又(you)名棺頭(tou)蟋、小棺頭(tou)蟋、小頭(tou)蛩,屬直翅(chi)蟋蟀(shuai)科鳴蟲。體(ti)長(chang)12~16毫米,大小不等,體(ti)寬一(yi)般為5毫米,觸角長(chang)20毫米左右。此蟲體(ti)色黑(hei)褐,雄蟲頭(tou)頂向前(qian)突出(chu),前(qian)緣呈圓(yuan)弧形(xing),后緣略扁(bian)平。
石(shi)首棺(guan)(guan)頭(tou)(tou)蟋(xi)體長(chang)12~16毫米(mi),大小不(bu)等,體寬一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)5毫米(mi),觸角長(chang)20毫米(mi)左右。此蟲(chong)體色黑褐,雄(xiong)蟲(chong)頭(tou)(tou)頂(ding)向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)突出,前(qian)(qian)(qian)緣呈圓弧形,后(hou)緣略扁平。額腹(fu)面有(you)(you)一(yi)近似圓形的黃斑,由頭(tou)(tou)頂(ding)向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)胸背板傾斜,具(ju)6條淡(dan)黃色短縱紋。顏面寬而扁平,且明顯(xian)傾斜。石(shi)首棺(guan)(guan)頭(tou)(tou)蟋(xi)的口(kou)器為(wei)黃褐色,前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅發(fa)達(da),后(hou)翅或發(fa)達(da)或退化。前(qian)(qian)(qian)腿(tui)(tui)(tui)、中腿(tui)(tui)(tui)較細,有(you)(you)大小不(bu)一(yi)的黑斑;后(hou)腿(tui)(tui)(tui)粗壯、寬闊而長(chang)大,顯(xian)得特別有(you)(you)力。2根尾須向(xiang)兩邊叉開,長(chang)度(du)約為(wei)體長(chang)的1/3,端部很(hen)尖。該蟲(chong)有(you)(you)一(yi)定的趨光(guang)性,后(hou)翅發(fa)達(da)的個體有(you)(you)時會飛翔起來,撲向(xiang)燈火。
石首棺頭(tou)蟋主要分布在我國東部(bu)沿海(hai)各地(di),山東、江蘇、浙江、安(an)徽、福建(jian)、上海(hai)等(deng)地(di)分布較多(duo),其他地(di)區也有少量分布。
體(ti)中(zhong)型。體(ti)淺褐色至黑(hei)褐色,被(bei)絨毛。頭背側(ce)水平,顏面(mian)(mian)斜截狀,雄性尤(you)明顯(xian);額(e)突(tu)端緣呈角(jiao)狀或(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)弧狀;部(bu)(bu)分種類頰面(mian)(mian)具(ju)(ju)側(ce)突(tu);部(bu)(bu)分種類觸角(jiao)柄(bing)節(jie)外側(ce)具(ju)(ju)齒(chi)狀或(huo)長(chang)片狀角(jiao)突(tu);中(zhong)單眼位于顏面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)。雄性前(qian)翅(chi)具(ju)(ju)鏡膜(mo)雌性前(qian)翅(chi)較短(duan)。前(qian)足(zu)脛節(jie)內側(ce)聽器小,圓(yuan)(yuan)形;外側(ce)聽器較大,卵圓(yuan)(yuan)形。后足(zu)脛節(jie)背面(mian)(mian)兩側(ce)各具(ju)(ju)數枚長(chang)刺(ci)。產卵瓣(ban)較長(chang),劍狀。
蟋蟀科之(zhi)一種學名(ming)“多伊棺(guan)(guan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)蟋”,又(you)名(ming)“大扁頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)蟋棺(guan)(guan)材頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)”、“斧頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)嚇”、“頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)蟋”、“猴頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)”(雌蟲(chong)(chong))。分(fen)布我國長江流域及以北地區(qu)形(xing)似斗蟋,頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)形(xing)奇特(te),通(tong)體黑(hei)色。8-9月(yue)成蟲(chong)(chong),體長16-21毫(hao)米(mi),觸須(xu)長約25毫(hao)米(mi)。雄蟲(chong)(chong)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)大,顏面平坦,呈(cheng)(cheng)斜切(qie)狀(zhuang),上(shang)部呈(cheng)(cheng)三角(jiao)形(xing),略(lve)似棺(guan)(guan)材前端;雌蟲(chong)(chong)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)頂呈(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing)突(tu)起,面部傾(qing)斜,具上(shang)斜式矛形(xing)產卵管。兩性(xing)前肢(zhi)長達(da)腹(fu)端,后肢(zhi)雖細長過腹(fu),便常(chang)脫(tuo)落不顯(xian)。足淡黃褐(he)色,具深褐(he)斑點。喜陰濕,棲息于旱(han)田、苗圃、草叢磚(zhuan)石、泥(ni)土(tu)或墻角(jiao),嗜食農作物的莖、葉(xie)根和果實(shi)。雄蟲(chong)(chong)常(chang)夜間(jian)鳴叫,音調急(ji)短(duan)而脆。
此蟲(chong)喜歡生(sheng)活在林蔭下的浮土、敗葉中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)稍微濕潤的田園(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)。它身體比(bi)較小巧,行動(dong)也較快捷,遇有驚(jing)動(dong)時就(jiu)蹦跳(tiao)著(zhu)迅速逃跑,所以(yi)捕捉這種蟲(chong)困難(nan)些。石首棺(guan)頭蟋一般在立秋前開始鳴叫,鳴聲為“志(zhi)、志(zhi)、志(zhi)、志(zhi)、志(zhi)”,5聲一循環,聲音稍顯低沉,但(dan)韻(yun)味極濃,很受鳴蟲(chong)愛(ai)好者歡迎。
早秋發(fa)生(sheng)的第(di)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)石(shi)首(shou)棺頭蟋體形較大,數(shu)量(liang)較少。9~10月發(fa)生(sheng)的第(di)2代(dai)(dai)(dai)身體稍小些,只有11~13毫(hao)米長(chang),比第(di)1代(dai)(dai)(dai)要小3毫(hao)米左右(you),但發(fa)生(sheng)的數(shu)量(liang)則比第(di)1代(dai)(dai)(dai)多得(de)多。
但這(zhe)種鳴(ming)蟲生(sheng)存時(shi)間(jian)很短,幾乎只有個把月時(shi)間(jian),到(dao)10月下(xia)旬時(shi),就一天比一天少,很快就聽不見它的(de)鳴(ming)叫聲了(le)。