一.產品介紹
河(he)曲(qu)馬(ma)亦稱喬科馬(ma),原產中國(guo)(guo)甘肅(su)、青海(hai)、四(si)川3省交(jiao)界(jie)處,黃河(he)上(shang)游第一河(he)曲(qu)處,故名。 河(he)曲(qu)馬(ma)與內蒙古三河(he)馬(ma)、新疆伊犁馬(ma)被(bei)譽為中國(guo)(guo)三大名馬(ma)。
二.自(zi)然生態環境和人文(wen)歷(li)史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)壤地貌情況:河(he)南(nan)縣(xian)草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)資源豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu),在河(he)南(nan)縣(xian)932萬畝天(tian)然(ran)草(cao)(cao)場(chang)上,既有(you)平均(jun)(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)3600米(mi)以(yi)上的(de)(de)冷涼氣候,不利于病原(yuan)(yuan)滋生、繁(fan)殖和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)蔓延(yan),又遠離城市和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工業污染源,空氣、土(tu)(tu)壤、水均(jun)(jun)未(wei)受(shou)到污染,從(cong)來未(wei)使(shi)用過農(nong)藥,牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao)營養豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu),堪稱亞洲第一流的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)草(cao)(cao)場(chang)。地勢(shi)(shi)開(kai)闊,山(shan)(shan)脈比高(gao)(gao)不大(da),山(shan)(shan)體完整。西傾山(shan)(shan)由縣(xian)境的(de)(de)東南(nan)向西延(yan)伸,山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)(shi)較低緩,海(hai)拔(ba)4000米(mi)左(zuo)右,西部(bu)與(yu)同(tong)德縣(xian)交界的(de)(de)黃(huang)河(he)出口處最低,海(hai)拔(ba)3168米(mi);境內北部(bu)以(yi)小起伏中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)海(hai)拔(ba)丘陵為(wei)主(zhu),并(bing)有(you)平緩的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)拔(ba)洪沖積平原(yuan)(yuan),海(hai)拔(ba)在3600~3800米(mi);西部(bu)與(yu)東南(nan)部(bu)以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)起伏高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)為(wei)主(zhu),個別(bie)地段為(wei)大(da)起伏高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan),并(bing)有(you)河(he)峽谷(gu)(gu)以(yi)及眾多的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小河(he)谷(gu)(gu)與(yu)窄谷(gu)(gu)。全縣(xian)以(yi)自(zi)然(ran)土(tu)(tu)類(lei),主(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)類(lei)是高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、山(shan)(shan)地草(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)灌木叢草(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、碳酸(suan)鹽高(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、山(shan)(shan)地草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)化草(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)。在這塊天(tian)然(ran)草(cao)(cao)場(chang)上生長著各種優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao),草(cao)(cao)場(chang)等(deng)級較高(gao)(gao)、產(chan)(chan)草(cao)(cao)量(liang)多,草(cao)(cao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較好、營養成分高(gao)(gao),其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)雪蓮、大(da)黃(huang)、羌活、杜鵑、柴胡、黨參、遠志、麥(mai)冬、射(she)干、松香、手掌參、冬蟲夏草(cao)(cao)等(deng)藥材資源豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu),加之獨天(tian)特厚的(de)(de)草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)土(tu)(tu)壤資源的(de)(de)優勢(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)潛在效益之多。(土(tu)(tu)壤大(da)部(bu)分為(wei)普(pu)通灰鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)淡灰鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)(zhong)鈣(gai)、磷的(de)(de)含量(liang)較豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu),礦物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元素含量(liang)達40多種之多)。由于這樣(yang)特殊的(de)(de)草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)土(tu)(tu)壤、水質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao),極符合(he)河(he)曲馬(ma)的(de)(de)生態學特性,這些優良的(de)(de)草(cao)(cao)地資源均(jun)(jun)為(wei)發展蘇呼歐拉羊(yang)產(chan)(chan)業化奠定了堅(jian)實(shi)的(de)(de)基礎。
2、水(shui)(shui)文(wen)情況:縣境(jing)內地(di)表水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐富,共有大(da)小河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)近百條(tiao),其中主要(yao)河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)有14條(tiao)。黃(huang)(huang)河(he)為(wei)過境(jing)河(he),洮(tao)河(he)、澤曲(qu)河(he)、沃乎德河(he)、烏(wu)爾哈斯河(he)、大(da)毛曲(qu)河(he)5條(tiao)河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)一(yi)級(ji)支流(liu)(liu)(liu),另有黃(huang)(huang)河(he)二級(ji)支流(liu)(liu)(liu)河(he)5條(tiao),除(chu)澤曲(qu)河(he)外。均發源(yuan)(yuan)于縣境(jing)內,這些河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)好,分布廣,流(liu)(liu)(liu)程長,流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)大(da),水(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)質(zhi)穩定(ding),落差大(da),水(shui)(shui)力蘊(yun)藏量(liang)(liang)十分分豐富,年均徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)總量(liang)(liang)13.87億立方米,水(shui)(shui)能資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)管理論蘊(yun)藏量(liang)(liang)為(wei)129,64萬千瓦。水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)略偏堿(jian)性,清(qing)潔、良好、較穩定(ding)、基本上沒受污(wu)染(ran),適宜人畜飲用(yong)和牧場灌溉,符合國家飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)標準的占98%以(yi)上。
3、氣(qi)候(hou)情(qing)況:河(he)南縣(xian)屬高原大(da)陸性(xing)季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou),最熱(re)月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)。全縣(xian)均溫9.2~11.5℃,極端最高氣(qi)溫24℃.冬(dong)季(ji)漫長(chang),時(shi)間長(chang)達(da)288天,占全年的(de)2/3,最冷月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)1月(yue)(yue)(yue),均溫為(wei)-13.7℃.冬(dong)季(ji)多(duo)雪(xue),并(bing)伴有大(da)風(feng)。日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)間長(chang),平均照(zhao)時(shi)數為(wei)2435.80小時(shi),降水主要(yao)集(ji)中(zhong)在雨季(ji)(5︵9月(yue)(yue)(yue)),二(er)旱季(ji)(1︵3月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen),11︵12月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen))降水量(liang)僅占全年降水量(liang)的(de)6.75%。牧(mu)草(cao)生長(chang)期與雨季(ji)基本同時(shi),因此,牧(mu)草(cao)生長(chang)期降水量(liang)是充(chong)沛(pei)的(de)。
