博物館簡介
云南李家(jia)山青銅器博物館共建造設置了8個(ge)展廳(ting)(ting),現開放有兩個(ge)青銅器展廳(ting)(ting)和一個(ge)書(shu)畫(hua)展廳(ting)(ting)。書(shu)畫(hua)展廳(ting)(ting)主要陳列的(de)是(shi)當(dang)代江川籍書(shu)畫(hua)家(jia)的(de)作品以及(ji)曾參觀過(guo)博物館的(de)一些知名人士的(de)書(shu)畫(hua)作品。
青(qing)銅展廳(ting)集中陳(chen)列展出了館(guan)藏(zang)2000余件文物中的279件,其中包括青(qing)銅器(qi)、金器(qi)、玉器(qi)等。它們按功能和用途(tu)分為生產類(lei)、生活類(lei)、軍(jun)事類(lei)、舞蹈類(lei)、裝飾類(lei)。
社會生產類
包括尖(jian)葉形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、梯形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、曲(qu)刃(ren)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、平刃(ren)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、條形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、鏤(lou)形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、寬刃(ren)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)、彎形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)斧、蛇(she)頭(tou)(tou)形(xing)鏤(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)等(deng)農(nong)(nong)具。其(qi)中鏤(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)和(he)(he)蛇(she)頭(tou)(tou)形(xing)鏤(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)很特別(bie),它們可能是在水中使用(yong)的農(nong)(nong)具。蛇(she)頭(tou)(tou)形(xing)鏤(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)在云(yun)南(nan)是首次發現。馴馬貯貝(bei)器(qi)、二(er)牛(niu)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二(er)牛(niu)交合扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、喂牛(niu)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)牛(niu)頭(tou)(tou)、騎士獵鹿扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、八人(ren)(ren)獵虎扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三(san)人(ren)(ren)獵虎扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)孔(kong)雀、熊形(xing)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、七人(ren)(ren)獵虎扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、五人(ren)(ren)縛牛(niu)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)魚(yu)等(deng)體現了古滇國社會除(chu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產外(wai),畜(chu)牧業(ye)、漁業(ye)和(he)(he)狩(shou)獵也占較(jiao)大的比(bi)重。紡(fang)(fang)織貯貝(bei)器(qi)雕(diao)鑄(zhu)了在貴婦人(ren)(ren)監(jian)督下(xia)進(jin)行紡(fang)(fang)織活動(dong)的場(chang)面,可以從中了解(jie)當時(shi)的紡(fang)(fang)織技(ji)術(shu)(shu)水平。鎏金、鍛打、范鑄(zhu)、鑲嵌(qian)、線刻、錯金、壓(ya)膜(mo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)說(shuo)明除(chu)失蠟法(fa)鑄(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)外(wai),還采用(yong)不同(tong)的工藝(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)方法(fa),青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)造(zao)業(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)發達(da)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)駑機、饕餮紋(wen)劍、獸形(xing)金飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、旋形(xing)金飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、回紋(wen)鏡、日光鏡、百乳鏡、海貝(bei)等(deng)是古滇國與外(wai)部交往的重要見證(zheng)。
生活類
包括男女銅(tong)俑、銅(tong)房(fang)子模型、銅(tong)爐、銅(tong)罐、銅(tong)匜、銅(tong)釜、立(li)牛貯(zhu)貝(bei)器(qi)、祭祀扣飾、祭祀貯(zhu)貝(bei)器(qi)、銅(tong)奩等,反映了古滇(dian)國社會人們的住房(fang)、衣著、發(fa)型、生活習俗等方面(mian)的情況(kuang)。
軍事類
包括(kuo)銅(tong)(tong)叉、銅(tong)(tong)戈、鎏金甲片(pian)、銅(tong)(tong)斧、銅(tong)(tong)鋮、銅(tong)(tong)錘、金鞘(qiao)鐵劍(jian)、銅(tong)(tong)啄、銅(tong)(tong)矛(mao)、銅(tong)(tong)劍(jian)、劍(jian)鞘(qiao)、吊人銅(tong)(tong)矛(mao)、銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)、立犬狼牙棒(bang)等,從中(zhong)可(ke)以了解古(gu)滇(dian)國的(de)軍(jun)事裝備(bei)、兵器制作和戰斗方式特點。鐵兵器的(de)出現,說(shuo)明古(gu)滇(dian)國的(de)生產力水(shui)平已有很大提高,生產技術相(xiang)當(dang)發達。
音樂舞蹈類
