甘泉賦
孝成帝時1,客有薦雄文似相如(ru)者2,上方郊(jiao)祀(si)甘泉(quan)(quan)泰畤(zhi)、汾陰后土3,以求(qiu)繼嗣(si)4,召(zhao)雄待詔承(cheng)明之庭5。正月(yue),從上甘泉(quan)(quan)還,奏(zou)甘泉(quan)(quan)賦以風6。其辭(ci)曰:
惟漢(han)十世7,將(jiang)郊上玄8,定泰畤9,雍神休10,尊明號11,同符三(san)皇12,錄功五帝13,恤胤錫羨14,拓跡開統15。于是(shi)乃(nai)命(ming)群僚,歷吉日16,協靈辰17,星(xing)陳而(er)天行18。詔招搖(yao)與太陰兮(xi),伏鉤(gou)陳使當兵19。屬(shu)堪(kan)輿以(yi)壁壘(lei)兮(xi),捎夔(kui)魖而(er)抶獝(yu)狂(kuang)20。八神奔而(er)警蹕兮(xi),振殷轔(lin)而(er)軍(jun)裝(zhuang)21。蚩尤之倫帶(dai)干(gan)將(jiang)而(er)秉玉(yu)戚兮(xi)22,飛蒙茸而(er)走陸梁23。齊緫緫以(yi)撙(zun)撙(zun),其相膠轕兮(xi),猋駭云迅(xun),奮以(yi)方攘24。駢(pian)羅(luo)列布,鱗以(yi)雜沓兮(xi),柴虒(zhi)參差,魚(yu)頡而(er)鳥?25。翕赫曶霍(huo),霧(wu)集而(er)蒙合兮(xi),半(ban)散昭爛(lan),粲以(yi)成章26。
于(yu)是乘(cheng)輿(yu)乃(nai)登(deng)夫鳳皇兮而翳(yi)華(hua)芝(zhi),駟蒼螭兮六素虬(qiu),蠖(huo)略蕤綏(sui),漓虖幓纚27。帥爾陰閉,霅然陽開28。騰清(qing)霄而軼浮景兮,夫何旟(yu)旐郅偈之旖旎也29!流星旄以(yi)電爥兮,咸翠(cui)蓋(gai)而鸞旗30。敦萬騎(qi)于(yu)中營兮,方玉車(che)之千乘(cheng)31。聲駍(peng)隱以(yi)陸(lu)離兮,輕先疾雷而馺遺風32。凌高衍之嵱嵸兮,超紆(yu)譎(jue)之清(qing)澄(cheng)33。登(deng)椽欒而羾天門兮,馳閶闔而入(ru)凌兢34。
是時未轃夫甘(gan)泉也,乃望(wang)通天(tian)之(zhi)繹繹35。下陰潛(qian)以慘廩兮,上洪紛而(er)相錯36。直嶢嶢以造(zao)天(tian)兮,厥高慶而(er)不可乎(hu)彌(mi)度37。平(ping)原唐其壇曼兮,列新雉(zhi)于林薄38。攢并閭與(yu)茇?兮,紛被麗其亡鄂39。崇丘陵之(zhi)駊騀兮,深溝嵚巖而(er)為谷40。往往離(li)宮般(ban)以相爥兮,封巒石關(guan)施靡乎(hu)延屬41。
于(yu)是大廈(sha)云譎波詭,嶊(zui)嶉而(er)成觀42。仰撟首以(yi)(yi)高視兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),目冥眴而(er)亡見(jian)43。正瀏濫以(yi)(yi)弘惝(chang)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),指東西之(zhi)漫(man)漫(man)44。徒徊徊以(yi)(yi)徨徨兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),魂眇眇而(er)昏亂45。據軨軒而(er)周流兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),忽軮(ang)軋而(er)亡垠46。翠(cui)玉樹之(zhi)青蔥兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),璧馬犀(xi)之(zhi)瞵?47。金人(ren)仡仡其承鍾虡兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),嵌巖(yan)巖(yan)其龍鱗48。揚光曜之(zhi)燎爥兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),垂景炎之(zhi)炘炘49。配帝(di)居之(zhi)縣(xian)圃(pu)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),象泰壹之(zhi)威神(shen)50。洪(hong)臺崛其獨出兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),?北極之(zhi)嶟(zun)嶟(zun)51。列宿(su)乃施于(yu)上榮(rong)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),日月才(cai)經于(yu)柍桭52。雷郁律(lv)于(yu)巖(yan)窔兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),電(dian)儵忽于(yu)墻藩53。鬼(gui)魅不能自逮兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),半(ban)長途(tu)而(er)下(xia)?54。歷倒景而(er)絕(jue)飛梁(liang)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),浮蠛蠓而(er)撇天(tian)55。
左欃槍而右玄冥兮,前熛闕而后應門56。蔭西海與幽都兮,涌醴汩以生川57。蛟龍連蜷于東厓兮,白虎敦圉乎昆侖58。覽樛流于高光兮,溶方皇于西清59。前殿崔巍兮,和氏玲瓏60。炕浮柱之飛榱兮,神莫莫而扶傾61。閌閬閬其寥廓兮,似紫宮之崢嶸62。駢交錯而曼衍兮,?
