灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi),是直翅目蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀科(ke)灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)屬的昆蟲(chong)(chong),又名(ming)短(duan)翅灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)雞(ji)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)雞(ji)子。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)為漸變態(tai)昆蟲(chong)(chong),成蟲(chong)(chong)體長12-15毫(hao)米;雌雄(xiong)異(yi)形;體黃褐色;頭部褐色,觸角絲狀;無翅,兩(liang)單眼間有黃色橫紋;后足很(hen)長,為跳躍足,尾須(xu)長。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)發(fa)音器(qi)斜長方形,后角圓(yuan);雌蟲(chong)(chong)產卵器(qi)側(ce)扁,較短(duan)。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)因喜歡(huan)生活(huo)在鍋(guo)灶(zao)(zao)(zao)、廚房等暖和(he)的地方而得名(ming),它(ta)們又名(ming)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟀”和(he)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀”;因鳴聲(sheng)(sheng)“唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)”宛(wan)如雛(chu)雞(ji)的叫聲(sheng)(sheng),或像剛出殼(ke)雛(chu)鴨(ya)的叫聲(sheng)(sheng),又名(ming)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)雞(ji)”和(he)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)鴨(ya)”,江南一帶還(huan)叫它(ta)們“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)雞(ji)” 。
灶馬蟋(xi)原產于中國,從南到(dao)(dao)北幾乎中國各省都有分布,常見(jian)(jian)于燭臺、火炕(kang)、火墻(qiang)的(de)墻(qiang)角、磚石縫隙。在(zai)室(shi)內以(yi)(yi)人們(men)遺落的(de)飯粒、菜屑為食;也常見(jian)(jian)于田(tian)野(ye)、草石、土間,在(zai)野(ye)外(wai)以(yi)(yi)植物的(de)莖、葉為食。性喜(xi)溫(wen)暖,天冷(leng)時(shi)多(duo)由野(ye)外(wai)進(jin)入住宅(zhai)室(shi)內過冬。有趨光性,見(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)燈光時(shi)鳴(ming)叫得更(geng)起勁(jing)。灶馬蟋(xi)壽(shou)命很長,可飼養達(da)一年之久。
灶馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)一年四(si)季(ji)都可捉(zhuo)來玩賞,夏秋之日(ri)宜將(jiang)養(yang)在(zai)瓦質(zhi)或(huo)陶瓷(ci)質(zhi)的蟋(xi)(xi)蟀盆中(zhong);冬春季(ji)節宜將(jiang)其養(yang)在(zai)木質(zhi)、竹(zhu)質(zhi)圓盒里或(huo)葫蘆(lu)中(zhong),揣在(zai)身上。灶馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)(xi)愛在(zai)夜(ye)間(jian)鳴(ming)(ming)叫,鳴(ming)(ming)聲細(xi)柔而清脆,一年四(si)季(ji)都能聽到鳴(ming)(ming)聲,簡短重復,單調持續,徹夜(ye)鳴(ming)(ming)叫不(bu)歇,這在(zai)鳴(ming)(ming)蟲中(zhong)頗為少見,久(jiu)聞(wen)其聲對人(ren)有催眠作用。
蟋(xi)蟀科(ke)之(zhi)一種(zhong)。廣布我(wo)國南北(bei)各地。形似(si)斗蟋(xi),雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體長(chang)12-15毫米,雎(ju)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)略(lve)(lve)大,色黃褐;頭部小于前(qian)(qian)胸前(qian)(qian)緣之(zhi)寬;前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)短(duan),覆蓋(gai)至腹部二(er)分之(zhi)處(chu);雎(ju)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)更(geng)短(duan),后翅(chi)(chi)退化近于無。后足強健(jian),縱跳迅疾。雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)須、尾俱長(chang);雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵管平直,呈劍(jian)狀。性(xing)(xing)喜陰暗溫(wen)暖,見于野外(wai)草石、土間,食植物莖葉(xie)。入秋移棲于農舍灶臺(tai)、火炕、火墻縫隙處(chu),揀食遺落飯(fan)粒、菜屑(xie)。鳴叫(jiao)具趨光(guang)性(xing)(xing),燈(deng)光(guang)月下(xia),鳴聲愈頻(pin),“唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)”,似(si)小雞小鴨叫(jiao)。玩養主為(wei)盆飼聽唱,以(yi)翅(chi)(chi)略(lve)(lve)長(chang)的(de)“長(chang)灶”為(wei)優選;短(duan)翅(chi)(chi)者稱“短(duan)灶”,腹多裸露形不美,可(ke)棄。飼養同醬色蟋(xi)。
