釩(Vanadium)是一種(zhong)金屬元(yuan)(yuan)素(su),元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)符號為(wei)(wei)V,銀灰(hui)色(se)金屬,在元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)周期(qi)表中(zhong)屬VB族,原子序數23,原子量50.9414,體心立方晶體,常見化合價為(wei)(wei)+5、+4、+3、+2。釩的熔(rong)點很高(gao),為(wei)(wei)難熔(rong)金屬,有延展性(xing)(xing),質堅(jian)硬,無磁性(xing)(xing)。具有耐(nai)鹽(yan)酸和硫酸的本(ben)領,并且在耐(nai)氣、耐(nai)鹽(yan)、耐(nai)水腐蝕的性(xing)(xing)能要比大多數不銹鋼好。
釩先(xian)后被(bei)兩次發現(xian)。第(di)一(yi)次是在(zai)1801年由(you)墨西哥城的礦(kuang)物學教授節(jie)烈里瓦(wa)發現(xian)的。他發現(xian)它在(zai)亞釩酸鹽樣本(ben)中(zhong),這個(ge)樣本(ben)就是Pb5(VO4)3Cl,由(you)于這種(zhong)新元素的鹽溶液在(zai)加熱時呈(cheng)現(xian)鮮(xian)艷(yan)的紅色,所以(yi)被(bei)取(qu)名為“愛(ai)麗(li)特羅尼”,即(ji)“紅色”的意思,并(bing)將這種(zhong)物品送到(dao)巴(ba)黎。然而,法國化學家推斷它是一(yi)種(zhong)被(bei)污染的鉻(ge)礦(kuang)石,所以(yi)沒有被(bei)人(ren)們公(gong)認。
第二次(ci)發現(xian)(xian)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1830年(nian),瑞(rui)典(dian)化學(xue)家塞夫(fu)斯特(te)倫(lun)(Sefstrom.N.G,1787-1845)在(zai)(zai)(zai)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)斯馬蘭(lan)礦區的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)礦時,用(yong)酸溶解鐵(tie),在(zai)(zai)(zai)殘渣中發現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)釩(fan)(fan)。因(yin)為釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)化合物的(de)(de)(de)顏色五(wu)顏六色,十(shi)分漂亮,所以就用(yong)北歐神話中一(yi)位叫(jiao)(jiao)凡娜迪絲“Vanadis”的(de)(de)(de)美麗女(nv)神的(de)(de)(de)名字給這(zhe)種新(xin)元素(su)起名叫(jiao)(jiao)“Vanadium”。中文按其譯音定名為釩(fan)(fan)。塞夫(fu)斯特(te)倫(lun)、維勒、貝采里烏斯等人都曾研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)過釩(fan)(fan),確認釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)(zai),但他(ta)們始終沒有分離出(chu)單(dan)質釩(fan)(fan)。后來(lai)到了(le)(le)1830年(nian)寫佛寺特(te)勒木在(zai)(zai)(zai)由瑞(rui)典(dian)鐵(tie)礦石提煉(lian)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)中發現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)它,并肯定這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)種新(xin)元素(su)稱之為釩(fan)(fan),他(ta)能夠證(zheng)明(ming)它是(shi)一(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)元素(su),并因(yin)此(ci)擊敗(bai)了(le)(le)一(yi)位與他(ta)競爭的(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)家,來(lai)自在(zai)(zai)(zai)錫(xi)馬潘(墨西(xi)哥)的(de)(de)(de)沃勒(Friedrich W?hler),他(ta)也在(zai)(zai)(zai)對另一(yi)種釩(fan)(fan)礦石進行(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。
1840年,俄羅斯礦(kuang)物工(gong)程師蘇賓寫道“含銅(tong)生(sheng)鐵、黑(hei)銅(tong)、銅(tong)錠是(shi)含釩合金,由于釩的存在,使它們(men)具有較高的硬度”。
1869年英國化(hua)學(xue)家羅斯科(Roscoe.H.E,1833-1915)用氫氣(qi)還原二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)釩,才第(di)一次制(zhi)得了(le)純凈的(de)金屬釩,而且他證明了(le)之前的(de)金屬樣本其實(shi)是氮化(hua)釩(VN)。
1939年,在(zai)俄羅(luo)斯的彼爾姆斯克的含銅砂(sha)巖中也(ye)發現了釩。
在發現釩(fan)這種金屬后,人(ren)們慢慢了解(jie)到了它(ta)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi),并開(kai)始(shi)將它(ta)應(ying)用到人(ren)們的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活當中。1882年(nian),英(ying)國列·克魯佐(zuo)特鋼(gang)鐵公司用含釩(fan)1.1%的(de)煉鋼(gang)爐渣制得釩(fan)的(de)磷酸鹽,年(nian)產量約60t。用戶是生(sheng)(sheng)產苯胺黑(hei)的(de)染料廠。
在19世紀末(mo)20世紀初,俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)開始(shi)利用碳還原(yuan)法還原(yuan)鐵(tie)和釩(fan)氧化物(wu),首(shou)次制備出釩(fan)鐵(tie)合金(含V35%~40%)。1902~1903年俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)進行了(le)鋁熱法制取釩(fan)鐵(tie)的試驗。
1927年,美國的(de)馬爾登(deng)和賴奇用(yong)金(jin)屬鈣還原五氧化二釩(V2O5),第一次(ci)制得了含釩99.3%~99.8%的(de)可鍛性金(jin)屬釩。
19世紀(ji)末,研(yan)究(jiu)還(huan)發現了(le)釩在鋼(gang)(gang)中(zhong)能(neng)顯著改善(shan)鋼(gang)(gang)材(cai)的(de)機械(xie)性(xing)能(neng),從而使釩在工(gong)業上才得到廣(guang)泛應用。至20世紀(ji)初,人們開始大量(liang)開采釩礦。
