(yin)相(xiang)與嗟嘆玄(xuan)德(de),讜言弘說,咸含和而(er)(er)(er)吐氣,頌曰:盛哉乎斯世!
“今論者但知(zhi)誦(song)虞(yu)、夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)《書(shu)》,詠殷(yin)、周之(zhi)(zhi)《詩(shi)》,講羲、文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)《易(yi)》,論孔氏之(zhi)(zhi)《春秋》,罕能精(jing)古今之(zhi)(zhi)清濁,究漢德之(zhi)(zhi)所由。唯(wei)子(zi)頗識舊(jiu)典,又徒(tu)馳騁乎末流。溫故知(zhi)新已難,而知(zhi)德者鮮(xian)矣。且夫僻界西(xi)戎,險阻四塞(sai),修其防御(yu),孰與(yu)處乎土中,平夷洞(dong)達,萬(wan)方輻(fu)湊(cou)?秦嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)川(chuan),曷若四瀆、五岳(yue),帶河溯洛(luo),圖書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)淵?建章、甘泉(quan),館御(yu)列仙,孰與(yu)靈臺(tai)、明(ming)堂(tang),統和天人?太液、昆明(ming),鳥獸(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)囿,曷若辟雍(yong)海流,道德之(zhi)(zhi)富?游俠逾侈,犯義侵禮,孰與(yu)同履法度,翼(yi)(yi)翼(yi)(yi)濟濟也?子(zi)徒(tu)習秦阿(a)房之(zhi)(zhi)造天,而不知(zhi)京(jing)洛(luo)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)制也。識函谷之(zhi)(zhi)可關,而不知(zhi)王者之(zhi)(zhi)無外也。”
主(zhu)人之(zhi)(zhi)辭(ci)未終,西(xi)都賓(bin)矍然失容,逡巡降階,揲然意(yi)下(xia),捧手欲辭(ci)。”主(zhu)人曰(yue):“復位,今將授予以五篇(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)詩。”賓(bin)既卒業,乃稱曰(yue):“美哉乎斯(si)詩!義正乎揚雄,事實乎相如,匪唯主(zhu)人之(zhi)(zhi)好學,蓋乃遭遇乎斯(si)時也。小子狂(kuang)簡,不知(zhi)所裁(cai),既聞(wen)正道,請終身而誦(song)之(zhi)(zhi)。”
其詩曰:
于昭明(ming)(ming)堂(tang),明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)孔陽(yang)。圣皇宗祀,穆穆煌(huang)煌(huang)。上帝宴饗,五位時序。誰其配之?世祖、光武。普天率士,各(ge)以其職。猗(yi)歟緝熙(xi),允(yun)懷多福(fu)。(明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)詩)
乃(nai)流辟雍(yong),辟雍(yong)湯湯。圣王蒞止,造舟(zhou)為梁。皤皤國(guo)老,乃(nai)父乃(nai)兄。抑(yi)(yi)抑(yi)(yi)威儀,孝友(you)光(guang)明。于(yu)赫太(tai)上,示我漢行。洪化惟神,永觀厥成(cheng)。(辟雍(yong)詩)
乃經靈臺,靈臺既(ji)崇。帝勤時(shi)登,爰考(kao)休徵。三光宣精(jing),五行布序。習(xi)習(xi)祥風,祁祁甘雨。百(bai)谷蓁(zhen)蓁(zhen),庶草蕃廡(wu)。屢惟豐(feng)年(nian),于皇樂胥。(靈臺詩(shi))
岳(yue)修貢兮(xi)川(chuan)效珍,吐金(jin)景兮(xi)歊浮(fu)云。寶(bao)鼎見兮(xi)色紛(fen)缊,煥其炳(bing)兮(xi)被龍文。登祖廟兮(xi)享圣神(shen),昭(zhao)靈德兮(xi)彌億年(nian)。(寶(bao)鼎詩)
啟靈篇兮(xi)披瑞(rui)圖,獲(huo)白雉(zhi)兮(xi)效素烏,嘉祥阜(fu)兮(xi)集皇(huang)都。發皓羽兮(xi)奮翹(qiao)英(ying),容絜朗兮(xi)于(yu)純精(jing)。彰皇(huang)德兮(xi)侔周成,永延(yan)長兮(xi)膺天慶。(白雉(zhi)詩)
班(ban)固(gu)(公元(yuan)32年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—公元(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),字孟堅,扶風安(an)陵(今陜(shan)西咸陽東北)人,班(ban)彪長(chang)子。九(jiu)歲能文。建(jian)武二十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)47年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))前后入(ru)洛(luo)陽太(tai)學,博覽群書(shu),窮究九(jiu)流百家之言。建(jian)武三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)54年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),其父班(ban)彪卒,自(zi)太(tai)學返回鄉里。為父守喪(sang)時期,在班(ban)彪續補(bu)《史(shi)記》之作《史(shi)記后傳》的基礎上(shang)開始(shi)編寫《漢(han)書(shu)》,至(zhi)建(jian)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間基本完成。漢(han)明(ming)帝時,曾(ceng)任蘭臺(tai)令(ling)史(shi),與陳宗、尹敏、孟異(yi)共同撰成《世祖本紀》,升遷為郎,負責(ze)校(xiao)定秘(mi)書(shu)。章帝時,以(yi)史(shi)官兼(jian)任記錄,奉命把討論結果整(zheng)理(li)成《白(bai)虎通(tong)(tong)義(yi)》,又稱(cheng)《白(bai)虎通(tong)(tong)德論》。永元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)89年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),大將軍竇憲奉旨(zhi)遠征匈奴,他(ta)參與謀議,竇憲在政(zheng)爭中失敗自(zi)殺,洛(luo)陽令(ling)借機捕(bu)他(ta)入(ru)獄,后于永元(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))死(si)于獄中。他(ta)擅長(chang)作賦,撰有《兩(liang)都賦》、《幽通(tong)(tong)賦》等。
