普利(li)策文學獎不是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)獨立(li)的(de)(de)獎項(xiang),而是(shi)美國(guo)普利(li)策獎眾多分枝(zhi)中的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)。約瑟(se)夫(fu)·普利(li)策在(zai)去世(shi)前第7年(nian)——1904年(nian),立(li)下遺囑(zhu),將自(zi)己的(de)(de)財產捐獻給美國(guo)的(de)(de)哥倫比亞大學,由他們建立(li)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)新聞(wen)學院。這(zhe)筆(bi)高達200萬(wan)美元(yuan)的(de)(de)款項(xiang)中,有四(si)分之一(yi)(yi)被用來設立(li)獎項(xiang),后(hou)(hou)來這(zhe)筆(bi)錢成為了普利(li)策獎的(de)(de)基金。1917年(nian),該獎的(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)屆(jie)頒(ban)獎儀式舉(ju)行,此后(hou)(hou)每年(nian)頒(ban)發一(yi)(yi)次。
約(yue)瑟夫·普利策生前是美國最著名的(de)(de)報(bao)人,他創立(li)的(de)(de)編輯寫作制度(du)至(zhi)今都在(zai)影(ying)響著報(bao)業(ye)的(de)(de)運作,因而(er)普利策獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中最重要(yao)的(de)(de)組(zu)成部分就是新聞類(lei)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項。目前共包含(han)突(tu)發(fa)新聞報(bao)道獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、調查報(bao)道獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)等14個(ge)(ge)。但是“由于普利策敏銳、有遠見的(de)(de)洞察力(li)”,該獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)還設立(li)了文(wen)藝類(lei)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項,目前包括6個(ge)(ge)文(wen)學獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和一個(ge)(ge)音樂獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),而(er)且正是這些(xie)非新聞類(lei)的(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項在(zai)一定(ding)程度(du)上擴大了普利策獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)影(ying)響力(li)。目前普利策獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)每(mei)個(ge)(ge)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項的(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)為一萬美元。
最初普利策只設(she)立了13個獎(jiang)項,其中文(wen)學獎(jiang)有(you)5個,包括小說(shuo)類(lei)、戲劇類(lei)和傳(chuan)記類(lei)等(deng)等(deng)。但是出(chu)于長遠(yuan)考慮,他決(jue)定(ding)設(she)立一個監督咨詢委員會,由后者(zhe)在(zai)將(jiang)來確定(ding)獎(jiang)項的(de)設(she)立、變更(geng)等(deng)等(deng)。幾十年(nian)來,這個委員會做出(chu)了一些很有(you)突破性的(de)決(jue)定(ding),曾先(xian)后增設(she)了攝影類(lei)和詩類(lei)獎(jiang)項,并打破了“音(yin)樂獎(jiang)的(de)評選范圍僅限于古典音(yin)樂領域(yu)”的(de)界(jie)限。
普利策文(wen)學(xue)獎的(de)標新立異之處在于它(ta)與(yu)大眾口味(wei)的(de)背道而馳,暢銷的(de)文(wen)學(xue)作(zuo)品從不(bu)受它(ta)的(de)垂青,即便大作(zuo)家的(de)作(zuo)品也不(bu)例外(wai)。
諸如,1941年它就“拋(pao)棄”了(le)紅極一(yi)(yi)時的(de)《喪鐘為(wei)誰而鳴》,直到12年后《老人(ren)與海》問世時,它才將文學(xue)獎(jiang)授(shou)予海明威。同樣如福(fu)克納的(de)《八(ba)月之光》也有(you)此(ci)“待遇”。這種評選使得(de)它經常被(bei)置于爭議之中(zhong),在(zai)一(yi)(yi)本(ben)《美國普利(li)策(ce)獎(jiang)金(jin)內幕》的(de)書中(zhong)就曾提到,1988年曾有(you)近(jin)50位作(zuo)家給媒體寫信(xin),怒稱(cheng)兩名最受讀者推崇的(de)美國黑人(ren)作(zuo)家從未(wei)進入普利(li)策(ce)獎(jiang)的(de)視野,并認(ren)為(wei)它有(you)種族主義傾向。而且普利(li)策(ce)文學(xue)獎(jiang)空缺多屆(jie),迄(qi)今已(yi)不下(xia)10次。
實際上很多優秀的(de)作品還是(shi)沒(mei)有被普利策文(wen)學獎錯過的(de),其中包括(kuo)伊(yi)迪絲·華頓(dun)的(de)《天真(zhen)時代(dai)》(1921年(nian)(nian)獲獎)、賽珍珠的(de)《大地》(1932年(nian)(nian)獲獎)、瑪格麗特·米切爾的(de)《飄》(1937年(nian)(nian)獲獎)、約翰·斯坦貝(bei)克的(de)《憤(fen)怒的(de)葡(pu)萄(tao)》(1940年(nian)(nian)獲獎)、赫爾曼·沃克的(de)《凱恩艦嘩變》(1952年(nian)(nian)獲獎)、哈珀·李(li)的(de)《殺死一(yi)只知更鳥》(1961年(nian)(nian)獲獎)、艾麗斯·沃克的(de)《紫色》(1983年(nian)(nian)獲獎)等等。這些作品都曾(ceng)在中國出版過。