世界(jie)上生產(chan)釩(fan)的礦(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)主要以釩(fan)鈦磁(ci)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)為(wei)主,在俄(e)羅斯、南非、中國、澳(ao)大(da)利(li)亞及美國等(deng)國家都有(you)豐富的釩(fan)鈦磁(ci)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)資(zi)源,此外(wai)在釩(fan)鈾礦(kuang)(kuang)、鋁土礦(kuang)(kuang)、磷巖礦(kuang)(kuang)、碳質(zhi)頁巖、石(shi)油燃燒灰渣、廢催化劑等(deng)均可作為(wei)回收釩(fan)的資(zi)源
釩(fan)的(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡遍(bian)布(bu)全(quan)世界。在(zai)(zai)地(di)殼中(zhong)(zhong),釩(fan)的(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)并不少,平均在(zai)(zai)兩萬個原(yuan)子中(zhong)(zhong),就有一(yi)個釩(fan)原(yuan)子,比銅、錫、鋅(xin)、鎳的(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)都多,但釩(fan)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)太(tai)分(fen)(fen)散了(le),幾乎沒有含(han)量(liang)較多的(de)(de)礦床。在(zai)(zai)海水中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)海膽等海洋生物(wu)體內,在(zai)(zai)磁鐵(tie)礦中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)多種瀝青礦物(wu)和(he)煤灰中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)落到(dao)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)隕(yun)石和(he)太(tai)陽的(de)(de)光譜線中(zhong)(zhong),人們(men)都發現了(le)釩(fan)的(de)(de)蹤(zong)影。釩(fan)是地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)上廣泛分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)微量(liang)元素,其含(han)量(liang)約(yue)占地(di)殼構(gou)成的(de)(de)0.02%,獲取相對(dui)容易。
世界上已知的釩儲(chu)量(liang)有98%產于釩鈦磁(ci)(ci)鐵礦(kuang)。除釩鈦磁(ci)(ci)鐵礦(kuang)外、釩資源還部分賦存于磷塊巖(yan)礦(kuang),含(han)鈾(you)砂(sha)巖(yan),粉(fen)砂(sha)巖(yan),鋁土礦(kuang),含(han)碳質的原(yuan)油(you)、煤、油(you)頁(ye)巖(yan)及瀝青(qing)砂(sha)中(zhong)。
世界釩(fan)鈦磁鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)的儲量很(hen)大,并(bing)且集中(zhong)在少數幾個國家(jia)和(he)地(di)區(qu),包括(kuo):獨聯(lian)體、美(mei)國、中(zhong)國、南非(fei)、挪威(wei)、瑞典、芬蘭、加拿大、澳大利亞,并(bing)且集中(zhong)分布(bu)在南非(fei)洲、北(bei)美(mei)洲等地(di)區(qu)。根據1988年美(mei)國礦(kuang)(kuang)業局(ju)統(tong)計(ji)資料表明,世界釩(fan)儲量基礎(chu)為(wei)1.6億(yi)噸(以釩(fan)計(ji))。按開采量計(ji)算,世界現探(tan)明的釩(fan)資源可(ke)供開采150年。從儲量基礎(chu)看,南非(fei)占46%,獨聯(lian)體占23.6%,美(mei)國占13.1%,中(zhong)國占11.6%,其它(ta)國家(jia)的總和(he)不足6%。
在(zai)南(nan)(nan)非,釩(fan)通(tong)常在(zai)釩(fan)磁鐵礦的礦層中(zhong)產(chan)生。這些礦層的平均品位為1.5%。據估計,南(nan)(nan)非釩(fan)儲量(liang)約為1250萬噸(dun),世(shi)界第一。
礦(kuang)物有(you)釩(fan)(fan)酸鉀鈾礦(kuang)、褐鉛礦(kuang)和(he)綠硫釩(fan)(fan)礦(kuang)、石煤礦(kuang)等。中國是釩(fan)(fan)資源(yuan)比較豐富的國家,釩(fan)(fan)儲量為2055萬噸(以V2O5計)主(zhu)要(yao)賦存釩(fan)(fan)鈦磁鐵礦(kuang)中,且集中分布(bu)在四川(chuan)的攀(pan)枝花市、河北承德市。攀(pan)枝花釩(fan)(fan)儲量為1295萬噸,占中國釩(fan)(fan)儲量的63%。
元素在海水中的(de)含量 0.0016ppm
元素在太陽中的含(han)量 0.4ppm
地殼中(zhong)含量(liang) 160ppm
釩是(shi)一種(zhong)銀灰色(se)的(de)金(jin)屬。熔(rong)點1890℃,屬于高熔(rong)點稀有(you)金(jin)屬之列。它(ta)的(de)沸(fei)點3380℃,純釩質堅(jian)硬,無磁性(xing),具有(you)延展性(xing),但是(shi)若含有(you)少量的(de)雜質,尤其是(shi)氮,氧,氫等,能顯著降低其可塑性(xing)。
原子體積(ji) 8.78cm3/mol
相(xiang)對(dui)原子質量 50.94
莫氏硬度 7
聲音在其中的傳播速率 4560m/s
密度 6.0g/cm3
熔點 1890℃
沸點 3380℃
原子序數 23
質子數 23
電子數 23
晶(jing)體(ti)結構:晶(jing)胞(bao)為體(ti)心立方晶(jing)胞(bao),每個晶(jing)胞(bao)含有(you)2個金屬原子。
a = 303 pm α = 90°
b = 303 pm β = 90°
c = 303 pm γ = 90°
釩(fan)的性質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)鉭以(yi)及鈮相(xiang)(xiang)似(si),英國化(hua)學家羅斯(si)科研究了(le)它的性質(zhi)(zhi),確定它與鉭和(he)鈮相(xiang)(xiang)似(si),這為(wei)它們三(san)個在(zai)元素(su)周期表(biao)中(zhong)共建一個分(fen)族建立了(le)基(ji)礎。釩(fan)屬(shu)于中(zhong)等活潑的金(jin)屬(shu),化(hua)合價+2、+3、+4和(he)+5。其中(zhong)以(yi)+5價為(wei)最穩定,其次是(shi)+4價,五價釩(fan)的化(hua)合物具(ju)有氧化(hua)性能,低價釩(fan)則具(ju)有還原(yuan)性。釩(fan)的價態(tai)越低還原(yuan)性越強。電離能為(wei)6.74eV,具(ju)有耐(nai)(nai)鹽(yan)酸和(he)硫酸的本(ben)領,并(bing)且在(zai)耐(nai)(nai)氣(qi)、耐(nai)(nai)鹽(yan)、耐(nai)(nai)水(shui)腐蝕(shi)的性能要比大多數不銹鋼(gang)好(hao)。釩(fan)空氣(qi)中(zhong)不被(bei)氧化(hua),可(ke)溶于氫(qing)氟酸、硝酸和(he)王水(shui)。
所屬周期 4
所屬族數 V B
電子層(ceng)分布(bu) 2-8-11-2
電子層 K-L-M-N
價(jia)電子排布 3d34s2