《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》在(zai)結(jie)體與手法(fa)(fa)上(shang)學習了(le)司馬相如《子(zi)虛(xu)賦(fu)》《上(shang)林賦(fu)》的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構方式,分(fen)《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)》、《東(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)》;《子(zi)虛(xu)賦(fu)》虛(xu)擬(ni)亡(wang)是(shi)公針對楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)虛(xu)、齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烏有先生互相炫耀,而(er)(er)明天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義 ,《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》由虛(xu)擬(ni)東(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)主(zhu)人(ren)針對西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)賓(bin)(bin)贊揚(yang)(yang)長安, 望(wang)朝廷西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)顧 ,而(er)(er)盛稱(cheng)洛邑制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du),以(yi)(yi)折西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)賓(bin)(bin)淫侈(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。上(shang)篇只寫(xie)(xie)(xie)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou),下篇只寫(xie)(xie)(xie)東(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou),內(nei)容(rong)劃分(fen)清楚,結(jie)構較為合理。從(cong)主(zhu)導思想(xiang)上(shang)說,他不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)規模(mo)和繁(fan)華(hua)的(de)(de)(de)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)上(shang)貶西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)而(er)(er)褒東(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou),而(er)(er)從(cong)禮法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)(du)(du),從(cong)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)上(shang)衡量此前贊美西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)者所述西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)壯麗(li)繁(fan)華(hua)實為奢淫過度(du)(du)(du)(du),無益(yi)于天(tian)下。《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》寫(xie)(xie)(xie)長安都(dou)(dou)城的(de)(de)(de)壯麗(li)宏大,宮(gong)殿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奇偉(wei)華(hua)美,后宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奢侈(chi)淫靡(mi),也極盡鋪排之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)事,使作者著實表現出(chu)了(le)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)騁辭大賦(fu)的(de)(de)(de)才(cai)能(neng)。但(dan)結(jie)果卻(que)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)得越奢華(hua)便越體現著作者對它的(de)(de)(de)贊揚(yang)(yang),而(er)(er)是(shi)折之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)(du)(du),衡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)王制(zhi)。《東(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》寫(xie)(xie)(xie)洛陽,雖也寫(xie)(xie)(xie)宮(gong)室、田(tian)獵的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong),但(dan)比較概(gai)括(kuo),而(er)(er)從(cong)禮法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)出(chu)發,宣揚(yang)(yang)“宮(gong)室光(guang)明,闕(que)庭神麗(li),奢不(bu)(bu)(bu)可逾(yu),儉不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)侈(chi)”,“順時節而(er)(er)蒐狩,簡(jian)車徒以(yi)(yi)講武(wu),則必(bi)臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)《王制(zhi)》,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)《風》《雅(ya)》”。
杜篤的《論(lun)都(dou)賦》建議(yi)遷都(dou)長安(an),寫得很(hen)策略;班固維(wei)護建都(dou)洛陽,在處理(li)對前(qian)漢(han)西都(dou)評價上(shang),也極(ji)為謹慎小心。《東(dong)都(dou)賦》開(kai)頭云:“東(dong)都(dou)主人(ren)(ren)喟然而嘆(tan)曰:‘痛乎風俗之(zhi)移人(ren)(ren)也。子實(shi)秦人(ren)(ren),矜夸館室,保界河(he)山(shan),信(xin)識昭襄(xiang)而知始皇矣,烏睹(du)大漢(han)之(zhi)云為乎?’”
