芒果视频

基本介紹

《美育書(shu)簡(jian)》是1795年出版的的圖(tu)書(shu)，作者是弗(fu)里(li)德里(li)希·席勒，是德國啟蒙文學的代表人物之一。

內容介紹

【《美(mei)育書簡》】又譯《審美(mei)教育書簡》，德國古典美(mei)學家(jia)席勒的代表作。是1793—1794年作者寫給丹麥王(wang)子克里斯謙公(gong)爵的27封信，1795年經整理出版。追(zhui)求人(ren)類(lei)本性(xing)的完善，提(ti)倡理性(xing)的自由是席勒美(mei)育思想的核心。

書(shu)中(zhong)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)資本主義現(xian)代文明是造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)根源，它(ta)割(ge)斷了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內(nei)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)，由于“享受(shou)與(yu)勞動(dong)，手段(duan)與(yu)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，努力(li)與(yu)報酬都彼此脫節，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)永遠(yuan)被束縛在(zai)整體的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個孤(gu)零零的(de)(de)(de)碎(sui)片上”，必然(ran)(ran)(ran)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)。席勒(le)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)既受(shou)來自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)”，即(ji)來自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)必然(ran)(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方面(mian)強(qiang)加給人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制，也受(shou)來自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)（形式沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)）”，即(ji)來自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)精神(shen)必然(ran)(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方面(mian)強(qiang)加給人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意志性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制。從而造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)。要使(shi)分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以(yi)復歸，“在(zai)經(jing)驗中(zhong)解決(jue)政治問(wen)(wen)題，就必須通過審(shen)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)途徑，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正是通過美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們才(cai)可(ke)能達到(dao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由”。暴力(li)革(ge)命和(he)國(guo)家政權解決(jue)不了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)問(wen)(wen)題。完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應該是感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)和(he)形式沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)二者的(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧(xie)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)通過“第(di)三沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)”（即(ji)游戲(xi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)）為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)介，才(cai)能實(shi)現(xian)之(zhi)。原因之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)是，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)在(zai)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)與(yu)形式沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)和(he)諧(xie)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)游戲(xi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)，即(ji)在(zai)審(shen)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)境界中(zhong)，才(cai)能實(shi)現(xian)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，物(wu)(wu)質與(yu)精神(shen)，客觀(guan)與(yu)主觀(guan)，受(shou)動(dong)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)具有(you)完善(shan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；其二，感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)通過審(shen)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)狀(zhuang)態才(cai)能進入道德狀(zhuang)態，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)是人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)二創造者；其三，自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)片面(mian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)全(quan)面(mian)立法的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被剝奪了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由，只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)在(zai)審(shen)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)狀(zhuang)態中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)能擺脫任何限(xian)制，使(shi)失落的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以(yi)復歸。書(shu)中(zhong)還討論了(le)不同性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)，即(ji)存在(zai)著溶煉性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)和(he)振奮性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)，前者使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)松弛，后(hou)者使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)緊張。

書(shu)中最(zui)后討論了游戲(xi)的意義和最(zui)高社會理(li)想(xiang)。認為審美游戲(xi)到了高級(ji)階段(duan)，美本(ben)身(shen)就成為人追求的對象，這時就會建(jian)立起審美外觀的王國，但它“只能在少數出眾的人當中找(zhao)到。”

該書中關于人(ren)性的自我分裂，關于游戲(xi)沖動和審美游戲(xi)的觀(guan)點對后(hou)來的藝(yi)術理論和美學影響深遠。

作者介紹

弗(fu)里德(de)里希·席(xi)勒，德(de)國(guo)18世紀著名詩人、作(zuo)家(jia)、哲學家(jia)、歷(li)史學家(jia)和劇作(zuo)家(jia)，德(de)國(guo)啟蒙文學的代表人物之一。