芒果视频下载

一.產品介紹

雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)栽培歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)較(jiao)久(jiu)，據(ju)《雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)志》記(ji)載，可(ke)追溯(su)到(dao)1815年。清嘉慶十(shi)九年(1814年)，清廷諭準吉林將軍富俊屯(tun)墾，在(zai)雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設治，其(qi)后兩年移墾耕耘，就已有小面積玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植。從民(min)國、偽滿直(zhi)到(dao)新(xin)中國成立，雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植面積逐(zhu)年增(zeng)加，到(dao)現(xian)在(zai)雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)年種(zhong)植面積穩定在(zai)280萬畝。雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)種(zhong)植的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)較(jiao)久(jiu)，有文字記(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)以(yi)追溯(su)到(dao)民(min)國之前（雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)志）。雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)就是一(yi)(yi)部光(guang)榮的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)和(he)雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)濟發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)。一(yi)(yi)位“四(si)(si)野”時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)老兵郎(lang)重(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)回(hui)憶，雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)做出的(de)(de)(de)(de)干糧--大餅子(zi)(zi)曾經(jing)作為四(si)(si)野戰士的(de)(de)(de)(de)口糧為解放全(quan)中國立下了功勞。在(zai)雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“紅色旅游景(jing)點”--“四(si)(si)野前線指揮部”紀(ji)念館有一(yi)(yi)張照(zhao)片，伙食房(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墻上掛著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)就有一(yi)(yi)串老玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)吊子(zi)(zi)。由(you)于玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)相(xiang)較(jiao)其(qi)它作物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高產(chan)性(xing)，建國后雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植面積逐(zhu)年增(zeng)加，現(xian)在(zai)已由(you)最早的(de)(de)(de)(de) 萬畝增(zeng)加到(dao) 萬畝。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)對雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)糧食生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和(he)雙(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)社會經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)起著(zhu)十(shi)分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，

二.自(zi)然生態(tai)環境(jing)和人文歷史因素

雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市居(ju)黑(hei)龍(long)江省第(di)一積溫帶，年(nian)有效活(huo)動(dong)積溫2700℃-- 2900℃，年(nian)日照(zhao)時數平(ping)均為(wei)(wei)2582小時，全年(nian)太陽總輻射量為(wei)(wei)112.2千卡，無(wu)霜期125-135天，年(nian)降(jiang)雨量410—520毫(hao)米(mi)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要集中在(zai)7、8、9月份，70%以上的(de)降(jiang)水在(zai)農作(zuo)物生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期。市內(nei)(nei)大型加工企業廢氣、廢水、排(pai)放(fang)量均不超標(biao)，基(ji)地(di)(di)內(nei)(nei)無(wu)任何污染(ran)源，空氣質量達到國(guo)(guo)家(jia)三(san)類(lei)標(biao)準。全省最高的(de)有效積溫和生(sheng)(sheng)育期內(nei)(nei)適宜的(de)降(jiang)水，非(fei)常(chang)適合高產(chan)的(de)C4作(zuo)物玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)，雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)為(wei)(wei)一年(nian)一熟春玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)。雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于松嫩平(ping)原腹地(di)(di)，境(jing)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦，土(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要以黑(hei)土(tu)(tu)、黑(hei)鈣土(tu)(tu)、草甸土(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，其中黑(hei)土(tu)(tu)面積占(zhan)(zhan)58%，土(tu)(tu)壤比(bi)較肥沃，土(tu)(tu)壤有機(ji)質平(ping)均為(wei)(wei)2.74%，非(fei)常(chang)適合玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)等大田作(zuo)物生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)耕(geng)地(di)(di)總面積為(wei)(wei)224996.4 公(gong)頃，玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)常(chang)年(nian)播(bo)種面積達186666公(gong)頃左右，占(zhan)(zhan)耕(geng)地(di)(di)總面積的(de)74%。玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)是雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)作(zuo)物，同時雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也是國(guo)(guo)家(jia)重要的(de)商品糧(liang)(liang)基(ji)地(di)(di)縣(xian)（市）。雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也于2005年(nian)至(zhi)2010年(nian)先后兩次向國(guo)(guo)家(jia)申請創(chuang)建(jian)兩個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級綠色(se)食(shi)品原料（玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)）標(biao)準化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di)，并通過國(guo)(guo)家(jia)檢查組的(de)驗收，成為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)(guo)首個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)百萬畝綠色(se)食(shi)品原料（玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)）標(biao)準化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di)。

1、土(tu)地(di)(di)資源(yuan)。 雙城(cheng)市耕地(di)(di)總面(mian)積(ji)224996.4 公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，其(qi)(qi)中灌(guan)溉水田面(mian)積(ji)5742.68公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，旱(han)田218258.56公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，菜(cai)田995.16公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。牧草地(di)(di)17632.85公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，其(qi)(qi)中天然草地(di)(di)17362公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，人工草地(di)(di)270.85公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。未利用土(tu)地(di)(di)總面(mian)積(ji)46000.46公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，其(qi)(qi)中荒草地(di)(di)3149.98公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，鹽堿地(di)(di)75.2公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，沼澤地(di)(di)466.98公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，沙地(di)(di)118.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，其(qi)(qi)它未利用土(tu)地(di)(di)743.25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。

