解放(fang)戰爭時期,中國人(ren)民解放(fang)軍(jun)晉冀(ji)魯豫(yu)野戰軍(jun)主(zhu)力南(nan)渡黃河,出擊外(wai)線(xian),在山東省西南(nan)部地區(qu)對(dui)國民黨軍(jun)進行的進攻作(zuo)戰。
1947年(nian)3月,國民(min)黨軍由對解放區(qu)的(de)全(quan)面進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)轉為對陜北和(he)山東(dong)的(de)重點進(jin)(jin)攻(gong),而在這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)戰場(chang)之間的(de)晉冀魯豫戰場(chang)上(shang),兵力有所削弱(ruo),形成兩(liang)(liang)頭重中間輕的(de)“啞鈴形”態(tai)勢,企圖利用黃河(he)天險阻止人(ren)民(min)解放軍南進(jin)(jin)。到6月間,從(cong)山東(dong)省(sheng)東(dong)阿至(zhi)河(he)南省(sheng)開封250千米的(de)黃河(he)防(fang)線上(shang),僅有第(di)(di)(di)(di)4“綏靖”區(qu)司令官(guan)劉汝(ru)明(ming)部(bu)整(zheng)編第(di)(di)(di)(di)55、第(di)(di)(di)(di)68師(shi)(shi)和(he)地方(fang)保安團隊(dui)擔任(ren)防(fang)守。整(zheng)編第(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)部(bu)率第(di)(di)(di)(di)29旅(lv)位(wei)于鄆城、皇姑庵地區(qu),其第(di)(di)(di)(di)74、第(di)(di)(di)(di)181旅(lv)分別位(wei)于蕭皮口、鄄城地區(qu);整(zheng)編第(di)(di)(di)(di)68師(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)部(bu)位(wei)于菏澤,其第(di)(di)(di)(di)81、第(di)(di)(di)(di)143、第(di)(di)(di)(di)119旅(lv)分別位(wei)于東(dong)明(ming)、杜(du)集、畢寨地區(qu)。另有整(zheng)編第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(2個(ge)旅(lv))位(wei)于嘉祥地區(qu)機動(dong)。晉冀魯豫野戰軍司令員劉伯(bo)承、政治委員鄧小平在5月下旬結(jie)束豫北攻(gong)勢后(hou),即根據中共中央關(guan)于向(xiang)中原出動(dong)、轉入外(wai)線作戰的(de)既定(ding)方(fang)針,組(zu)織部(bu)隊(dui)休整(zheng),做好外(wai)線作戰的(de)各(ge)項準備工(gong)作:進(jin)(jin)行政治動(dong)員,調整(zheng)組(zu)織,補充兵員和(he)武器糧彈;頒(ban)發《敵(di)前渡河(he)戰術指(zhi)導》,進(jin)(jin)行戰前訓(xun)練;成立(li)渡河(he)指(zhi)揮部(bu),對預定(ding)渡河(he)地段的(de)地形、敵(di)情、水情作詳細偵察;修(xiu)造船只120余(yu)艘,訓(xun)練水手、船工(gong);組(zu)織民(min)兵、民(min)工(gong)5萬余(yu)人(ren)支(zhi)援前線等。
6月,中共中央軍(jun)委指示(shi)(shi)晉冀(ji)(ji)魯(lu)豫野戰(zhan)軍(jun)主(zhu)力于月底強渡(du)(du)黃(huang)河(he)(he),先(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)魯(lu)西南(nan)地(di)區(qu)(qu)求殲(jian)敵(di)軍(jun),爾后向(xiang)大別(bie)山(shan)進擊,在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄂豫皖邊界地(di)區(qu)(qu)實施戰(zhan)略展開。劉(liu)伯承、鄧(deng)小(xiao)平(ping)根據(ju)這(zhe)一指示(shi)(shi)和國民黨軍(jun)設(she)防情況(kuang),決心集(ji)中4個(ge)縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)又2個(ge)獨(du)(du)立旅(lv),從(cong)山(shan)東省(sheng)陽谷以(yi)(yi)(yi)東張秋鎮至菏澤以(yi)(yi)(yi)北臨(lin)濮集(ji)150千米(mi)的(de)8個(ge)地(di)段上突破(po)黃(huang)河(he)(he)防線,首先(xian)發起魯(lu)西南(nan)戰(zhan)役(yi)(yi),殲(jian)滅劉(liu)汝明(ming)集(ji)團,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)運動中殲(jian)滅來援之敵(di)一部(bu),然后向(xiang)大別(bie)山(shan)挺進。其部(bu)署是:冀(ji)(ji)魯(lu)豫軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)獨(du)(du)立第(di)(di)1旅(lv)于6月27日先(xian)行(xing)秘密渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),在(zai)(zai)(zai)戴廟、蔡(cai)家莊(zhuang)(zhuang)地(di)區(qu)(qu)接(jie)應第(di)(di)1縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),并(bing)配合(he)第(di)(di)1、第(di)(di)2縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)行(xing)動;原在(zai)(zai)(zai)黃(huang)河(he)(he)南(nan)岸的(de)獨(du)(du)立第(di)(di)2旅(lv)在(zai)(zai)(zai)舊(jiu)城(cheng)集(ji)、臨(lin)濮集(ji)地(di)區(qu)(qu)接(jie)應第(di)(di)6縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),并(bing)配合(he)其作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan);第(di)(di)1縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)于魏