普(pu)(pu)利(li)策(ce)文(wen)學(xue)獎(jiang)不是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)項(xiang),而(er)是(shi)美(mei)國普(pu)(pu)利(li)策(ce)獎(jiang)眾多分枝(zhi)中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個。約瑟夫·普(pu)(pu)利(li)策(ce)在去(qu)世前第7年(nian)(nian)——1904年(nian)(nian),立(li)下遺囑,將自己的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產捐獻給美(mei)國的(de)(de)(de)哥倫(lun)比亞大學(xue),由他們建立(li)一(yi)(yi)個新聞學(xue)院。這筆高達200萬美(mei)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)款(kuan)項(xiang)中,有四(si)分之一(yi)(yi)被用來設立(li)獎(jiang)項(xiang),后(hou)(hou)來這筆錢(qian)成為(wei)了普(pu)(pu)利(li)策(ce)獎(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)基金。1917年(nian)(nian),該獎(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)屆頒(ban)獎(jiang)儀式舉行,此后(hou)(hou)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)頒(ban)發(fa)一(yi)(yi)次。
約瑟夫·普(pu)利策生前是(shi)(shi)美國最(zui)著名的(de)(de)(de)報人(ren),他(ta)創立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)輯寫作制度(du)至(zhi)今都在影響著報業的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)作,因而(er)普(pu)利策獎(jiang)中最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)組成部分(fen)就是(shi)(shi)新聞(wen)類獎(jiang)項。目(mu)前共包(bao)(bao)含突發新聞(wen)報道(dao)獎(jiang)、調查報道(dao)獎(jiang)等14個。但是(shi)(shi)“由(you)于(yu)普(pu)利策敏銳(rui)、有遠見的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)察力(li)”,該獎(jiang)還(huan)設立(li)(li)了文藝類獎(jiang)項,目(mu)前包(bao)(bao)括6個文學獎(jiang)和一(yi)個音樂獎(jiang),而(er)且正是(shi)(shi)這些非新聞(wen)類的(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)項在一(yi)定程度(du)上擴(kuo)大(da)了普(pu)利策獎(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)影響力(li)。目(mu)前普(pu)利策獎(jiang)每個獎(jiang)項的(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)金為一(yi)萬美元。
最初普利策只(zhi)設立了13個獎(jiang)項(xiang),其(qi)中文學獎(jiang)有(you)5個,包括小說類(lei)、戲劇(ju)類(lei)和(he)傳記(ji)類(lei)等(deng)等(deng)。但是出于長遠考慮(lv),他決定設立一(yi)個監督咨詢委員(yuan)會,由后(hou)者在將來確定獎(jiang)項(xiang)的(de)設立、變更等(deng)等(deng)。幾十年來,這個委員(yuan)會做(zuo)出了一(yi)些很有(you)突破性的(de)決定,曾先后(hou)增設了攝影類(lei)和(he)詩類(lei)獎(jiang)項(xiang),并打破了“音樂獎(jiang)的(de)評選范圍(wei)僅限(xian)(xian)于古典音樂領(ling)域(yu)”的(de)界限(xian)(xian)。
普利(li)策(ce)文(wen)學(xue)獎的標(biao)新(xin)立異之處在于(yu)它與(yu)大眾口味的背道而馳,暢銷(xiao)的文(wen)學(xue)作(zuo)品(pin)從不(bu)受它的垂(chui)青(qing),即便大作(zuo)家的作(zuo)品(pin)也(ye)不(bu)例(li)外。
