博物館簡介
云南李家山(shan)青銅器博物(wu)(wu)館共建造設置了(le)8個展(zhan)廳,現開放有兩個青銅器展(zhan)廳和一個書(shu)畫(hua)展(zhan)廳。書(shu)畫(hua)展(zhan)廳主要(yao)陳列的(de)(de)是當(dang)代江川籍(ji)書(shu)畫(hua)家的(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)以(yi)及曾(ceng)參觀過博物(wu)(wu)館的(de)(de)一些知名(ming)人士的(de)(de)書(shu)畫(hua)作(zuo)品(pin)。
青(qing)(qing)銅展廳集中(zhong)陳列(lie)展出了館藏2000余件(jian)(jian)文物中(zhong)的279件(jian)(jian),其中(zhong)包(bao)括青(qing)(qing)銅器、金器、玉器等。它(ta)們按(an)功能和用(yong)途(tu)分(fen)為生產類、生活類、軍事(shi)類、舞蹈類、裝飾類。
社會生產類
包(bao)括尖葉形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、梯形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、曲刃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、平刃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、條形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、鏤(lou)(lou)(lou)形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、寬刃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)、彎形(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)斧、蛇(she)頭形(xing)鏤(lou)(lou)(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)等(deng)(deng)農(nong)具(ju)。其中(zhong)(zhong)鏤(lou)(lou)(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋤(chu)(chu)和(he)蛇(she)頭形(xing)鏤(lou)(lou)(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)很特別,它們可能是(shi)在(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)使用的(de)(de)農(nong)具(ju)。蛇(she)頭形(xing)鏤(lou)(lou)(lou)孔(kong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)在(zai)云南是(shi)首次發(fa)現(xian)。馴馬貯貝器(qi)、二牛扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、二牛交(jiao)合扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、喂牛扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)牛頭、騎士獵(lie)(lie)鹿扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、八人(ren)(ren)獵(lie)(lie)虎扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、三人(ren)(ren)獵(lie)(lie)虎扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)孔(kong)雀、熊形(xing)扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、七人(ren)(ren)獵(lie)(lie)虎扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、五(wu)人(ren)(ren)縛牛扣(kou)(kou)飾(shi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)魚等(deng)(deng)體現(xian)了古滇(dian)國社會除(chu)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產外(wai)(wai),畜(chu)牧業(ye)、漁(yu)業(ye)和(he)狩獵(lie)(lie)也占較大的(de)(de)比重(zhong)。紡(fang)織(zhi)貯貝器(qi)雕鑄了在(zai)貴(gui)婦(fu)人(ren)(ren)監督下進(jin)行紡(fang)織(zhi)活動的(de)(de)場面,可以從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)了解當時的(de)(de)紡(fang)織(zhi)技術水(shui)平。鎏金(jin)、鍛打(da)、范鑄、鑲嵌、線刻、錯金(jin)、壓膜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)說明除(chu)失蠟法鑄造工(gong)藝外(wai)(wai),還采用不同的(de)(de)工(gong)藝技術方法,青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄造業(ye)比較發(fa)達(da)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)駑機、饕(tao)餮紋劍、獸(shou)形(xing)金(jin)飾(shi)、旋形(xing)金(jin)飾(shi)、回紋鏡、日光鏡、百乳鏡、海貝等(deng)(deng)是(shi)古滇(dian)國與(yu)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)交(jiao)往的(de)(de)重(zhong)要見證。
生活類
包括男(nan)女銅俑(yong)、銅房子模型(xing)、銅爐、銅罐、銅匜、銅釜(fu)、立牛貯(zhu)貝(bei)器(qi)、祭祀扣飾(shi)、祭祀貯(zhu)貝(bei)器(qi)、銅奩(lian)等(deng),反映(ying)了古滇國社會人們的住房、衣著、發型(xing)、生活習俗(su)等(deng)方面的情況。
軍事類
包括銅(tong)(tong)(tong)叉、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)戈(ge)、鎏金甲片、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)斧、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋮、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錘、金鞘鐵劍、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)啄、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)矛、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)劍、劍鞘、吊人銅(tong)(tong)(tong)矛、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)棒、立犬狼牙棒等,從(cong)中可以了(le)解古(gu)滇國(guo)的(de)軍事裝(zhuang)備(bei)、兵(bing)器制作和戰斗方式(shi)特點。鐵兵(bing)器的(de)出現(xian),說明古(gu)滇國(guo)的(de)生產力水(shui)平已有很大提高,生產技術相當(dang)發達。