家山(shan)、張堂等(deng)渡(du)(du)口(kou)(kou)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),在(zai)(zai)(zai)獨(du)(du)立第(di)(di)1旅(lv)協同下,圍(wei)殲(jian)鄆(yun)(yun)城(cheng)及(ji)其以(yi)(yi)(yi)北守軍(jun);第(di)(di)2縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)于孫口(kou)(kou)、林樓等(deng)渡(du)(du)口(kou)(kou)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),以(yi)(yi)(yi)1個(ge)旅(lv)圍(wei)殲(jian)皇(huang)姑庵守敵(di),主(zhu)力插至鄆(yun)(yun)城(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西協同第(di)(di)1縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan);第(di)(di)6縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)于李橋、于莊(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng)渡(du)(du)口(kou)(kou)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),圍(wei)殲(jian)鄄城(cheng)及(ji)其西北地(di)區(qu)(qu)守軍(jun);第(di)(di)3縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)為戰(zhan)役(yi)(yi)預備(bei)隊(dui)(dui),進至白衣閣附(fu)近(jin),視(shi)情況(kuang)隨第(di)(di)6縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)或第(di)(di)2縱(zong)(zong)隊(dui)(dui)渡(du)(du)河(he)(he),擴(kuo)大戰(zhan)果。在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)力渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)的(de)前一天,以(yi)(yi)(yi)太行(xing)軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)、冀(ji)(ji)南(nan)軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)、冀(ji)(ji)魯(lu)豫軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)部(bu)隊(dui)(dui)各一部(bu)和豫皖蘇軍(jun)區(qu)(qu)部(bu)隊(dui)(dui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)黃(huang)河(he)(he)兩(liang)岸分別(bie)向(xiang)當面(mian)之敵(di)發起攻擊,迷惑(huo)和牽制敵(di)軍(jun)。
1947年6月(yue)30日(ri)(ri)夜,晉(jin)(jin)冀魯(lu)豫(yu)(yu)野戰(zhan)(zhan)軍4個(ge)(ge)縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)共(gong)13個(ge)(ge)旅(lv)(lv)12萬余(yu)人,以(yi)(yi)突然勇猛的(de)(de)動作(zuo),一舉突破國(guo)民黨軍的(de)(de)黃(huang)河(he)防線,殲(jian)(jian)敵一部。劉(liu)汝明急令(ling)(ling)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)74、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)29旅(lv)(lv)退(tui)集鄆城(cheng)(cheng),整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)68師(shi)(shi)(shi)主力(li)和整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)181旅(lv)(lv)退(tui)守(shou)(shou)菏澤。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)4個(ge)(ge)旅(lv)(lv)在獨(du)立(li)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1旅(lv)(lv)配(pei)合下,當即包圍鄆城(cheng)(cheng),并于(yu)7月(yue)2日(ri)(ri)攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)該城(cheng)(cheng)四關。其(qi)余(yu)3個(ge)(ge)縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)進(jin)至鄄城(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)姑庵(an)地區,待機(ji)(ji)打援(yuan)。對晉(jin)(jin)冀魯(lu)豫(yu)(yu)野戰(zhan)(zhan)軍主力(li)渡過黃(huang)河(he),國(guo)民黨軍陸軍總司令(ling)(ling)兼(jian)徐州司令(ling)(ling)部司令(ling)(ling)顧祝同(tong)甚為震驚,慌忙從豫(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)、豫(yu)(yu)皖蘇(su)邊(bian)界(jie)地區抽(chou)調3個(ge)(ge)整(zheng)編(bian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)1個(ge)(ge)旅(lv)(lv),連(lian)同(tong)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)組成第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2兵團增援(yuan)魯(lu)西南。