鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)榛(zhen)子(zi)產(chan)于遼寧省鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)市(shi),鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)榛(zhen)子(zi)具有悠久的歷(li)史(shi),鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)有“中國(guo)榛(zhen)子(zi)之都”美(mei)稱(cheng),它不同(tong)于美(mei)國(guo)大榛(zhen)子(zi),美(mei)國(guo)大榛(zhen)子(zi)粒大但(dan)油而(er)不香,鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)榛(zhen)子(zi)小卻非常香。鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)榛(zhen)子(zi)是(shi)經過晾曬(shai),在去掉外皮,然后(hou)經過水漏把空的去掉在炒(chao)熟(shu)(炒(chao)熟(shu)后(hou)有些(xie)會自然開口),就是(shi)當地所說的水漏+開口了,最(zui)后(hou)加上(shang)包裝(zhuang)就是(shi)市(shi)面上(shang)賣的鐵(tie)(tie)嶺(ling)榛(zhen)子(zi)。全市(shi)共(gong)有2萬(wan)(wan)多戶6萬(wan)(wan)多林(lin)農(nong)從(cong)事(shi)榛(zhen)子(zi)生產(chan),榛(zhen)子(zi)開發面積達到(dao)105萬(wan)(wan)畝,榛(zhen)林(lin)產(chan)果面積55萬(wan)(wan)畝,畝產(chan)達25公斤,總產(chan)量1400萬(wan)(wan)公斤,榛(zhen)果單產(chan)是(shi)全國(guo)平均畝產(chan)的5倍,總產(chan)量占全國(guo)產(chan)量的70%。
簡介
榛樹(shu),屬(shu)樺木科(Batulaceae)榛屬(shu)(Corylus)植(zhi)物,又稱(cheng)山板栗(li)、尖栗(li)、棰子(zi)等。在世界范圍內榛屬(shu)有(you)約20個(ge)(ge)品(pin)種(zhong),分(fen)布(bu)于亞(ya)洲(zhou)、歐(ou)洲(zhou)及北美洲(zhou);在中(zhong)國境內有(you)8個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)類2個(ge)(ge)變種(zhong),分(fen)布(bu)于東(dong)北、華東(dong)、華北、西北及西南地(di)區(qu)。榛樹(shu)是(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)材兼用的(de)(de)優(you)良樹(shu)種(zhong)。榛子(zi),榛樹(shu)的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi),形(xing)似栗(li)子(zi),外殼堅(jian)硬,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)仁肥白而圓,有(you)香氣,含油脂量很(hen)大(da),吃起來特別香美,余味綿綿,因(yin)此成為最受人們歡迎(ying)的(de)(de)堅(jian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)類食品(pin)之(zhi)一,有(you)“堅(jian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)王(wang)”的(de)(de)稱(cheng)呼(hu),與扁桃、核桃、腰果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并稱(cheng)為“四大(da)堅(jian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”。
形態特征
榛(《詩經》) ,落葉(xie)灌木或(huo)小喬(qiao)木,高1~7米(mi)(mi)(mi)。葉(xie)互生(sheng);闊卵形至寬倒卵形,長5~13厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬4~7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)近截形而有(you)(you)(you)銳尖頭,基部圓形或(huo)心形,邊緣有(you)(you)(you)不規則重鋸齒,上面(mian)無毛(mao)(mao)(mao),下面(mian)脈上有(you)(you)(you)短柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao);葉(xie)柄長1~2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),密生(sheng)細毛(mao)(mao)(mao);托葉(xie)小,早落。花(hua)(hua)單(dan)性,雌(ci)雄同株,先(xian)葉(xie)開(kai)放;雄花(hua)(hua)成菜荑花(hua)(hua)序,圓柱(zhu)(zhu)形,長5~10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),每苞(bao)(bao)有(you)(you)(you)副苞(bao)(bao)2個(ge)(ge)(ge),苞(bao)(bao)有(you)(you)(you)細毛(mao)(mao)(mao),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)尖,鮮紫褐(he)色(se),雄蕊8,藥黃色(se);雌(ci)花(hua)(hua)2~6個(ge)(ge)(ge)簇(cu)生(sheng)枝端(duan)(duan),開(kai)花(hua)(hua)時包在鱗芽內,僅有(you)(you)(you)花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)(zhu)外露,花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)(zhu)2個(ge)(ge)(ge),紅(hong)色(se)。小堅果近球形,徑約0.7~1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),淡褐(he)色(se),總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)葉(xie)狀(zhuang)或(huo)鐘狀(zhuang),由(you)1~2個(ge)(ge)(ge)苞(bao)(bao)片形成,邊緣淺裂,裂片幾全緣,有(you)(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)4~5月。果期(qi)9~10月。生(sheng)山地陰坡叢林間。
