鋅(xin)(xin)(Zinc)是一(yi)種化(hua)學(xue)(xue)元素,它的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)符號是Zn,它的(de)(de)原子序數(shu)是30,在(zai)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)元素周期表中位(wei)于第4周期、第ⅡB族。鋅(xin)(xin)是一(yi)種淺灰色的(de)(de)過渡金(jin)屬(shu),也是第四"常見"的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。在(zai)現代工業(ye)中,鋅(xin)(xin)是電池(chi)制造(zao)上不可替代、相當重要(yao)的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。此外,鋅(xin)(xin)也是人體必需的(de)(de)微量元素之一(yi),起著(zhu)極其重要(yao)的(de)(de)作用。
鋅,它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)名(ming)稱“zinc”來源于拉丁文Zincum,意(yi)思是(shi)“白(bai)色(se)薄(bo)層”或(huo)“白(bai)色(se)沉(chen)積(ji)物”。化(hua)學符(fu)號是(shi)Zn,它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)原(yuan)子序數是(shi)30,原(yuan)子量為(wei)65.38。鋅是(shi)一種銀白(bai)色(se)略帶淡藍色(se)金屬,密度為(wei)7.14g/cm3,熔(rong)點為(wei)419.5℃。在室溫下,性(xing)較脆(cui);100~150℃時,變軟;超(chao)過200℃后,又變干。鋅的(de)(de)化(hua)學性(xing)質(zhi)活潑,在常溫下的(de)(de)空氣中,表(biao)面生(sheng)成(cheng)一層薄(bo)而致密的(de)(de)堿(jian)式碳(tan)酸鋅膜,可阻止進一步氧(yang)化(hua)。當溫度達到225℃后,鋅劇(ju)烈氧(yang)化(hua)。
鋅(xin)(xin)在(zai)空(kong)氣中很(hen)難燃燒,在(zai)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)氣中發出強烈白(bai)(bai)光。鋅(xin)(xin)表面有一層氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin),燃燒時冒(mao)出白(bai)(bai)煙,白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)煙霧(wu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)成分是氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin),不僅阻隔鋅(xin)(xin)燃燒,會折射焰色(se)(se)形成慘(can)白(bai)(bai)光芒。鋅(xin)(xin)易(yi)溶于酸,也(ye)易(yi)從溶液(ye)中置(zhi)換金(jin)(jin)、銀、銅等。鋅(xin)(xin)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)膜(mo)熔點高,但金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鋅(xin)(xin)熔點卻很(hen)低,所以在(zai)酒精燈上加熱(re)鋅(xin)(xin)片,鋅(xin)(xin)片熔化(hua)(hua)變軟,卻不落下(xia),正是因為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)膜(mo)的(de)作(zuo)用。鋅(xin)(xin)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用于鋼(gang)鐵、冶金(jin)(jin)、機械、電(dian)氣、化(hua)(hua)工、輕工、軍事(shi)和醫藥等領域。
管(guan)制(zhi)信息:鋅粉別(bie)名(ming)鋅粒、高純鋅、無砷鋅等屬于易制(zhi)爆(bao)物品,根(gen)據(ju)《危險化學品安全管(guan)理條例》受公(gong)安部(bu)門(men)管(guan)制(zhi)。
《集(ji)韻》祖(zu)似切,音子。剛也。《玉篇》同釨。
相(xiang)對原子量65.38(初中階(jie)段一般取65)
鋅(xin)(xin)是一種藍(lan)白色金(jin)屬。當溫度達到225℃后,鋅(xin)(xin)氧(yang)化激烈。鋅(xin)(xin)易(yi)溶于酸,也(ye)易(yi)從溶液中(zhong)置換金(jin)、銀、銅(tong)等(deng)。鋅(xin)(xin)在自然界中(zhong),多以(yi)硫化物(wu)狀態存在。主要含鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)物(wu)是閃鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)。也(ye)有少量氧(yang)化礦(kuang),如菱鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang),如菱鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和異極礦(kuang)。
原子半徑(計算值):135(142)pm
共價半徑:131pm
范(fan)德華半徑:139pm
電子層:K-L-M-N
原子核外電子排布:2,8,18,2
電子排布式:[Ar]3d10 4s2
核電荷數:30
含量(ppm)
元(yuan)素在太(tai)陽中的含量:2
元素(su)在海水中的含量:0.00005(微量元素(su))
地(di)殼中含量:75(微量元素)
主氧化態:+2
其它:+1
電離(li)能(neng)(單(dan)位:kj/mol)
M - M+ 906.4
M+ - M2+ 1733.3
M2+ - M3+ 3832.6
M3+ - M4+ 5730
M4+ - M5+ 7970
M5+ - M6+ 10400
M6+ - M7+ 12900
M7+ - M8+ 16800
M8+ - M9+ 19600
M9+ - M10+ 23000
晶體結構:密排六(liu)方(fang)體
a = 266.49 pm
b = 266.49 pm
c = 494.68 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°同位素
同位素(su) 豐度(du) 半衰期(qi) 衰變(bian)模式 衰變(bian)能(neng)量MeV 衰變(bian)產物
64Zn 48.60% 穩(wen)定
65Zn 人造(zao) 244.26天 電子(zi)捕獲 1.352 65Cu
66Zn 27.90% 穩定(ding)
67Zn 4.10% 穩定
68Zn 18.80% 穩定
72Zn 人(ren)造 46.5小時 β衰變 0.458 72Ga
常見的含有(you)鋅的合(he)金:馬口(kou)鐵——鍍錫(xi)薄鋼板;黃銅——鋅和銅的合(he)金,早(zao)被古人利用(yong)。黃銅的生產可(ke)能是(shi)冶金學上最早(zao)的偶然發現之一。
體積:9.16×10-6 m3/mol
聲速:3700m/s(293.15K)
電負性:1.65(鮑林標(biao)度)
比熱容(rong):390J/(kg·K)
電導率:16.6×106/(m·Ω)
熱導率:116W/(m·K)
莫氏硬度:2.5
汽化熱:115.3kJ/mol
熔化熱:7.322kJ/mol
蒸氣壓:192.2Pa(692.73K)
鋅的化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)鋁相似,所以,通常可以由鋁的性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi),推斷鋅的化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(兩性(xing)(xing)(xing))。