批評(ping)的(de)(de)矛頭(tou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)準(zhun)的(de)(de)是(shi)秦(qin)皇而非漢帝(di)。下面(mian)接著一(yi)小段寫“大漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開元(yuan)”,十分(fen)概括。因(yin)為后漢以(yi)承前(qian)(qian)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皇統自居,對(dui)(dui)(dui)前(qian)(qian)漢不能不加(jia)肯定(ding);但從前(qian)(qian)、后漢的(de)(de)比較來說(shuo),當時統治(zhi)者需要的(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)后漢功(gong)業和(he)東都(dou)洛陽的(de)(de)贊(zan)揚、歌(ge)頌,故對(dui)(dui)(dui)前(qian)(qian)漢的(de)(de)功(gong)業不能作太(tai)(tai)具體、詳細的(de)(de)表(biao)述(shu)。下面(mian)說(shuo):“今(jin)將語子以(yi)建武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi),永平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,監于太(tai)(tai)清,以(yi)變(bian)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惑志”,開始對(dui)(dui)(dui)后漢王朝功(gong)業、禮制的(de)(de)鋪敘。又(you)說(shuo):“遷都(dou)改邑,有(you)殷(yin)宗中(zhong)興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)焉(yan);即(ji)土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),有(you)周成(cheng)隆平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉(yan)。”又(you)從歷史方(fang)面(mian)來論證定(ding)都(dou)洛邑,前(qian)(qian)有(you)先例,且居天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),得地(di)利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便。由賦中(zhong)內容的(de)(de)安排(pai)和(he)措詞的(de)(de)上下照應(ying)情況,可以(yi)看(kan)出當時最高統治(zhi)者的(de)(de)心態和(he)班(ban)固對(dui)(dui)(dui)此的(de)(de)把握(wo)。
《東都賦》以(yi)(yi)封建禮法(fa)為準則,贊揚了建武、永平(ping)的(de)(de)盛世,以(yi)(yi)“盛乎斯世”一語作為大(da)段描述(shu)的(de)(de)結尾,對(dui)西(xi)都賓先(xian)予(yu)稱贊,再(zai)予(yu)批評,行文(wen)搖(yao)曳多姿,善于達(da)意。下(xia)面又將西(xi)都同東都的(de)(de)形(xing)勢(shi)及風俗直(zhi)接加(jia)以(yi)(yi)比(bi)較:“且夫(fu)僻(pi)界(jie)西(xi)戎,險(xian)阻(zu)四(si)塞,修(xiu)其防御,孰與(yu)處(chu)乎土中,平(ping)夷洞達(da),萬方輻湊?秦嶺、九(jiu)嵕(zong),涇、渭之(zhi)川,曷若四(si)瀆、五岳,帶河溯(su)洛,圖書(shu)之(zhi)淵?建章、甘(gan)泉,館御列仙,孰與(yu)靈臺、明(ming)堂,統(tong)和天人?太液(ye)、昆(kun)明(ming),鳥獸之(zhi)囿(you),曷若辟雍海流(liu),道(dao)德之(zhi)富?游俠(xia)逾侈,犯(fan)義侵(qin)禮,孰與(yu)同履(lv)法(fa)度,翼(yi)(yi)翼(yi)(yi)濟濟也(ye)?”
