中(zhong)華(hua)斗蟋(xi),又名迷卡斗蟋(xi)(學名:Velarifictorus micado)是直(zhi)翅目蟋(xi)蟀科(ke)的(de)一種(zhong)常見鳴(ming)蟲(chong),即(ji)常人所說(shuo)的(de)“蛐蛐兒”,廣(guang)泛分(fen)布于我國的(de)廣(guang)大地(di)區。中(zhong)華(hua)斗蟋(xi)通體黑褐(he)色(se),頭大,頂(ding)部(bu)寬圓(yuan),顏面圓(yuan)凸飽滿;常棲(qi)息于野外地(di)面、土堆(dui)、石(shi)塊(kuai)和墻隙中(zhong),掘(jue)洞(dong)或利用現成瓦礫石(shi)塊(kuai)縫(feng)隙而居,并嚙食(shi)植物的(de)莖、葉、種(zhong)實和根部(bu),偶爾(er)捕食(shi)小型(xing)昆蟲(chong),是農業(ye)害(hai)蟲(chong)。每到夏天(tian),雄性(xing)為了求偶,會不間斷地(di)鳴(ming)叫(jiao),直(zhi)到深秋才(cai)逐漸停止。中(zhong)華(hua)斗蟋(xi)是中(zhong)國最常見的(de)用來斗蟋(xi)蟀的(de)品種(zhong)之一。
中華斗蟋(xi)體長13-18mm,通(tong)體黑褐色(se)。頭大(da),頂部(bu)寬(kuan)圓,顏(yan)面圓凸飽滿(man),后(hou)(hou)頭有6條(tiao)黃(huang)色(se)短縱紋,兩(liang)(liang)側單眼之間(jian)具(ju)(ju)1條(tiao)中間(jian)狹兩(liang)(liang)端寬(kuan),形(xing)似大(da)括號“{”的黃(huang)色(se)橫帶,中單眼處具(ju)(ju)一小(xiao)黃(huang)斑點。前(qian)胸背(bei)板橫長方(fang)形(xing),具(ju)(ju)淡黃(huang)色(se)斑紋。前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)略不(bu)達腹端。后(hou)(hou)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)短于(yu)前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)。亦(yi)有后(hou)(hou)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)長于(yu)前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)的個體,俗稱“飛機翅(chi)(chi)(chi)”。雄蟲(chong)前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)長達腹端,發音鏡(jing)斜長方(fang)形(xing),內有一彎成直(zhi)角的翅(chi)(chi)(chi)脈(mo)將鏡(jing)分(fen)為兩(liang)(liang)室,斜脈(mo)2條(tiao),端區(qu)約與發音鏡(jing)等長,末端圓。雌蟲(chong)前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)短于(yu)腹部(bu)末端,后(hou)(hou)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)超(chao)過腹端似尾狀(zhuang),常脫毛(mao),產卵(luan)管長于(yu)后(hou)(hou)足腿節。
中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗(dou)蟋棲(qi)息于(yu)野外地(di)面(mian)、土堆(dui)、石(shi)塊(kuai)和墻(qiang)隙中(zhong),掘洞穴或利用現成(cheng)的(de)(de)瓦(wa)礫石(shi)塊(kuai)縫隙而居。中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗(dou)蟋所筑洞穴常(chang)帶蓬蓋狀伸出(chu)物,與(yu)(yu)地(di)面(mian)約成(cheng)45°角。拉丁屬名“Velarifictorus”即有(you)(you)(you)“覆蓋物”之(zhi)意。雄性(xing)具(ju)(ju)極強的(de)(de)領地(di)占(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)習性(xing),一(yi)個(ge)洞穴只(zhi)(zhi)能容(rong)納一(yi)只(zhi)(zhi)雄性(xing)或和單只(zhi)(zhi)雌性(xing)配偶。為(wei)了爭(zheng)地(di)盤、爭(zheng)配偶,與(yu)(yu)其他雄性(xing)個(ge)體進(jin)行殊死(si)決斗(dou)是它們(men)在行為(wei)上(shang)的(de)(de)特性(xing)。野外占(zhan)據(ju)地(di)域寬(kuan)廣,鳴(ming)聲響亮(liang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗(dou)蟋,通(tong)常(chang)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)較強的(de)(de)斗(dou)性(xing)。
地理分布
上海、北(bei)京、天(tian)津、山東(dong)、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)、福建、廣東(dong)等(deng)地。
雌性(xing)一般選擇體(ti)型(xing)較大的(de)雄(xiong)性(xing)進行交(jiao)(jiao)配。交(jiao)(jiao)配前,雄(xiong)性(xing)會(hui)為(wei)了吸引雌性(xing)注(zhu)意而(er)(er)連續地(di)、不間(jian)斷(duan)地(di)尖聲鳴叫,它們互相用觸角觸碰,之后(hou),雌性(xing)慢慢爬(pa)上雄(xiong)性(xing)后(hou)背,生(sheng)殖器(qi)與(yu)(yu)雄(xiong)性(xing)的(de)對接。與(yu)(yu)其他蟋蟀科昆蟲一樣,雄(xiong)性(xing)開始不斷(duan)收縮腹部(bu)排(pai)出(chu)精莢,整個(ge)過程約二十(shi)分鐘左右(you)。精莢排(pai)出(chu)后(hou),雄(xiong)性(xing)變得(de)(de)異常(chang)興奮,然后(hou)獨(du)自(zi)離開覓食以(yi)補充(chong)體(ti)力,以(yi)便(bian)下次交(jiao)(jiao)配;而(er)(er)雌性(xing)會(hui)把(ba)腹部(bu)向前弓(gong),咬食精托以(yi)獲得(de)(de)營養。若交(jiao)(jiao)配時不慎分離,則會(hui)重新交(jiao)(jiao)配。
交配(pei)后(hou)3-14天(tian)雌(ci)性就會(hui)產卵(luan)(luan),產卵(luan)(luan)時把肛門下端(duan)的產卵(luan)(luan)管插入松(song)軟的土壤中,并排出卵(luan)(luan)粒。一(yi)只(zhi)雌(ci)蟲(chong)一(yi)次(ci)可產最多百枚卵(luan)(luan)。卵(luan)(luan)形似米粒,極其微小,呈褐(he)色。
卵在自然條件下開(kai)始孵化,約1年后(hou)一齡(ling)幼蟲破土而出倒掛(gua)在植物上利用重力進行第一次蛻皮(pi)。每只斗蟋需經歷幾次蛻皮(pi)后(hou)才可(ke)變為成(cheng)蟲,每蛻一次皮(pi),身體都會長(chang)大一些。約3-5天后(hou)雄(xiong)蟋蟀(shuai)性成(cheng)熟(shu),開(kai)始鳴叫(jiao),尋求(qiu)配偶(ou)。
清澈嘹亮,節奏中(zhong)速,聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)如“句(ju)(ju),句(ju)(ju),句(ju)(ju),句(ju)(ju)(Ju)……”。鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)連(lian)續無(wu)間斷(duan)。在無(wu)干擾(rao)的情況(kuang)下,鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)叫長達幾十分鐘,甚至100分鐘以(yi)上。中(zhong)華斗蟋(xi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)性比條件下,鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學特(te)征不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。雄(xiong)性獨處時發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)召喚聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);2只以(yi)上的雄(xiong)性在一起(qi)時會發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)警戒聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、挑戰聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或勝利聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);1雄(xiong)1雌(ci)在一起(qi)時會發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)歡迎聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、求愛(ai)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),如果雌(ci)性不(bu)(bu)理會雄(xiong)性的求愛(ai)時則會發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)一種(zhong)催促聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。