長(chang)樂學宮位于(yu)今五華(hua)縣華(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen),始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)宋朝(chao),后隨縣治(zhi)遷徙(xi)或(huo)天災人禍有所(suo)變遷或(huo)重建(jian)(jian)。元朝(chao)元貞年(nian)間,再建(jian)(jian)于(yu)長(chang)樂鎮(zhen)西(xi)門外,后毀于(yu)兵。明洪武(wu)三年(nian)重建(jian)(jian)。明成化5年(nian)(1469年(nian))建(jian)(jian)成坐落于(yu)長(chang)樂鎮(zhen)(今華(hua)城(cheng)(cheng))城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)紫禁山下(今五華(hua)中學校園內(nei))的(de)長(chang)樂學宮,清同治(zhi)6年(nian)(1867年(nian))因洪水沖崩殿宇,復在(zai)原址重建(jian)(jian)。
欞(ling)星門(men)(men)分三(san)扇大門(men)(men),是(shi)三(san)間(jian)(jian)兩樓牌坊式(shi),嵌有(you)精刻浮(fu)雕的(de)石砌(qi)建(jian)筑。三(san)扇大門(men)(men),正中的(de)叫狀元(yuan)門(men)(men),左右兩邊的(de)為(wei)榜(bang)(bang)(bang)眼(yan)門(men)(men)、探(tan)花門(men)(men)。按明、清(qing)規(gui)定,三(san)扇大門(men)(men)不(bu)能(neng)隨便開啟。只有(you)當(dang)地出了狀元(yuan)、榜(bang)(bang)(bang)眼(yan)、探(tan)花,金榜(bang)(bang)(bang)題名時才(cai)開啟使用。平(ping)時,三(san)門(men)(men)緊閉,即使是(shi)祭祀朝(chao)拜(bai)孔子(zi)時,也只能(neng)從“庶門(men)(men)”出入。清(qing)乾(qian)隆年間(jian)(jian),長樂(五華)相繼(ji)中了狀元(yuan)李威光(guang),榜(bang)(bang)(bang)眼(yan)曾瓊琲,長樂學宮的(de)狀元(yuan)門(men)(men)、榜(bang)(bang)(bang)眼(yan)門(men)(men)才(cai)開啟使用過(guo)一次。
大成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)是長(chang)樂學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體建(jian)筑,這里是祭(ji)祀(si)我(wo)國偉(wei)大思想(xiang)家、教育家孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,面闊5間,24.4米;進深6間,20米;殿(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)10米。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前設(she)月臺,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內由(you)24條八角梅(mei)花石柱擎撐(cheng)梁架(jia),柱礎為(wei)8瓣(ban)形(xing)須彌(mi)座(zuo)式,斗拱雕花,重疊(die)出(chu)跳,重檐歇山瓦頂(ding),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂(ding)有(you)輝煌(huang)耀眼(yan)的(de)(de)(de)黃色和孔(kong)(kong)(kong)雀藍(lan)琉(liu)璃瓦,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)脊有(you)雙龍戲(xi)珠圖案,是結構緊湊、布局合理、工藝精巧(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)完美建(jian)筑。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)之正堂(tang)有(you)案龕,龕上設(she)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)神(shen)位(wei),曰:“至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)先師孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)尊神(shen)位(wei)”。故(gu)舊時(shi)長(chang)樂學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮又稱孔(kong)(kong)(kong)廟。建(jian)國前每(mei)年(nian)農歷(li)廿七為(wei)祭(ji)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)日,古縣城(cheng)縣官(guan)必親(qin)自帶領在職(zhi)官(guan)員以及文人學(xue)(xue)(xue)士,集中(zhong)于學(xue)(xue)(xue)宮大成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)拜祭(ji)“至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)”先師,以示重知識、遵禮(li)義之范舉(ju)。