①單質鋅,即可與酸(suan)反(fan)(fan)應,又可與堿(jian)反(fan)(fan)應。
②氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅和(he)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅,既可溶(rong)于酸,又可溶(rong)于堿。
單質鋅
氫氧化鋅
氯化鋅
硫化鋅
硝酸鋅
鋅的配合物
鋅(xin)被羅馬人所知,但很(hen)少使(shi)用。它(ta)第(di)一次以其金(jin)屬(shu)自身被認可是在印(yin)度(du),在拉(la)賈斯坦邦的Zawar有一個鋅(xin)熔爐有大(da)量的鋅(xin),證(zheng)明了大(da)規模的精煉在1100年(nian)到1500年(nian)。
鋅的(de)(de)大規模(mo)精煉在中國進行(xing),于16世(shi)紀。東(dong)印度公司的(de)(de)船在瑞典的(de)(de)海岸沉沒,于1745年,其運載的(de)(de)貨物是(shi)中國的(de)(de)鋅,分析了(le)(le)回(hui)收的(de)(de)鑄錠證(zheng)明了(le)(le)它們(men)是(shi)幾乎(hu)純凈的(de)(de)金屬。
在1668年,佛(fo)蘭(lan)德的(de)(de)冶金家P.Moras de Respour,從氧化鋅(xin)中提(ti)取了金屬鋅(xin),但歐洲(zhou)認為鋅(xin)是(shi)由德國化學家Andreas Marggraf在1746年發(fa)現的(de)(de),而(er)且的(de)(de)確是(shi)他第(di)一個確認了其是(shi)一種新的(de)(de)金屬。
鋅(xin)也是(shi)人類自遠(yuan)古(gu)時就知道(dao)其化合物(wu)的(de)元素(su)之一。鋅(xin)礦(kuang)石和銅熔化制得(de)(de)合金(jin)——黃(huang)銅,早為古(gu)代(dai)人們所利用。但金(jin)屬狀鋅(xin)的(de)獲得(de)(de)比銅、鐵、錫、鉛(qian)要(yao)晚得(de)(de)多,一般認為這是(shi)由于碳和鋅(xin)礦(kuang)共熱時,溫(wen)度很快高(gao)達(da)1000℃以上,而金(jin)屬鋅(xin)的(de)沸點是(shi)906℃,故鋅(xin)即成為蒸氣狀態(tai),隨煙散(san)失,不易(yi)為古(gu)代(dai)人們所察覺,只有當人們掌握了冷凝氣體的(de)方法后(hou),單質(zhi)鋅(xin)才(cai)有可能被取(qu)得(de)(de)。
世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上最早發(fa)現并使(shi)用鋅(xin)的(de)是中國,在(zai)10~11世(shi)(shi)紀中國是首先(xian)大規模生產鋅(xin)的(de)國家。明朝末年宋應星所著(zhu)的(de)《天工開物》一書中有世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上最早的(de)關于(yu)煉(lian)鋅(xin)技術的(de)記載(zai)。1750~1850年人(ren)們已開始用氧化(hua)鋅(xin)和硫(liu)化(hua)鋅(xin)來治病。
1869年(nian)(nian)Raulin發現鋅(xin)存在(zai)于(yu)生(sheng)活機體(ti)中,并為(wei)生(sheng)活機體(ti)所必需(xu)。1963年(nian)(nian)報告了人(ren)體(ti)的鋅(xin)缺(que)乏(fa)病,于(yu)是(shi)鋅(xin)開始列為(wei)人(ren)體(ti)必需(xu)營養素。鋅(xin)的生(sheng)產(chan)過程非(fei)常簡單,將爐甘石(shi)(即菱鋅(xin)礦石(shi))裝滿在(zai)陶(tao)罐(guan)(guan)內密封,堆成(cheng)錐形(xing),罐(guan)(guan)與罐(guan)(guan)之間的空隙用木(mu)炭填充,將罐(guan)(guan)打破,就(jiu)可(ke)以得到提取出來的金屬鋅(xin)錠。
另(ling)外,我國(guo)化學(xue)史和分(fen)析化學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)的開拓者王鏈(1888—1966)在1956年(nian)分(fen)析了(le)唐、隋、明、清(qing)等古錢后,發現宋朝(chao)的紹圣錢中含鋅(xin)量高。鋅(xin)的實際(ji)應用可能比(bi)《天(tian)工開物》成書年(nian)代還早。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的單一鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)較(jiao)少,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)主要(yao)(yao)是鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。中(zhong)國(guo)銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)比較(jiao)豐(feng)富,全(quan)(quan)國(guo)除(chu)上海(hai)、天(tian)津、香港外,均有(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產出。產地(di)(di)有(you)(you)700多處,保有(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)總儲(chu)量(liang)3572萬(wan)噸(dun),居世界(jie)第(di)4位;鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)9384萬(wan)噸(dun),居世界(jie)第(di)4位。從省(sheng)際(ji)比較(jiao)來看(kan),云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)儲(chu)量(liang)占全(quan)(quan)國(guo)總儲(chu)量(liang)17%,位居全(quan)(quan)國(guo)榜首(shou)。廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)、內蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)、甘肅(su)、江西、湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、四川次(ci)之,探明儲(chu)量(liang)均在(zai)200萬(wan)噸(dun)以上。全(quan)(quan)國(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)以云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)為(wei)最,占全(quan)(quan)國(guo)21.8%;內蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)次(ci)之,占13.5%;其他如(ru)甘肅(su)、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)西、湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)等省(sheng)(區(qu))的鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)也較(jiao)豐(feng)富,均在(zai)600萬(wan)噸(dun)以上。