4、人文歷(li)(li)史情況:河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)是 一(yi)(yi)個古(gu)(gu)(gu)老馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),歷(li)(li)史上曾稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)吐(tu)谷渾(hun)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。據國(guo)(guo)(guo)內養(yang)(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)專 家考察,河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)原產(chan)(chan)于(yu)青(qing)藏(zang)(zang)高(gao)原東(dong)部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),先祖為(wei)青(qing)藏(zang)(zang)高(gao)原寒山地(di)(di)(di)(di)草原馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)被人們馴化成為(wei)家畜約在(zai)新(xin)石器時代(dai)。由(you)(you)于(yu)戰爭和民族(zu)變遷需要,4000多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前,甘隴(long)一(yi)(yi)帶就產(chan)(chan)良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),時稱(cheng)(cheng)“秦馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”。漢景帝年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(前157—前140年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),在(zai)西北(bei)(bei)邊郡設立馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)苑36所(suo),養(yang)(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)30萬匹(pi)(pi)(pi)。當時已從(cong)(cong)西方烏孫(sun)、大(da)宛等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)輸入良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),改造(zao)土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),促(cu)進(jin)(jin)了(le)養(yang)(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,以(yi)致武帝年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(前140—前87年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),帝每出(chu)獵,“從(cong)(cong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”即“數萬匹(pi)(pi)(pi)”。河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)縣所(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),養(yang)(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)業(ye)歷(li)(li)來(lai)都很發(fa)達。公元4世紀初,駐牧于(yu)河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)吐(tu)谷渾(hun)人極善養(yang)(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),引進(jin)(jin)了(le)波斯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)雜交(jiao)改良(liang)(liang)(liang),提高(gao)了(le)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)素(su)質(zhi)。唐(tang)朝時期(qi)隴(long)右(you)邊外是重(zhong)要養(yang)(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)。“乾元(758759年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))后,隴(long)右(you)、劍川、西山三(san)州關(guan)總鎮監牧三(san)百所(suo)皆(jie)失(shi)之”,唐(tang)朝養(yang)(yang)在(zai)隴(long)右(you)一(yi)(yi)帶的(de)(de)(de)數萬匹(pi)(pi)(pi)良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),盡被襲擊關(guan)內的(de)(de)(de)土蕃(fan)等(deng)部(bu)族(zu)掠去(qu)。這(zhe)些(xie)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)中(zhong)即包括由(you)(you)西域一(yi)(yi)帶輸入的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)太(tai)祖元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1206年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))鐵木真建立蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)汗國(guo)(guo)(guo),自號“成吉(ji)思汗”,兵威廣被,曾攻占了(le)歐(ou)亞(ya)(ya)兩洲許多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),而(er)使(shi)歐(ou)亞(ya)(ya)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)流(liu)入國(guo)(guo)(guo)內。蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)太(tai)祖二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1227年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)軍(jun)(jun)經(jing)臨洮、河(he)(he)州及河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)南(nan)(nan)進(jin)(jin),在(zai)臨夏設吐(tu)蕃(fan)等(deng)處宣(xuan)慰(wei)使(shi)司。在(zai)這(zhe)些(xie)軍(jun)(jun)事行(xing)動(dong)(dong)中(zhong),今河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)縣境(jing)內設過驛站,牧過軍(jun)(jun)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),致使(shi)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)及其它(ta)(ta)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)大(da)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)(jin)入這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)太(tai)祖二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(南(nan)(nan)宋(song)寶慶三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),1227年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))后,特別是明代(dai)中(zhong)后期(qi),大(da)批(pi)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)移駐青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai),黃河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)亦在(zai)明崇禎(zhen)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至清康熙八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1636—1669年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))由(you)(you)新(xin)疆烏魯木齊經(jing)青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai)環湖等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)進(jin)(jin)駐河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),在(zai)這(zhe)些(xie)民族(zu)遷移中(zhong),也隨(sui)之有大(da)量(liang)(liang)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)三(san)河(he)(he)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、新(xin)疆伊犁馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)及其它(ta)(ta)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)良(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)進(jin)(jin)入河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),與當地(di)(di)(di)(di)土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)雜交(jiao)繁(fan)衍。