任人唯賢(rèn rén wéi xián)是一(yi)個成(cheng)語,最早出自(zi)于戰國《尚書(shu)·咸(xian)有一(yi)德》。
任人唯賢指任用官員(yuan)只以德才優秀作為標(biao)準,含(han)褒義;在句(ju)中(zhong)一般作謂(wei)語、定語、賓(bin)語、分句(ju)。
戰國《尚書·咸有(you)一德》:“任官惟(wei)賢才,左右惟(wei)其人。”
后世(shi)據此典(dian)故引申出成語“任(ren)人唯賢(xian)”。
春秋時(shi)期,齊國(guo)的(de)國(guo)君襄(xiang)公(gong)殘暴荒唐,連他的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)兄弟都逃到別國(guo)去了(le)。這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)兄弟是(shi)兩(liang)個(ge)母親生的(de)。一個(ge)叫公(gong)子糾,逃到了(le)魯國(guo)。一個(ge)叫公(gong)子小白,逃到了(le)莒國(guo)。公(gong)子糾的(de)師傅(fu)是(shi)管仲(zhong),公(gong)子小白的(de)師傅(fu)是(shi)鮑叔(shu)牙。
后(hou)來,齊(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)被人(ren)殺死了(le)(le)。第二年春天,齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)的大臣(chen)派使者迎接公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)回去(qu)做國(guo)(guo)君。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)的國(guo)(guo)君魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)親(qin)自派兵護送。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)的師傅管(guan)仲(zhong)怕逃亡(wang)在(zai)(zai)莒國(guo)(guo)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)因為(wei)離齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)近搶(qiang)先(xian)回國(guo)(guo)奪(duo)到君位,所以經(jing)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)意,先(xian)帶領一支人(ren)馬去(qu)攔住公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。走到即墨,聽人(ren)說公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)已經(jing)跑在(zai)(zai)頭里(li)了(le)(le)。管(guan)仲(zhong)使勁地(di)追,追了(le)(le)三十多(duo)里(li)路才追上。管(guan)仲(zhong)瞧見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)坐(zuo)在(zai)(zai)車(che)里(li),也不(bu)多(duo)說,偷偷地(di)拿起弓(gong)箭(jian),對(dui)準了(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai),“嗖”的一箭(jian)射過去(qu)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)大叫(jiao)一聲(sheng),口吐鮮血,倒在(zai)(zai)車(che)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)里(li)。管(guan)仲(zhong)一看,以為(wei)小(xiao)白(bai)死了(le)(le),他想公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)的君位必定穩坐(zuo)了(le)(le),便不(bu)慌不(bu)忙地(di)回魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)去(qu)護送公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)去(qu)。
誰知道公(gong)子(zi)小(xiao)白并沒有(you)死(si),只是(shi)(shi)咬破舌頭,弄得滿口鮮血裝死(si)罷了。鮑叔牙(ya)護著小(xiao)白抄小(xiao)道趕到都城臨(lin)淄(zi)。鮑叔牙(ya)硬(ying)是(shi)(shi)說服了大臣(chen)們,立公(gong)子(zi)小(xiao)白為(wei)國君(jun),也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)齊桓公(gong)。
不久,魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)兵馬送公子(zi)糾(jiu)回(hui)(hui)到了齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)界。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙立即請齊(qi)桓公發兵抵抗,于是齊(qi)魯之(zhi)間發生(sheng)戰爭。魯軍大敗,只得答(da)應齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件,將(jiang)(jiang)公子(zi)糾(jiu)逼死,又把(ba)管仲抓起來。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)使者表示,管仲射(she)過他們的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)要報一箭之(zhi)仇,非親手殺(sha)了他不可,所以一定要將(jiang)(jiang)他押(ya)到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)去。魯莊公只好把(ba)管仲裝上囚車,押(ya)回(hui)(hui)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。
管仲(zhong)被捆綁著,從魯國(guo)押往齊國(guo)。一路(lu)上,他(ta)又饑又渴,吃了許多苦頭。來到(dao)綺烏這個地方(fang)時(shi),他(ta)去見那里守(shou)衛邊界的官(guan)員(yuan),請求給點飯(fan)(fan)吃。不料(liao),那守(shou)邊界的官(guan)員(yuan)竟跪(gui)在地上,端飯(fan)(fan)給管仲(zhong)吃,神情十分恭(gong)敬(jing)。等管仲(zhong)吃好飯(fan)(fan),他(ta)私下間道(dao):“如果您(nin)到(dao)齊國(guo)后,僥幸沒有被殺而得到(dao)任(ren)用(yong),您(nin)將怎樣(yang)報答(da)我(wo)?”管仲(zhong)回答(da)道(dao):“要是照你所說的那樣(yang),我(wo)得到(dao)任(ren)用(yong),我(wo)將要任(ren)用(yong)賢(xian)人(ren)(ren),使用(yong)能(neng)人(ren)(ren),評賞有功的人(ren)(ren),我(wo)能(neng)拿什么報答(da)您(nin)呢(ni)?”