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)主要(yao)(yao)分布在(zai)滇西蘭坪(ping)地(di)(di)區(qu)、滇川地(di)(di)區(qu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)嶺地(di)(di)區(qu)、秦嶺-祁連山(shan)地(di)(di)區(qu)以及內蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)狼山(shan)-渣爾泰地(di)(di)區(qu)。從礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)類型來看(kan),有(you)(you)與花崗巖(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)關(guan)的花崗巖(yan)(yan)型(廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)連平(ping))、夕卡巖(yan)(yan)型(湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)水(shui)口(kou)山(shan))、斑巖(yan)(yan)型(云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)姚安)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang),有(you)(you)與海(hai)相火(huo)山(shan)有(you)(you)關(guan)的礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(青(qing)海(hai)錫鐵山(shan)),有(you)(you)產于(yu)陸相火(huo)山(shan)巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)的礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(江西冷水(shui)坑(keng)和浙江五部鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)(you)產于(yu)海(hai)相碳酸鹽(廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)凡口(kou))、泥巖(yan)(yan)-碎屑巖(yan)(yan)系中(zhong)的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(甘肅(su)西成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)(you)產于(yu)海(hai)相或陸相砂巖(yan)(yan)和礫巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)金頂)等。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)成(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)時代從太古(gu)(gu)宙(zhou)到新生代皆有(you)(you),以古(gu)(gu)生代鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)力量(liang)豐(feng)富。
金(jin)(jin)融危機(ji)之(zhi)后各國(guo)紛紛推(tui)出(chu)救(jiu)市計劃,各大央行(xing)也(ye)陸續釋放流(liu)動(dong)性,美(mei)國(guo)持續量寬、中(zhong)國(guo)推(tui)出(chu)四萬(wan)億以促(cu)使(shi)經濟復蘇,充裕(yu)的(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)性使(shi)得金(jin)(jin)融屬性占據主要地位(wei)推(tui)升2010年鋅(xin)(xin)價(jia)不斷走高。《2013-2017年中(zhong)國(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)行(xing)業競(jing)爭(zheng)態(tai)勢及投資發展預測報告》,全球經濟趨(qu)于穩定,美(mei)國(guo)緩慢復蘇,市場上關(guan)于QE3退(tui)出(chu)的(de)(de)預期(qi)逐漸增強(qiang),倘若美(mei)國(guo)經濟政策發生改變,美(mei)元將會走強(qiang),鋅(xin)(xin)價(jia)受其(qi)影響較大。但同時值得注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是,經濟復蘇也(ye)在一定程度上帶來需求恢(hui)復,兩(liang)種屬性的(de)(de)博弈將共同決定鋅(xin)(xin)價(jia)未來走勢。
美國金融危機后通過持續寬(kuan)(kuan)松的(de)貨幣(bi)(bi)政(zheng)策促進經(jing)濟和就(jiu)業增(zeng)長(chang),盡(jin)管貨幣(bi)(bi)寬(kuan)(kuan)松政(zheng)策的(de)邊際效用(yong)遞(di)減,但(dan)(dan)可(ke)以看到的(de)是(shi),美國GDP增(zeng)速的(de)低速增(zeng)長(chang)和就(jiu)業市場(chang)的(de)緩慢好轉表明,美國經(jing)濟正在弱(ruo)(ruo)勢(shi)復蘇。美國經(jing)濟復蘇以及房地(di)產市場(chang)的(de)回暖帶(dai)動對鋅的(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)上升,但(dan)(dan)這(zhe)種(zhong)弱(ruo)(ruo)勢(shi)復蘇態勢(shi)仍比較(jiao)脆弱(ruo)(ruo),對鋅需求(qiu)(qiu)帶(dai)動也有限。
等級 Zn(%) Cu(%) Pb(%) Fe(%)
1 ≥55 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
2 ≥53 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
3 ≥50 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤8.0
4 ≥48 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤12.0
5 ≥45 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
6 ≥43 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
7 ≥2.0 ≤2.5 ≤14.0
8 ≥40 ≤2.0 ≤2.8 ≤18.0
世界上(shang)鋅(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)全部消費(fei)中(zhong)大約有(you)一(yi)半用(yong)(yong)于鍍鋅(xin)(xin),約10%用(yong)(yong)于黃銅和青銅,不到10%用(yong)(yong)于鋅(xin)(xin)基合金,約7.5%用(yong)(yong)于化學(xue)制品,約13%用(yong)(yong)于制造干電池,以鋅(xin)(xin)餅、鋅(xin)(xin)板形式出(chu)現(xian)。國(guo)際鉛鋅(xin)(xin)研(yan)究(jiu)組(zu)預(yu)(yu)測,2004年(nian)(nian)全球鋅(xin)(xin)消費(fei)量(liang)(liang)會(hui)比2003年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)985萬t增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)4.8%,2005年(nian)(nian)將再增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)4.3%,預(yu)(yu)計(ji)2005年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)將占(zhan)世界鋅(xin)(xin)消費(fei)總量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)四分之一(yi),它(ta)的(de)(de)消費(fei)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)部分原因(yin)是鍍鋅(xin)(xin)鋼用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)。相比之下,美國(guo)可能只占(zhan)全球鋅(xin)(xin)需求的(de)(de)十分之一(yi)。
