芒果视频下载

基本介紹

刀(dao)日春蜓(ting)(ting)（學名：Nihonogomphus cultratus）是春蜓(ting)(ting)科、日春蜓(ting)(ting)屬昆蟲。雄(xiong)性(xing)腹(fu)長36.5毫(hao)米(mi)，后(hou)翅23毫(hao)米(mi)。雌性(xing)腹(fu)長35毫(hao)米(mi)，后(hou)翅25毫(hao)米(mi)。雄(xiong)性(xing)口(kou)器(qi)除下顎和上顎末(mo)(mo)端(duan)黑(hei)(hei)褐色(se)外，全部(bu)黃綠(lv)色(se)。臉在前(qian)(qian)額與(yu)后(hou)唇基之間的(de)(de)縫線中(zhong)(zhong)央有(you)(you)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)微細(xi)橫(heng)形黑(hei)(hei)斑(ban)。頭頂(ding)在單眼上方具(ju)1條(tiao)橫(heng)脊，后(hou)頭脊在前(qian)(qian)面觀中(zhong)(zhong)央稍微下凹。前(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)背板中(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)雙斑(ban)甚大。足由基節至腿(tui)節末(mo)(mo)端(duan)約1/3處橘黃色(se)，其余(yu)部(bu)分(fen)皆黑(hei)(hei)色(se)。腹(fu)部(bu)第1、2節背中(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)紋相連(lian)，甚闊。上肛附器(qi)外側緣有(you)(you)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)圓(yuan)形小(xiao)齒，背面觀上肛附器(qi)端(duan)部(bu)向內呈(cheng)(cheng)三角形擴大。陰(yin)囊末(mo)(mo)端(duan)生有(you)(you)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)囊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突起，中(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)較小(xiao)；陽莖(jing)后(hou)葉側面觀呈(cheng)(cheng)水果刀(dao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，該種依此命名；前(qian)(qian)鉤片的(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)支(zhi)呈(cheng)(cheng)鐮(lian)刀(dao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鉤曲，后(hou)支(zhi)闕如(ru)；后(hou)鉤片囊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)呈(cheng)(cheng)角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突，朝向向中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)方向鉤曲。雌性(xing)色(se)彩與(yu)雄(xiong)性(xing)基本相同。下生殖板較短，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)中(zhong)(zhong)央有(you)(you)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)大缺(que)刻。

分布于中國河(he)南（確山）。成蟲出現(xian)時間較早，4-5月可(ke)見(jian)。刀(dao)(dao)日(ri)春蜓(ting)(ting)一般在白晝活動于稚蟲生(sheng)活的環境附(fu)近。常在河(he)塘、溪流處飛翔。刀(dao)(dao)日(ri)春蜓(ting)(ting)的食物主(zhu)要是蜉蝣(you)稚蟲、蚊類(lei)(lei)幼蟲或同(tong)類(lei)(lei)的其他(ta)個體，甚至蝌蚪(dou)及小魚(yu)。

生長與分布

棲息環境

稚蟲(chong)(chong)棲息在(zai)水中砂粒、泥水或水草間，少數稚蟲(chong)(chong)生活在(zai)林地(di)碎屑或積水的(de)樹洞中或爬出水面附著在(zai)巖(yan)石的(de)水膜內。刀日春(chun)蜓一般在(zai)白晝活動于稚蟲(chong)(chong)生活的(de)環境附近(jin)。常在(zai)河塘、溪流(liu)處飛翔(xiang)。雌性刀日春(chun)蜓喜歡待在(zai)遠離水源的(de)地(di)方(fang)，例如森林附近(jin)，它在(zai)那(nei)里更容易獲取(qu)食(shi)物。

分布范圍

分布于中國河南(nan)（確山）。

形態及特征

雄性腹長(chang)36.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，后翅23毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。雌性腹長(chang)35毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，后翅25毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。

