國際(ji)標準化組織(International Organization for Standardization,簡(jian)稱為(wei)(wei)ISO)成立于1947年,是(shi)標準化領(ling)域(yu)中(zhong)的一個國際(ji)組織,該(gai)組織自我定義為(wei)(wei)非政府組織,官方語(yu)言(yan)是(shi)英語(yu)、法語(yu)和俄語(yu)。ISO一來源于希臘語(yu)“ISOS”,其意為(wei)(wei)“平(ping)等(deng)”。
ISO現(xian)有165個成員包括各會員國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準機(ji)構和(he)主要工業和(he)服務業企業,中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準化管(guan)理委員會(由國(guo)家(jia)市場監督管(guan)理總局管(guan)理)于1978年(nian)加入ISO,在2008年(nian)10月的(de)(de)第31屆國(guo)際化標(biao)(biao)(biao)準組織大會上,中(zhong)國(guo)正式成為ISO的(de)(de)常任(ren)理事國(guo)。
ISO負責當今世界上多數(shu)領域(包(bao)括軍工(gong)、石油、船舶等壟斷行業)的標準化(hua)活動(dong),通過2856個(ge)技術(shu)結(jie)構(含技術(shu)委員會611個(ge)、工(gong)作組2022個(ge)、特別(bie)工(gong)作組38個(ge))開展技術(shu)活動(dong)。
全體大(da)會(hui)是ISO最高權力(li)機(ji)構(gou);理(li)事會(hui)是ISO重(zhong)要決策機(ji)構(gou);中央秘(mi)書處(chu)是ISO日常辦事機(ji)構(gou),設(she)在瑞士日內瓦,現(xian)有170名職員,由秘(mi)書長領導(dao)。
國(guo)際(ji)標準化組(zu)織的(de)前(qian)身是國(guo)家標準化協會國(guo)際(ji)聯(lian)合(he)會和聯(lian)合(he)國(guo)標準協調委員會。1946年(nian)10月,25個(ge)國(guo)家標準化機構的(de)代表在(zai)倫敦召開大會,決(jue)定成立(li)新的(de)國(guo)際(ji)標準化機構,定名為ISO。大會起草了(le)ISO的(de)第一(yi)個(ge)章程(cheng)(cheng)和議(yi)事規則,并認可通(tong)過了(le)該章程(cheng)(cheng)草案(an)。1947年(nian)2月23日,國(guo)際(ji)標準化組(zu)織正(zheng)式成立(li)。
國際標(biao)準化組織(zhi)的(de)全稱(cheng)(International Organization for standardization)和(he)縮寫(ISO)不(bu)完全一(yi)致。事實上,“ISO”是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)詞(ci)源,它引自希臘(la)語(yu),意思是(shi)“同(tong)等(deng)”。從“同(tong)等(deng)”到“標(biao)準”,將(jiang)“ISO”作為(wei)組織(zhi)的(de)名(ming)稱(cheng)的(de)思路就顯得(de)很(hen)順理成章(zhang)。另外,ISO作為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)名(ming)稱(cheng)在全世界被用來(lai)代表該組織(zhi),這樣就避(bi)免了各(ge)成員(yuan)團體用不(bu)同(tong)國家語(yu)言將(jiang)“國際標(biao)準化組織(zhi)”轉成首字母縮寫時(shi)出現的(de)不(bu)同(tong)情況,無論在哪個(ge)國家,該組織(zhi)的(de)縮寫一(yi)直是(shi)“ISO”。
國際(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)目的(de)和(he)宗旨是:“在全世界范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)內促進標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)工作的(de)開展,以便于國際(ji)物資交(jiao)流和(he)服務,并擴(kuo)大在知識、科(ke)學、技術和(he)經濟方(fang)面(mian)的(de)合作。”其主要活動是制(zhi)定國際(ji)標(biao)準(zhun),協調世界范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)工作,組(zu)織(zhi)各(ge)成(cheng)員和(he)技術委員會進行情報交(jiao)流,與其他(ta)國際(ji)組(zu)織(zhi)進行合作,共同研(yan)究(jiu)有關(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)問(wen)題。
ISO的(de)(de)任務是推動全世界標(biao)(biao)準化和(he)相關活動的(de)(de)發(fa)展,目的(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)方便(bian)物品和(he)服務的(de)(de)國際(ji)交換,進(jin)一步(bu)加強在(zai)知識(shi)、科(ke)學、技術和(he)經濟領域的(de)(de)合作(zuo)。ISO形成的(de)(de)國際(ji)協議(yi)作(zuo)為國際(ji)標(biao)(biao)準出版。ISO的(de)(de)第(di)一個標(biao)(biao)準《工業長度測量標(biao)(biao)準參考溫度》于(yu)1951年出版。
ISO其成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由來自世界上100多個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化團(tuan)體組(zu)成(cheng),代表中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)參(can)加ISO的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化管(guan)理委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)。ISO與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)電工(gong)(gong)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(IEC)有密切的(de)聯系,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)參(can)加IEC的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化管(guan)理委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)。ISO和(he)(he)(he)IEC作為(wei)一(yi)個整體擔(dan)負著制(zhi)訂(ding)全球協商一(yi)致的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)任務,ISO和(he)(he)(he)IEC都是(shi)非政府機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou),它(ta)們制(zhi)訂(ding)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)實質上是(shi)自愿性的(de),這(zhe)(zhe)就意味著這(zhe)(zhe)些標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)必須是(shi)優秀的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),它(ta)們會(hui)(hui)給(gei)工(gong)(gong)業和(he)(he)(he)服務業帶來收(shou)益,所以(yi)他們自覺使用這(zhe)(zhe)些標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。ISO和(he)(he)(he)IEC不是(shi)聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou),但它(ta)們與聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)許(xu)多專門機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)保持技術(shu)聯絡關(guan)系。ISO和(he)(he)(he)IEC有約1000個專業技術(shu)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)分委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui),各會(hui)(hui)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)為(wei)單位參(can)加這(zhe)(zhe)些技術(shu)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)分委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)的(de)活動。ISO和(he)(he)(he)IEC還(huan)有約3000個工(gong)(gong)作組(zu),ISO、IEC每年制(zhi)訂(ding)和(he)(he)(he)修訂(ding)1000個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。
ISO的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)機(ji)構分為非常設機(ji)構和(he)(he)常設機(ji)構。ISO的(de)(de)最高權力機(ji)構是(shi)ISO全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(General Assembly),是(shi)ISO的(de)(de)非常設機(ji)構。1994年(nian)以(yi)(yi)前,全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)每3年(nian)召(zhao)(zhao)開(kai)一(yi)次(ci)。全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)召(zhao)(zhao)開(kai)時,所有(you)ISO團體(ti)(ti)成員、通(tong)信成員、與ISO有(you)聯絡關系的(de)(de)國際組(zu)織(zhi)均派(pai)代表與會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui),每個成員有(you)3個正式(shi)代表的(de)(de)席位(wei),多于3位(wei)的(de)(de)代表以(yi)(yi)觀察員的(de)(de)身份與會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui);全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)規模大(da)(da)(da)約(yue)200~260人(ren)。大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)主要(yao)議程包括年(nian)度報告中(zhong)涉(she)及的(de)(de)有(you)關項(xiang)目的(de)(de)活動情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)、ISO的(de)(de)戰略計劃以(yi)(yi)及財政(zheng)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)等。ISO中(zhong)央秘書處承擔全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)設立的(de)(de)4個政(zheng)策制定(ding)委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、理事(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、技術管理局和(he)(he)通(tong)用標準化原理委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)秘書處的(de)(de)工作(zuo)。自1994年(nian)開(kai)始根據ISO新(xin)章程,ISO全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)改為一(yi)年(nian)一(yi)次(ci)。