勞動(dong)(dong)牧民經(jing)過長期(qi)探索(suo),采用(yong)人工選(xuan)擇代(dai)替自然(ran)選(xuan)擇辦法,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)人工選(xuan)育,人工淘汰,加速了(le)歷(li)(li)史上曾稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)“吐(tu)谷渾(hun)”馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)化過程,逐(zhu)(zhu)步形成了(le)近代(dai)優(you)良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。解(jie)放前的(de)(de)(de)王公頭人,解(jie)放后的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)機(ji)構,都曾從(cong)(cong)甘南(nan)(nan)等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)引進(jin)(jin)喬科地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)優(you)良(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),進(jin)(jin)行(xing)土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改造(zao)。60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)設立專門(men)機(ji)構加強(qiang)土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育,不(bu)斷提高(gao)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)素(su)質(zhi),因(yin)而(er)使(shi)河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)縣馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)素(su)質(zhi)在(zai)青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai)省一(yi)(yi)直保持領先地(di)(di)(di)(di)位。就縣境(jing)內而(er)言,河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)品(pin)質(zhi)與地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系是,由(you)(you)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan),由(you)(you)西向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)加強(qiang),東(dong)南(nan)(nan)部(bu) 賽爾龍鄉、柯生鄉、河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)場馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)優(you),西部(bu)、北(bei)(bei)部(bu)因(yin)受土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)影響較大(da),品(pin)質(zhi)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)變差(cha),必(bi)須下大(da)功夫狠抓改良(liang)(liang)(liang)選(xuan)育,才(cai)能保持河(he)(he)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai)獨一(yi)(yi)無二的(de)(de)(de)優(you)良(liang)(liang)(liang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
三.地域范圍
河(he)南(nan)縣(xian)位于(yu)青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai)省(sheng)東南(nan)部,青(qing)藏高(gao)原東北緣,九區黃河(he)自(zi)東折西再折向東的(de)第一(yi)右旋大彎曲的(de)弦部南(nan)端,地(di)(di)處東經(jing)100°53′25〞-102°15′27〞,北緯34°04′52〞-34°55′36〞。東西長127.67公(gong)里,南(nan)北寬94.36 公(gong)里,邊界周長451.3公(gong)里,其中省(sheng)界287.3公(gong)里。東與(yu)甘(gan)肅(su)省(sheng)甘(gan)南(nan)藏族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)州夏(xia)河(he)縣(xian)、碌曲縣(xian)為鄰,西與(yu)青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai)省(sheng)果洛(luo)藏族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)州瑪(ma)沁縣(xian)和海(hai)(hai)(hai)南(nan)藏族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)州同德縣(xian)相望,南(nan)與(yu)甘(gan)肅(su)省(sheng)甘(gan)南(nan)藏族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)州瑪(ma)曲縣(xian)接(jie)壤,北與(yu)青(qing)海(hai)(hai)(hai)省(sheng)黃南(nan)藏族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)州澤庫縣(xian)毗連,縣(xian)城駐地(di)(di)優干寧(ning)鎮(zhen),平均海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔在3600米以(yi)上,是(shi)一(yi)個以(yi)畜牧為主的(de)純(chun)牧業縣(xian),共有土地(di)(di)總(zong)面積6997.45平方公(gong)里,河(he)曲馬(ma)2009年初總(zong)存欄1.22萬匹(pi),總(zong)人(ren)口3.4萬人(ren),下轄5鄉1鎮(zhen),39個牧委會、137個牧業合作社,是(shi)全(quan)省(sheng)唯一(yi)的(de)蒙古族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)。
四.產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
1、生物特(te)征。河(he)(he)(he)曲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)經過長期人(ren)工(gong)組群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)放牧,養成(cheng)了喜(xi)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)居(ju)、好游(you)走、戀(lian)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)性(xing)強于舍飼馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)。部分馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)匹走動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi),全群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)都(dou)跟著(zhu)走動(dong)(dong)。經常(chang)走在(zai)(zai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)前面的(de)(de)頭馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“前哨馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”,趕動(dong)(dong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)或穩住(zhu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)必須首(shou)先(xian)控制它(ta)們。一(yi)般成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、斷乳(ru)幼駒(ju)和周(zhou)(zhou)歲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)駒(ju)戀(lian)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)性(xing)較(jiao)強,騸(shan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、2—3歲大駒(ju)戀(lian)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)性(xing)較(jiao)差。大馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)中自然組成(cheng)幾個小群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun),群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)眾習慣稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“把子”。公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)具(ju)有很強的(de)(de)圈群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)性(xing),一(yi)般3周(zhou)(zhou)歲時(shi)(shi)就有圈群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。一(yi)匹公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)帶領10—20匹母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)及其(qi)(qi)幼駒(ju),組成(cheng)一(yi)個小群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun),采食、飲(yin)水(shui)、走動(dong)(dong)、休(xiu)息(xi)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi),既離(li)(li)不開大群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun),也與大群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)中的(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他小群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)保持(chi)一(yi)定(ding)距(ju)離(li)(li)。