城口(kou)太白貝母多(duo)年生(sheng)草本,高30~50cm。分布于(yu)湖北、陜西、甘肅、四川,生(sheng)于(yu)海拔2400-3150m處的山坡和(he)水邊(bian)。具有潤肺(fei),化痰,止(zhi)咳(ke)(ke)功效(xiao)。用于(yu)治(zhi)肺(fei)熱咳(ke)(ke)嗽,支氣管(guan)炎,咳(ke)(ke)痰不利。
多年生(sheng)(sheng)草本,鱗莖(jing)扁(bian)球形(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)達2.5厘米(mi)。莖(jing)光滑(hua),中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)以上生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)。葉(xie)(xie)最下(xia)2枚對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng),其上為(wei)互(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)、對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)輪(lun)(lun)生(sheng)(sheng),在花(hua)(hua)下(xia)方為(wei)輪(lun)(lun)生(sheng)(sheng);葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)線形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線狀披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing),多年生(sheng)(sheng)草本,高30~40cm。鱗莖(jing)直徑(jing)1~1.5cm。葉(xie)(xie)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng),有(you)的(de)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)兼(jian)3~4枚輪(lun)(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)散(san)生(sheng)(sheng),條(tiao)(tiao)形(xing)(xing)至(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)狀披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5~10cm,寬3~7(~12)mm,先(xian)端(duan)有(you)的(de)稍彎(wan)曲。花(hua)(hua)單朵,每花(hua)(hua)有(you)3枚葉(xie)(xie)狀苞(bao)片(pian),苞(bao)片(pian)先(xian)端(duan)有(you)時梢彎(wan)曲,但(dan)絕不卷曲;花(hua)(hua)被片(pian)6,長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~4cm,綠黃色(se)(se),無方格斑,通常僅(jin)在花(hua)(hua)被片(pian)先(xian)端(duan)近兩側(ce)邊(bian)緣有(you)紫(zi)色(se)(se)斑帶;外輪(lun)(lun)3片(pian)狹(xia)倒卵狀矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),寬9~12mm,先(xian)端(duan)渾圓(yuan);內輪(lun)(lun)3片(pian)近匙(chi)形(xing)(xing),上部(bu)(bu)寬12~17mm,基(ji)部(bu)(bu)寬3~5mm,先(xian)端(duan)驟凸(tu)而鈍,蜜腺(xian)窩幾(ji)不凸(tu)出或(huo)(huo)稍凸(tu)出;花(hua)(hua)藥近基(ji)著,花(hua)(hua)絲(si)通常具小(xiao)乳(ru)突(tu);花(hua)(hua)柱分裂部(bu)(bu)分長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~4mm。花(hua)(hua)單一,頂生(sheng)(sheng),下(xia)垂(chui);花(hua)(hua)被鐘狀,裂片(pian)6,分離(li),黃綠色(se)(se),上部(bu)(bu)有(you)紫(zi)色(se)(se)斑點,長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~4厘米(mi);雄蕊6,花(hua)(hua)藥基(ji)部(bu)(bu)著生(sheng)(sheng);子房上位(wei),通常3室(shi)。蒴果,室(shi)裂,膜質,長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),每室(shi)有(you)扁(bian)平種子2列(lie)。蒴果長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.8~2.5cm,棱上的(de)狹(xia)翅(chi)寬0.5~2mm。花(hua)(hua)期5~6月,果期6~7月。
城口(kou)太白貝母的生長環境選背風的陰(yin)山或半陰(yin)山為宜,并(bing)遠離麥類(lei)作(zuo)(zuo)物,防止銹病(bing)感染;以疏松、富含腐(fu)殖質(zhi)的鑲上為好。結(jie)凍前整地,清(qing)除(chu)地面(mian)雜草,深(shen)耕細耙,作(zuo)(zuo)1.3米(mi)寬的畦。每畝用廄肥1500千(qian)克,過磷(lin)酸鈣(gai)50千(qian)克,油(you)餅100千(qian)克,堆漚腐(fu)熟后撤(che)于畦面(mian)并(bing)淺翻;畦面(mian)作(zuo)(zuo)成弓形。太白貝母生長期需適當蔭蔽(bi)。播種(zhong)后,春(chun)季出苗前,揭(jie)去畦面(mian)覆蓋(gai)物,分(fen)畦搭棚遮(zhe)蔭。搭矮棚,高15-20厘米(mi),第(di)一年(nian)郁(yu)閉度(du)50%-70%,第(di)二年(nian)降(jiang)為50%,第(di)三年(nian)為30%;收獲當年(nian)不再遮(zhe)蔭。塔(ta)高棚,高約1米(mi),郁(yu)閉度(du)50%。最好是晴天(tian)蔭蔽(bi),陰(yin)、雨(yu)天(tian)亮棚煉苗。
7-9月間收獲時,選(xuan)擇(ze)無創傷病斑(ban)的鱗莖作種(zhong),用(yong)條栽(zai)(zai)法,按行距20厘(li)(li)米(mi)開溝(gou),株距3-4厘(li)(li)米(mi),栽(zai)(zai)后(hou)覆土5-6厘(li)(li)米(mi)。或在栽(zai)(zai)時分瓣,斜栽(zai)(zai)于穴內,栽(zai)(zai)后(hou)覆蓋細土、灰肥3-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)厚,壓緊鎮平(ping)。
太白貝(bei)母(mu)(mu)家種(zhong)、野生均(jun)于6—7月(yue)采(cai)收(shou)。家種(zhong)貝(bei)母(mu)(mu),用種(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖的(de),播后第三年或(huo)(huo)四年收(shou)獲。選晴天(tian)(tian)挖起鱗莖(jing),清(qing)除殘莖(jing)、泥(ni)土;挖時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勿傷鱗莖(jing)。太白貝(bei)母(mu)(mu)忌水(shui)洗,挖出(chu)后要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)攤(tan)放曬席上;以(yi)(yi)1天(tian)(tian)能(neng)曬至半干,次日能(neng)曬至全干為好,切(qie)勿在(zai)(zai)石壩、三合土或(huo)(huo)鐵器上晾曬。切(qie)忌堆漚,否則冷油(you)變黃。如遇雨天(tian)(tian),可(ke)(ke)將貝(bei)母(mu)(mu)鱗莖(jing)窖于水(shui)分較少的(de)沙土內,待晴天(tian)(tian)抓緊曬干。亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)烘(hong)(hong)干,烘(hong)(hong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)溫度控制在(zai)(zai)50℃以(yi)(yi)內。在(zai)(zai)干燥(zao)過程中(zhong),貝(bei)母(mu)(mu)外皮(pi)未呈粉白色時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)宜翻動,以(yi)(yi)防發黃。翻動用竹、木器而不(bu)用手,以(yi)(yi)免變成“油(you)子(zi)”或(huo)(huo)“黃子(zi)”。