氧(yang)化態 -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,
電離能(kJ /mol)
M - M+ 650
M+ - M2+ 1414
M2+ - M3+ 2828
M4+ - M5+ 6294
M5+ - M6+ 12362
M6+ - M7+ 14489
M7+ - M8+ 16760
M8+ - M9+ 19860
M9+ - M10+ 22240
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)能(neng)分別以(yi)二(er)(er)(er)、三(san)、四、五(wu)價于氧結合,形(xing)成四種氧化(hua)物:一氧化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan),三(san)氧化(hua)二(er)(er)(er)釩(fan)(fan)(fan),二(er)(er)(er)氧化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)(fan),五(wu)氧化(hua)二(er)(er)(er)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)。他(ta)們的性質如(ru)下:
化學(xue)式 顏色 密度g/cm3 熔點℃
VO 灰色(se) 5.23-5.76 1830
V2O3 黑色 4.85 1960
VO2 深藍(lan)色(se) 4.26. 1545
V2O5 紅(hong)黃 3.32 690
高溫(wen)下,金屬釩(fan)很容易與氧和氮作用。當金屬釩(fan)在空氣中(zhong)加(jia)熱(re)時,釩(fan)氧化成(cheng)棕(zong)黑(hei)色(se)的(de)三氧化二釩(fan)、深(shen)藍色(se)的(de)二氧化釩(fan),并最終成(cheng)為桔黃色(se)的(de)五(wu)氧化二釩(fan):
釩(fan)(fan)在(zai)氮氣(qi)中加熱至(zhi)900~1300℃會生(sheng)成氮化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)。釩(fan)(fan)與(yu)碳(tan)在(zai)高溫下可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)成碳(tan)化(hua)釩(fan)(fan),但碳(tan)化(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)必須在(zai)真空中進行。當釩(fan)(fan)在(zai)真空下或惰性氣(qi)氛中與(yu)硅、硼、磷(lin)、砷(shen)一同(tong)加熱時(shi),可(ke)(ke)形成相應(ying)(ying)的硅化(hua)物、硼化(hua)物、磷(lin)化(hua)物和砷(shen)化(hua)物。不(bu)同(tong)價態的釩(fan)(fan)離子有不(bu)同(tong)的顏(yan)色(se):VO2+顏(yan)色(se)為(wei)淺黃色(se)或深綠色(se),VO2+顏(yan)色(se)為(wei)藍色(se),V3+為(wei)綠色(se),V2+為(wei)紫色(se)。
我們平(ping)常(chang)說的釩(fan)(fan)鹽是指這(zhe)幾(ji)種(zhong):含(han)有(you)(you)V4+的,含(han)有(you)(you)VO3-的(偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸鹽),含(han)有(you)(you)VO43-的(正(zheng)釩(fan)(fan)酸鹽),他(ta)們包括:偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸銨、偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸鈉(na)、偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸鉀、正(zheng)釩(fan)(fan)酸鈉(na)、硫(liu)酸氧釩(fan)(fan)、草酸氧釩(fan)(fan)、四氯化釩(fan)(fan)、三氯氧釩(fan)(fan)等。
釩(fan)的鹽類的顏(yan)色(se)真是五光十色(se),有綠的、紅的、黑的、黃的,綠的碧如(ru)翡翠(cui),黑的猶如(ru)濃墨。如(ru)二(er)價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)鹽常(chang)呈(cheng)紫色(se);三(san)價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)鹽呈(cheng)綠色(se),四價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)鹽呈(cheng)淺藍色(se),四價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)的堿(jian)性衍生(sheng)物(wu)常(chang)是棕色(se)或黑色(se),而五氧化二(er)釩(fan)則是紅色(se)的。這些色(se)彩繽紛的釩(fan)的化合物(wu),被(bei)制(zhi)成鮮艷的顏(yan)料:把它(ta)們加(jia)到玻璃中,制(zhi)成彩色(se)玻璃,也(ye)可以用來(lai)制(zhi)造(zao)各種墨水。
釩共有(you)31種同位(wei)素,其中天然存在的是釩-50和釩-51,其他的全(quan)部通過(guo)人工合(he)成。性質(zhi)如下表:
符號(hao) Z(p) N(n) 質量(u) 半(ban)衰期 原子核自旋 相(xiang)對豐度(du) 相(xiang)對豐度(du)的(de)變化率
V-40 23 17 40.01109 2-
V-41 23 18 40.99978 7/2-
V-42 23 19 41.99123 2-
V-43 23 20 42.98065 80ms 7/2-
V-44 23 21 43.97411 111ms (2+)
V-44m 270keV 150ms (6+)
V-45 23 22 44.965776 547ms 7/2-
V-46 23 23 45.9602005 422.50ms 0+
V-46m 801.46keV 1.02ms 3+
V-47 23 24 46.9549089 32.6min 3/2-
V-48 23 25 47.9522537 15.9735d 4+
V-49 23 26 48.9485161 329d 7/2-
V-50 23 27 49.9471585 1.4×10a 6+ 0.0025 0.002487-0.002502
V-51 23 28 50.9439595 穩定 7/2- 0.9975 0.997498-0.997513
V-52 23 29 51.9447755 3.743min 3+
V-53 23 30 52.944338 1.60min 7/2-
V-54 23 31 53.94644 49.8s 3+
V-54m 108keV 900ns (5+)
V-55 23 32 54.94723 6.54s (7/2-)
V-56 23 33 55.95053 216ms (1+)
V-57 23 34 56.95256 0.35s (3/2-)
V-58 23 35 57.95683 191ms 3+
V-59 23 36 58.96021 75ms 7/2-
V-60 23 37 59.96503 122ms 3+
V-60m1 150keV 40ms 1+
V-60m2 101keV >400ns
V-61 23 38 60.96848 47.0ms 7/2-
V-62 23 39 61.97378 33.5ms 3+
V-63 23 40 62.97755 17ms (7/2-)
V-64 23 41 63.98347 10ms[>300ns]
V-65 23 42 64.98792 10ms 5/2-