小群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)中的(de)(de)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)由(you)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)照(zhao)管、護衛和圈群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)配種(zhong),母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)離(li)(li)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun),公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)立即(ji)將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)趕回。其(qi)(qi)他小群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)爭奪本群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)立即(ji)與之(zhi)搏斗,從而(er)基本保持(chi)了小群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)。河(he)(he)(he)曲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)記憶(yi)(yi)(yi)力(li)較(jiao)強。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)對(dui)飲(yin)水(shui)、食草(cao)的(de)(de)地(di)點記憶(yi)(yi)(yi)清(qing)(qing)楚(chu),各季(ji)草(cao)場那(nei)里(li)牧草(cao)好,那(nei)里(li)有水(shui)源(yuan)都(dou)熟記不忘(wang),有的(de)(de)甚至售往其(qi)(qi)它(ta)省區,數年(nian)(nian)(nian)以后還能(neng)(neng)回到原駐(zhu)牧地(di)。人(ren)在(zai)(zai)草(cao)原乘(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)迷路,只要信馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)行去(qu),都(dou)能(neng)(neng)回到住(zhu)地(di)。聽(ting)(ting)覺也很靈敏,成(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)即(ji)使已(yi)經入(ru)睡(shui)也能(neng)(neng)迅即(ji)聽(ting)(ting)到周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)聲(sheng)音。特(te)別是(shi)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),夜(ye)間很少臥倒入(ru)睡(shui),隨時(shi)(shi)凝神探聽(ting)(ting)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)動(dong)(dong)靜,聽(ting)(ting)到異常(chang)響(xiang)動(dong)(dong),就會(hui)立即(ji)警(jing)覺起(qi)來。如(ru)遇狼(lang)等野(ye)獸來襲,便(bian)會(hui)昂(ang)首(shou)屈頸,抖髦舉尾,前蹄(ti)扒(ba)地(di),噴鼻示警(jing),引起(qi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)注意,隨之(zhi)奔向野(ye)獸與之(zhi)搏斗,直(zhi)至將(jiang)野(ye)獸趕跑。如(ru)果馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)被環視或被沖散,公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)便(bian)會(hui)繞馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)旋(xuan)轉奔跑,先(xian)把馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)收攏,再與惡狼(lang)搏斗,直(zhi)至將(jiang)狼(lang)趕跑。河(he)(he)(he)曲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)具(ju)有同類相(xiang)惜感情。平常(chang)休(xiu)息(xi)時(shi)(shi),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)駒(ju)經常(chang)廝打嘻戲,成(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)則相(xiang)互咬癢。乘(cheng)(cheng)役馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與人(ren)關系融洽,對(dui)主(zhu)人(ren)記憶(yi)(yi)(yi)清(qing)(qing)晰(xi),休(xiu)息(xi)時(shi)(shi)常(chang)將(jiang)頭臉貼在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)人(ren)身上(shang),表示親熱;乘(cheng)(cheng)役時(shi)(shi)則能(neng)(neng)很馴服地(di)聽(ting)(ting)從命(ming)令(ling),有的(de)(de)乘(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)在(zai)(zai)爬山前甚至會(hui)停步回頭向主(zhu)人(ren)討向糖果等食物。河(he)(he)(he)曲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)是(shi)青海省重要馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)之(zhi)一(yi)。蒙藏(zang)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)眾稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)“喬科馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”,漢族(zu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)眾稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)“南番(fan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”,因其(qi)(qi)產地(di)在(zai)(zai)黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)上(shang)游(you)青、甘、川三(san)省交界處的(de)(de)第一(yi)彎曲部,1954年(nian)(nian)(nian),由(you)西北軍(jun)政(zheng)委員會(hui)定(ding)名為(wei)“河(he)(he)(he)曲馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”,遂使這一(yi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)聲(sheng)名遠播(bo),成(cheng)為(wei)我(wo)國三(san)大名馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)之(zhi)一(yi)。
2、體貌體質
a.體(ti)貌體(ti)大(da)(da)協調,體(ti)軀舒展,骨量充(chong)實,筋腱強健,肌(ji)肉(rou)較(jiao)(jiao)豐滿,關節尚(shang)明顯。性(xing)情溫馴,公馬神(shen)駿而(er)(er)富有:悍威。頭(tou)重(zhong)稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)長(chang)(chang)(chang),但(dan)無粗相,耳長(chang)(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)尖(jian),前豎(shu)而(er)(er)靈。眼大(da)(da)中等(deng),鼻孔開張。顎凹較(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan),唇厚緊湊,正頭(tou),兔頭(tou)、半兔頭(tou)各占(zhan)一定(ding)比例。頸略(lve)顯稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)短,頸礎高低適中,頸肌(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)發(fa)達,頸向(xiang)(xiang)介于(yu)平(ping)頸、斜(xie)頸之(zhi)間。頭(tou)頸結(jie)合(he)較(jiao)(jiao)好,頸肩結(jie)合(he)稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)差(cha),鬐甲稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)低,寬(kuan)度(du)(du)尚(shang)好。腰背寬(kuan)廣平(ping)直,十字部結(jie)合(he)平(ping)順。少量馬匹腰背稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)長(chang)(chang)(chang),略(lve)顯背窄,腰長(chang)(chang)(chang)且凸,尻寬(kuan)較(jiao)(jiao)好,長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)中等(deng),肌(ji)肉(rou)發(fa)育良(liang)好。部分馬尻斜(xie)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da),略(lve)顯尻尖(jian)。胸深長(chang)(chang)(chang)、寬(kuan)中等(deng),肋骨弓張,胸廓發(fa)育良(liang)好,腹緊湊有彈力,雖稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)大(da)(da)而(er)(er)不下垂。四肢(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)本端正,肩長(chang)(chang)(chang)中節略(lve)不,蹄系長(chang)(chang)(chang),蹄偏大(da)(da)稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)低,蹄質稍(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)軟,個別馬有裂蹄。鬃、鬣、尾毛較(jiao)(jiao)細(xi)而(er)(er)稀(xi),多呈輕波浪狀彎曲。由于(yu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期絆(ban)牧或雙(shuang)馬、三馬聯絆(ban),前肢(zhi)(zhi)多呈輕微外或“X”狀,后肢(zhi)(zhi)多有輕度(du)(du)內向(xiang)(xiang)或外向(xiang)(xiang),值得放牧管理時注意。