拜祭(ji)“至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi),行舊式“三跪九叩三獻”禮(li),有(you)笙笛伴(ban)奏(zou),要(yao)讀祭(ji)文,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是歌頌偉(wei)大思想(xiang)家、教育家孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)德,激勵(li)后(hou)人好學(xue)(xue)(xue)奮進。除此之外(wai),“至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)神(shen)位(wei)亦“請”出(chu),安設(she)于各學(xue)(xue)(xue)校廳堂(tang)。每(mei)逢開學(xue)(xue)(xue)時(shi)節,學(xue)(xue)(xue)子(zi)(zi)必攜香燭,先行叩拜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)圣(sheng)(sheng),然后(hou)才去注冊(ce)繳費上課。由(you)此亦可知讀書人對孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)崇拜與敬仰程度。
大成殿后本有寬敞的明倫堂(tang)和崇圣殿,唯此兩堂(tang)殿已毀,不復存在。長樂(le)學(xue)宮結構(gou)嚴謹(jin),氣宇軒昂,幾歷滄桑,仍(reng)不減(jian)當年(nian)秀(xiu)色。
古(gu)(gu)邑長(chang)(chang)樂(le)(今(jin)五華縣(xian)),歷(li)史(shi)(shi)悠久,這在新石(shi)器時代就有人(ren)類繁(fan)衍,古(gu)(gu)為百(bai)越之地。北宋熙寧四年(1071)置(zhi)縣(xian)至(zhi)今(jin),已近千年。在漫(man)漫(man)的歷(li)史(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)河(he)中(zhong),祖先為我們創造了不少名勝古(gu)(gu)跡,位(wei)于華城鎮十字街五華中(zhong)學(xue)內的“長(chang)(chang)樂(le)學(xue)宮”就是其中(zhong)之一。
“長樂學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)”始建(jian)(jian)于明成化五年(nian)(nian)(1469),正德年(nian)(nian)間(jian)重(zhong)修,清同治六年(nian)(nian)(1867)水災后(hou)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian),建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)按古(gu)代傳統風(feng)格,排列在中軸線上,左(zuo)右(you)對稱,規模宏(hong)大(da)。時(shi)(shi)有(you)欞星門(men)、照壁、泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)、戟門(men)、東廡(wu)(wu)(wu)、西廡(wu)(wu)(wu)、大(da)成殿、明倫堂、尊經閣等。是嘉應州(今梅州市(shi))最(zui)大(da)、最(zui)具特色、有(you)皇宮(gong)(gong)風(feng)格的文(wen)廟學(xue)(xue)府(fu)。后(hou)仍保留(liu)有(you)欞星門(men)、照壁、泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)、戟門(men)、東廡(wu)(wu)(wu)、西廡(wu)(wu)(wu)、大(da)成殿。1925年(nian)(nian)3月,時(shi)(shi)任黃(huang)埔軍(jun)校(xiao)政治部主(zhu)任的周恩來等率(lv)領的東征(zheng)軍(jun)主(zhu)力第一團曾駐“長樂學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)”,并(bing)在此開展五華革命(ming)運動(dong),組建(jian)(jian)五華縣民主(zhu)革命(ming)政府(fu)。
新(xin)中國成立后(hou),1989年6月,廣東省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府把“長(chang)樂學宮”公(gong)布為省(sheng)級重點(dian)文(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單位。
數百年(nian)風雨(yu)侵蝕,歷幾番時代變遷(qian),“長樂(le)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)”已殘(can)缺不全(quan),許多(duo)建筑面(mian)目全(quan)非(fei),有識之士紛紛呼吁(yu)維(wei)修(xiu),以延文脈。我縣(xian)歷屆縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府高度重視對學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)的保(bao)護維(wei)修(xiu),并分別于(yu)1994年(nian)和1999年(nian),積極(ji)籌集資(zi)金,將大成殿、東廡、西(xi)廡、戟門修(xiu)繕復原。群眾對此高度贊(zan)揚(yang)。學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)得(de)到初步維(wei)修(xiu)后,前來參觀旅游(you)的客人越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)。