純(chun)的(de)金屬釩(fan)一般(ban)是(shi)用鉀在高壓下(xia)將五(wu)氧化二釩(fan)還原(yuan)而得到(dao)的(de)。大多數釩(fan)是(shi)其它礦物加(jia)工(gong)時的(de)副產品(pin)。工(gong)業(ye)上也可以以鋁(lv),焦炭還原(yuan)五(wu)氧化二釩(fan)生產純(chun)釩(fan)。
焦炭(tan)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)五氧化二釩生產純釩是將(jiang)V2O5粉與高(gao)純碳(tan)(tan)粉混合均勻,加(jia)10%樟腦乙(yi)醚溶(rong)液或酒精,壓(ya)(ya)塊后放(fang)入真(zhen)(zhen)空碳(tan)(tan)阻爐或感應爐內。爐內真(zhen)(zhen)空壓(ya)(ya)力到6.66×10-1Pa后,升溫至1573K,保溫2h。冷卻后將(jiang)反應產物破(po)碎(sui)。根(gen)據第一次還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)產物的組(zu)分再配(pei)入適量碳(tan)(tan)化釩或氧化釩進行二次還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)。二次還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)爐內的真(zhen)(zhen)空壓(ya)(ya)力為2.66×10-2Pa,溫度控制在1973~2023K之間,并保溫一段時間。真(zhen)(zhen)空碳(tan)(tan)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)法所得金屬釩的成分(質(zhi)量分數m/%)為:釩99.5,氧0.05,氮0.01,碳(tan)(tan)0.1。釩收率可達(da)98%~99%。
鋁(lv)熱(re)還(huan)原法是將五氧(yang)化二釩和純鋁(lv)放在反(fan)應彈進行反(fan)應,生成釩鋁(lv)合金(jin)(jin)。釩合金(jin)(jin)在2063K的高溫和真(zhen)空中(zhong)脫鋁(lv),可制得含釩94%~97%的粗金(jin)(jin)屬釩。
在(zai)鋼(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)入百分之幾的(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan),就能(neng)使(shi)鋼(gang)的(de)彈性(xing)、強(qiang)度大增,抗(kang)磨損和(he)抗(kang)爆裂性(xing)極(ji)好(hao),既耐(nai)高溫(wen)又抗(kang)奇(qi)寒(han),難(nan)怪在(zai)汽車、航空、鐵(tie)(tie)路、電子技術、國防工業等部門,到(dao)處可見到(dao)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)蹤跡。此外,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)氧化物已成(cheng)(cheng)為化學工業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)佳催(cui)化劑(ji)之一,有(you)“化學面包”之稱。主要用(yong)于制(zhi)造(zao)高速切削鋼(gang)及其(qi)他合金鋼(gang)和(he)催(cui)化劑(ji)。把(ba)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)摻進鋼(gang)里,可以制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)比普通鋼(gang)結(jie)構更緊密,韌性(xing)、彈性(xing)與(yu)機(ji)械(xie)強(qiang)度更高。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)制(zhi)的(de)穿甲彈,能(neng)夠射穿40厘米厚的(de)鋼(gang)板。但是,在(zai)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)(tie)工業上(shang),并不(bu)是把(ba)純的(de)金屬(shu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)加(jia)到(dao)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)(tie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鋼(gang),而(er)是直(zhi)接采用(yong)含(han)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)礦煉成(cheng)(cheng)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)。
釩具有(you)眾多優異的(de)物理性(xing)能(neng)和化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng),因而釩的(de)用(yong)(yong)途十分廣泛,有(you)金屬“維生素”之(zhi)稱。最(zui)初的(de)釩大多應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于鋼鐵(tie),通過細化鋼的(de)組織和晶(jing)粒(li),提高(gao)晶(jing)粒(li)粗化溫度,從而起(qi)到增加鋼的(de)強(qiang)度、韌性(xing)和耐磨性(xing)。后(hou)來,人們(men)逐漸(jian)又發現了(le)釩在鈦合金中的(de)優異改(gai)良作用(yong)(yong),并應(ying)用(yong)(yong)到航空(kong)航天(tian)領(ling)域(yu),從而使得(de)(de)航空(kong)航天(tian)工業取得(de)(de)了(le)突破性(xing)的(de)進展(zhan)。隨著科學(xue)技術水平(ping)的(de)飛(fei)躍發展(zhan),人類(lei)對新材料(liao)的(de)要求日(ri)益(yi)提高(gao)。釩在非鋼鐵(tie)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)越來越廣泛,其范圍涵蓋了(le)航空(kong)航天(tian)、化學(xue)、電池(chi)、顏(yan)料(liao)、玻璃、光學(xue)、醫藥等眾多領(ling)域(yu)。
釩“現(xian)代(dai)(dai)工(gong)業的味精”,是發展現(xian)代(dai)(dai)工(gong)業、現(xian)代(dai)(dai)國防和(he)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)科(ke)學技術不(bu)可缺少的重要(yao)材料。釩在(zai)(zai)(zai)冶金(jin)業中用(yong)量最大。從世界范圍來看,釩在(zai)(zai)(zai)鋼鐵(tie)工(gong)業中的消耗量占其生產總(zong)量的85%。與此同時,釩在(zai)(zai)(zai)化工(gong)、釩電池、航空(kong)航天(tian)等其它領域的應(ying)用(yong)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)擴展,且具有良好(hao)發展前景(jing)。