b.體質(zhi):根據1981年(nian)省馬(ma)匹(pi)(pi)品種資源調查組資料(liao),在551匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)中,結(jie)實(shi)型(xing)(xing)97匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)17.60%;粗(cu)(cu)(cu)糙(cao)型(xing)(xing)238匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)43.19%;細致型(xing)(xing)9匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)1.63%;緊(jin)湊型(xing)(xing)17匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)3.09%;松(song)弛型(xing)(xing)122匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)22.14%;濕潤(run)型(xing)(xing)26匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)4.72%;干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥型(xing)(xing)42匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)7.62%。結(jie)論為(wei)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)糙(cao)結(jie)實(shi)型(xing)(xing)為(wei)主,粗(cu)(cu)(cu)糙(cao)松(song)弛型(xing)(xing)次之(zhi)。粗(cu)(cu)(cu)糙(cao)濕潤(run)、結(jie)實(shi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥、干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥緊(jin)湊型(xing)(xing)也各占(zhan)(zhan)一定比例。
c.毛(mao)(mao)(mao)色(se)(se)(se):毛(mao)(mao)(mao)色(se)(se)(se)比較整齊(qi)。據814匹(pi)統計,黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)400匹(pi),占(zhan)49.14%;騮(liu)色(se)(se)(se)237匹(pi),占(zhan)29.12%;青(qing)色(se)(se)(se)78匹(pi),占(zhan)9.58%;栗(li)色(se)(se)(se)62匹(pi),占(zhan)7.62%;雜色(se)(se)(se)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)37匹(pi),占(zhan)4.55%。結論(lun)為黑(hei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)為主,約(yue)占(zhan)50%;騮(liu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)次之(zhi),約(yue)占(zhan)30%;其他(ta)各色(se)(se)(se)總(zong)計僅(jin)占(zhan)20%許。如(ru)表(biao)4-25(略)。
d.特征:據縣河(he)曲馬選育(yu)站60年代資(zi)料統計(ji),649匹(pi)(pi)馬中,頭(tou)(tou)和(he)四肢(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)章(zhang)(zhang)特征的共97匹(pi)(pi),占14.95%。其中頭(tou)(tou)部(bu)有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)章(zhang)(zhang)的35匹(pi)(pi),占5.39%;四肢(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)章(zhang)(zhang)的46匹(pi)(pi),占7.09%。頭(tou)(tou)和(he)四肢(zhi)(zhi)都(dou)有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)章(zhang)(zhang)的16匹(pi)(pi),占2.47%。我國地方馬品種中有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)章(zhang)(zhang)特征為數(shu)不多,河(he)曲馬頭(tou)(tou)部(bu)、四肢(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)(bai)章(zhang)(zhang)率達14.95%,這與形成(cheng)過程中大量引進外血有(you)(you)直接關(guan)系。
3、體(ti)(ti)尺體(ti)(ti)重(zhong):根據1982年6月(yue)縣河曲馬選育站(zhan)資料(liao),成年公(gong)(gong)馬平(ping)均體(ti)(ti)高(gao)137.483.76厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)143.56±4.77厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),胸圍(wei)164.95±17.51厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),管圍(wei)18.72±0.75厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),平(ping)均體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)395.61±33.43公(gong)(gong)斤(jin);成年母(mu)馬平(ping)均體(ti)(ti)高(gao)133.13±4.30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)141.15±6.06厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),胸圍(wei)164.35±6.79厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),管圍(wei)16.96±2.14厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),平(ping)均體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)379.74±37.08公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。體(ti)(ti)尺分(fen)布,按縣河曲馬選育站(zhan)1982年體(ti)(ti)尺評分(fen)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),在88匹(pi)(pi)(pi)馬年公(gong)(gong)馬中,達(da)到(dao)(dao)二(er)級(含)以上體(ti)(ti)尺的(de),體(ti)(ti)高(gao)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(139.45—145.45厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)42匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)47.73%;體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(142.45—151.45厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)67匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)76.14%;胸圍(wei)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(166.45—181.45厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)51匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)57.95%;管圍(wei)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(18—20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)79匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)89.77%。在170匹(pi)(pi)(pi)成年母(mu)馬中,體(ti)(ti)高(gao)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(133.45—145.45厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)109匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)64.12%;體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(139.45—145.45厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)88匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)51.76%;胸圍(wei)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(160.45—181.45厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))的(de)137匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)80.59%;管圍(wei)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)144匹(pi)(pi)(pi),占(zhan)(zhan)84.71%。結論為馬匹(pi)(pi)(pi)質量(liang),特別(bie)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)馬質量(liang)明顯不高(gao)。這與80年代以來(lai)放松選育工(gong)作有著直接(jie)關系。馬匹(pi)(pi)(pi)的(de)體(ti)(ti)尺、體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)、體(ti)(ti)尺指數實測記錄如(ru)表4-27至表4-28(略)