(1)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)有優(you)良的(de)(de)抗大(da)氣(qi)腐蝕性能,在常溫下表面易(yi)生成一(yi)層保(bao)護(hu)(hu)膜(mo),因此鋅(xin)最大(da)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)途(tu)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)于鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)工業(ye)。被主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于鋼材(cai)和(he)鋼結構件的(de)(de)表面鍍(du)(du)層(如鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)板),廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于汽(qi)車、建筑、船舶、輕(qing)工等行業(ye)。21世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)后西方國家開始嘗試(shi)直接(jie)(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)合金板做屋頂覆蓋材(cai)料,其使用(yong)(yong)(yong)年(nian)限可(ke)長達120-140年(nian),而且可(ke)回收(shou)再用(yong)(yong)(yong),而用(yong)(yong)(yong)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)鐵板作屋頂材(cai)料的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命一(yi)般為5-10年(nian)。21世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)后,鋼帶熱浸鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)量(liang)有顯著增長。電鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)也(ye)有使用(yong)(yong)(yong),但該法(fa)一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)于較(jiao)薄的(de)(de)鍍(du)(du)層和(he)不同的(de)(de)表面光潔度(du)。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)含鋅(xin)粉(fen)的(de)(de)涂料是涂層的(de)(de)另一(yi)種方法(fa);對于與水連續接(jie)(jie)觸的(de)(de)物(wu)體,如用(yong)(yong)(yong)于船舶、橋梁(liang)和(he)近海油氣(qi)井架的(de)(de)大(da)的(de)(de)鋼構件,只須(xu)和(he)大(da)的(de)(de)鋅(xin)塊連接(jie)(jie),便可(ke)得到保(bao)護(hu)(hu),不過(guo)鋅(xin)塊要定期更換。
(2)鋅合(he)(he)金用于(yu)汽(qi)車(che)制造(zao)和機(ji)械(xie)(xie)行(xing)業。鋅具(ju)有(you)(you)適用的(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。鋅本身的(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)和硬度(du)不高,但加(jia)入鋁(lv)、銅(tong)等(deng)合(he)(he)金元素后,其(qi)強(qiang)度(du)和硬度(du)均大為提(ti)高,猶其(qi)是鋅銅(tong)鈦合(he)(he)金的(de)(de)出現,其(qi)綜合(he)(he)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)已(yi)接(jie)近或達(da)到鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金、黃銅(tong)、灰鑄鐵的(de)(de)水平,其(qi)抗蠕(ru)變性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)也大幅度(du)被提(ti)高。因此(ci),鋅銅(tong)鈦合(he)(he)金已(yi)被廣泛(fan)應用于(yu)小五金生(sheng)產中(zhong)。主要為壓鑄件,用于(yu)汽(qi)車(che)、建筑、部分電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備、家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器、玩具(ju)等(deng)的(de)(de)零部件生(sheng)產。許多鋅合(he)(he)金的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)都(dou)比較優良(liang)(liang),道(dao)次加(jia)工(gong)(gong)率可(ke)(ke)達(da)60%-80%。中(zhong)壓性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)優越,可(ke)(ke)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)深(shen)拉(la)延,并具(ju)有(you)(you)自(zi)潤(run)滑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),延長了(le)模具(ju)壽命,可(ke)(ke)用釬焊(han)(han)或電(dian)(dian)阻焊(han)(han)或電(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)(han)(需在(zai)氦(hai)氣(qi)中(zhong))進(jin)(jin)行(xing)焊(han)(han)接(jie),表面可(ke)(ke)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)鍍、涂漆(qi)處理,切削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)良(liang)(liang)好。在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)條件下(xia)具(ju)有(you)(you)優越性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。一(yi)般用于(yu)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)制造(zao)業。含少量鉛(qian)鎘等(deng)元素的(de)(de)鋅板(ban)(ban)可(ke)(ke)制成鋅錳(meng)干電(dian)(dian)池(chi)負極、印花鋅板(ban)(ban)、有(you)(you)粉腐蝕(shi)照(zhao)相制板(ban)(ban)和膠(jiao)印印刷板(ban)(ban)等(deng)。
