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解放戰爭(zheng)時(shi)期，中國人民解放軍(jun)晉冀魯豫野(ye)戰軍(jun)主(zhu)力南渡黃河，出擊外線，在(zai)山(shan)東省西南部地(di)區對國民黨軍(jun)進行的(de)進攻(gong)作戰。

歷史背景

1947年3月，國民(min)黨軍(jun)由對(dui)(dui)解(jie)放區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)全面進(jin)攻(gong)轉為(wei)對(dui)(dui)陜北和山東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)進(jin)攻(gong)，而在這(zhe)兩個戰(zhan)場之間的(de)(de)(de)晉冀魯豫戰(zhan)場上，兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力有(you)所削弱，形(xing)成兩頭重中(zhong)間輕的(de)(de)(de)“啞鈴(ling)形(xing)”態勢，企(qi)圖利用黃河天(tian)險阻止人(ren)民(min)解(jie)放軍(jun)南進(jin)。到6月間，從(cong)山東(dong)省東(dong)阿至(zhi)河南省開封250千米的(de)(de)(de)黃河防線上，僅有(you)第(di)(di)4“綏靖”區(qu)司(si)(si)令(ling)官(guan)劉汝明部整(zheng)(zheng)編第(di)(di)55、第(di)(di)68師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和地(di)方保安團隊擔任防守。整(zheng)(zheng)編第(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)部率第(di)(di)29旅(lv)位于(yu)(yu)鄆城、皇姑庵地(di)區(qu)，其第(di)(di)74、第(di)(di)181旅(lv)分別位于(yu)(yu)蕭皮口、鄄城地(di)區(qu)；整(zheng)(zheng)編第(di)(di)68師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)部位于(yu)(yu)菏(he)澤(ze)，其第(di)(di)81、第(di)(di)143、第(di)(di)119旅(lv)分別位于(yu)(yu)東(dong)明、杜集、畢(bi)寨地(di)區(qu)。另有(you)整(zheng)(zheng)編第(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（2個旅(lv)）位于(yu)(yu)嘉祥地(di)區(qu)機動。晉冀魯豫野戰(zhan)軍(jun)司(si)(si)令(ling)員(yuan)劉伯承、政治(zhi)委員(yuan)鄧小(xiao)平在5月下旬結束豫北攻(gong)勢后(hou)，即根據中(zhong)共中(zhong)央關于(yu)(yu)向中(zhong)原出(chu)動、轉入外線作戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)既定(ding)方針，組織(zhi)部隊休整(zheng)(zheng)，做好外線作戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)各項準備工作：進(jin)行(xing)政治(zhi)動員(yuan)，調整(zheng)(zheng)組織(zhi)，補(bu)充兵(bing)(bing)(bing)員(yuan)和武(wu)器糧彈；頒發《敵前(qian)渡(du)河戰(zhan)術指導》，進(jin)行(xing)戰(zhan)前(qian)訓練(lian)；成立渡(du)河指揮部，對(dui)(dui)預(yu)定(ding)渡(du)河地(di)段的(de)(de)(de)地(di)形(xing)、敵情(qing)、水情(qing)作詳細偵察；修造船只120余艘，訓練(lian)水手、船工；組織(zhi)民(min)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)、民(min)工5萬余人(ren)支援(yuan)前(qian)線等(deng)。