2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)利資源(yuan)。 雙城(cheng)市三面靠(kao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，松花江(jiang)位(wei)于北(bei)部，流經四個鄉鎮，流程(cheng)全長(chang)(chang) 65公里(li)，拉林河圍繞南、西邊境(jing)，流經七個鄉鎮，沿我市流程(cheng)全長(chang)(chang)135公里(li)。雙城(cheng)市水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)由兩部分(fen)組成(cheng)，地表(biao)(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。地表(biao)(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)一(yi)部分(fen)為(wei)境(jing)內地面徑(jing)流量，另一(yi)部分(fen)為(wei)過境(jing)的(de)江(jiang)河水(shui)(shui)(shui)。地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)比較(jiao)豐富(fu)，全市可開(kai)采的(de)地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)總量為(wei)1.83億立方米(mi)，年開(kai)采量為(wei)0.3億立方米(mi)，占可開(kai)采量的(de)16.4％。

3、畜(chu)牧(mu)資(zi)源。 雙城市也是全國畜(chu)牧(mu)業生產(chan)先進(jin)縣，畜(chu)牧(mu)資(zi)源豐(feng)富。2010年(nian)，養殖29萬(wan)頭奶牛、50萬(wan)頭肉牛，109萬(wan)頭生豬、3000萬(wan)只家禽(qin)。以玉(yu)米為(wei)主的糧食產(chan)業為(wei)畜(chu)牧(mu)生產(chan)過腹轉(zhuan)化增(zeng)值提供(gong)了大量的飼料原料。

三.地域范圍

雙(shuang)城(cheng)玉(yu)米地理標志地域(yu)保護(hu)范圍為(wei)(wei)北(bei)緯45°08 ′-45°43′，東經125°41′-126°42′之(zhi)間之(zhi)間，主要(yao)是雙(shuang)城(cheng)境內雙(shuang)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、幸福鄉(xiang)、東官鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、周家鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、新(xin)興鄉(xiang)、五家鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、公正鄉(xiang)、農豐(feng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、永勝鄉(xiang)、臨江(jiang)鄉(xiang)、水(shui)泉鄉(xiang)、杏山鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、團結(jie)鄉(xiang)、萬(wan)隆鄉(xiang)、樂群鄉(xiang)、同心(xin)鄉(xiang)、希勤鄉(xiang)、韓甸鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、金城(cheng)鄉(xiang)、蘭棱鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、朝陽鄉(xiang)、單城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、聯興鄉(xiang)、青嶺(ling)鄉(xiang)等24個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)，地域(yu)保護(hu)范圍面積(ji)為(wei)(wei)219333公頃，地域(yu)內玉(yu)米生產面積(ji)為(wei)(wei)186666公頃，總產量為(wei)(wei)1680000噸。

四(si).產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性(xing)特征

1、產品特(te)性：雙城(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)品種(zhong)多為高淀粉、高賴氨酸品種(zhong)，品質優(you)良(liang)，是優(you)良(liang)的糧飼兼用玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)。可生產出來(lai)的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)面、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)碴子(zi)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)面條等產品，營養豐(feng)富口感好，讓人回味難(nan)忘。

2、外在感官(guan)特征(zheng)：以鄭單(dan)958和澳玉(yu)(yu)1號(hao)為主(zhu)栽的雙城(cheng)玉(yu)(yu)米果穗呈柱狀或圓(yuan)錐(zhui)狀，籽粒(li)(li)排(pai)列整齊，成熟度(du)好，無(wu)禿尖、無(wu)蟲蛀、無(wu)霉變、無(wu)損(sun)傷(shang)，籽粒(li)(li)為黃色，中(zhong)齒、飽滿，百粒(li)(li)重大(da)、容重高，商品(pin)品(pin)質優良。

3、內(nei)在品(pin)質指標：雙城玉米營養豐富，淀粉和賴氨(an)酸(suan)含(han)量(liang)高，品(pin)質優良，是優質的糧飼兼(jian)用(yong)型(xing)玉米，籽粒(li)含(han)粗(cu)蛋白﹥9.5%、粗(cu)淀粉﹥70.0%、粗(cu)脂肪(fang)﹥3.9%，賴氨(an)酸(suan)﹥0.29%，氨(an)基酸(suan)總含(han)量(liang)﹥9.5%。粗(cu)蛋白含(han)量(liang)比一(yi)般玉米平均值(zhi)高1.34%。