小(xiao)說類 Fiction
2003 Middlesex(中性(xing)) by Jeffrey Eugenides
2002 Empire Falls(帝國的崩塌) by Richard Russo
2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay(卡瓦(wa)利與克雷的神奇冒險(xian)) by Michael Chabon
2000 Interpreter of Maladies(醫生的翻譯員) by Jhumpa Lahiri
1999 The Hours(小時) by Michael Cunningham
1998 American Pastoral(美國田園)by Philip Roth
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer(馬丁·迪(di)熱(re)思(si)爾:一個(ge)美國夢的故事(shi)) by Steven Millhauser
1996 Independence Day(獨立日(ri)) by Richard Ford
1995 The Stone Diaries(石頭日記(ji)) by Carol Shields
1994 The Shipping News(航運新聞(wen)) by E. Annie Proulx
1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain(一(yi)(yi)個好的(de)氣味從一(yi)(yi)個奇怪的(de)山) by Robert Olen Butler
1992 A Thousand Acres(一千英畝) by Jane Smiley
1991 Rabbit at Rest(兔子安眠) by John Updike
1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love(馬(ma)博王愛的歌(ge)曲) by Oscar Hijuelos
1989 Breathing Lessons(呼吸課(ke)程) by Anne Tyler
1988 Beloved(心愛) by Toni Morrison
1987 A Summons to Memphis(傳(chuan)票孟菲(fei)斯) by Peter Taylor
1986 Lonesome Dove(寂寞之鴿) by Larry McMurtry
1985 Foreign Affairs(外交事務) by Alison Lurie
1984 Ironweed(紫苑(yuan)草) by William Kennedy
1983 The Color Purple(紫色姊妹(mei)花(hua)) by Alice Walker
1982 Rabbit Is Rich(兔(tu)子很(hen)有(you)錢) by John Updike
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces(偉人有缺點是愚(yu)人的同謀(mou)) by John Kennedy Toole
1980 The Executioner’s Song(劊子(zi)手之歌) by Norman Mailer
1979 The Stories of John Cheever(約翰·奇弗(fu)的(de)故(gu)事)by John Cheever
1978 Elbow Room(擁擠(ji)的(de)世(shi)界) by James Alan McPherson
1977 No Award (沒有(you)頒獎(jiang),無(wu)獲獎(jiang)作品)
1976 Humboldt’s Gifths(洪堡的禮物) by Saul Bellow
1975 The Killer Angels(殺手天使(shi)) by Michael Shaara
1974 No Award (沒有(you)頒獎,無獲(huo)獎作品(pin))
1973 The Optimist’s Daughter(樂觀(guan)主義者的女兒) by Eudora Welty
1972 Angle of Repose(靜止的角度) by Wallace Stegner
1971 No Award (沒有頒獎,無獲(huo)獎作品)
1970 Collected Stories(故(gu)事(shi)集(ji)) by Jean Stafford
1969 House Made of Dawn(黎明(ming)之屋(wu)) by N. Scott Momaday
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron
1967 The Fixer(牢固) by Bernard Malamud
1966 Collected Stories(故事(shi)集(ji)) by Katherine Anne Porter
1965 The Keepers of the House(房子的守護者) by Shirley Ann Grau
非小說類(lei) Nonfiction
2003 A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide( 從地獄的一個(ge)問題:美(mei)國和年齡(ling)的種族(zu)屠殺
)by Samantha Power
2002 Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution(帶我回家:伯明翰阿拉巴馬州:戰(zhan)斗的高(gao)潮(chao)民權革命(ming)) by Diane McWhorter
2001 Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan( 昭(zhao)和天皇,而且也(ye)塑造了(le)人的(de)現代日本)by Herbert P. Bix
2000 Embracing Defeat(擁抱失(shi)敗) by John W. Dower
1999 Annals of the Former World(這個前(qian)世界紀錄(lu)) by John McPhee
1998 Guns, Germs, and Steel( 槍炮(pao)、病菌與鋼鐵)by Jared Diamond
1997 Ashes to Ashes(灰飛煙滅(mie)) by Richard Kluger
1996 The Haunted Land(鬧(nao)鬼的土(tu)地) by Tina Rosenberg
1995 The Beak of the Finch(芬奇的嘴部) by Jonathan Weiner