態度鮮明地稱(cheng)贊東都(dou)(dou)洛陽(yang)地利、形勢及禮俗之(zhi)淳(chun)厚,建筑(zhu)、設置(zhi)之(zhi)合于(yu)王(wang)道。“統和天人”、“同履法度”,點出了《東都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)題(ti);“圖書之(zhi)淵”、“道德之(zhi)富”,是(shi)《東都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》著(zhu)力鋪敘、宣揚之(zhi)所在(zai)。下面(mian)照(zhao)應本(ben)篇開頭部分:“子徒(tu)習(xi)秦(qin)阿房(fang)之(zhi)造天,而不知京洛之(zhi)有制也;識函谷之(zhi)可關,而不知王(wang)者之(zhi)無外也”。完(wan)全(quan)以一(yi)個(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度來衡量秦(qin)(實際(ji)上(shang)是(shi)代指西(xi)漢)和東漢王(wang)朝政教之(zhi)得(de)失。接著(zhu)以西(xi)都(dou)(dou)賓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折服為賦(fu)正文部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收束。這同《上(shang)林賦(fu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結尾(wei)完(wan)全(quan)一(yi)樣。但整個(ge)說(shuo)來,班(ban)固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》開頭、結尾(wei)、過渡等(deng)章法更為嚴(yan)謹、自(zi)然(ran),且富于(yu)情態,長(chang)于(yu)韻味(wei)。
班固(gu)《兩(liang)都賦(fu)》由(you)于創作的(de)目的(de)在(zai)于表(biao)述一(yi)個(ge)政治問(wen)題上的(de)個(ge)人見解,甚至是為(wei)了參(can)與一(yi)場爭論,故它不似《子虛》《上林(lin)》的(de)有很多(duo)虛夸的(de)部分,以氣(qi)爭勝,而更(geng)多(duo)實證。它主要不是抒(shu)發(fa)一(yi)種(zhong)情感(gan),表(biao)現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)精神,而是要表(biao)現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)思想,體(ti)現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)觀(guan)念(nian)。這(zhe)也可以說(shuo)是同時(shi)代(dai)風氣(qi)有關,是當時(shi)文風和社會風氣(qi)的(de)體(ti)現(xian)。另外,同該(gai)賦(fu)中(zhong)強(qiang)調(diao)禮制、強(qiang)調(diao)崇儒思想相一(yi)致,賦(fu)的(de)語言(yan)典(dian)雅和麗(馬積高先生(sheng)《賦(fu)史》即已指出(chu)這(zhe)一(yi)點),節奏步武從容(rong),和鑾(luan)相鳴,可謂金(jin)聲玉振,有廟堂朝儀的(de)風度。
在結構上,《兩(liang)都賦》對《子虛(xu)》《上林》也有突破,上文已言(yan)及(ji)。下(xia)面(mian)再看(kan)看(kan)其(qi)(qi)結尾(wei)上的(de)(de)創(chuang)意。作為(wei)(wei)全賦的(de)(de)結束,《東都賦》末(mo)尾(wei)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)在西都賓“矍(jue)然失容,逡(qun)巡降階,惵然意下(xia),捧手(shou)欲辭”之(zhi)(zhi)后即結束,下(xia)面(mian)接(jie)上說(shuo):“主(zhu)人曰:復(fu)位,今將授予(yu)以五篇(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)詩。”大約是(shi)(shi)考慮到下(xia)面(mian)即錄(lu)附詩,會使(shi)結尾(wei)割(ge)裂而失去風(feng)韻,故將詩附于篇(pian)(pian)末(mo),而以西都賓的(de)(de)稱(cheng)贊為(wei)(wei)結尾(wei):賓既卒業,乃(nai)稱(cheng)曰:“美哉乎(hu)斯(si)詩!義正(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄(xiong),事(shi)實乎(hu)相如(ru),匪唯主(zhu)人之(zhi)(zhi)好學,蓋(gai)乃(nai)遭遇乎(hu)斯(si)時也。小子狂簡,不(bu)知所裁,既聞(wen)正(zheng)遭,請終身而誦(song)之(zhi)(zhi)。”顯得輕(qing)松而詼(hui)諧(xie),多(duo)少帶有一點寓言(yan)的(de)(de)味道,使(shi)這篇(pian)(pian)騁辭大賦在莊嚴(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),帶有活潑之(zhi)(zhi)氣。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)“義正(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄(xiong),事(shi)實乎(hu)相如(ru)”,也可以看(kan)作是(shi)(shi)班固(gu)自己(ji)對《兩(liang)都賦》特色的(de)(de)概括。