此賦前(qian)有(you)小序,交待了作賦原委(wei)及目(mu)的(de)。漢成(cheng)帝(di)(di)永始四年(公元前(qian)13年)正月揚雄扈從漢成(cheng)帝(di)(di)游(you)甘泉(quan)宮(gong)(gong),回長安后(hou)作此賦,意在(zai)諷諫成(cheng)帝(di)(di)的(de)郊游(you)之(zhi)舉。《漢書(shu)·揚雄傳》載(zai):“甘泉(quan)本因秦(qin)離(li)宮(gong)(gong),既奢泰,而(er)武帝(di)(di)復增通(tong)天、高(gao)光(guang)、迎風。宮(gong)(gong)外近則(ze)洪(hong)厓、旁皇、儲(chu)胥、弩(nu)阹,遠則(ze)石關、封(feng)巒、枝鵲(que)、露寒(han)、棠梨、師得,游(you)觀屈奇瑰(gui)瑋(wei),非木摩而(er)不雕(diao),墻涂而(er)不畫,周宣(xuan)所(suo)考,般庚所(suo)遷,夏卑宮(gong)(gong)室(shi),唐虞棌椽三(san)等(deng)之(zhi)制(zhi)也。且為(wei)其已久矣,非成(cheng)帝(di)(di)所(suo)造,欲(yu)諫則(ze)非時,欲(yu)默則(ze)不能已,故遂推而(er)隆之(zhi),乃(nai)上比于帝(di)(di)室(shi)紫宮(gong)(gong),若(ruo)曰此非人力之(zhi)所(suo)能為(wei),黨鬼神可也。又(you)是時趙昭儀方大幸,每上甘泉(quan),常(chang)法從,在(zai)屬車間豹尾(wei)中。故雄聊盛(sheng)言(yan)車騎之(zhi)眾,參麗之(zhi)駕,非所(suo)以(yi)感動天地(di),逆厘三(san)神。又(you)言(yan)‘屏玉女,卻虙妃(fei)’,以(yi)微戒齊(qi)肅之(zhi)事。賦成(cheng)奏之(zhi),天子異焉。”
揚(yang)雄(xiong)(公元前53年(nian)—公元18年(nian)),西漢文(wen)學(xue)(xue)家、哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)家、語(yu)言(yan)學(xue)(xue)家。一(yi)作“楊雄(xiong)”,字子云(yun),蜀郡(jun)成都(今(jin)屬四川)人(ren)(ren)。漢成帝時為給事黃門郎,王莽時,校書(shu)天祿閣(ge)(ge)。后(hou)受他人(ren)(ren)牽累,即將(jiang)被(bei)捕,于是墜閣(ge)(ge)自殺,未死。后(hou)召為太中大夫。為人(ren)(ren)口(kou)吃,不能劇談,一(yi)生悉心著述(shu),以文(wen)章名(ming)世。曾仿(fang)《論語(yu)》作《法(fa)言(yan)》,仿(fang)《周易》作《太玄》,表述(shu)他對社會、政治、哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)等方面(mian)的(de)思想。另有語(yu)言(yan)學(xue)(xue)著作《方言(yan)》等。明人(ren)(ren)輯有《揚(yang)子云(yun)集》。
此賦極力鋪(pu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子郊祀甘(gan)(gan)泉(quan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的盛況(kuang)與(yu)甘(gan)(gan)泉(quan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)豪華。全篇(pian)采用順敘(xu)的寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)法,可分為十(shi)(shi)段(duan)。第(di)(di)(di)一段(duan)揭明(ming)(ming)(ming)成帝(di)定祭泰畤的目的和(he)希望,并(bing)(bing)敘(xu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)出(chu)行前各種事項的準備情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)。第(di)(di)(di)二段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子登(deng)乘,車駕上(shang)路(lu)及行進的情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)。第(di)(di)(di)三段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)通天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)臺的遠景(jing)和(he)沿途所(suo)(suo)見平(ping)原、丘陵、山谷的形(xing)(xing)勢及離宮(gong)(gong)(gong)別館的連(lian)綿相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)映。第(di)(di)(di)四(si)段(duan)鋪(pu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)到(dao)達甘(gan)(gan)泉(quan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后(hou)所(suo)(suo)見其宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室的高(gao)峻(jun)、長(chang)大、深博,并(bing)(bing)詳細鋪(pu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)了憑(ping)欄周流所(suo)(suo)見大庭內的種種奇異景(jing)象。