ISO的(de)主要官員(yuan)有5位,他們是:ISO主席(President);ISO副主席(政策)(Vice President,Policy),ISO副主席(技(ji)術)(Vice President,Technical Management);ISO司(si)庫(ku)(Treasurer);ISO秘書(shu)長(chang)(Secretary—General),所有主要官員(yuan)由理事會任命,享有終身任期;ISO秘書(shu)長(chang)負責主持ISO的(de)日常工作。
ISO的組織結(jie)構如下:
全體大(da)會(hui) 主要(yao)官員 成員團(tuan)體 通信成員
捐助成員 政策發展委員會(hui) 理(li)事會(hui) ISO中央秘(mi)書處
特別咨(zi)詢組(zu) 技(ji)術管(guan)理處(chu) 標(biao)樣委員會 技(ji)術咨(zi)詢組(zu)
技術委員(yuan)(yuan) 合(he)格評定委員(yuan)(yuan)會(CASCO)
消費(fei)者政策委員(yuan)會(COPOLCO)
發(fa)展中國家事務委員會(DEVCO)
信息(xi)系統和服務委員(yuan)會(hui)(INFCO)特別(bie)咨(zi)詢小組技術管理局
技術委員會(hui)TC 理事會(hui) 中央秘(mi)書處 ISO全體大會(hui)
國際標準由技(ji)(ji)術委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(TC)和(he)分技(ji)(ji)術委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(SC)經過六個階段(duan)形成:
申請階段
預備階段
委員會階段
審查階段
批準階段
發布階段
成員名單
截止2020年8月(yue),ISO共有(you)165個成員。
Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status
AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member
AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member
DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body
AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body
AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member
AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member
AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body
AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body
AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body
AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body
AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body
BS BHS 044 Bahamas -
BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body
BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body
BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body
BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body
BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body
BZ BLZ 084 Belize -
BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member
BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member
BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member
BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body
BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body
BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body
BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member
BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body
BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member
BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member
KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member
CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member
CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body
CV CPV 132 Cape Verde -
CF CAF 140 Central African Republic -
TD TCD 148 Chad -
CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body
CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body
CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body
KM COM 174 Comoros -
CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the -
CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body
CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body
CI CIV 384 C?te d'Ivoire CODINORM Member Body
HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body
CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body
CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body
CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body
DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body
DJ DJI 262 Djibouti -
DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member
DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member
EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body
EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body
SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member
GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea -
ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member
EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member
ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body
FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body
FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body
FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body
GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member
GM GMB 270 Gambia, The -
GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member
DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body
GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body
GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body
GD GRD 308 Grenada -
GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member
GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member
GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member
GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member
HT HTI 332 Haiti -
HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member
HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member
HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body
IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body
IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body
ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body
IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body
IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body
IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body
IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body
IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body
JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body
JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body
JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body
KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body
KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body
KI KIR 296 Kiribati -
KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic CSK Member Body
KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body
KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body
KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member
LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member
LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member
LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body
LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member
LR LBR 430 Liberia -
LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body
LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein -
LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member
LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body
MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member
MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body
MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member
MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member
MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body
MV MDV 462 Maldives -
ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member
MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body
MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands -
MR MRT 478 Mauritania -
MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body
MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body
FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of -
MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member
MC MCO 492 Monaco -
MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body
(YS)- - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member
MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body
MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member
MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member
NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member
NR NRU 520 Nauru -
NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member
NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body
NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body
NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member
NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member
NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body
NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body
OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body
PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body
PW PLW 585 Palau -
PS PSE 275 Palestinian State PSI Correspondent Member
PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body
PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member
PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member
PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body
PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body
PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body
PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body
QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body
RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body
RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body
RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member
KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis -
LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body
VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member
WS WSM 882 Samoa -
SM SMR 674 San Marino -
ST STP 678 S?o Tomé & Príncipe -
SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body
SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member
CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body
SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member
SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone -
SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body
SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body
SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body
SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands -
SO SOM 706 Somalia -
ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body
ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR . Member Body
LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body
SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body
SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member
SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member
SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body
CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body
SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body
TW TWN 158 Taiwan(Province of China)
TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member
TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body
TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body
TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) -
TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member
TO TON 776 Tonga -
TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body
TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body
TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body
TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member
TV TUV 798 Tuvalu -
UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member
UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body
AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body
UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body
US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body
UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body
UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body
VU VUT 548 Vanuatu -
VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) -
VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body
VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body
EH ESH 732 Western Sahara -
YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member
ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member
ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body
Tips:
1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008.