6月，中共中央(yang)軍(jun)委指(zhi)示晉冀魯(lu)豫野戰(zhan)(zhan)軍(jun)主力(li)于月底強渡(du)(du)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)，先(xian)在魯(lu)西(xi)南地區(qu)(qu)求(qiu)殲敵(di)(di)軍(jun)，爾(er)后向(xiang)大(da)(da)別(bie)山進擊(ji)，在鄂豫皖(wan)(wan)邊界地區(qu)(qu)實施戰(zhan)(zhan)略展開。劉(liu)伯(bo)承、鄧小(xiao)平根據(ju)這一(yi)指(zhi)示和(he)(he)國(guo)民(min)黨軍(jun)設防(fang)情(qing)況，決心集(ji)(ji)中4個(ge)縱隊又2個(ge)獨(du)立(li)(li)旅(lv)，從山東省(sheng)陽(yang)谷以東張(zhang)秋(qiu)鎮至(zhi)(zhi)菏澤以北臨濮集(ji)(ji)150千米的(de)8個(ge)地段上(shang)突破(po)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)防(fang)線，首先(xian)發起(qi)魯(lu)西(xi)南戰(zhan)(zhan)役(yi)，殲滅劉(liu)汝(ru)明集(ji)(ji)團，并(bing)(bing)在運動(dong)中殲滅來援之敵(di)(di)一(yi)部，然后向(xiang)大(da)(da)別(bie)山挺進。其(qi)部署是(shi)：冀魯(lu)豫軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)獨(du)立(li)(li)第(di)1旅(lv)于6月27日先(xian)行秘密渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，在戴廟、蔡家莊地區(qu)(qu)接應第(di)1縱隊渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，并(bing)(bing)配合(he)第(di)1、第(di)2縱隊行動(dong)；原(yuan)在黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)南岸的(de)獨(du)立(li)(li)第(di)2旅(lv)在舊城(cheng)集(ji)(ji)、臨濮集(ji)(ji)地區(qu)(qu)接應第(di)6縱隊渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，并(bing)(bing)配合(he)其(qi)作戰(zhan)(zhan)；第(di)1縱隊于魏(wei)家山、張(zhang)堂(tang)等渡(du)(du)口渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，在獨(du)立(li)(li)第(di)1旅(lv)協同下，圍(wei)殲鄆(yun)城(cheng)及(ji)其(qi)以北守軍(jun)；第(di)2縱隊于孫口、林樓等渡(du)(du)口渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，以1個(ge)旅(lv)圍(wei)殲皇姑庵(an)守敵(di)(di)，主力(li)插至(zhi)(zhi)鄆(yun)城(cheng)以西(xi)協同第(di)1縱隊作戰(zhan)(zhan)；第(di)6縱隊于李(li)橋、于莊等渡(du)(du)口渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，圍(wei)殲鄄城(cheng)及(ji)其(qi)西(xi)北地區(qu)(qu)守軍(jun)；第(di)3縱隊為戰(zhan)(zhan)役(yi)預備隊，進至(zhi)(zhi)白衣(yi)閣附近，視情(qing)況隨(sui)第(di)6縱隊或第(di)2縱隊渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)，擴大(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)果。在主力(li)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)的(de)前一(yi)天，以太行軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)、冀南軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)、冀魯(lu)豫軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)部隊各一(yi)部和(he)(he)豫皖(wan)(wan)蘇(su)軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)部隊在黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)兩岸分別(bie)向(xiang)當(dang)面(mian)之敵(di)(di)發起(qi)攻擊(ji)，迷惑和(he)(he)牽制敵(di)(di)軍(jun)。