該兵團司令(ling)(ling)官王敬久以(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)153旅(lv)(lv)進(jin)至定(ding)(ding)(ding)陶,與退(tui)守(shou)(shou)菏澤的(de)(de)部隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)組成西路(lu);以(yi)(yi)地方(fang)團隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)防守(shou)(shou)曹(cao)縣城(cheng)(cheng);以(yi)(yi)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)32、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)(shi)各2個(ge)(ge)旅(lv)(lv)經金鄉北(bei)(bei)上(shang),會(hui)同(tong)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)組成東(dong)路(lu);將整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)58師(shi)(shi)(shi)及整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)199旅(lv)(lv)配(pei)置在金鄉作(zuo)為后應。企(qi)圖以(yi)(yi)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)(shi)堅守(shou)(shou)鄆城(cheng)(cheng),吸引晉(jin)(jin)冀魯(lu)豫(yu)(yu)野戰(zhan)(zhan)軍主力(li)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)下,然后以(yi)(yi)東(dong)西兩路(lu)援(yuan)軍向(xiang)北(bei)(bei)鉗擊其(qi)側后,迫其(qi)背水作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)。劉(liu)伯承、鄧小平識破了這(zhe)一企(qi)圖,立(li)即采(cai)取(qu)攻(gong)(gong)其(qi)一點(鄆城(cheng)(cheng))、吸其(qi)來援(yuan)(金鄉)、啃其(qi)一邊(bian)(定(ding)(ding)(ding)陶)、各個(ge)(ge)擊破的(de)(de)方(fang)針(zhen),以(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)等部攻(gong)(gong)取(qu)鄆城(cheng)(cheng);以(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)迅速從東(dong)西兩路(lu)援(yuan)敵之(zhi)間向(xiang)南,攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)陶、曹(cao)縣;以(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)進(jin)到(dao)定(ding)(ding)(ding)陶以(yi)(yi)東(dong)待機(ji)(ji)。7月(yue)8日(ri)(ri)晨,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)攻(gong)(gong)克鄆城(cheng)(cheng),全(quan)殲(jian)(jian)整(zheng)編(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)55師(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)部及2個(ge)(ge)旅(lv)(lv)。10日(ri)(ri)夜,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)陶,全(quan)殲(jian)(jian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)153旅(lv)(lv);第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)收(shou)復曹(cao)縣城(cheng)(cheng);第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3縱(zong)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)到(dao)達定(ding)(ding)(ding)陶以(yi)(yi)東(dong)地區。
7月10日(ri),國民(min)(min)黨援軍東(dong)路整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(1個(ge)(ge)半旅(lv)(lv))、整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)力,分別進至六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)、獨山集(ji)(ji)、羊山集(ji)(ji)地區,由(you)北(bei)向南(nan)擺成(cheng)一(yi)字長蛇陣。晉冀魯豫(yu)野戰軍當即調整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)署,轉(zhuan)兵東(dong)進。13日(ri)拂曉,第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)將位于六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)的整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、獨山集(ji)(ji)的整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隔開,并切斷(duan)其(qi)與(yu)羊山集(ji)(ji)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的聯系。當日(ri)中午,第(di)(di)(di)(di)2縱(zong)隊(dui)在(zai)謝(xie)集(ji)(ji)殲(jian)國民(min)(min)黨軍1個(ge)(ge)團,隨即向東(dong)協同第(di)(di)(di)(di)3縱(zong)隊(dui)包(bao)圍(wei)(wei)羊山集(ji)(ji)。