4、生(sheng)(sheng)長發育:河(he)曲(qu)馬(ma)幼駒(ju)在胚胎期(qi)發育良好,初生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)駒(ju)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)重(zhong)和體(ti)高(gao)、體(ti)長、胸圍(wei)、管圍(wei)四項(xiang)平(ping)(ping)均體(ti)尺(chi)分(fen)別(bie)為成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)公(gong)馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)12.70%、65.86%、55.20%、51.42%、61.22%;初中母駒(ju)分(fen)別(bie)為成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)母馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)14.04%、68.93%、57.12%、52.19%、64.62%;幼駒(ju)周(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)前生(sheng)(sheng)長很(hen)快,周(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)公(gong)馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)四項(xiang)平(ping)(ping)均體(ti)尺(chi)分(fen)別(bie)為成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)公(gong)馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)86.67%、85.19%、84%、85.04%;周(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)母駒(ju)分(fen)別(bie)達到成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)母馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)91.02%、87.07%、84.83%、92.28%。周(zhou) 歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)以且生(sheng)(sheng)長速度變慢,到5歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)時,基(ji)本停(ting)至發育,但(dan)仍未完全(quan)成(cheng)熟。四項(xiang)平(ping)(ping)均體(ti)尺(chi)標準5公(gong)歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)馬(ma)分(fen)別(bie)為成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)公(gong)馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)98.87%、99.21%、99.71%、98.82%;5歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)母馬(ma)分(fen)別(bie)為成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)母馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)98.08%、99.20%、98.39%、97.52%。直到6歲(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),才完全(quan)停(ting)止生(sheng)(sheng)長,進入成(cheng)馬(ma)階段。提高(gao)母馬(ma)妊娠(略)期(qi)和哺乳期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)營養水平(ping)(ping),加強當年(nian)(nian)(nian)幼駒(ju)的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)飼(si)、培育,是提高(gao)河(he)曲(qu)馬(ma)質量的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要措施(shi)。
5、役(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing):從(cong)表(biao)4-28體尺指(zhi)數看(kan),成年(nian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)體長(chang)率為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)104.41%,胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)圍率121.23%,管(guan)圍率13.61%;成年(nian)母馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)體長(chang)率107.09%,胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)圍率123.44%,管(guan)圍率13.11%。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)圍率較差,母馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)體長(chang)率偏大(da),基本符合挽(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兼用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)要求(qiu)。據表(biao)4-29實(shi)(shi)(shi)測體尺統(tong)計,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)88匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占78.41%;乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)10匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占11.36%;挽(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)7匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占7.95%;乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)2匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占2.27%。母馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)170匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),挽(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)118匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占69.41%;乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)37匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占21.76%;挽(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)12匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占7.06%;乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)3匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),占1.76%。結論為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)役(yi)使(shi)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)次之,單一(yi)(yi)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)更次之。經過(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)測,挽(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性能較好(hao),中(zhong)長(chang)途(tu)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)騎最佳,短途(tu)速(su)(su)度(du)尚好(hao),持久力(li)極強(qiang),是(shi)輕挽(wan)(wan)(wan)和(he)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)騎的優良馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)種(zhong)。挽(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)測情(qing)況(kuang)如表(biao)4-30(略);任(ren)選(xuan)多日未用(yong)(yong)(yong)成馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)4匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),共挽(wan)(wan)(wan)膠輪(lun)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)車(che)1輛,載重(zhong)2071公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,馭手(shou)體重(zhong)65公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,砂石路面,中(zhong)有緩坡,路程(cheng)(cheng)30公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里,途(tu)中(zhong)休息(xi)1小時59分(fen),實(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間(jian)6小時44分(fen)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)測結束時馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)輕度(du)出(chu)汗,30分(fen)鐘后全(quan)部恢(hui)復正常。