戰爭過程

1947年6月30日夜(ye)，晉冀魯豫野戰(zhan)軍(jun)(jun)4個(ge)縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)共13個(ge)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)12萬余(yu)人，以(yi)突(tu)(tu)然勇猛的(de)動作，一舉突(tu)(tu)破(po)國民黨軍(jun)(jun)的(de)黃河(he)防(fang)線，殲(jian)敵一部(bu)。劉(liu)(liu)汝(ru)明(ming)急令(ling)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)74、第(di)(di)(di)(di)29旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)退(tui)集(ji)鄆(yun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)68師(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)和整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)181旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)退(tui)守(shou)菏澤(ze)(ze)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)4個(ge)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)在獨立(li)(li)第(di)(di)(di)(di)1旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)配合下(xia)，當(dang)即(ji)(ji)包(bao)圍鄆(yun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并于7月2日攻(gong)(gong)占該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四關。其(qi)余(yu)3個(ge)縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)進至鄄(juan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇姑庵地區(qu)(qu)，待機打援(yuan)(yuan)。對晉冀魯豫野戰(zhan)軍(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)渡過黃河(he)，國民黨軍(jun)(jun)陸軍(jun)(jun)總(zong)司(si)令(ling)兼(jian)徐(xu)州司(si)令(ling)部(bu)司(si)令(ling)顧祝同(tong)甚為震驚，慌忙從豫北(bei)、豫皖蘇邊界地區(qu)(qu)抽(chou)調3個(ge)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)師(shi)(shi)又1個(ge)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，連同(tong)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)組(zu)成第(di)(di)(di)(di)2兵(bing)團(tuan)增援(yuan)(yuan)魯西(xi)(xi)南。該兵(bing)團(tuan)司(si)令(ling)官王(wang)敬久(jiu)以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)153旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)進至定陶(tao)，與退(tui)守(shou)菏澤(ze)(ze)的(de)部(bu)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)組(zu)成西(xi)(xi)路；以(yi)地方團(tuan)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)防(fang)守(shou)曹縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；以(yi)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32、第(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)各2個(ge)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)經金(jin)鄉北(bei)上，會同(tong)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)組(zu)成東路；將整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)58師(shi)(shi)及整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)199旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)配置在金(jin)鄉作為后應。企(qi)(qi)圖(tu)以(yi)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)堅守(shou)鄆(yun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，吸(xi)引晉冀魯豫野戰(zhan)軍(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)，然后以(yi)東西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)路援(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)向(xiang)北(bei)鉗擊其(qi)側后，迫其(qi)背水作戰(zhan)。劉(liu)(liu)伯承、鄧小平識(shi)破(po)了這一企(qi)(qi)圖(tu)，立(li)(li)即(ji)(ji)采(cai)取(qu)攻(gong)(gong)其(qi)一點（鄆(yun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）、吸(xi)其(qi)來援(yuan)(yuan)（金(jin)鄉）、啃其(qi)一邊（定陶(tao)）、各個(ge)擊破(po)的(de)方針，以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)等(deng)部(bu)攻(gong)(gong)取(qu)鄆(yun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)2、第(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)迅速從東西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)路援(yuan)(yuan)敵之間向(xiang)南，攻(gong)(gong)占定陶(tao)、曹縣；以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)3縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)進到定陶(tao)以(yi)東待機。7月8日晨，第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)攻(gong)(gong)克鄆(yun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，全殲(jian)整(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)部(bu)及2個(ge)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。10日夜(ye)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)攻(gong)(gong)占定陶(tao)，全殲(jian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)153旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)2縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)收復曹縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)3縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)到達定陶(tao)以(yi)東地區(qu)(qu)。