釩在鋼鐵(tie)工(gong)業(ye)中主(zhu)要用作合金添加劑,鋼鐵(tie)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)發展(zhan)變化對(dui)預測釩的(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)至關重要。也就是說,鋼鐵(tie)對(dui)釩的(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)趨勢決定了釩工(gong)業(ye)的(de)命運。
中國鋼產量大約6億噸,平均每噸釩的消費強度增加10g,折合(he)五氧化二釩約為(wei)1.1萬(wan)噸。而(er)在美國,碳(tan)素鋼和高(gao)強度低合(he)金鋼是鋼鐵(tie)工業中釩用量最大的鋼種,占鋼鐵(tie)工業釩用量的60%以上,其次(ci)是高(gao)合(he)金鋼。
釩電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是發(fa)展勢頭(tou)強勁的(de)優秀綠色(se)環(huan)保蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)之一(制造、使用及(ji)廢棄過程均不(bu)產生有害(hai)物質),它具有特(te)殊的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)結構,可(ke)(ke)深(shen)度(du)大電(dian)(dian)流密度(du)放電(dian)(dian);充電(dian)(dian)迅速;比能(neng)量高;價格低(di)廉;應用領(ling)域十分(fen)廣(guang)闊:如可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)為(wei)大廈、機場、程控交換站(zhan)備用電(dian)(dian)源;可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)為(wei)太陽(yang)能(neng)等(deng)清潔(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)配套(tao)儲能(neng)裝置;為(wei)潛艇、遠洋輪船提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)力以及(ji)用于電(dian)(dian)網調峰等(deng)。
釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池成本(ben)與(yu)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池相近,它(ta)還可制(zhi)(zhi)備兆(zhao)瓦(wa)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)池組(zu),大功(gong)率(lv)長(chang)時(shi)間提供電(dian)(dian)能,因此釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)大規模(mo)儲(chu)能領域具(ju)有鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池不可比(bi)(bi)擬的(de)(de)性(xing)價(jia)比(bi)(bi)優(you)勢。釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池生產工藝簡(jian)單,價(jia)格經濟,電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能優(you)異,與(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)造復(fu)雜、價(jia)格昂貴的(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池相比(bi)(bi),無(wu)論是(shi)在(zai)大規模(mo)儲(chu)能還是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)應用(yong)前景方面(mian),都更(geng)具(ju)競爭(zheng)實力。
與(yu)其(qi)他化學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源相比,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)優越性(xing),主(zhu)要(yao)優點如下:1、功(gong)率(lv)大:通(tong)過(guo)增加(jia)(jia)單片電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)面積,即可增加(jia)(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv),美國商(shang)業化示范運行的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)已達(da)6兆瓦。2、容量大:通(tong)過(guo)任意增加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)體積,即可任意增加(jia)(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量,可達(da)吉瓦時(shi)(shi)(shi)以上;通(tong)過(guo)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du),即可成(cheng)倍增加(jia)(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。3、效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao):由于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)催化活性(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao),且(qie)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質分別存儲(chu)在正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)儲(chu)槽中(zhong)(zhong),避免了正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消耗,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量轉換(huan)(huan)效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)75%以上,遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)45%。4、壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang):由于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質只分別存在于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong),充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)常有的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)相變化,可深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)不損(sun)傷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)。