1994 Lenin’s Tomb(列寧之墓) by David Remnick
1993 Lincoln at Gettysburg(林肯葛(ge)底(di)斯堡) by Garry Wills
1992 The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power(這(zhe)個獎:傳奇尋(xun)求(qiu)石(shi)油、金錢(qian)和(he)權力
) by Daniel Yergin
1991 The Ants(螞(ma)蟻) by Bert H?lldobler and Edward O. Wilson
1990 And Their Children After Them(和他們的孩(hai)子在后頭) by Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson
1989 A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam( 一個(ge)明亮(liang)的撒謊:約翰·保羅和美國在越南)by Neil Sheehan
1988 The Making of the Atomic Bomb(制作原子彈) by Richard Rhodes
1987 Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land(阿拉(la)伯人(ren)和猶太人(ren):受傷的精(jing)神在(zai)應許之地)by David K. Shipler
1986 Common Ground(共同點) by J. Anthony Lukas
傳記類(lei) Biography
2003 Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson(主人的(de)參議院:多年的(de)約翰遜) by Robert A. Caro
2002 John Adams(約翰·亞(ya)當斯) by David McCullough
2001 W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963(W.E.B.機(ji)械化和(he)(he)女性:爭取平等(deng)和(he)(he)美國(guo)的世紀,1919 - 1963) by David Levering Lewis
2000 Véra by Stacy Schiff
1999 Lindbergh(林德伯格(ge)) by A. Scott Berg
1998 Personal History(個(ge)人歷(li)史) by Katharine Graham
1997 Angela’s Ashes(安琪拉的骨灰) by Frank McCourt
1996 God: A Biography(上帝:傳記(ji)) by Jack Miles
1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life(哈麗特·比徹·斯托:一種(zhong)生命) by Joan D. Hedrick
1994 W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919( W.E.B.機械(xie)化和女(nv)性(xing):傳(chuan)記(ji)的一場比賽,1868 - 1919)by David Levering Lewis
1993 Truman(杜魯門(men)) by David McCullough
1992 Fortunate Son(幸運的(de)兒子) by Lewis B. Puller Jr.
1991 Jackson Pollock(杰(jie)克遜·波洛(luo)克) by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith
1990 Machiavelli in Hell(馬基雅維里在地獄(yu)) by Sebastian de Grazia
1989 Oscar Wilde(奧斯卡(ka)·王爾德) by Richard Ellmann
1988 Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe(看起(qi)來歸途(tu)上:托馬斯·沃爾夫(fu)的(de)生活) by David Herbert Donald
1987 Bearing the Cross by David J. Garrow
1986 Louise Bogan: A Portrait(路(lu)易斯(si)·博甘:一幅肖(xiao)像) by Elizabeth Frank
歷史類 History
2003 An Army at Dawn: The War in Africa, 1942-1943(軍隊(dui)在(zai)黎明的戰爭(zheng),在(zai)非(fei)洲,1942 - 1943) by Rick Atkinson
2002 The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America(形而上學的俱樂(le)部,一個(ge)故事的想法(fa)在美國) by Louis Menand
2001 Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation(成立兄弟:革(ge)命(ming)的一代(dai)) by Joseph J. Ellis
2000 Freedom from Fear(免除恐懼的(de)自(zi)由)by David M. Kennedy
1999 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898(高譚市:一個歷史的(de)紐約1898) by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace
1998 Summer for the Gods(眾神之夏) by Edward J. Larson
1997 Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution(原始(shi)含義:政治和(he)思(si)想使憲(xian)法的規定) by Jack N. Rakove
1996 William Cooper’s Town( 威(wei)廉(lian)·庫珀的城鎮)by Alan Taylor
1995 No Ordinary Time(一個不(bu)平凡的時間) by Doris Kearns Goodwin
1994 No Award (沒有(you)獲獎作品(pin))
1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution(美國革命的激進) by Gordon S. Wood