2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro.
3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was.
4.Although technically the official country name for the 'UK' is the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' it is referred to as 'Great Britain' by the ISO.
5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation.
標(biao)準的(de)內(nei)容涉及廣泛,從基礎的(de)緊固(gu)件、軸承(cheng)各種(zhong)原(yuan)材料到(dao)半成(cheng)(cheng)品和成(cheng)(cheng)品,其技術領域涉及信息技術、交通(tong)運輸、農業、保健和環境(jing)等。每個工(gong)作機構都有自己的(de)工(gong)作計劃,該計劃列(lie)出需要制訂的(de)標(biao)準項目(試驗方法、術語、規(gui)格、性能要求等)。
ISO的主要功能(neng)是(shi)為人們制訂國際標準達成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)致(zhi)意見提(ti)供一(yi)種機(ji)制。其主要機(ji)構及運作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)規則(ze)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)本名(ming)為ISO/IEC技(ji)術(shu)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)導則(ze)的文件中予以規定,其技(ji)術(shu)結構在(zai)(zai)ISO是(shi)有800個(ge)技(ji)術(shu)委(wei)員會和分委(wei)員會,它們各有一(yi)個(ge)主席和一(yi)個(ge)秘(mi)書(shu)處(chu)(chu),秘(mi)書(shu)處(chu)(chu)是(shi)由(you)各成(cheng)(cheng)員分別(bie)擔任(ren),承(cheng)擔秘(mi)書(shu)國工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的成(cheng)(cheng)員團體有30個(ge),各秘(mi)書(shu)處(chu)(chu)與位于日(ri)內瓦的ISO中央秘(mi)書(shu)處(chu)(chu)保持直(zhi)接聯系。
通過(guo)這些(xie)工作機(ji)構,ISO已經發布(bu)了17000多個國際標準,如ISO公制螺(luo)紋、ISO的(de)(de)A4紙張尺寸、ISO的(de)(de)集裝箱系(xi)列(世界(jie)上95%的(de)(de)海運集裝箱都(dou)符合ISO標準)、ISO的(de)(de)膠片(pian)速(su)度代碼、ISO的(de)(de)開放系(xi)統互聯(OS2)系(xi)列(廣泛用于信息技術領域(yu))和有名的(de)(de)ISO9000質量管理系(xi)列標準。
此外,ISO還與(yu)450個(ge)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)和區域的組織在(zai)標(biao)準方面有聯絡關系(xi),特別與(yu)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)電信聯盟(ITU)有密切聯系(xi)。在(zai)ISO/IEC系(xi)統之外的國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準機(ji)構共有28個(ge)。每(mei)個(ge)機(ji)構都在(zai)某一領域制(zhi)(zhi)訂一些國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準,通常它們在(zai)聯合國(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)之下(xia)。一個(ge)典型的例子就是世界(jie)衛生(sheng)組織(WHO)。ISO/IEC制(zhi)(zhi)訂的85%的國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準,剩下(xia)的15%由這28個(ge)其(qi)他(ta)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準機(ji)構制(zhi)(zhi)訂。
ISO質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)標準(zhun)包括ISO9000、ISO9001、ISO9004。ISO9000標準(zhun)明確了(le)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保證體(ti)(ti)系(xi),適用于生產型及服務型企業。ISO9001標準(zhun)為(wei)從事和審(shen)核質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保證體(ti)(ti)系(xi)提供了(le)指導方(fang)針。