商(shang)業化示范運行時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)最長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)模塊已正(zheng)常運行超過(guo)9年,充(chong)(chong)放循環壽(shou)命(ming)超過(guo)18000次,遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)固定型(xing)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)1000次。5、響應速度(du)(du)(du)快:釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)堆里充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)可在瞬(shun)間(jian)(jian)啟動,在運行過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)切換(huan)(huan)只需要(yao)0.02秒(miao),響應速度(du)(du)(du)1毫秒(miao)。6、可瞬(shun)間(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):通(tong)過(guo)更換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)可實現釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)瞬(shun)間(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。7、安全(quan)性(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao):釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)無(wu)(wu)潛在的(de)(de)(de)爆炸或(huo)著(zhu)火危險,即使將正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)混合也無(wu)(wu)危險,只是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)溫度(du)(du)(du)略有升高(gao)(gao)(gao)。8、成(cheng)本低(di)(di):除離子膜外,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)部(bu)件多為廉價的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)材料、工(gong)程塑料,材料來源豐富,易回收,不需要(yao)貴金屬作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)催化劑,成(cheng)本低(di)(di)。9、釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)選址(zhi)自(zi)由度(du)(du)(du)大,可全(quan)自(zi)動封閉運行,無(wu)(wu)污染,維護(hu)簡單,運營成(cheng)本低(di)(di)。
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)是人體(ti)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)微量元(yuan)素(su)在(zai)(zai)人體(ti)內含(han)量大約為(wei)25mg,在(zai)(zai)體(ti)液(ye)pH4~8條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要形式為(wei)VO3-,即亞釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)離(li)子(zi);另一為(wei)+5價(jia)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)形式VO43-,即正釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)離(li)子(zi)。由于生物效應相似(si)(si),一般(ban)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽統指這兩種+5價(jia)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)離(li)子(zi)。VO3-經離(li)子(zi)轉運系統或(huo)自由進(jin)入細(xi)胞(bao)(bao),在(zai)(zai)胞(bao)(bao)內被還原型谷胱甘肽(tai)還原成VO2+(+4價(jia)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)態),即氧(yang)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)根離(li)子(zi)(vanadyl)。由于磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)和Mg2+離(li)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內廣(guang)泛存在(zai)(zai)VO-3與磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)結構相似(si)(si),VO2+與Mg2+大小相當(離(li)子(zi)半徑分別為(wei)160pm和165pm),因而(er)二者就有可(ke)能通(tong)過(guo)與磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)和Mg2+競爭(zheng)結合(he)(he)配體(ti)干擾細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生化(hua)(hua)(hua)反應過(guo)程。例如,抑制ATP水解酶(mei)、核糖(tang)核酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酶(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)果糖(tang)激(ji)(ji)酶(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)甘油醛激(ji)(ji)酶(mei)、6-磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)葡萄(tao)糖(tang)酶(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酪氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蛋白(bai)激(ji)(ji)酶(mei)。所以,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)進(jin)入細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)后具有廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)生物學(xue)效應。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物又具有合(he)(he)成相對(dui)容易、價(jia)格較低(di)廉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi),因此研究釩(fan)(fan)(fan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)降壓(ya)機制有利(li)于對(dui)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)和利(li)用(yong)。