長(chang)途(tu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)測情(qing)況(kuang)見(jian)表(biao)4-31(略);任(ren)選(xuan)成年(nian)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)2匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)騎手(shou)體重(zhong)66公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤、鞍具37公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)騎手(shou)67公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤、鞍具29公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,普(pu)通道路,全(quan)程(cheng)(cheng)61.20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里,同時出(chu)發,同時到達,途(tu)中(zhong)同時休息(xi)10分(fen)鐘,實(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間(jian)4小時零(ling)1分(fen)。短程(cheng)(cheng)速(su)(su)力(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)測情(qing)況(kuang)如表(biao)4-32(略);4種(zhong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)測距離(li)各測一(yi)(yi)次,每次都任(ren)選(xuan)乘(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)3匹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),騎手(shou)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)少年(nian)兒童,1200米(mi)組(zu)速(su)(su)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1′47″3、1′47″8、1′54″0;1600米(mi)組(zu)速(su)(su)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2′27″4、2′30″4、2′30″7;2000米(mi)組(zu)速(su)(su)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3′02″9、3′07″5、3′09″5;2500米(mi)組(zu)速(su)(su)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3′37″0、3′37″5、3′38″5。
6、生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)發育:河(he)(he)曲(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)幼駒(ju)(ju)在胚胎期(qi)發育良好,初生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)駒(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)重和(he)體(ti)高(gao)、體(ti)長(chang)、胸圍、管圍四(si)項平(ping)均(jun)體(ti)尺分別(bie)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)12.70%、65.86%、55.20%、51.42%、61.22%;初中母(mu)駒(ju)(ju)分別(bie)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)14.04%、68.93%、57.12%、52.19%、64.62%;幼駒(ju)(ju)周(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)前生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)很快(kuai),周(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)項平(ping)均(jun)體(ti)尺分別(bie)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)86.67%、85.19%、84%、85.04%;周(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)母(mu)駒(ju)(ju)分別(bie)達到成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)91.02%、87.07%、84.83%、92.28%。周(zhou) 歲(sui)(sui)以(yi)且生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)速(su)度變慢,到5歲(sui)(sui)時,基本停(ting)至(zhi)發育,但仍未完(wan)全成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟。四(si)項平(ping)均(jun)體(ti)尺標準(zhun)5公(gong)(gong)歲(sui)(sui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)分別(bie)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)98.87%、99.21%、99.71%、98.82%;5歲(sui)(sui)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)分別(bie)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)98.08%、99.20%、98.39%、97.52%。直到6歲(sui)(sui),才完(wan)全停(ting)止(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),進入成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)階段。提高(gao)母(mu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)妊娠期(qi)和(he)哺乳期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養水(shui)平(ping),加(jia)強當年(nian)(nian)幼駒(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)補飼、培(pei)育,是提高(gao)河(he)(he)曲(qu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要措(cuo)施。
7、役用(yong)類型(xing)(xing):從表4-28(略)體(ti)(ti)(ti)尺指數看,成年(nian)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)104.41%,胸圍(wei)率(lv)(lv)121.23%,管圍(wei)率(lv)(lv)13.61%;成年(nian)母(mu)馬(ma)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)107.09%,胸圍(wei)率(lv)(lv)123.44%,管圍(wei)率(lv)(lv)13.11%。公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)胸圍(wei)率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)差,母(mu)馬(ma)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)偏大,基本符合挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)兼用(yong)型(xing)(xing)要(yao)求。據表4-29實(shi)測(ce)(ce)體(ti)(ti)(ti)尺統計(ji),公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)88匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)78.41%;乘(cheng)(cheng)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)10匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)11.36%;挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)7匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)7.95%;乘(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)2匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)2.27%。母(mu)馬(ma)170匹(pi)(pi),挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)118匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)69.41%;乘(cheng)(cheng)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)37匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)21.76%;挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)12匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)7.06%;乘(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)3匹(pi)(pi),占(zhan)1.76%。