(3)鋅可以用來制(zhi)作電池。例如:鋅錳電池以及鋅空(kong)氣蓄(xu)電池。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)錳(meng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi):鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)作為負極(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi),兼作電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)器和(he)(he)負極(ji)(ji)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti),是決(jue)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)貯存性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)主要(yao)材料(liao)。在(zai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有少(shao)(shao)量的(de)(de)鎘(ge)和(he)(he)鉛。鎘(ge)能(neng)(neng)增(zeng)強(qiang)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du),鉛能(neng)(neng)改(gai)進鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)延展加工(gong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。鎘(ge)與(yu)鉛均(jun)能(neng)(neng)提(ti)高氫(qing)在(zai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei),減少(shao)(shao)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian),減緩鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片的(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)和(he)(he)氫(qing)氣(qi)的(de)(de)釋放(fang)(fang)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)片中(zhong)(zhong)若含(han)有Cu、Fe、Ni等,將(jiang)降低(di)H2在(zai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上析出(chu)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei),加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)貯存過程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian),因此(ci)這些有害雜質(zhi)必須(xu)嚴格控制。
鋅(xin)空(kong)氣蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi):鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)又稱鋅(xin)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),是(shi)(shi)金屬空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)一種(zhong)。鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比能理論值是(shi)(shi)1350W·h/kg,最新的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比能量(liang)已達到了(le)230Wh/kg,幾乎(hu)是(shi)(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)8倍(bei)。可(ke)(ke)見鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)發展(zhan)空(kong)間非常(chang)大(da)。鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般采(cai)取抽換(huan)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)辦法進行“機(ji)械式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)時(shi)間在(zai)(zai)幾分(fen)鐘即可(ke)(ke)完成(cheng)。換(huan)上新的(de)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji),“充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”時(shi)間極(ji)短(duan),非常(chang)方便(bian)。如此(ci)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)得到發展(zhan),省去(qu)了(le)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等(deng)社會保障設施的(de)興建(jian)。鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)超市、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經營點、汽配商店等(deng)購買,對普及此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)十分(fen)有(you)利。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有(you)體(ti)積(ji)小(xiao),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)容量(liang)大(da),質(zhi)量(liang)小(xiao),能在(zai)(zai)寬廣的(de)溫度范圍(wei)內正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo),且無腐(fu)蝕,工(gong)作(zuo)安全可(ke)(ke)靠。只是(shi)(shi)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解還原過程(cheng)中,比較(jiao)耗能,每噸氧化鋅(xin)還原成(cheng)鋅(xin)需要(yao)消耗2500度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),所以用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)上,成(cheng)本(ben)較(jiao)高。試(shi)驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)容量(liang)僅是(shi)(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)5倍(bei),不甚理想。但5倍(bei)于鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)量(liang)已引起了(le)世人的(de)關注,美國(guo)、墨西(xi)哥,新加坡及一些歐洲國(guo)家都已在(zai)(zai)郵政車(che)(che)(che)、公共(gong)汽車(che)(che)(che)、摩托(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)上進行試(shi)用,也是(shi)(shi)一極(ji)有(you)前途的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。