等到管仲(zhong)一回到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo),鮑(bao)(bao)叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)就親自到城外迎(ying)接。接著(zhu),鮑(bao)(bao)叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)大力把管仲(zhong)保舉(ju)給(gei)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“他(ta)拿箭射我(wo)(wo),要(yao)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)命,你還叫(jiao)我(wo)(wo)用(yong)他(ta)嗎?”鮑(bao)(bao)叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)說(shuo):“那會兒他(ta)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)師傅,管仲(zhong)自然冒(mao)死幫著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)了(le)。管仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)領比我(wo)(wo)強十倍。主(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)是用(yong)他(ta),他(ta)準能給(gei)您(nin)立(li)大功。”齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)聽(ting)了(le)鮑(bao)(bao)叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)話,立(li)即拜管仲(zhong)為相國(guo)(guo)。鮑(bao)(bao)叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)反(fan)倒做了(le)管仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)副手。管仲(zhong)當(dang)相國(guo)(guo)以后,發揮(hui)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)政治才能,大力實行改革,使齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)力迅速增強。七年后,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)就稱霸(ba)四方,不久,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)就成了(le)春秋第一霸(ba)。
無論是(shi)創業(ye)還是(shi)守業(ye),都離不(bu)(bu)開人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)。雖(sui)說匯聚人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)需要海納百川(chuan)的(de)精神,但(dan)水(shui)多容(rong)(rong)易泛濫,人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)競爭過于(yu)激烈,容(rong)(rong)易出現魚目(mu)混珠、良莠(you)不(bu)(bu)齊的(de)情況。因此,執政(zheng)者(zhe)必(bi)須善于(yu)發現人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai),舉薦人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai),團結人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai),使用(yong)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai),才(cai)(cai)(cai)能推(tui)動事業(ye)不(bu)(bu)斷向(xiang)前發展。而(er)最重要的(de)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)原(yuan)則(ze),那就是(shi)任人(ren)(ren)唯(wei)賢。要求執政(zheng)者(zhe)在選拔人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)時,不(bu)(bu)要考(kao)慮(lv)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)身份、背景以及(ji)與自己的(de)關系,敢用(yong)有(you)缺(que)點(dian)的(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai),并能做(zuo)到用(yong)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)疑(yi),疑(yi)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)。正因為有(you)這樣的(de)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)原(yuan)則(ze),西(xi)漢(han)劉敬(jing)、三國(guo)諸葛(ge)亮等(deng)賢能之(zhi)士才(cai)(cai)(cai)能夠(gou)“朝為田(tian)舍郎(lang),暮登天子堂”。
“任(ren)人唯(wei)賢”指任(ren)用官員只以德才優秀作(zuo)為(wei)標準。
含褒(bao)義;在(zai)句中一(yi)般(ban)作謂語、定語、賓語、分(fen)句。
毛澤(ze)東《中(zhong)國共產黨在民族戰爭中(zhong)的地位》:“有獨立的工作能力(li),積極肯干,不謀(mou)私利為標準,這就(jiu)是任人唯賢的路(lu)線。”
作家·凌力《星星草》:“文狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元(yuan)、武狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元(yuan)、農狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元(yuan)、工狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元(yuan)、醫(yi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元(yuan),都要選,以才(cai)取人,任人唯賢。那時天(tian)國人才(cai)濟濟,英杰歸真,咱們可就更該興(xing)旺(wang)羅(luo)!”
任人唯賢—知人善用
“任人(ren)(ren)唯賢(xian)”和“知人(ren)(ren)善任”兩者都含有“善于使用人(ren)(ren)”的意思。但“任人(ren)(ren)唯賢(xian)”是指一種用人(ren)(ren)原則或(huo)態度,“知人(ren)(ren)善任”則多指方法或(huo)技(ji)巧。