雄性口器(qi)除(chu)(chu)下顎和(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎末(mo)(mo)端(duan)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)外(wai)，全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)黃(huang)(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)；頭(tou)(tou)殼(ke)前(qian)(qian)(qian)面(mian)除(chu)(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)額(e)后(hou)端(duan)和(he)頭(tou)(tou)頂（后(hou)緣(yuan)(yuan)除(chu)(chu)外(wai)）黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)外(wai)，亦全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)黃(huang)(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。臉在(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)額(e)與(yu)后(hou)唇基(ji)之間的縫線中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)有(you)(you)1個(ge)微(wei)細(xi)橫形(xing)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)斑(ban)；頭(tou)(tou)殼(ke)后(hou)方(fang)除(chu)(chu)沿上(shang)(shang)(shang)眼眶有(you)(you)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)橫形(xing)闊紋(wen)(wen)外(wai)，余皆黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。頭(tou)(tou)頂在(zai)單眼上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫脊，后(hou)頭(tou)(tou)脊在(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)面(mian)觀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)稍(shao)微(wei)下凹。前(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)(xiong)背(bei)(bei)板(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的雙(shuang)斑(ban)甚(shen)(shen)大(da)(da)(da)，與(yu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)甚(shen)(shen)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)斑(ban)相連(lian)(lian)。合胸(xiong)(xiong)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)黃(huang)(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)前(qian)(qian)(qian)方(fang)、合胸(xiong)(xiong)脊上(shang)(shang)(shang)端(duan)及下端(duan)與(yu)領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)相連(lian)(lian)，沿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)縫具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen)，合胸(xiong)(xiong)脊兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)沿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)縫黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)線的前(qian)(qian)(qian)方(fang)煙褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，合胸(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)第(di)(di)2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)在(zai)氣門(men)以下和(he)甚(shen)(shen)細(xi)的第(di)(di)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)分(fen)(fen)離，肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)點和(he)肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)下條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)甚(shen)(shen)細(xi)，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。足由基(ji)節(jie)(jie)至(zhi)腿節(jie)(jie)末(mo)(mo)端(duan)約(yue)1/3處橘黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，其余部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)皆黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。腹部(bu)(bu)第(di)(di)1、2節(jie)(jie)背(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)相連(lian)(lian)，甚(shen)(shen)闊，兩(liang)節(jie)(jie)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)包(bao)括耳狀突黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)；第(di)(di)3-9節(jie)(jie)具(ju)背(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)，第(di)(di)3節(jie)(jie)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)長(chang)而寬闊，伸展全(quan)(quan)節(jie)(jie)長(chang)，不與(yu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)兩(liang)節(jie)(jie)背(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)相連(lian)(lian)，第(di)(di)4-7節(jie)(jie)背(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)縮短，為(wei)(wei)各節(jie)(jie)長(chang)的2/3-1/2，基(ji)方(fang)較闊，向(xiang)末(mo)(mo)端(duan)變(bian)尖，第(di)(di)8、9節(jie)(jie)背(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)呈1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)細(xi)線，伸抵該(gai)(gai)節(jie)(jie)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)，第(di)(di)3-7節(jie)(jie)均具(ju)腹緣(yuan)(yuan)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)，第(di)(di)8、9節(jie)(jie)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)橘黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)斑(ban)甚(shen)(shen)大(da)(da)(da)；第(di)(di)10節(jie)(jie)橘黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，基(ji)端(duan)是(shi)1對(dui)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)斑(ban)，端(duan)緣(yuan)(yuan)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)、下肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)均橘黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)外(wai)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)緣(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)3個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)圓形(xing)小齒，背(bei)(bei)面(mian)觀上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)端(duan)部(bu)(bu)向(xiang)內呈三角形(xing)擴大(da)(da)(da)，使上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)呈1對(dui)“7”字(zi)形(xing)，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)有(you)(you)1個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)小齒；下肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)長(chang)度約(yue)為(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)(gang)(gang)附(fu)器(qi)的1/3，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)裂口呈寬“U”形(xing)。陰囊(nang)末(mo)(mo)端(duan)生有(you)(you)3個(ge)囊(nang)狀突起，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的較小，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)有(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)毛，兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的較大(da)(da)(da)，3個(ge)突起之間為(wei)(wei)2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)凹槽，陽(yang)(yang)莖(jing)的2鞭置放其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；陽(yang)(yang)莖(jing)后(hou)葉側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)觀呈水(shui)果刀(dao)狀，該(gai)(gai)種依此(ci)命(ming)名；前(qian)(qian)(qian)鉤(gou)(gou)片的前(qian)(qian)(qian)支呈鐮刀(dao)狀鉤(gou)(gou)曲，后(hou)支闕如；后(hou)鉤(gou)(gou)片囊(nang)狀，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)呈角狀突，朝向(xiang)向(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的方(fang)向(xiang)鉤(gou)(gou)曲。