在中國(guo)原(yuan)產榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)子主(zhu)要有9個種(zhong)(zhong)和7個變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong),分別(bie)是毛榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、川榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、維西榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、刺榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、滇榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、絨(rong)苞(bao)榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、華榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、平榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、武陵榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(1990年發表(biao))等變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)有平榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)長苞(bao)榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);毛榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)短苞(bao)毛榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、腺毛毛榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);川榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)短柄(bing)川榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);華榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)鐘(zhong)苞(bao)榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);絨(rong)苞(bao)榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)寬葉絨(rong)苞(bao)榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);刺榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)藏刺榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。引(yin)進種(zhong)(zhong)有歐洲榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(包(bao)括變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)扭枝榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、紫紅(hong)葉榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)子)、大果榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、尖榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等,培(pei)育的(de)(de)新的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)間雜種(zhong)(zhong)平歐雜種(zhong)(zhong)榛(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。
分布
榛(zhen)樹(shu)(shu)為樺木科(Betulaceae) ,榛(zhen)屬(shu)(Corylus Linn)堅果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong),世界有(you)約20個種(zhong)(zhong),廣泛分布(bu)在(zai)亞洲(zhou)、歐(ou)洲(zhou)、北美洲(zhou)的溫帶地(di)區。在(zai)中(zhong)國天然分布(bu)的有(you)8個種(zhong)(zhong),主要分布(bu)在(zai)東(dong)北三(san)省(sheng)、華北各省(sheng)、西(xi)南橫斷山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)(mo)及西(xi)北的甘肅、陜(shan)西(xi)和內(nei)蒙古等地(di)的山(shan)(shan)區。江西(xi)的羅霄(xiao)山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)(mo)也有(you)野生品種(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)以(yi)東(dong)北三(san)省(sheng)居多。
營養價值
榛(zhen)子(zi)營養豐富,果(guo)仁中出(chu)除(chu)含(han)(han)有(you)蛋白質(zhi)、脂肪(fang)、糖類(lei)外(wai),胡蘿卜素、維(wei)生素B1 、維(wei)生素B2、維(wei)生素E含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)也很豐富;榛(zhen)子(zi)中人體所需(xu)(xu)的8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氨(an)基(ji)酸(suan)樣(yang)樣(yang)俱全,其含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高過(guo)核桃;榛(zhen)子(zi)中各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微量(liang)(liang)元素如鈣、磷、鐵含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)也高于其他堅(jian)果(guo)。此外(wai),它也可(ke)以生產十分珍貴的木材(cai),其木材(cai)堅(jian)硬(ying),紋理、色澤美觀,可(ke)做(zuo)小型細木工的材(cai)料;部分品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)作(zuo)植被恢復(fu)及園林綠化樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。榛(zhen)子(zi)富含(han)(han)油脂(大多為不飽和脂肪(fang)酸(suan))、蛋白質(zhi)、碳水化合(he)物(wu)、維(wei)生素(維(wei)生素E)、礦物(wu)質(zhi)、糖纖維(wei)、β--古甾醇和抗氧劑石炭酸(suan)等特殊成分以及人類(lei)所需(xu)(xu)的八種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氨(an)基(ji)酸(suan)與微量(liang)(liang)元素。