國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)對(dui)釩化合物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)已有20多(duo)(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)歷史,早期多(duo)(duo)集中在釩化合物(wu)(wu)降(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)作用的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu),也有報(bao)道釩能舒(shu)張豬的(de)(de)(de)離(li)體冠狀動脈。近期國(guo)外(wai)(wai)有些(xie)研究(jiu)開始用釩化合物(wu)(wu)治療原發性高(gao)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)大(da)鼠,已經取到肯(ken)定的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗結果。有報(bao)道認為BMOV可以降(jiang)(jiang)低SHR的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)胰島素血(xue)癥和高(gao)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)。另有學(xue)者采用SHR和WKY大(da)鼠對(dui)比探討釩化合物(wu)(wu)對(dui)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu)(wu)療效,結果可見釩化合物(wu)(wu)使收縮壓(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)低(149±3/mmHg,非治療組184±3mmHgP<0.0001)。
釩(fan)(fan)是(shi)正(zheng)常生(sheng)(sheng)長可能(neng)(neng)必(bi)需的(de)(de)礦物(wu)(wu)質(zhi),釩(fan)(fan)有(you)多種價(jia)態(tai),有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)意義(yi)的(de)(de)是(shi)四(si)價(jia)和五價(jia)態(tai)。四(si)價(jia)態(tai)釩(fan)(fan)為氧釩(fan)(fan)基陽(yang)離子,易(yi)與(yu)(yu)蛋白質(zhi)結(jie)合(he)結(jie)合(he)形成(cheng)復合(he)物(wu)(wu),而(er)防止被氧化(hua)。五價(jia)態(tai)釩(fan)(fan)為氧釩(fan)(fan)基陽(yang)離子,易(yi)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)他生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)結(jie)合(he)形成(cheng)復合(he)物(wu)(wu),在(zai)許多生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)過程中,釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)根(gen)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)磷(lin)酸(suan)根(gen)競爭(zheng),或取(qu)代磷(lin)酸(suan)根(gen)。釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鹽以被維生(sheng)(sheng)素C、谷胱甘肽(tai)或NADH還(huan)原(yuan)。其(qi)在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)健康(kang)方(fang)面的(de)(de)作用(yong),營養學(xue)界(jie),醫學(xue)界(jie)至今仍不是(shi)很清楚,仍處在(zai)進一步(bu)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)過程中,但可以確定,釩(fan)(fan)有(you)重要(yao)作用(yong)。一般認(ren)為,它可能(neng)(neng)有(you)助于防止膽固醇蓄積(ji)、降低過高的(de)(de)血糖、防止齲齒(chi)、幫助制造紅血球等。每(mei)天(tian)會(hui)經尿(niao)液流失部分(fen)釩(fan)(fan)。
釩在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)內含(han)量(liang)極低,體(ti)內總量(liang)不足(zu)1mg。主要分布于(yu)內臟(zang),尤其(qi)是肝(gan)、腎、甲狀腺等部位,骨組織(zhi)中含(han)量(liang)也較高。人(ren)體(ti)對釩的正常需(xu)要量(liang)為(wei)100μg/d。
釩(fan)(fan)在胃腸吸收(shou)(shou)率僅5%,其(qi)吸收(shou)(shou)部位(wei)主(zhu)要在上(shang)消化道。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)環境(jing)中(zhong)的釩(fan)(fan)可經皮膚和(he)肺吸收(shou)(shou)入體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)。血(xue)液(ye)中(zhong)約95%的釩(fan)(fan)以離子狀態(tai)(VO2+)與轉鐵蛋(dan)白(bai)結合而送輸,因(yin)此(ci)(ci)釩(fan)(fan)與鐵在體(ti)(ti)內可相互影(ying)響。
釩對(dui)骨和牙(ya)齒(chi)正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)育及(ji)鈣(gai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)關(guan),能增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)牙(ya)對(dui)齲牙(ya)的抵抗力。釩還可(ke)以促(cu)進糖代(dai)謝(xie),刺激釩酸(suan)鹽依賴性(xing)NADPH氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)反應,增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)脂蛋(dan)白脂酶(mei)活性(xing),加快腺(xian)苷酸(suan)環化(hua)(hua)(hua)酶(mei)活化(hua)(hua)(hua)和氨基酸(suan)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)及(ji)促(cu)進紅細(xi)胞生長(chang)等作(zuo)用。因此釩缺(que)乏時可(ke)出現牙(ya)齒(chi)、骨和軟骨發(fa)育受阻。肝內(nei)磷脂含量少(shao)、營養不良(liang)性(xing)水腫及(ji)甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)代(dai)謝(xie)異常(chang)等。