7月(yue)10日(ri)(ri)，國(guo)民(min)黨(dang)援(yuan)軍(jun)東(dong)(dong)路整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)（1個半旅）、整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)主(zhu)力(li)，分(fen)別進(jin)至六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)、獨山集(ji)、羊山集(ji)地區(qu)(qu)，由(you)北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)擺成一字長蛇陣。晉冀魯豫(yu)野戰(zhan)軍(jun)當即調整(zheng)部(bu)(bu)署，轉兵東(dong)(dong)進(jin)。13日(ri)(ri)拂曉，第(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊將位于(yu)(yu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)、獨山集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)隔開，并切斷其(qi)與(yu)羊山集(ji)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。當日(ri)(ri)中午，第(di)(di)(di)2縱(zong)隊在(zai)(zai)謝(xie)集(ji)殲國(guo)民(min)黨(dang)軍(jun)1個團，隨(sui)即向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)協同(tong)第(di)(di)(di)3縱(zong)隊包(bao)圍(wei)(wei)羊山集(ji)。王敬(jing)久發覺所(suo)部(bu)(bu)被分(fen)割后舉棋不定(ding)，先令北(bei)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)南(nan)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中間的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)靠攏(long)；復令整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)接應整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)，再(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)靠攏(long)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)。整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊追擊下，師(shi)(shi)部(bu)(bu)率1個旅逃(tao)入六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)與(yu)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)會合，其(qi)第(di)(di)(di)139旅則被第(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊一部(bu)(bu)追殲于(yu)(yu)逃(tao)往嘉祥(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)途中，防守嘉祥(xiang)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)一部(bu)(bu)也被迫向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)濟寧(ning)撤逃(tao)。與(yu)此同(tong)時，第(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊主(zhu)力(li)緊縮對六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)包(bao)圍(wei)(wei)圈(quan)。劉(liu)伯承(cheng)、鄧(deng)小平考慮，六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)為僅有200戶人家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)村莊，糧食飲水奇缺，敵軍(jun)2個整(zheng)編(bian)師(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)部(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)2個半旅擠在(zai)(zai)這一狹小地區(qu)(qu)內，若對其(qi)四面圍(wei)(wei)攻，敵必(bi)作(zuo)“困獸之斗”。因此采(cai)取“圍(wei)(wei)三(san)闕一”部(bu)(bu)署，以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊在(zai)(zai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)以(yi)東(dong)(dong)布成袋形陣地，以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊于(yu)(yu)14日(ri)(ri)20時由(you)西向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)對六(liu)(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)發起猛攻。整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)32、第(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)突圍(wei)(wei)，被第(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊全殲。

7月15日(ri)，第(di)2、第(di)3縱(zong)隊對羊(yang)山集(ji)(ji)發(fa)起攻擊，但因該處守軍以(yi)羊(yang)山作依托，南側地(di)形低(di)洼、積(ji)水(shui)較多，雖經兩(liang)天(tian)激戰(zhan)，進展不(bu)大。此時，蔣(jiang)介(jie)石得知整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)32師等部(bu)連續被殲(jian)和(he)羊(yang)山集(ji)(ji)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)66師告急(ji)等情(qing)況(kuang)，于(yu)19日(ri)飛(fei)抵開封(feng)坐鎮(zhen)指揮，從西(xi)安、洛陽、豫(yu)北、山東、漢(han)口等地(di)抽調7個整(zheng)編(bian)師又(you)2個旅(lv)(lv)向魯西(xi)南馳援(yuan)。20日(ri)又(you)令王敬久率整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)58師和(he)第(di)199旅(lv)(lv)，在飛(fei)機、坦克掩護下由金鄉北上，以(yi)解羊(yang)山集(ji)(ji)之圍。劉伯承、鄧小平為(wei)爭取先機之利，以(yi)獨(du)立第(di)1、第(di)2旅(lv)(lv)進至(zhi)萬(wan)福河阻援(yuan)，將第(di)199旅(lv)(lv)和(he)由羊(yang)山集(ji)(ji)出來接應的1個團全殲(jian)。接著，集(ji)(ji)中第(di)2、第(di)3、第(di)6縱(zong)隊于(yu)27日(ri)對羊(yang)山集(ji)(ji)發(fa)起總攻，戰(zhan)至(zhi)28日(ri)晚，全殲(jian)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)66師師部(bu)及2個旅(lv)(lv)。

歷史影響

魯西南(nan)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役，晉(jin)冀魯豫(yu)野戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)軍(jun)采(cai)取南(nan)北牽制，寬正(zheng)面、多地段的(de)突(tu)然強(qiang)渡黃河，積極(ji)創造與捕捉戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)，調動敵軍(jun)就范，把(ba)攻(gong)城與野戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、分割(ge)與圍(wei)殲相結合，創造了以15個(ge)旅(lv)的(de)兵力殲敵4個(ge)整(zheng)編師共9個(ge)半旅(lv)約6萬人(ren)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)績，從而打亂(luan)了國民黨軍(jun)在南(nan)部戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)線(xian)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略部署(shu)，開辟了進(jin)軍(jun)大別山的(de)道路，揭開了人(ren)民解放軍(jun)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略進(jin)攻(gong)的(de)序幕。