第(di)(di)(di)五段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)漫(man)游(you)高(gao)光宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)見,極陳宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)的高(gao)大富麗,接著(zhu)以臨淵(yuan)處危(wei)微諫。第(di)(di)(di)六段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)大風在宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)刮起時(shi)所(suo)(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的種種音響變動,繼而贊嘆宮(gong)(gong)(gong)觀(guan)建(jian)筑(zhu)的精巧美麗。第(di)(di)(di)七(qi)段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)成帝(di)與(yu)其賢能之(zhi)臣(chen)會集(ji)于(yu)陽靈(ling)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),齋(zhai)戒(jie)自新,潔(jie)祀天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di),并(bing)(bing)設(she)想(xiang)他們周流曠(kuang)遠,升降天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di),廣(guang)通神(shen)(shen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)。隨(sui)后(hou)告誡成帝(di)清心寡欲,屏退女色,方能保持(chi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)性,增壽廣(guang)嗣。第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)柴(chai)祭皇天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的經(jing)過,設(she)想(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)賜福(fu)甚多。第(di)(di)(di)九段(duan)描(miao)(miao)(miao)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)歸途中(zhong)的情(qing)(qing)形(xing)(xing),并(bing)(bing)歌(ge)功(gong)頌德。第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)段(duan)總括全篇(pian)意義,謂成帝(di)恭肅祭天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),神(shen)(shen)祇(zhi)憑(ping)依,廣(guang)賜福(fu)祥,子孫相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼無極,并(bing)(bing)與(yu)文章開(kai)頭(tou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)呼(hu)應。全篇(pian)有如觀(guan)覽(lan)長(chang)卷畫(hua)幅,徐徐展示,一一顯明(ming)(ming)(ming),凡(fan)君臣(chen)衛侍、車馬旗斧、山川草木、雷電風雨、宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)觀(guan)闕、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)地(di)下、神(shen)(shen)仙鬼怪(guai)乃(nai)至金人玉(yu)樹、燎燭景(jing)炎、玄瓚(zan)秬鬯等,無不畢(bi)陳。
這(zhe)篇(pian)(pian)賦(fu)和眾多漢賦(fu)一(yi)樣,用(yong)(yong)了(le)不(bu)(bu)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篇(pian)(pian)幅(fu)花了(le)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)氣(qi),只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)鋪張(zhang)描寫了(le)一(yi)次天(tian)子郊天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程,現實(shi)意義不(bu)(bu)很大(da)(da);勉強點綴上去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾句微諫之辭,也如滄海一(yi)滴,被(bei)大(da)(da)量極力(li)鋪陳(chen)夸(kua)飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西(xi)所(suo)淹沒,諷(feng)勸(quan)作用(yong)(yong)很小。