4、安全要求：雙城玉米嚴(yan)格按(an)照《綠色(se)(se)食品玉米生產(chan)技術操作規程》進行(xing)生產(chan)和管理，產(chan)地環境符(fu)合NY/T391綠色(se)(se)食品產(chan)地環境質量條件，農(nong)(nong)藥使用(yong)符(fu)合NY/T393綠色(se)(se)食品農(nong)(nong)藥使用(yong)準則，肥(fei)料使用(yong)符(fu)合NY/T394綠色(se)(se)食品肥(fei)料使用(yong)準則，嚴(yan)格遵守《農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質量安全法》的有關規定。

五.特定生(sheng)產方(fang)式

雙(shuang)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)是(shi)典型的平原農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大縣（市(shi)(shi)），是(shi)全(quan)國聞名的產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)糧(liang)大縣（市(shi)(shi)），是(shi)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部和(he)省糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)創建示范點(dian)。雙(shuang)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)在農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)中充分發揮平原大市(shi)(shi)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)機(ji)械化(hua)水平程度(du)高的優勢，使(shi)農(nong)機(ji)田間作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)率達(da)95%以上(shang)。在大力推廣(guang)普及先進農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技術(shu)的同時，重點(dian)在技術(shu)的綜合配(pei)套(tao)和(he)集(ji)成(cheng)使(shi)用(yong)上(shang)下功夫，探索(suo)總結出了以機(ji)械耕(geng)作(zuo)、播前坐水、種(zhong)子催芽(ya)、配(pei)方施肥(fei)、增(zeng)施農(nong)肥(fei)、赤眼(yan)蜂(feng)防(fang)治玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)螟、密(mi)植高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)高效栽培(pei)模(mo)式，并采取“統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)整地、統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)品種(zhong)、統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)施肥(fei)、統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)管(guan)理(li)、統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)收獲”等(deng)“五(wu)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)方式。提高了單產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，確保(bao)總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，增(zeng)強了糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)綜合生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力。 玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)高效栽培(pei)模(mo)式包括：一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)通(tong)透密(mi)植栽培(pei)。將70厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的標(biao)準(zhun)壟(long)并成(cheng)140厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)大壟(long)，壟(long)上(shang)雙(shuang)行(xing)種(zhong)植，行(xing)距(ju)40厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，壟(long)距(ju)100厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，人為創造邊行(xing)優勢，種(zhong)植密(mi)度(du)增(zeng)加40%；配(pei)套(tao)應用(yong)深松整地、測土施肥(fei)、增(zeng)墑播種(zhong)等(deng)技術(shu)措施。二是(shi)保(bao)護(hu)地通(tong)透密(mi)植栽培(pei)。在通(tong)透密(mi)植栽培(pei)技術(shu)的基礎(chu)上(shang)，配(pei)套(tao)保(bao)護(hu)地措施，可(ke)增(zeng)加積溫200-300度(du)，使(shi)農(nong)作(zuo)物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長期延長10-15天，有(you)效解決高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)晚(wan)熟(shu)品種(zhong)不(bu)能(neng)短期成(cheng)熟(shu)問題，畝產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)實現噸糧(liang)。三是(shi)小(xiao)壟(long)密(mi)植栽培(pei)。在70厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)標(biao)準(zhun)壟(long)的基礎(chu)上(shang)，按照(zhao)“增(zeng)加1斤種(zhong)子，增(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)百(bai)斤糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)”的目(mu)標(biao)，精選收斂(lian)、半收斂(lian)型優良品種(zhong)，合理(li)增(zeng)加種(zhong)植密(mi)度(du)，使(shi)畝保(bao)苗由(you)原來的3300株提高到4000株。

六.包裝標(biao)識相關(guan)規定

雙城(cheng)玉米(mi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)者或加(jia)工(gong)企(qi)業，在產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)或包裝上使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)已(yi)獲登記的(de)(de)雙城(cheng)玉米(mi)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，須向(xiang)登記證(zheng)書持(chi)有人(ren)提出申請，并能夠嚴格按照規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)質量技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)組織開展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)活動(dong)。同(tong)時，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)要產(chan)(chan)(chan)自(zi)登記確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)域范(fan)圍；已(yi)取得(de)登記農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)相關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)資質；具(ju)有地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)市場開發經(jing)營(ying)能力(li)。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，應當(dang)按照生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)年度(du)與登記證(zheng)書持(chi)有人(ren)簽訂農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)協議(yi)，在協議(yi)中載(zai)明使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)數(shu)量、范(fan)圍及(ji)相關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)責任義(yi)務(wu)。加(jia)貼標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要統一采用(yong)(yong)(yong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱和農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公共標(biao)(biao)識(shi)相結合的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)識(shi)標(biao)(biao)注方法。建立包裝標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)印刷審核備案制(zhi)度(du)和標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，加(jia)強(qiang)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢查，嚴厲查處仿(fang)造(zao)、冒用(yong)(yong)(yong)、超范(fan)圍使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)違法違規(gui)行(xing)為(wei)，建立健全標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)管長(chang)效機制(zhi)。