ISO9000質量(liang)體系(xi)(xi)標(biao)準包括了(le)3個體系(xi)(xi)標(biao)準和(he)8條指導(dao)(dao)方針。3個體系(xi)(xi)標(biao)準分別是(shi)(shi)ISO9001、9002和(he)9003;8個指導(dao)(dao)方針是(shi)(shi)ISO9000-1至(zhi)4和(he)ISO9004-1至(zhi)4。其中首要(yao)標(biao)準是(shi)(shi)ISO9001,它為(wei)設計(ji)、制(zhi)造(zao)產品及(ji)提(ti)供(gong)服(fu)務的組織,明(ming)確指出了(le)一套完整(zheng)質量(liang)體系(xi)(xi)中的20條要(yao)素。ISO9002為(wei)只制(zhi)造(zao)產品但不設計(ji)產品及(ji)提(ti)供(gong)服(fu)務的組織明(ming)確指出了(le)19條要(yao)素。ISO9003為(wei)只進(jin)行(xing)檢驗的組織明(ming)確指出了(le)16條要(yao)素。ISO9000標(biao)準每(mei)5至(zhi)7年修(xiu)(xiu)訂一次(ci)。第(di)一批標(biao)準已于(yu)(yu)1987年公(gong)布(bu),第(di)一次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂則公(gong)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)1994年,第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂于(yu)(yu)2000年公(gong)布(bu),第(di)三次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂于(yu)(yu)2008年公(gong)布(bu),新的修(xiu)(xiu)訂本再過3年將(jiang)取(qu)代現(xian)行(xing)譯本。
ISO9001的新修訂本(ben)要包(bao)括一個單(dan)一質量體系標準。其指明了ISO9001將適用于一切組織(zhi)。它將涉及以(yi)下(xia)4個部分:管(guan)(guan)(guan)理職(zhi)責、資源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理、工(gong)序(xu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理、測(ce)量、分析及改進。資源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理這部分是全新的,其它部分包(bao)含(han)(han)了新項目。新修訂本(ben)將包(bao)含(han)(han)所(suo)有(you)舊的要求,并增加(jia)了附(fu)加(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理要求、工(gong)序(xu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理要求,工(gong)序(xu)測(ce)量及改進要求。
ISO/iec對于(yu)標準(zhun)(zhun)檢驗(yan)(yan)實驗(yan)(yan)室的(de)(de)(de)承認(ren)(ren)及其(qi)被(bei)規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)權限標準(zhun)(zhun)包括ISO指導(dao)25、58、61、62及65。ISO/iec指導(dao)58明確了對認(ren)(ren)可標準(zhun)(zhun)、檢驗(yan)(yan)實驗(yan)(yan)室的(de)(de)(de)要求。ISO/iec指導(dao)61明確對認(ren)(ren)可產(chan)品(pin)(pin)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)及質量體系(xi)(xi)注(zhu)冊團體的(de)(de)(de)要求。ISO/iec指導(dao)62明確了對質量體系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)要求。ISO/iec指導(dao)65明確了對產(chan)品(pin)(pin)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)要求。ISO/iec指導(dao)用于(yu)對產(chan)品(pin)(pin)及服務的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)評(ping)估。存在于(yu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)認(ren)(ren)可要求中的(de)(de)(de)分歧(qi)由國(guo)(guo)際及區(qu)域性(xing)認(ren)(ren)可合作(zuo)組織進行調(diao)節。為縮短電訊設施(shi)及其(qi)它被(bei)校對產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)評(ping)估過(guo)程,制定(ding)了相互承認(ren)(ren)協定(ding)(mras),為協定(ding)將縮短和減少獲得(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)和質量體系(xi)(xi)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)時間和成本。
ISO9000認證需要(yao)一(yi)個同ISO9001相一(yi)致的正在運行的質(zhi)量體系,由注冊團(tuan)體所作(zuo)的成功且獨立的評(ping)估(gu)。為了維(wei)持認證,注冊團(tuan)體需要(yao)每(mei)6或(huo)12個月進行監督(du)評(ping)估(gu),每(mei)到(dao)3年(nian)還要(yao)進行一(yi)次全(quan)面(mian)再評(ping)估(gu)。