結論為(wei)役使類型(xing)(xing)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)為(wei)主,乘(cheng)(cheng)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)之,單一(yi)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)型(xing)(xing)和(he)乘(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)更次(ci)(ci)(ci)之。經過實(shi)測(ce)(ce),挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)性(xing)能(neng)較(jiao)好(hao),中長(chang)(chang)途乘(cheng)(cheng)騎最佳,短途速(su)度尚好(hao),持久(jiu)力極強,是輕(qing)(qing)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)和(he)乘(cheng)(cheng)騎的(de)(de)優良馬(ma)種。挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)實(shi)測(ce)(ce)情(qing)況(kuang)如(ru)表4-30;任(ren)選(xuan)多日未用(yong)成馬(ma)4匹(pi)(pi),共(gong)挽(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)膠輪馬(ma)車1輛,載(zai)重2071公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),馭手(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重65公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),砂石路(lu)面,中有(you)緩坡,路(lu)程(cheng)30公(gong)(gong)里(li),途中休息1小(xiao)時(shi)59分(fen)(fen)(fen),實(shi)用(yong)時(shi)間(jian)6小(xiao)時(shi)44分(fen)(fen)(fen)。實(shi)測(ce)(ce)結束時(shi)馬(ma)匹(pi)(pi)輕(qing)(qing)度出(chu)汗(han),30分(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘后全(quan)部恢復正常。長(chang)(chang)途實(shi)測(ce)(ce)情(qing)況(kuang)見表4-31;任(ren)選(xuan)成年(nian)乘(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)2匹(pi)(pi),一(yi)為(wei)騎手(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重66公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、鞍(an)具37公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),一(yi)為(wei)騎手(shou)67公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、鞍(an)具29公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),普通道路(lu),全(quan)程(cheng)61.20公(gong)(gong)里(li),同時(shi)出(chu)發(fa)(fa),同時(shi)到達,途中同時(shi)休息10分(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘,實(shi)用(yong)時(shi)間(jian)4小(xiao)時(shi)零1分(fen)(fen)(fen)。短程(cheng)速(su)力實(shi)測(ce)(ce)情(qing)況(kuang)如(ru)表4-32;4種實(shi)測(ce)(ce)距離各測(ce)(ce)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci),每次(ci)(ci)(ci)都任(ren)選(xuan)乘(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)3匹(pi)(pi),騎手(shou)均為(wei)少年(nian)兒童,1200米(mi)組(zu)速(su)度為(wei)1′47″3、1′47″8、1′54″0;1600米(mi)組(zu)速(su)度為(wei)2′27″4、2′30″4、2′30″7;2000米(mi)組(zu)速(su)度為(wei)3′02″9、3′07″5、3′09″5;2500米(mi)組(zu)速(su)度為(wei)3′37″0、3′37″5、3′38″5。8、生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)育(yu):河曲馬(ma)幼駒(ju)在(zai)胚胎期發(fa)(fa)育(yu)良好(hao),初生(sheng)公(gong)(gong)駒(ju)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重和(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)高、體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)、胸圍(wei)、管圍(wei)四項平均體(ti)(ti)(ti)尺分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為(wei)成年(nian)公(gong)(gong)馬(ma)的(de)(de)12.70%、65.86%、55.20%、51.42%、61.22%;初中母(mu)駒(ju)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為(wei)成年(nian)母(mu)馬(ma)的(de)(de)14.04%、68.93%
五.特定(ding)生(sheng)產方式
1、產地(di)選擇與(yu)特殊內(nei)(nei)容規定(ding):河曲馬生活在(zai)聯合(he)國教科文衛組織譽為“四大無公害超凈區之一”的亞洲第一流的天然草場上,遠(yuan)離大城(cheng)市(shi)和工業污(wu)染(ran)(ran)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源,空氣、土壤、水、環(huan)境(jing)均未受(shou)到污(wu)染(ran)(ran),(境(jing)內(nei)(nei)無工礦(kuang)企業,環(huan)境(jing)無污(wu)染(ran)(ran),)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)飲用水、大氣土壤均符合(he)國家有(you)關標(biao)準, 產地(di)環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量必須符合(he)《有(you)機食品國家標(biao)準》(GB/T19630)的要求。
2、品種(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)與(yu)特定要(yao)求:河曲采取個體選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)、系譜選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)與(yu)后裔測定相(xiang)結合,表(biao)型選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)與(yu)基因選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)相(xiang)結合,以群體繼代建系為(wei)主要(yao)方法(fa),同時加大對(dui)河曲馬的(de)保護力度。
3、生(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)(guo)程管(guan)理 河曲馬(ma)以(yi)騎(qi)乘為主,環境適應性極(ji)強(qiang)、極(ji)耐粗飼、采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)牧草(cao)范圍(wei)很廣。尤其在枯草(cao)季(ji)節,各類可食(shi)(shi)雜(za)草(cao)、各季(ji)殘草(cao),甚至香柴、柳梢(shao),都能(neng)很好(hao)的(de)采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi),因而形成(cheng)抓膘(biao)快(kuai),掉膘(biao)慢(man),保(bao)膘(biao)強(qiang)的(de)品質。草(cao)場(chang)積雪(xue)在10厘(li)米以(yi)下時(shi)(shi),能(neng)夠本能(neng)拱雪(xue)采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi),超過(guo)(guo)(guo)10厘(li)米時(shi)(shi)能(neng)手前蹄扒雪(xue)采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)。但對飲水選擇嚴格,喜飲清徹凈水,不愿喝(he)被污染、有異味的(de)臟水。冬(dong)季(ji)早晨不愿喝(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)涼的(de)冰水,夏(xia)季(ji)不愿喝(he)溫度過(guo)(guo)(guo)高的(de)熱水。河中飲水時(shi)(shi)多(duo)是邊走邊喝(he),逆流而行。冬(dong)季(ji)水結薄冰時(shi)(shi),能(neng)用前蹄破冰飲水,草(cao)場(chang)積雪(xue)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠吃(chi)雪(xue)解渴。河曲馬(ma)唾液(ye)及消化液(ye)分泌減(jian)少,會因口渴拒絕采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)干草(cao)干料(liao)。馬(ma)胃容量較(jiao)小,易(yi)飽(bao)(bao)易(yi)饑,放牧中,只有吃(chi)飽(bao)(bao)喝(he)足(zu),才會比較(jiao)安靜(jing)的(de)休(xiu)息(xi)(xi),休(xiu)息(xi)(xi)好(hao)后才會積極(ji)采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)。一晝夜內一般要(yao)吃(chi)飽(bao)(bao)4次,休(xiu)息(xi)(xi)4次。早晨和(he)傍晚是最愛采(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間。
4、生產記錄(lu)要求(qiu):每匹河曲都應有相(xiang)關的資料記錄(lu),其內容包(bao)括:來源、特征(zheng)。并建立保存免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)記錄(lu),包(bao)括:疫(yi)苗的名稱、生產廠家、批號、劑量、免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)時間等(deng)。