但(dan)(dan)(dan)在客觀上它(ta)卻反映了(le)那個時代及以前(qian)廣(guang)大(da)(da)勞動人民所(suo)創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燦爛(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些面影。特別(bie)值得指出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還在于(yu)這(zhe)篇(pian)(pian)賦(fu)是(shi)(shi)見于(yu)記載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)篇(pian)(pian)描寫郊祀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賦(fu)。關(guan)于(yu)郊祀之儀(yi),史籍所(suo)載(zai)雖多,但(dan)(dan)(dan)大(da)(da)都語焉而不(bu)(bu)詳。這(zhe)篇(pian)(pian)賦(fu)則專寫郊祀,從(cong)準備出(chu)發一(yi)直到事畢回車,對郊天(tian)之全(quan)過程逐一(yi)作了(le)詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描述。盡管(guan)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)筆而不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)史筆,但(dan)(dan)(dan)通(tong)過那些夸(kua)誕(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詞(ci)語仍能辨別(bie)出(chu)漢時天(tian)子郊天(tian)儀(yi)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實(shi)面貌(mao)。也就是(shi)(shi)說,在這(zhe)方面,《甘泉(quan)賦(fu)》具(ju)有重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史意義和文(wen)(wen)獻價值。
在藝術(shu)上(shang)(shang),此(ci)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)鋪(pu)陳夸(kua)張(zhang),想象豐(feng)富,氣魄(po)宏偉(wei),文(wen)(wen)辭流麗。甘泉(quan)(quan)宮觀,豪華(hua)(hua)奇(qi)偉(wei),無從實(shi)寫。賦(fu)(fu)(fu)家(jia)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)發揮了賦(fu)(fu)(fu)體的(de)(de)特(te)性,以虛概(gai)實(shi),夸(kua)張(zhang)變形(xing),選擇幾種特(te)征性的(de)(de)物(wu)象,潑灑筆墨(mo),盡力夸(kua)張(zhang),予(yu)人(ren)以不即(ji)不離,似是(shi)(shi)而(er)非的(de)(de)感黨。此(ci)正是(shi)(shi)后世繪畫的(de)(de)寫意手法,而(er)最初運用當推賦(fu)(fu)(fu)家(jia)。但此(ci)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)屬(shu)模(mo)仿司(si)馬相(xiang)如(ru)的(de)(de)《子虛上(shang)(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》,缺乏自己的(de)(de)特(te)色。揚雄晚年認(ren)識(shi)到《甘泉(quan)(quan)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》之類的(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin),其效果與初衷適(shi)得其反,實(shi)際上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)“勸百而(er)諷一”。揚雄是(shi)(shi)首開模(mo)擬(ni)之風的(de)(de)漢賦(fu)(fu)(fu)作(zuo)家(jia),《甘泉(quan)(quan)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》繼承(cheng)和弘揚了司(si)馬相(xiang)如(ru)樹立的(de)(de)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)頌傳統,手法上(shang)(shang)同樣講究鋪(pu)陳夸(kua)張(zhang),文(wen)(wen)字上(shang)(shang)也(ye)力求辭藻華(hua)(hua)麗,乃致流于堆砌。總的(de)(de)說來,揚雄的(de)(de)《甘泉(quan)(quan)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》可與司(si)馬相(xiang)如(ru)的(de)(de)《子虛賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》《上(shang)(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》比(bi)肩,是(shi)(shi)漢賦(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)代表作(zuo)品(pin)。
漢代桓譚《新論》:“始成,夢腸出,收而內(nei)之。明日遂卒。”
明(ming)代張溥《漢魏六(liu)朝百(bai)三家(jia)集題辭(ci)》:“自比諷(feng)諫,相如(ru)不(bu)死。”