1992 The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties( 自由(you)的命運:亞伯拉罕·林肯和民權(quan))by Mark E. Neely Jr.
1991 A Midwife’s TaleI(一個(ge)助產士的(de)故事(shi)) by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1990 In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines by Stanley Karnow
1989 Battle Cry of Freedom(吶(na)喊的自由) by James M. McPherson
And Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63(穿過水(shui):美國在王年,1954 - 63)
by Taylor Branch
1988 The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1976(開展現(xian)代(dai)美國科學,1846 - 1976)by Robert V. Bruce
1987 Voyagers to the West(西部(bu)的星際旅(lv)客說有著特殊) by Bernard Bailyn
1986 The Heavens and the Earth(諸天與地(di)) by Walter A. McDougall
戲(xi)劇類 Drama
2003 Anna in the Tropics(安娜在(zai)熱(re)帶) by Nilo Cruz
2002 Topdog/Underdog by Suzan-Lori Parks
2001 Proof(證明) by David Auburn
2000 Dinner with Friends(友情晚餐) by Donald Margulies
1999 Wit(機智) by Margaret Edson
1998 How I Learned to Drive(我學會了開車(che)嗎) by Paula Vogel
1997 No Award (沒有獲獎作品)
1996 Rent(租(zu)) by Jonathan Larson
1995 The Young Man from Atlanta by Horton Foote
1994 Three Tall Women(三個(ge)高(gao)個(ge)子(zi)女性) by Edward Albee
1993 Angels in America(天(tian)使在美國) by Tony Kushner
1992 The Kentucky Cycle(在肯(ken)塔基州的周(zhou)期(qi))by Robert Schenkkan
1991 Lost in Yonkers(迷失在揚(yang)克斯) by Neil Simon
1990 The Piano Lesson(鋼(gang)琴課) by August Wilson
1989 The Heidi Chronicles(海蒂(di)的記載)by Wendy Wasserstein
1988 Driving Miss Daisy(為戴(dai)茜小姐開車)by Alfred Uhry
1987 Fences(柵欄) by August Wilson
1986 No Award(沒有獲獎作品)
詩歌(ge)類(lei) Poetry
2003 Moy Sand and Gravel(莫伊沙礫) by Paul Muldoon
2002 Practical Gods(實踐(jian)神) by Carl Dennis
2001 Different Hours(不(bu)同小時) by Stephen Dunn
2000 Repair(修復) by C.K. Williams
1999 Blizzard of One(暴雪) by Mark Strand
1998 Black Zodiac(黑(hei)色黃道帶) by Charles Wright
1997 Alive Together(一起活著) by Lisel Mueller
1996 The Dream of the Unified Front(夢(meng)想的統一戰線) by Jorie Graham
1995 The Simple Truth(簡單的事(shi)實) by Philip Levine
1994 Neon Vernacular(彩(cai)虹方(fang)言(yan)) by Yusef Komunyakaa
1993 The Wild Iris(野鳶尾(wei)) by Louise Gluck
1992 Selected Poems(詩選(xuan)) by James Tate
1991 Near Changes(變化(hua)附近) by Mona Van Duyn
1990 The World Doesn’t End(世界上還沒有結束) by Charles Simic
1989 New and Collected Poems(新(xin)作與(yu)詩集) by Richard Wilbur
1988 Partial Accounts(部分賬(zhang)戶) by William Meredith
1987 Thomas and Beulah by Rita Dove
1986 The Flying Changez(飛行改變) by Henry Taylor