王敬久發覺所部(bu)被分割后(hou)舉(ju)棋不定,先(xian)令北(bei)邊的整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和南(nan)邊的整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向中間的整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)靠攏(long);復令整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向北(bei)接(jie)應整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),再向南(nan)靠攏(long)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)追擊下,師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)部(bu)率1個(ge)(ge)旅(lv)(lv)逃(tao)入(ru)六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)與(yu)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會合(he),其(qi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)139旅(lv)(lv)則被第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)一(yi)部(bu)追殲(jian)于逃(tao)往嘉祥的途中,防守(shou)嘉祥城的整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)部(bu)也被迫向濟寧撤逃(tao)。與(yu)此(ci)同時(shi)(shi),第(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)主(zhu)力緊縮對六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)的包(bao)圍(wei)(wei)圈。劉伯承(cheng)、鄧小平(ping)考慮,六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)為(wei)僅有200戶人家的村莊,糧食飲水(shui)奇缺(que),敵(di)軍2個(ge)(ge)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)部(bu)和2個(ge)(ge)半旅(lv)(lv)擠(ji)在(zai)這一(yi)狹小地區內(nei),若對其(qi)四面圍(wei)(wei)攻,敵(di)必作(zuo)“困獸之(zhi)斗”。因此(ci)采取“圍(wei)(wei)三闕一(yi)”部(bu)署,以(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)在(zai)六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)東(dong)布成(cheng)袋形陣地,以(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)6縱(zong)隊(dui)于14日(ri)20時(shi)(shi)由(you)西向東(dong)對六(liu)(liu)營(ying)集(ji)(ji)發起猛攻。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)32、第(di)(di)(di)(di)70師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向東(dong)突圍(wei)(wei),被第(di)(di)(di)(di)1縱(zong)隊(dui)全殲(jian)。
7月15日(ri)(ri),第(di)(di)2、第(di)(di)3縱隊對羊(yang)山(shan)集發起(qi)攻擊,但因該處守(shou)軍以(yi)羊(yang)山(shan)作依托,南(nan)側(ce)地形低洼、積水較(jiao)多(duo),雖經兩天激戰(zhan),進展不大。此時,蔣介石得知整編(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)32師(shi)(shi)等(deng)部連續被殲和羊(yang)山(shan)集整編(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)告急(ji)等(deng)情(qing)況,于(yu)19日(ri)(ri)飛(fei)抵(di)開封坐鎮(zhen)指揮,從(cong)西(xi)安(an)、洛陽、豫北、山(shan)東、漢口等(deng)地抽調(diao)7個整編(bian)(bian)師(shi)(shi)又2個旅(lv)向魯西(xi)南(nan)馳援。20日(ri)(ri)又令王敬(jing)久(jiu)率整編(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)58師(shi)(shi)和第(di)(di)199旅(lv),在飛(fei)機、坦克掩護(hu)下(xia)由金(jin)鄉(xiang)北上,以(yi)解羊(yang)山(shan)集之(zhi)圍。劉(liu)伯(bo)承、鄧小平為爭取先機之(zhi)利,以(yi)獨立第(di)(di)1、第(di)(di)2旅(lv)進至(zhi)萬福河(he)阻援,將第(di)(di)199旅(lv)和由羊(yang)山(shan)集出來接應的1個團全殲。接著,集中第(di)(di)2、第(di)(di)3、第(di)(di)6縱隊于(yu)27日(ri)(ri)對羊(yang)山(shan)集發起(qi)總攻,戰(zhan)至(zhi)28日(ri)(ri)晚,全殲整編(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)66師(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)部及2個旅(lv)。
魯西南(nan)戰(zhan)役,晉冀魯豫(yu)野戰(zhan)軍采取南(nan)北牽制(zhi),寬正面、多地(di)段的突(tu)然(ran)強渡(du)黃河,積極創造(zao)與捕捉戰(zhan)機,調動敵(di)軍就范,把攻城與野戰(zhan)、分(fen)割與圍殲(jian)相結合,創造(zao)了(le)以15個(ge)旅(lv)的兵力殲(jian)敵(di)4個(ge)整編(bian)師共9個(ge)半旅(lv)約(yue)6萬人的戰(zhan)績,從而打(da)亂了(le)國民(min)(min)黨軍在南(nan)部戰(zhan)線的戰(zhan)略(lve)部署,開(kai)辟了(le)進(jin)軍大(da)別(bie)山的道路(lu),揭開(kai)了(le)人民(min)(min)解(jie)放軍戰(zhan)略(lve)進(jin)攻的序幕。