灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋(xi)(xi),是直翅(chi)目蟋(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)科灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟋(xi)(xi)屬的昆(kun)蟲(chong),又(you)名(ming)短翅(chi)灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟋(xi)(xi)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)雞(ji)(ji)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)雞(ji)(ji)子。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)為漸變(bian)態昆(kun)蟲(chong),成(cheng)蟲(chong)體(ti)長12-15毫米;雌(ci)雄異形(xing);體(ti)黃褐色;頭部褐色,觸角絲狀;無翅(chi),兩(liang)單眼間有黃色橫紋(wen);后足很長,為跳躍足,尾(wei)須(xu)長。雄蟲(chong)發音(yin)器斜長方(fang)形(xing),后角圓;雌(ci)蟲(chong)產卵器側扁,較短。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)因(yin)喜歡(huan)生(sheng)活在鍋灶(zao)(zao)(zao)、廚房等暖(nuan)和的地方(fang)而得名(ming),它(ta)們又(you)名(ming)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟀(shuai)”和“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)”;因(yin)鳴聲“唧唧唧唧”宛如雛雞(ji)(ji)的叫(jiao)聲,或像剛出殼雛鴨(ya)的叫(jiao)聲,又(you)名(ming)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)雞(ji)(ji)”和“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)鴨(ya)”,江南(nan)一帶(dai)還叫(jiao)它(ta)們“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)雞(ji)(ji)” 。
灶馬蟋(xi)原(yuan)產于(yu)(yu)中國,從南(nan)到(dao)北幾乎中國各省都(dou)有分(fen)布,常見(jian)于(yu)(yu)燭臺(tai)、火(huo)(huo)炕(kang)、火(huo)(huo)墻的墻角、磚石縫隙。在室(shi)(shi)內以(yi)人們遺(yi)落的飯粒、菜屑為(wei)食;也常見(jian)于(yu)(yu)田野(ye)、草石、土間,在野(ye)外(wai)以(yi)植物的莖、葉(xie)為(wei)食。性(xing)喜溫暖,天冷時多由野(ye)外(wai)進入(ru)住宅室(shi)(shi)內過(guo)冬。有趨(qu)光(guang)性(xing),見(jian)到(dao)燈光(guang)時鳴叫(jiao)得更起勁。灶馬蟋(xi)壽命很長(chang),可飼養達一年之久(jiu)。
灶馬蟋一年(nian)四季(ji)都可捉來(lai)玩賞,夏秋(qiu)之日宜(yi)將(jiang)養(yang)在(zai)瓦質(zhi)或(huo)陶瓷質(zhi)的蟋蟀盆中(zhong);冬春季(ji)節宜(yi)將(jiang)其養(yang)在(zai)木(mu)質(zhi)、竹質(zhi)圓(yuan)盒(he)里或(huo)葫蘆中(zhong),揣在(zai)身(shen)上。灶馬蟋愛在(zai)夜間鳴(ming)叫(jiao),鳴(ming)聲細柔而清脆(cui),一年(nian)四季(ji)都能聽到鳴(ming)聲,簡短重復,單調(diao)持續,徹夜鳴(ming)叫(jiao)不(bu)歇,這在(zai)鳴(ming)蟲(chong)中(zhong)頗為少見,久聞其聲對(dui)人有催眠(mian)作用。
蟋蟀科之(zhi)(zhi)一種。廣(guang)布我國南北各(ge)地。形似(si)斗蟋,雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體長(chang)(chang)12-15毫米,雎蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)略大,色黃褐;頭(tou)部小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)前(qian)胸(xiong)前(qian)緣之(zhi)(zhi)寬;前(qian)翅(chi)短(duan)(duan),覆蓋至腹(fu)部二分之(zhi)(zhi)處;雎蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)更短(duan)(duan),后(hou)翅(chi)退(tui)化(hua)近于(yu)無。后(hou)足強健,縱(zong)跳迅疾。雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)須、尾俱長(chang)(chang);雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵管平直(zhi),呈(cheng)劍狀。性(xing)喜陰暗溫暖,見于(yu)野外草(cao)石、土間,食植物莖葉(xie)。入秋(qiu)移棲于(yu)農舍(she)灶臺、火炕、火墻縫隙(xi)處,揀食遺落飯粒、菜屑。鳴叫(jiao)具趨光性(xing),燈(deng)光月下(xia),鳴聲愈頻(pin),“唧唧唧唧”,似(si)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)雞小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鴨叫(jiao)。玩(wan)養(yang)主為盆飼聽唱,以(yi)翅(chi)略長(chang)(chang)的(de)“長(chang)(chang)灶”為優選;短(duan)(duan)翅(chi)者稱“短(duan)(duan)灶”,腹(fu)多裸露(lu)形不美,可棄。飼養(yang)同醬色蟋。
灶(zao)馬蟋夏季常見于田野(ye)草石、土隙間、洞(dong)穴口附近,入(ru)秋后進入(ru)居民家中。此蟲生活的最(zui)適溫度為20~25度。
