城口(kou)太白貝(bei)母多年生草本(ben),高30~50cm。分布于湖北、陜西、甘肅、四川,生于海拔2400-3150m處的山(shan)坡和(he)水(shui)邊。具有(you)潤(run)肺,化痰,止咳功效(xiao)。用于治肺熱咳嗽,支氣管炎,咳痰不利。
多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)本,鱗莖(jing)扁(bian)球形(xing)(xing),直徑達2.5厘米(mi)。莖(jing)光滑,中部(bu)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)。葉(xie)(xie)最下2枚(mei)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),其上(shang)(shang)(shang)為互生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或輪(lun)(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),在花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)下方為輪(lun)(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)線形(xing)(xing)或線狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing),多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)本,高30~40cm。鱗莖(jing)直徑1~1.5cm。葉(xie)(xie)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),有(you)(you)的中部(bu)兼3~4枚(mei)輪(lun)(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或散(san)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),條形(xing)(xing)至條狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)5~10cm,寬(kuan)3~7(~12)mm,先(xian)端(duan)有(you)(you)的稍彎曲(qu)(qu)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單朵,每花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)3枚(mei)葉(xie)(xie)狀(zhuang)苞片(pian)(pian),苞片(pian)(pian)先(xian)端(duan)有(you)(you)時梢彎曲(qu)(qu),但絕不(bu)卷曲(qu)(qu);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被片(pian)(pian)6,長(chang)3~4cm,綠黃色,無方格斑(ban),通(tong)常(chang)僅在花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被片(pian)(pian)先(xian)端(duan)近兩側(ce)邊緣(yuan)有(you)(you)紫色斑(ban)帶;外輪(lun)(lun)3片(pian)(pian)狹倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),寬(kuan)9~12mm,先(xian)端(duan)渾(hun)圓(yuan);內(nei)輪(lun)(lun)3片(pian)(pian)近匙形(xing)(xing),上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)寬(kuan)12~17mm,基(ji)部(bu)寬(kuan)3~5mm,先(xian)端(duan)驟凸(tu)而鈍,蜜(mi)腺窩(wo)幾不(bu)凸(tu)出或稍凸(tu)出;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)近基(ji)著(zhu)(zhu),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲通(tong)常(chang)具小乳突;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱分裂部(bu)分長(chang)3~4mm。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單一,頂生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),下垂;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被鐘(zhong)狀(zhuang),裂片(pian)(pian)6,分離,黃綠色,上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)有(you)(you)紫色斑(ban)點,長(chang)3~4厘米(mi);雄(xiong)蕊6,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)基(ji)部(bu)著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);子房上(shang)(shang)(shang)位,通(tong)常(chang)3室。蒴(shuo)果,室裂,膜(mo)質,長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),每室有(you)(you)扁(bian)平種子2列。蒴(shuo)果長(chang)1.8~2.5cm,棱上(shang)(shang)(shang)的狹翅寬(kuan)0.5~2mm。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期5~6月(yue),果期6~7月(yue)。
城(cheng)口(kou)太(tai)白貝母的(de)生長環境選(xuan)背風的(de)陰山或(huo)半陰山為宜,并遠離麥類作物(wu),防止銹(xiu)病(bing)感染;以疏松、富(fu)含(han)腐殖(zhi)質的(de)鑲上為好(hao)。結凍前整(zheng)地(di),清(qing)除(chu)地(di)面雜草,深耕細耙,作1.3米(mi)寬(kuan)的(de)畦。每(mei)畝用廄肥1500千克(ke),過磷酸(suan)鈣50千克(ke),油餅100千克(ke),堆漚腐熟后(hou)撤于畦面并淺翻;畦面作成弓形(xing)。太(tai)白貝母生長期需適(shi)當蔭(yin)蔽(bi)。播種后(hou),春季出苗前,揭去畦面覆蓋物(wu),分(fen)畦搭棚遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)。搭矮(ai)棚,高15-20厘米(mi),第一(yi)年郁閉度(du)50%-70%,第二年降為50%,第三年為30%;收獲當年不再遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)。塔(ta)高棚,高約1米(mi),郁閉度(du)50%。最好(hao)是(shi)晴天(tian)蔭(yin)蔽(bi),陰、雨天(tian)亮棚煉苗。
7-9月間(jian)收獲時(shi),選擇(ze)無創傷病斑的(de)鱗莖(jing)作種,用(yong)條栽法,按行距20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)開溝,株距3-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi),栽后覆(fu)土5-6厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。或(huo)在栽時(shi)分瓣,斜(xie)栽于穴內,栽后覆(fu)蓋細土、灰肥3-5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)厚(hou),壓緊鎮平。
太(tai)白(bai)貝(bei)母家種、野生均于(yu)6—7月采收(shou)。家種貝(bei)母,用(yong)種子繁殖的(de),播(bo)后第三年或四(si)年收(shou)獲。選晴天挖(wa)起(qi)鱗莖(jing)(jing),清除殘莖(jing)(jing)、泥土(tu);挖(wa)時勿傷(shang)鱗莖(jing)(jing)。太(tai)白(bai)貝(bei)母忌水洗,挖(wa)出后要及時攤放曬席(xi)上;以(yi)1天能(neng)曬至半(ban)干,次日(ri)能(neng)曬至全干為好,切(qie)勿在(zai)石壩、三合土(tu)或鐵器上晾曬。切(qie)忌堆漚,否(fou)則冷油(you)(you)變黃(huang)。如遇(yu)雨天,可(ke)將(jiang)貝(bei)母鱗莖(jing)(jing)窖于(yu)水分較少(shao)的(de)沙(sha)土(tu)內,待晴天抓緊曬干。亦可(ke)烘干,烘時溫度(du)控制在(zai)50℃以(yi)內。在(zai)干燥過程中,貝(bei)母外皮(pi)未呈粉白(bai)色時,不宜翻(fan)動,以(yi)防發黃(huang)。翻(fan)動用(yong)竹、木器而不用(yong)手(shou),以(yi)免(mian)變成(cheng)“油(you)(you)子”或“黃(huang)子”。