此外,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具有良(liang)好的(de)(de)抗電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)性能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)導電(dian)率是(shi)(shi)(shi)標準電(dian)工銅的(de)(de)29%,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)板是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種非(fei)(fei)常(chang)有效的(de)(de)屏蔽(bi)材料,同時由于鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)(fei)磁(ci)性的(de)(de),適合(he)(he)做儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)儀(yi)表零件(jian)的(de)(de)材料及儀(yi)表殼體及錢幣,同時,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)自(zi)身及與(yu)其他金屬碰撞(zhuang)不會(hui)發(fa)生火花,適合(he)(he)作(zuo)井(jing)下(xia)防爆器(qi)(qi)材。廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、涂料、搪瓷、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥、印刷、纖(xian)維等(deng)(deng)工業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具有適宜的(de)(de)化(hua)學性能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)可(ke)與(yu)NH4CI發(fa)生作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),放出H+正(zheng)離(li)子。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)-二(er)氧化(hua)錳電(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)這個特點,用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)(he)金做電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)外殼,既是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)解質(zhi)的(de)(de)容器(qi)(qi),又參加電(dian)池(chi)反(fan)應(ying)構成電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)陽極。它的(de)(de)這一(yi)(yi)性能也(ye)被廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)地應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥行業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)酸或(huo)強(qiang)堿都能發(fa)生反(fan)應(ying),放出氫氣(qi)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肥(fei)(硫酸鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、氯化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin))有促進植物(wu)細胞(bao)呼吸、碳(tan)水(shui)化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)的(de)(de)代(dai)謝等(deng)(deng)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)粉、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鋇白、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鉻黃可(ke)作(zuo)顏料。氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥、橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、油漆等(deng)(deng)工業。
中國(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)業生產(chan)布局,依據鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產(chan)地的(de)分布和(he)建(jian)設(she)(she)條(tiao)件,經(jing)40多年來的(de)發展、建(jian)設(she)(she),現已形成東北(bei)、湖南、兩廣、滇川(chuan)、西北(bei)等五(wu)大鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)采選冶和(he)加工配(pei)套的(de)生產(chan)基地,其鉛(qian)(qian)產(chan)量占(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)產(chan)量的(de)85%以(yi)上,鋅(xin)(xin)產(chan)量占(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)產(chan)量的(de)95%。
1.東(dong)北(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基(ji)地。東(dong)北(bei)地區是我國開發較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基(ji)地之一。早在(zai)50年代(dai)初期,其鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)產量(liang)占全國鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)產量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%以(yi)上,在(zai)中(zhong)國鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產居(ju)于(yu)重要地位。