《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》所(suo)描述的(de)(de)具體(ti)內容,已不(bu)(bu)再(zai)像(xiang)司馬相如那樣重(zhong)在帝王宮苑、游獵,而(er)(er)是借鑒(jian)揚雄(xiong)《蜀都(dou)賦(fu)》,創造(zao)性地發展(zhan)為(wei)京都(dou)山河形勢、表里布局和雄(xiong)偉(wei)氣(qi)象(xiang),雖然不(bu)(bu)能全免大(da)賦(fu)夸(kua)張渲染失實之病,但由于(yu)采(cai)用了不(bu)(bu)少實際的(de)(de)歷史地理(li)資料(liao),而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)顯過分虛(xu)浮,有(you)真(zhen)切的(de)(de)現(xian)實感(gan)。《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》同《子虛(xu)》《上(shang)林》的(de)(de)僅(jin)寫田獵者(zhe)相比,內容要更為(wei)豐(feng)富、開闊(kuo),也更能集中(zhong)(zhong)地、多(duo)角度(du)、多(duo)方面(mian)地展(zhan)現(xian)一個時代政(zheng)治、經濟、文化(hua)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)狀況(kuang)。《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》中(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)論是都(dou)城形勝、街(jie)市繁華(hua),還是郊野氣(qi)象(xiang)、農桑豐(feng)碩,都(dou)有(you)具體(ti)而(er)(er)生動的(de)(de)藝(yi)術表現(xian),做到了文贍而(er)(er)事(shi)詳 ,引人(ren)遐想。另外,在語言的(de)(de)運(yun)用上(shang),排偶之中(zhong)(zhong),音調和諧,極少奇僻的(de)(de)異(yi)體(ti)字,明暢順達(da),無(wu)漢賦(fu)常見的(de)(de)臃腫澀(se)滯之弊,又確(que)實使(shi)讀之者(zhe)娓(wei)娓(wei)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)厭。
《兩都賦(fu)》被蕭統《文選》列(lie)為(wei)第(di)一篇,劉勰也(ye)稱其“明絢以(yi)雅贍”。后世時有人對《兩都賦(fu)》加以(yi)摹擬,形(xing)成“京(jing)都賦(fu)”的(de)類型(xing)。《文選》分賦(fu)為(wei)十五類,“京(jing)都賦(fu)”列(lie)在第(di)一。《文苑(yuan)英華》《歷代賦(fu)匯》等也(ye)有“京(jing)都”或“都邑”一類。
盡管(guan)在(zai)班固(gu)(gu)之前已(yi)有(you)京(jing)都賦(fu)之作,但(dan)能使這類(lei)(lei)題材以及(ji)表現(xian)方式、結(jie)構(gou)方式結(jie)合(he)而形(xing)成(cheng)大賦(fu)的(de)一種門類(lei)(lei),乃有(you)賴于《兩都賦(fu)》取得的(de)成(cheng)就。歷史(shi)上很多優秀的(de)作品,尤其(qi)具有(you)某(mou)方面劃時代意義(yi)的(de)作品,往往成(cheng)為(wei)后來(lai)作家學(xue)習(xi)、甚至摹擬的(de)范本。班固(gu)(gu)之前的(de)京(jing)都之作,揚雄的(de)《蜀都賦(fu)》已(yi)有(you)殘(can)(can)缺,崔骃(yin)、傅(fu)毅的(de)《反都賦(fu)》只余(yu)殘(can)(can)章剩句,傅(fu)毅《洛都賦(fu)》也有(you)殘(can)(can)缺,便(bian)說明(ming)了它們的(de)歷史(shi)地位(wei)。
盡(jin)管《兩都賦》在藝術上取得了相當的(de)成(cheng)就(jiu),歷來為士大夫所重(zhong),但是(shi)總體(ti)(ti)來看,沒有(you)也不可能從根本(ben)上革(ge)除(chu)早(zao)已被揚雄針砭的(de)散(san)體(ti)(ti)大賦自身具有(you)的(de)通弊,從而(er)(er)(er)扭轉其衰竭(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)勢。就(jiu)賦體(ti)(ti)文學發展的(de)趨勢而(er)(er)(er)言,當大賦已經(jing)定型為以窮泰極(ji)侈的(de)筆墨達頌(song)圣之(zhi)(zhi)旨,即便有(you)諷(feng)諭,也不過“勸百諷(feng)一(yi)” ,而(er)(er)(er)以騷體(ti)(ti)為代表的(de)抒(shu)發內心情(qing)懷之(zhi)(zhi)賦,正越來越成(cheng)熟,在顯示出強勁的(de)藝術生命(ming)力(li)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),仍要(yao)恪守老路,企圖(tu)重(zhong)新振(zhen)興,畢竟是(shi)違反客觀規律,逆歷史(shi)潮流而(er)(er)(er)動,斷(duan)不會成(cheng)功。