灶馬(ma)蟋(xi)可(ke)以說(shuo)是(shi)在昆蟲中(zhong)分(fen)布最廣的一種,中(zhong)國(guo)的南北(bei)東(dong)西(xi)都(dou)有(you)它的存在,如北(bei)京、江蘇、浙江、河(he)北(bei)、河(he)南、福建等地;日本、朝鮮、印度(du)、西(xi)孟加拉、巴基斯坦(tan)、馬(ma)來西(xi)亞、墨(mo)西(xi)哥、南美洲(zhou)、澳(ao)洲(zhou)等國(guo)家也(ye)有(you)分(fen)布。
灶(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋前(qian)(qian)(qian)胸略膨拱,前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅(chi)短(duan),長(chang)(chang)約7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),僅(jin)能(neng)覆(fu)蓋體(ti)(ti)部的1/3,腹部大部裸露。前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅(chi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)方有(you)弧狀翅(chi)脈。中間有(you)自左(zuo)(zuo)至右下(xia)的斜長(chang)(chang)脈,其左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)(ce)外緣有(you)直(zhi)條(tiao)狀脈。右側(ce)(ce)有(you)少(shao)數橫脈。后翅(chi)退化。灶(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋足部健壯,有(you)深色(se)(se)褐斑。尾須長(chang)(chang),有(you)20毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右。雌體(ti)(ti)前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅(chi)短(duan)而(er)不(bu)發達,有(you)約11毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)長(chang)(chang)的產卵管,呈劍狀。其身體(ti)(ti)由于長(chang)(chang)期在(zai)灶(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋中棲(qi)息(xi)而(er)變得(de)略扁,不(bu)如蟋蟀(shuai)(shuai)那樣厚實。灶(zao)(zao)馬(ma)蟋的頭部小而(er)圓,肚子(zi)的一面呈黃色(se)(se)或橘黃色(se)(se),身上常帶(dai)有(you)廚房特(te)有(you)那種油垢味.垣(yuan)(yuan)蛩又名垣(yuan)(yuan)恭(gong)、醬色(se)(se)蟋蟀(shuai)(shuai),屬直(zhi)翅(chi)目(mu)蟋蟀(shuai)(shuai)科。因其常常棲(qi)息(xi)于斷(duan)垣(yuan)(yuan)殘壁之間而(er)得(de)名,又因其渾身通體(ti)(ti)皆呈醬油色(se)(se),形體(ti)(ti)又與蟋蟀(shuai)(shuai)酷似,故(gu)而(er)又稱為“醬油蟋蟀(shuai)(shuai)”或“醬色(se)(se)蟋蟀(shuai)(shuai)”。
此(ci)蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)12~19毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬約(yue)4.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),觸(chu)須(xu)長(chang)30毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。其頭(tou)(tou)(tou)部富有(you)(you)(you)光澤(ze),頭(tou)(tou)(tou)頂深褐(he)色(se)(se)。頭(tou)(tou)(tou)后有(you)(you)(you)6條直紋(wen),黃(huang)色(se)(se),口器為黃(huang)褐(he)色(se)(se),額部黑(hei)色(se)(se),富有(you)(you)(you)光澤(ze)。垣蛩前(qian)胸背有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)色(se)(se)長(chang)毛(mao),散步黃(huang)色(se)(se)條紋(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)紋(wen),后肢(zhi)(zhi)外側有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)色(se)(se)斜紋(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)紋(wen),后肢(zhi)(zhi)外側有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)色(se)(se)斜紋(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)發達(da),覆蓋腹部的(de)大(da)半。也有(you)(you)(you)些個體(ti)(ti)后翅(chi)發達(da),伸出于前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)之外,能飛翔;但(dan)多(duo)數無后翅(chi),不(bu)能飛翔,僅能跳躍。此(ci)蟲(chong)的(de)雌性較(jiao)雄性肥(fei)大(da),有(you)(you)(you)產(chan)卵管,管長(chang)8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。
灶馬蟋是(shi)雜食性鳴(ming)(ming)蟲(chong),可以(yi)喂(wei)(wei)飯粒、米粥、梨、蘋果(guo)、絲瓜、菱肉(rou)和各種菜葉,并用小盂供(gong)給飲水。若(ruo)食物供(gong)喂(wei)(wei)不斷(duan),它可以(yi)常(chang)年不斷(duan)鳴(ming)(ming)叫。其鳴(ming)(ming)聲較(jiao)為單調,但卻細柔而清脆,而且不厭(yan)其煩地連(lian)續不斷(duan),尤其是(shi)在夜間聽它連(lian)續的“唧唧”之聲,具(ju)有催眠的作用,不少人(ren)習慣(guan)于(yu)聽著它的鳴(ming)(ming)聲入眠。