東(dong)北(bei)基(ji)地以(yi)七(qi)礦兩廠(chang)為(wei)主,即青(qing)城子鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、八家子鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、柴河鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(現已閉坑)、桓仁(ren)銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、紅透山銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、西林鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、天(tian)寶山鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦和(he)沈陽冶煉廠(chang)、葫蘆(lu)島鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)廠(chang)。七(qi)礦兩廠(chang)不(bu)僅是東(dong)北(bei)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基(ji)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)支柱廠(chang)礦,也是培(pei)養造就(jiu)科技(ji)人(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)地。六七(qi)十(shi)年代(dai)曾向全國新建的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)企業(ye)輸(shu)送大批(pi)具有實踐經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)科技(ji)和(he)管理(li)人(ren)才以(yi)及(ji)生產技(ji)術工人(ren),為(wei)中(zhong)國鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展做出(chu)了(le)積極貢獻。
2.湖南(nan)鉛鋅(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di)。湖南(nan)鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)源豐富(fu),而且富(fu)礦(kuang)(kuang)多,大(da)部分礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)可開發利用(yong)。該基地(di)(di)(di)鉛鋅(xin)廠礦(kuang)(kuang)是(shi)(shi)五六十(shi)年代建(jian)成(cheng)的,由水(shui)口山(shan)礦(kuang)(kuang)務局(ju)、桃林鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃沙坪(ping)鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、東坡鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)和株洲(zhou)冶煉廠等組成(cheng)的湖南(nan)鉛鋅(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di),是(shi)(shi)全國(guo)(guo)自產(chan)原料(liao)的全國(guo)(guo)最大(da)的鉛鋅(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di),在全國(guo)(guo)產(chan)量占有重(zhong)要地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)。
3.兩廣(guang)(guang)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產基(ji)地。廣(guang)(guang)東、廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)兩省區(qu)的鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)資(zi)源豐(feng)富,兩省區(qu)是(shi)70年代形(xing)成的我國大型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產基(ji)地之(zhi)一。廣(guang)(guang)東以凡(fan)口(kou)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)韶關冶(ye)煉廠(chang)為主(zhu),其次是(shi)丙村(cun)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、昌(chang)化鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、大尖山鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)有泗頂鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、大新鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、河三鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、柳州鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)品廠(chang)和(he)大廠(chang)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)務局等。
4.滇(dian)川(chuan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生產基地。云南鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產資源十分豐(feng)富,鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)保有儲量均居全國之首。該基地鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)企業(ye)也是五(wu)六十年(nian)代(dai)建成的,主要是會(hui)澤(ze)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、瀾滄老(lao)廠鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)昆明冶煉廠、個舊雞街冶煉廠。云南鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產資源具有廣闊(kuo)的開發前(qian)景(jing),90年(nian)代(dai)開始興建超大型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床金頂礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山。四(si)川(chuan)有會(hui)東鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、會(hui)理鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)兩個主要礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山以及(ji)一(yi)批中小型礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山,21世紀以來(lai)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產量猛(meng)增(zeng)。