灶馬(ma)蟋夏季常見于田野草石、土隙(xi)間、洞(dong)穴(xue)口附近,入秋后進入居民(min)家中。此(ci)蟲生活(huo)的最適溫度(du)為20~25度(du)。
灶(zao)馬蟋可(ke)以說是在(zai)昆(kun)蟲(chong)中分布最廣的(de)一種(zhong),中國的(de)南北東西都(dou)有它的(de)存在(zai),如北京、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)、河北、河南、福建等地;日本、朝(chao)鮮、印度、西孟加(jia)拉、巴基斯坦、馬來(lai)西亞、墨西哥(ge)、南美洲(zhou)、澳洲(zhou)等國家也有分布。
灶(zao)馬蟋前胸略膨拱(gong),前翅短(duan),長(chang)(chang)約7毫(hao)米(mi),僅能覆蓋體(ti)部(bu)的(de)1/3,腹(fu)部(bu)大(da)部(bu)裸露(lu)。前翅前方有(you)(you)(you)弧狀(zhuang)(zhuang)翅脈(mo)。中間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)自(zi)左(zuo)至右下的(de)斜長(chang)(chang)脈(mo),其左(zuo)側外(wai)緣(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)直(zhi)條狀(zhuang)(zhuang)脈(mo)。右側有(you)(you)(you)少數橫脈(mo)。后(hou)翅退化。灶(zao)馬蟋足(zu)部(bu)健壯,有(you)(you)(you)深色(se)(se)(se)褐斑。尾須長(chang)(chang),有(you)(you)(you)20毫(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右。雌體(ti)前翅短(duan)而不(bu)發(fa)達,有(you)(you)(you)約11毫(hao)米(mi)長(chang)(chang)的(de)產卵管(guan),呈(cheng)劍狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。其身體(ti)由于長(chang)(chang)期(qi)在灶(zao)馬蟋中棲(qi)息而變得(de)略扁,不(bu)如蟋蟀(shuai)那(nei)樣(yang)厚實(shi)。灶(zao)馬蟋的(de)頭部(bu)小而圓,肚子的(de)一面呈(cheng)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)或橘黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se),身上常(chang)帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)廚房特有(you)(you)(you)那(nei)種油(you)垢(gou)味.垣(yuan)蛩又(you)名垣(yuan)恭(gong)、醬(jiang)色(se)(se)(se)蟋蟀(shuai),屬直(zhi)翅目(mu)蟋蟀(shuai)科。因其常(chang)常(chang)棲(qi)息于斷垣(yuan)殘(can)壁之間(jian)而得(de)名,又(you)因其渾身通體(ti)皆呈(cheng)醬(jiang)油(you)色(se)(se)(se),形體(ti)又(you)與蟋蟀(shuai)酷似,故而又(you)稱(cheng)為“醬(jiang)油(you)蟋蟀(shuai)”或“醬(jiang)色(se)(se)(se)蟋蟀(shuai)”。
此蟲(chong)體長(chang)(chang)12~19毫(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)約4.5毫(hao)米(mi),觸須長(chang)(chang)30毫(hao)米(mi)左右。其頭部(bu)富有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)澤(ze),頭頂深褐色(se)(se)。頭后有(you)(you)(you)6條直紋(wen)(wen)(wen),黃(huang)色(se)(se),口器為(wei)黃(huang)褐色(se)(se),額(e)部(bu)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se),富有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)澤(ze)。垣蛩前(qian)胸背有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)長(chang)(chang)毛,散步黃(huang)色(se)(se)條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),后肢(zhi)外側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)斜紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),后肢(zhi)外側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)斜紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)較(jiao)發達,覆蓋腹部(bu)的大(da)半。也有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)個體后翅發達,伸出(chu)于(yu)前(qian)肢(zhi)之外,能飛翔;但(dan)多數無(wu)后翅,不(bu)能飛翔,僅(jin)能跳躍。此蟲(chong)的雌性較(jiao)雄性肥(fei)大(da),有(you)(you)(you)產卵管,管長(chang)(chang)8毫(hao)米(mi)左右。
灶馬蟋是雜食(shi)性鳴蟲,可以(yi)喂飯粒、米粥、梨、蘋果、絲瓜、菱肉和各種菜葉,并用(yong)小盂(yu)供給飲水。若(ruo)食(shi)物供喂不(bu)(bu)斷(duan),它可以(yi)常年不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)鳴叫。其鳴聲(sheng)(sheng)較(jiao)為單(dan)調,但卻細(xi)柔而(er)清脆,而(er)且不(bu)(bu)厭其煩(fan)地(di)連(lian)續不(bu)(bu)斷(duan),尤(you)其是在(zai)夜間聽它連(lian)續的“唧(ji)唧(ji)”之聲(sheng)(sheng),具有催眠的作(zuo)用(yong),不(bu)(bu)少人習慣于聽著它的鳴聲(sheng)(sheng)入眠。