雌性(xing)色彩與雄(xiong)性(xing)基本相同(tong)。下(xia)生殖板較(jiao)短，末端中央有(you)1個大(da)缺(que)刻。

生活習性

成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)出(chu)現時間較早(zao)，4-5月可見。刀(dao)(dao)日春蜓(ting)一般以(yi)卵或稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)在水中(zhong)越冬，少數(shu)種(zhong)類(lei)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)也(ye)可冬眠。刀(dao)(dao)日春蜓(ting)屬不完(wan)全變態(tai)。生活史只(zhi)經(jing)卵、稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)和成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)3個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。各階(jie)段(duan)歷(li)期(qi)長短不同(tong)種(zhong)類(lei)間差(cha)異很大。卵經(jing)過(guo)5-230天(tian)孵(fu)化出(chu)包被在薄幾(ji)丁質(zhi)膜鞘中(zhong)的(de)“預稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)”，經(jing)幾(ji)秒至數(shu)十分鐘后，脫去膜鞘進入第(di)二(er)齡期(qi)，成(cheng)為能自由(you)活動(dong)于水中(zhong)的(de)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)俗稱水蠆(chai)。

刀日春(chun)蜓(ting)的食(shi)物(wu)主要是蜉蝣稚蟲、蚊(wen)類幼蟲或(huo)同類的其(qi)他(ta)個體(ti)(ti)，甚至(zhi)蝌蚪及小(xiao)魚(yu)。稚蟲期要經(jing)9-15齡才能發育成熟。老熟稚蟲爬(pa)出水(shui)面，結束了水(shui)中生活，附著在石(shi)頭、植物(wu)或(huo)其(qi)他(ta)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)上(shang)，脫去外(wai)殼(ke)進入成蟲期。剛出來的成蟲身體(ti)(ti)柔軟，要經(jing)過(guo)數(shu)小(xiao)時或(huo)幾晝夜時間硬(ying)化(hua)體(ti)(ti)殼(ke)，隨著體(ti)(ti)液循環，翅芽伸(shen)張挺直(zhi)，體(ti)(ti)色與(yu)斑紋(wen)也逐(zhu)漸鮮明，這時刀日春(chun)蜓(ting)才有能力飛離(li)蛻皮處，到廣闊天空中翱翔。

繁殖方式

交尾(wei)：性成熟的(de)雄蟲在(zai)交尾(wei)前，先使(shi)腹(fu)部向前彎曲，將第(di)(di)9腹(fu)節(jie)生殖(zhi)孔(kong)移(yi)到第(di)(di)2、3腹(fu)節(jie)下面與(yu)交合器的(de)次生陽莖對(dui)接，把(ba)精包（由(you)帶狀黏膜把(ba)精子(zi)包纏卷(juan)裹形成）通(tong)過(guo)陽莖貯存(cun)于(yu)陰(yin)囊內。在(zai)完(wan)成精子(zi)轉移(yi)之(zhi)后，雄蟲即在(zai)空中追(zhui)逐雌蟲，并用(yong)腹(fu)部末端的(de)肛附器握住雌蟲的(de)相關部位，雌蟲用(yong)六(liu)足抱(bao)住雄蟲的(de)腹(fu)部，自動彎曲腹(fu)部，把(ba)腹(fu)端生殖(zhi)孔(kong)伸達雄蟲第(di)(di)2節(jie)與(yu)次生陽莖對(dui)接起(qi)來，形成個環狀串連(lian)。

產(chan)卵：交尾結束后，雌蟲(chong)很快產(chan)卵。卵產(chan)在植物體內或水中及其(qi)附近物體上。

價值及其他

主要價值

刀日春蜓(ting)是有(you)益(yi)于人類(lei)的(de)一類(lei)重要的(de)天敵昆蟲(chong)和水質環(huan)境的(de)指示(shi)昆蟲(chong)。

保護現狀

列(lie)入《世界自然(ran)保(bao)護聯(lian)盟瀕危(wei)物種紅色(se)名錄》（IUCN 2007年 ver 3.1）——無危(wei)（LC）。