人類攝入(ru)的(de)釩只(zhi)有(you)少部分被吸收,估計吸收的(de)釩不(bu)足攝入(ru)量(liang)的(de)5%,大部分由糞便排出(chu)。攝入(ru)的(de)釩于小(xiao)腸與低分子量(liang)物質(zhi)形成復合物,然后在血中(zhong)與血漿運鐵蛋白(bai)結合,血中(zhong)釩很(hen)快就(jiu)運到(dao)各組織(zhi),通常大多組織(zhi)每(mei)克(ke)濕(shi)重含(han)釩量(liang)低于10ng。吸收入(ru)體(ti)內(nei)的(de)80%-90%由尿排出(chu),也可以通過膽(dan)汁(zhi)排出(chu),每(mei)克(ke)膽(dan)汁(zhi)含(han)釩為0.55-1.85ng。
有(you)實驗(yan)顯示,釩調(diao)節(jie)(Nak)-ATP酶、調(diao)節(jie)磷酰轉移酶、腺苷(gan)酸環化(hua)酶、蛋(dan)白激(ji)酶類的(de)(de)輔因子,與體內激(ji)素,蛋(dan)白質,脂(zhi)類代謝(xie)關系密切。可抑制年幼大(da)鼠肝臟合(he)成膽固(gu)醇(chun)。可能存在以下作(zuo)用:1.防止(zhi)因過熱而(er)疲勞和中暑。2.促進骨骼(ge)及(ji)牙齒生(sheng)長。3.協助脂(zhi)肪代謝(xie)的(de)(de)正常(chang)化(hua)。4.預(yu)防心(xin)臟病突發(fa)。5.協助神經和肌肉的(de)(de)正常(chang)運作(zuo)。
人的(de)膳食中每(mei)天(tian)可提供不足(zu)30μg的(de)釩,多為15μg,因(yin)此考慮每(mei)天(tian)從(cong)膳食中攝(she)取(qu)10μg釩就可以滿(man)足(zu)需(xu)要(yao)。一般不需(xu)要(yao)特別(bie)補充;需(xu)要(yao)提醒的(de)是,攝(she)取(qu)合成的(de)釩容易引起(qi)中毒;另外吸煙會降(jiang)低釩的(de)吸收。
釩在體內不(bu)易蓄積,因(yin)而由食物(wu)攝(she)入(ru)引起的中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)十(shi)分罕見,但每(mei)天攝(she)入(ru)10mg以上或(huo)每(mei)克食物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)含釩10-20微克,可發生中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)。通常(chang)可出(chu)現生長(chang)緩慢、腹瀉、攝(she)入(ru)量減(jian)少和死亡(wang)。
最(zui)被認(ren)可的(de)釩缺(que)乏(fa)表現來自于(yu)1987年報道的(de)對山(shan)羊和(he)大鼠(shu)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu),釩缺(que)乏(fa)的(de)山(shan)羊表現出流產率增(zeng)加和(he)產奶量降低。大鼠(shu)實驗中,釩缺(que)乏(fa)引起(qi)生長抑制,甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)重量與(yu)體重的(de)比率增(zeng)加以及血漿甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)激素(su)濃度的(de)變(bian)化。對于(yu)人體缺(que)乏(fa)癥研(yan)究(jiu)尚不(bu)明確,有的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)認(ren)為它(ta)的(de)缺(que)乏(fa)可能會導(dao)致(zhi)心血管及腎臟疾病、傷(shang)口再生修(xiu)復(fu)能力(li)減退和(he)新生兒死(si)亡。
釩(fan)在(zai)天然(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)很低,一般河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)為(wei)0.01~20ppb,平均(jun)為(wei)1ppb。海水(shui)(shui)(shui)含(han)釩(fan)量為(wei)0.9~2.5ppb。盡管水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)可(ke)溶(rong)性的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)含(han)量很低,但是水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)懸浮(fu)物(wu)含(han)釩(fan)量是很高的(de)(de)(de)。懸浮(fu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)沉積導致水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)釩(fan)向底質遷移,并(bing)使水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)得到凈化。土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)主要以VO3-陰離(li)子狀態存在(zai)。土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)氧化性越(yue)高、堿性越(yue)大,釩(fan)越(yue)易(yi)形成(cheng)VO3-離(li)子。當土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)酸度(du)增大時,VO3-離(li)子易(yi)轉變(bian)成(cheng)多釩(fan)酸根復合陰離(li)子。它們(men)都容易(yi)被粘土和(he)土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)膠(jiao)體(ti)及腐殖(zhi)質固定而失去活性,釩(fan)在(zai)土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)遷移性較弱。
金屬釩(fan)的(de)毒(du)性很低(di)。釩(fan)化合(he)物(釩(fan)鹽)對(dui)人和(he)動物具有毒(du)性,其毒(du)性隨化合(he)物的(de)原子價增(zeng)加(jia)和(he)溶(rong)解(jie)度的(de)增(zeng)大而增(zeng)加(jia),如五氧化二釩(fan)為高毒(du),可引起呼(hu)吸系統(tong)、神經系統(tong)、胃(wei)腸(chang)和(he)皮膚(fu)的(de)改(gai)變(bian)。
皮膚接(jie)觸:脫去污染的衣著(zhu),用肥皂水及(ji)清(qing)水徹底沖洗(xi)。眼(yan)(yan)睛接(jie)觸:立(li)即(ji)翻開上下眼(yan)(yan)瞼,用流(liu)動清(qing)水沖洗(xi)15分鐘。就醫。吸入(ru):脫離現場至空氣新鮮處,用水漱洗(xi)鼻咽部的粉塵。就醫。食入(ru):誤服(fu)者就醫。對癥(zheng)治療。
儲存于陰涼(liang)、通風的庫房。遠離火種、熱源。應與氧化(hua)劑、酸類、食用化(hua)學品分開存放,切忌混儲。配(pei)備(bei)相應品種和數量的消(xiao)防器材。儲區應備(bei)有合適的材料收容泄(xie)漏物。