5.西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地。西(xi)北地區鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資源(yuan)也很(hen)豐(feng)富,主(zhu)要(yao)分布(bu)在甘陜(shan)(shan)青三(san)省(sheng),而且(qie)西(xi)成礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)帶經(jing)勘(kan)查儲量又(you)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)幅(fu)度的(de)增長(chang),資源(yuan)前景(jing)十分可觀。該基(ji)地鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)以(yi)白(bai)銀(yin)有(you)(you)色金(jin)屬公司為(wei)主(zhu),有(you)(you)白(bai)銀(yin)廠(chang)(chang)小鐵(tie)山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、第三(san)冶(ye)煉(lian)廠(chang)(chang)和西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)冶(ye)煉(lian)廠(chang)(chang),陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)有(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)硐山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、二(er)里河鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、銀(yin)洞梁(liang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)等和青海錫鐵(tie)山(shan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)務局(ju)。西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產(chan)量較少(shao),但開發前景(jing)可觀。一是有(you)(you)豐(feng)富的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資源(yuan),位于(yu)甘陜(shan)(shan)交界(jie)的(de)西(xi)成-鳳(feng)太礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)帶,經(jing)近20余年勘(kan)查出10多個大(da)(da)中型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)銀(yin)金(jin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang),其中廠(chang)(chang)壩(ba)-李(li)家溝鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)達到超(chao)大(da)(da)型規(gui)模(mo),銀(yin)達到大(da)(da)型。二(er)是廠(chang)(chang)壩(ba)正在抓緊建設一座大(da)(da)型礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan),將(jiang)成為(wei)西(xi)北冶(ye)煉(lian)廠(chang)(chang)主(zhu)要(yao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物原料供(gong)給(gei)基(ji)地,是全國大(da)(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)之一。
除上述五大(da)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基地外,內蒙古(gu)(gu)、江(jiang)西、貴州等省區也建設了一批(pi)中小(xiao)型礦山。其中內蒙古(gu)(gu)梧桐花(hua)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、白音諾鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、翁牛特旗(qi)硐子鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦等礦山。內蒙古(gu)(gu)是全國生產鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)精(jing)礦主要省區之(zhi)一,開發前景巨大(da)。江(jiang)西有銀山鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦等。貴州有赫章鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、杉樹林鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦等。
侵(qin)入途徑:吸入、食入。
吸(xi)入會引起口渴(ke)、干咳、頭痛、頭暈、高熱、寒(han)戰等。粉塵對(dui)(dui)眼有刺(ci)激(ji)性(xing)。口服刺(ci)激(ji)胃腸道。長期(qi)反復接(jie)觸對(dui)(dui)皮(pi)膚(fu)有刺(ci)激(ji)性(xing)。
1.貯于陰涼干燥處,遠離火種、熱源。
2.與氧化劑、胺類(lei)、硫(liu)、磷、酸堿(jian)類(lei)分儲。
3.滅火(huo):干粉(fen)、干砂(sha)。禁用水和泡沫。
維持人體正常食欲
缺鋅會導致味覺(jue)下降,出現厭食、偏食甚(shen)至(zhi)異食。
增強人體免疫力
鋅元素(su)是免(mian)疫器官(guan)胸(xiong)腺(xian)發育的營養素(su),只有鋅量充足才能有效保(bao)證胸(xiong)腺(xian)發育,正常分化(hua)T淋巴細(xi)胞(bao),促進細(xi)胞(bao)免(mian)疫功能。
鋅(xin)有幫(bang)助生長(chang)發(fa)育、智力(li)(li)發(fa)育、提高免(mian)疫力(li)(li)的(de)(de)作用,缺(que)乏鋅(xin)會(hui)對我們的(de)(de)身體,特別是(shi)生長(chang)發(fa)育造成嚴重(zhong)影響,所(suo)以,補充(chong)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)鋅(xin)是(shi)生長(chang)發(fa)育,智力(li)(li)發(fa)育必(bi)須的(de)(de)。平(ping)時除(chu)了飲食要均衡外,別忘了適當補充(chong)營養。
兒童
味覺障礙:厭(yan)食(shi)、偏食(shi)或異食(shi);
皮膚疾患:易(yi)(yi)患口腔(qiang)潰瘍,受損(sun)傷口不易(yi)(yi)愈合,青春期痤瘡等;
生(sheng)長發育(yu)不(bu)良:身材矮小、瘦弱;
免(mian)疫(yi)力下降,經常感冒、發燒;
孕婦
妊娠反應加重:嗜酸(suan),嘔吐加重
宮內胎兒(er)發育遲緩:導致早產(chan)兒(er)、低體重(zhong)兒(er)
分娩合并癥增多:產(chan)程延長、流(liu)產(chan)
推薦攝入量
年齡(歲) RNI(mg) UL(mg)
0~ 1.5
0.5~ 8 13
1~ 9 23
4~ 12 23
7~ 13.5 28
男 女 男 女
11~ 18.0 15.0 37 34
14~ 19.0 15.5 42 35
18~ 15.0 11.5 45 37
50 11.5 11.5 37 37
孕婦 35
早期 11.5
中期 16.5
晚期 16.5
乳母 21.5 35