包括編(bian)鐘(zhong)、鎏金(jin)銅鼓(gu)(gu)、銅鼓(gu)(gu)、蹲蛙銅鼓(gu)(gu)、鼓(gu)(gu)形(xing)(xing)貯(zhu)貝器等。編(bian)鐘(zhong)一套(tao),大(da)小共(gong)6個,可(ke)發(fa)出(chu)高低不同的聲(sheng)音(yin),專用(yong)于盛(sheng)大(da)慶典,并往往用(yong)銅鼓(gu)(gu)伴(ban)奏(zou)。大(da)量的銅鼓(gu)(gu)繪有舞(wu)蹈(dao)場面,有獨舞(wu)、四人(ren)舞(wu)和集(ji)體舞(wu)。銅鼓(gu)(gu)是當(dang)時(shi)普遍的打擊樂器。從銅鼓(gu)(gu)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)而來的鎏金(jin)銅鼓(gu)(gu)、蹲蛙銅鼓(gu)(gu)、鼓(gu)(gu)形(xing)(xing)貯(zhu)貝器等則(ze)失去了原來的功能和意義,賦(fu)于新的內涵。
裝飾類
包括金(jin)(jin)腰帶及銅(tong)扣飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、獸(shou)邊(猴邊、雞邊、蛇邊)長方形扣飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、動物紋(二(er)虎(hu)噬(shi)牛、二(er)虎(hu)噬(shi)鹿(lu)、四虎(hu)噬(shi)牛、虎(hu)豹噬(shi)羊(yang)、虎(hu)豹噬(shi)牛、虎(hu)豹噬(shi)鹿(lu)、立豹、立熊(xiong)等(deng))扣飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、銅(tong)鐲、金(jin)(jin)劍鞘、金(jin)(jin)釧、金(jin)(jin)項(xiang)鏈、金(jin)(jin)發飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、杯形金(jin)(jin)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、金(jin)(jin)花、金(jin)(jin)扳指、玉(yu)耳環、瑪瑙(nao)扣、孔(kong)雀(que)石珠(zhu)管、馬(ma)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、杖頭銅(tong)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)。這些(xie)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品大(da)部(bu)分是當(dang)時貴族身上佩戴(dai)的(de),頭飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、項(xiang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、耳飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、腰飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、臂飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、腿飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俱(ju)全。制作材料廣泛,有青銅(tong)、金(jin)(jin)玉(yu)、瑪瑙(nao)、孔(kong)雀(que)石、綠松(song)石等(deng)。有一部(bu)分是衣飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或器物上的(de)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)附件。古(gu)滇國(guo)戰爭中(zhong)有相當(dang)數量的(de)騎(qi)兵,因此對馬(ma)的(de)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同樣受(shou)到重(zhong)視,包括馬(ma)銜(xian)、轡飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、帶扣、馬(ma)鈴(ling)和當(dang)盧等(deng)馬(ma)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品。
展覽與藏品
手形銎銅戈
西漢(公元前206年—公元8年)文(wen)物,通長26.2厘米(mi),寬9厘米(mi),云南(nan)江川李家山51號墓出土(tu)。手形銎戈可能作儀仗器使用,裝柄(bing)后如操生殺(sha)權(quan)力之(zhi)手。器物構思(si)巧妙,造(zao)型奇(qi)特,集裝飾效果與實用功能于一體,為中國青(qing)銅器所罕(han)見,顯示了滇(dian)人的豐富想象力,是滇(dian)文(wen)化(hua)的藝(yi)術珍品。
蝕花石髓珠
東漢(公(gong)元25—220年)文物,通(tong)長6.1厘米(mi),徑2.2—2.3厘米(mi),云南江川李家山(shan)69號墓出土(tu)。此(ci)石(shi)珠為肉紅石(shi)髓(sui),表面白色花紋并不是天然的(de),而(er)是化(hua)(hua)學腐蝕經人為加工(gong)而(er)成,此(ci)類蝕花工(gong)藝最(zui)早出現于西亞和南亞一(yi)帶,可能通(tong)過(guo)古“蜀—身毒(du)道”傳入,表明古滇(dian)國受外來文化(hua)(hua)影響之遠。
寬邊玉鐲
西(xi)漢(公元前(qian)(qian)206年(nian)—公元8年(nian))文(wen)物(wu),外徑20.6厘米,內徑6.7厘米,唇高(gao)1.2厘米,云南江川李(li)家山47號墓出(chu)土(tu)。這件玉(yu)(yu)鐲(zhuo)為目前(qian)(qian)古滇(dian)文(wen)化墓葬(zang)出(chu)土(tu)寬(kuan)邊(bian)玉(yu)(yu)鐲(zhuo)中最大的(de)(de)一件。寬(kuan)邊(bian)玉(yu)(yu)鐲(zhuo)是滇(dian)國特有(you)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)臂(bei)飾,大多出(chu)自墓主的(de)(de)手臂(bei)部,戴此玉(yu)(yu)鐲(zhuo)者有(you)騎士、舞樂(le)者,也有(you)滇(dian)國的(de)(de)上(shang)層(ceng)人物(wu)。
銅編鐘
西漢(公元(yuan)前(qian)206年—公元(yuan)8年)文物,高40.6厘(li)米—50.2厘(li)米,口寬16.8厘(li)米—20.4厘(li)米,云南(nan)江川李家山51號墓(mu)出土。銅編(bian)鐘1套(tao)6件(jian),大小相(xiang)依,扁圓筒狀,器身(shen)飾旋紋(wen),鐘口為橢圓形(xing)。李家山墓(mu)地(di)僅出此一(yi)套(tao)編(bian)鐘,表明(ming)墓(mu)主人的身(shen)份極高,可能是(shi)古滇國的“王”或“侯”。
銅魚杖頭飾
西(xi)漢(han)(公元前206年—公元8年)文物,高26厘米,長(chang)22.3厘米,云南江川李家山51號墓出土。銅(tong)魚杖(zhang)頭在大(da)型墓是成(cheng)對放置在戈、矛、棒等長(chang)柄兵器和儀仗器中,制作十分精致,當(dang)屬專用(yong)的儀仗器。