音樂舞蹈類
包括編(bian)鐘、鎏(liu)金(jin)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、蹲蛙銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形貯貝(bei)器(qi)(qi)等。編(bian)鐘一套,大(da)小共6個,可發出高低不同的(de)聲音,專用(yong)(yong)于(yu)盛(sheng)大(da)慶典,并往往用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)伴奏。大(da)量(liang)的(de)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)繪有(you)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈場面,有(you)獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)、四(si)人舞(wu)(wu)(wu)和集體舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是當時普遍的(de)打擊(ji)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)。從銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)變形而(er)來(lai)的(de)鎏(liu)金(jin)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、蹲蛙銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形貯貝(bei)器(qi)(qi)等則失(shi)去了原來(lai)的(de)功能和意義,賦于(yu)新的(de)內涵。
裝飾類
包括金(jin)腰(yao)帶(dai)及銅扣(kou)飾(shi)(shi)、獸(shou)邊(猴邊、雞邊、蛇邊)長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)扣(kou)飾(shi)(shi)、動(dong)物紋(二虎噬(shi)(shi)(shi)牛、二虎噬(shi)(shi)(shi)鹿、四虎噬(shi)(shi)(shi)牛、虎豹噬(shi)(shi)(shi)羊、虎豹噬(shi)(shi)(shi)牛、虎豹噬(shi)(shi)(shi)鹿、立(li)豹、立(li)熊等)扣(kou)飾(shi)(shi)、銅鐲、金(jin)劍鞘、金(jin)釧(chuan)、金(jin)項鏈、金(jin)發飾(shi)(shi)、杯形(xing)(xing)金(jin)飾(shi)(shi)、金(jin)花、金(jin)扳指、玉耳(er)環(huan)、瑪瑙扣(kou)、孔(kong)雀石(shi)珠管(guan)、馬(ma)飾(shi)(shi)、杖頭銅飾(shi)(shi)等。這些裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)品(pin)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)當時貴族身上佩(pei)戴的(de),頭飾(shi)(shi)、項飾(shi)(shi)、耳(er)飾(shi)(shi)、腰(yao)飾(shi)(shi)、臂飾(shi)(shi)、腿飾(shi)(shi)俱(ju)全(quan)。制(zhi)作材料廣泛(fan),有青(qing)銅、金(jin)玉、瑪瑙、孔(kong)雀石(shi)、綠松(song)石(shi)等。有一部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)衣(yi)飾(shi)(shi)或器物上的(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)附(fu)件。古(gu)滇國戰爭中有相(xiang)當數量(liang)的(de)騎兵,因此對(dui)馬(ma)的(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)同樣(yang)受到重視,包括馬(ma)銜、轡飾(shi)(shi)、帶(dai)扣(kou)、馬(ma)鈴和當盧等馬(ma)飾(shi)(shi)品(pin)。
展覽與藏品
手形銎銅戈
西(xi)漢(公元前(qian)206年—公元8年)文(wen)物,通長26.2厘米(mi),寬9厘米(mi),云南江川李(li)家(jia)山51號墓出土。手形(xing)銎(qiong)戈可能作儀仗器使(shi)用,裝(zhuang)柄后如操生殺(sha)權(quan)力之手。器物構思巧妙,造型奇特(te),集裝(zhuang)飾效果(guo)與(yu)實(shi)用功(gong)能于一體,為中國青銅(tong)器所罕見,顯示了滇人的豐富(fu)想象(xiang)力,是滇文(wen)化的藝術(shu)珍(zhen)品。
蝕花石髓珠
東漢(公(gong)元(yuan)25—220年)文物,通長6.1厘米,徑2.2—2.3厘米,云南(nan)江川李家山69號(hao)墓出(chu)土(tu)。此(ci)石(shi)(shi)珠為(wei)肉紅石(shi)(shi)髓,表面白色花紋并不是(shi)天然的,而是(shi)化(hua)學腐蝕經人為(wei)加工而成,此(ci)類蝕花工藝最(zui)早出(chu)現于西亞和南(nan)亞一帶,可能通過古“蜀(shu)—身毒道”傳入,表明古滇國(guo)受外(wai)來文化(hua)影響之遠。
寬邊玉鐲
西漢(han)(公元(yuan)前206年—公元(yuan)8年)文物,外徑(jing)20.6厘(li)(li)米(mi),內徑(jing)6.7厘(li)(li)米(mi),唇高1.2厘(li)(li)米(mi),云南江川(chuan)李家山(shan)47號墓出(chu)(chu)土。這件玉鐲(zhuo)為(wei)目前古滇(dian)(dian)文化(hua)墓葬出(chu)(chu)土寬邊(bian)(bian)玉鐲(zhuo)中(zhong)最大的(de)一(yi)件。寬邊(bian)(bian)玉鐲(zhuo)是滇(dian)(dian)國特有(you)的(de)一(yi)種臂(bei)飾,大多出(chu)(chu)自墓主(zhu)的(de)手臂(bei)部,戴此玉鐲(zhuo)者(zhe)有(you)騎士、舞(wu)樂者(zhe),也有(you)滇(dian)(dian)國的(de)上層人物。
銅編鐘
西漢(公元前206年—公元8年)文物,高40.6厘米(mi)—50.2厘米(mi),口寬16.8厘米(mi)—20.4厘米(mi),云南江川李家(jia)山51號(hao)墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)。銅編鐘(zhong)(zhong)1套6件(jian),大小相(xiang)依(yi),扁圓筒狀,器身飾旋紋,鐘(zhong)(zhong)口為橢圓形。李家(jia)山墓(mu)地僅(jin)出(chu)(chu)此一套編鐘(zhong)(zhong),表(biao)明(ming)墓(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)的身份極高,可能是(shi)古滇國的“王”或“侯”。
銅魚杖頭飾
西漢(han)(公(gong)元前206年(nian)—公(gong)元8年(nian))文(wen)物,高26厘米,長(chang)22.3厘米,云南江川李家山51號墓(mu)出土。銅魚杖頭在大型墓(mu)是(shi)成(cheng)對放置在戈、矛、棒等長(chang)柄兵器(qi)和儀仗(zhang)器(qi)中(zhong),制(zhi)作十(shi)分精致,當屬專用的儀仗(zhang)器(qi)。