ISO9000系列2000版以后的版本,將9002和9003融合(he)到ISO9001:2000標準中。所(suo)以用(yong)于認(ren)證(zheng)的只有ISO9001,ISO9002和ISO9003已經退出(chu)歷史舞(wu)臺。ISO9004是業績改進指南,不用(yong)于認(ren)證(zheng),只用(yong)于組織(zhi)內部(bu)綜合(he)績效(xiao)改進指南。
制定一(yi)項(xiang)實(shi)施(shi)ISO質量體系標(biao)準的計(ji)劃(hua);
參(can)照ISO質量(liang)體系標準對(dui)現存的質量(liang)體系進行評(ping)價(jia);
采取正確(que)行(xing)動來遵守所(suo)有ISO質量(liang)體系要求;
建立文(wen)件和記(ji)錄系統;
完(wan)成質量(liang)手冊并使之行之有效;
讓(rang)注冊團體(ti)安排(pai)一次(ci)評估前的審核;
被認證組(zu)織為正式評(ping)估(gu)做準(zhun)備;
注(zhu)冊團體(ti)實(shi)行評估(gu)審(shen)核。
ISO9000認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)正常(chang)情況(kuang)下在(zai)美國需要花1年(nian)(nian)或更長一(yi)段時間來完成(cheng)。如果(guo)現存的(de)質量體系已包(bao)括所有的(de)ISO9000要素,那么所用的(de)時間會(hui)少(shao)于1年(nian)(nian)。需要一(yi)支實施隊伍(wu)在(zai)正常(chang)情況(kuang)下付出3至6人1年(nian)(nian)的(de)勞動(dong),還需要注冊團(tuan)體提供3年(nian)(nian)有償服務。注冊團(tuan)體的(de)外(wai)部成(cheng)本將保持在(zai)75000美元至150000美元之間,而這將取(qu)決(jue)于被認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)組織(zhi)的(de)規(gui)模。內部成(cheng)本和外(wai)部成(cheng)本大致相當。
ISO9000質(zhi)量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)提供(gong)了信息(xi)及工(gong)序控(kong)制(zhi)機制(zhi)用來更有效地管理企(qi)業。ISO質(zhi)量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)可以控(kong)制(zhi)質(zhi)量成本,減少浪費和提高生產率。顧客將對(dui)來自有質(zhi)量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)認證的(de)企(qi)業的(de)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)更感興趣,行之有效的(de)質(zhi)量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)也能改進產品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量,這兩(liang)個因素將提高企(qi)業及其產品(pin)(pin)(pin)在(zai)開放市場(chang)的(de)中的(de)競爭力。
1998年被(bei)調查的(de)(de)(de)(de)一大批美國公(gong)司承認(ren)下(xia)列ISO9000認(ren)證所帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部利益(yi):更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)文件(jian)提供,雇員中更加濃厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)意(yi)識,公(gong)司內部聯系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加。辦(ban)公(gong)效率及和(he)生產率的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高。這(zhe)些公(gong)司同樣承認(ren)了下(xia)列ISO9000認(ren)證所帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部利益(yi);顧(gu)客(ke)(ke)對質(zhi)量(liang)劣好的(de)(de)(de)(de)領悟,競(jing)爭(zheng)優(you)勢(shi)是(shi)提高及顧(gu)客(ke)(ke)對質(zhi)量(liang)審查的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)少。
1998年被調查的(de)(de)(de)一小(xiao)批美國制造公司(si)承認下列(lie)ISO9000認證所帶來的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部和外部利(li)益:產(chan)品質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善,顧客注意程度的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加,為重新(xin)設計功能步(bu)驟而(er)形成的(de)(de)(de)基礎,市(shi)場份額的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加;21%的(de)(de)(de)公司(si)稱質(zhi)量認證對質(zhi)量體系(xi)及產(chan)品沒有產(chan)生(sheng)效果。