諸如(ru),1941年(nian)它就(jiu)“拋棄”了紅極一時的《喪鐘為(wei)誰(shui)而鳴(ming)》,直到12年(nian)后(hou)《老人與海》問世時,它才將文學獎(jiang)授予海明威。同樣如(ru)福(fu)克納的《八(ba)月之光》也(ye)有此“待遇”。這種評選使得它經常被置于(yu)爭(zheng)議(yi)之中(zhong)(zhong),在一本《美(mei)國普利策(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)金內幕(mu)》的書中(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)曾(ceng)提到,1988年(nian)曾(ceng)有近50位作家給媒體寫信,怒(nu)稱兩名最受讀者(zhe)推崇的美(mei)國黑人作家從未進(jin)入普利策(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)的視野,并認(ren)為(wei)它有種族主(zhu)義傾(qing)向。而且普利策(ce)(ce)文學獎(jiang)空缺(que)多(duo)屆,迄今已不(bu)下10次。
實際上很多(duo)優秀(xiu)的(de)作(zuo)品還(huan)是(shi)沒有被普利策文學(xue)獎(jiang)錯過的(de),其中(zhong)包(bao)括伊迪絲·華頓的(de)《天真時代》(1921年獲(huo)獎(jiang))、賽珍珠的(de)《大地》(1932年獲(huo)獎(jiang))、瑪(ma)格麗特·米(mi)切爾(er)的(de)《飄》(1937年獲(huo)獎(jiang))、約翰·斯(si)坦貝克(ke)的(de)《憤怒的(de)葡(pu)萄》(1940年獲(huo)獎(jiang))、赫(he)爾(er)曼·沃克(ke)的(de)《凱恩艦嘩變》(1952年獲(huo)獎(jiang))、哈(ha)珀·李的(de)《殺死一(yi)只知更(geng)鳥》(1961年獲(huo)獎(jiang))、艾麗斯(si)·沃克(ke)的(de)《紫(zi)色(se)》(1983年獲(huo)獎(jiang))等等。這些作(zuo)品都曾在(zai)中(zhong)國出版過。
小說類 Fiction
2003 Middlesex(中性) by Jeffrey Eugenides
2002 Empire Falls(帝國的崩塌) by Richard Russo
2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay(卡瓦利與克(ke)雷的神(shen)奇冒險) by Michael Chabon
2000 Interpreter of Maladies(醫(yi)生的(de)翻譯員) by Jhumpa Lahiri
1999 The Hours(小時) by Michael Cunningham
1998 American Pastoral(美國田園(yuan))by Philip Roth
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer(馬(ma)丁·迪熱思爾:一(yi)個美(mei)國夢的故事) by Steven Millhauser
1996 Independence Day(獨立日) by Richard Ford
1995 The Stone Diaries(石頭日記) by Carol Shields
1994 The Shipping News(航運新聞) by E. Annie Proulx
1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain(一個好的氣味從一個奇怪(guai)的山) by Robert Olen Butler
1992 A Thousand Acres(一(yi)千英畝) by Jane Smiley
1991 Rabbit at Rest(兔子安眠) by John Updike
1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love(馬博王愛的歌(ge)曲(qu)) by Oscar Hijuelos
1989 Breathing Lessons(呼吸課(ke)程) by Anne Tyler
1988 Beloved(心(xin)愛(ai)) by Toni Morrison
1987 A Summons to Memphis(傳票孟菲斯) by Peter Taylor
1986 Lonesome Dove(寂(ji)寞之鴿) by Larry McMurtry
1985 Foreign Affairs(外交事務(wu)) by Alison Lurie
1984 Ironweed(紫(zi)苑草) by William Kennedy
1983 The Color Purple(紫色姊妹花) by Alice Walker
1982 Rabbit Is Rich(兔子很有錢) by John Updike
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces(偉人有缺點(dian)是愚(yu)人的同謀) by John Kennedy Toole
1980 The Executioner’s Song(劊(gui)子(zi)手之歌) by Norman Mailer
1979 The Stories of John Cheever(約翰·奇弗的故事)by John Cheever
1978 Elbow Room(擁擠的世界) by James Alan McPherson
1977 No Award (沒有頒(ban)獎,無獲獎作品(pin))
1976 Humboldt’s Gifths(洪堡的禮物) by Saul Bellow
1975 The Killer Angels(殺(sha)手天使) by Michael Shaara
1974 No Award (沒(mei)有頒(ban)獎(jiang),無獲(huo)獎(jiang)作品(pin))
1973 The Optimist’s Daughter(樂觀主義者的(de)女兒) by Eudora Welty
1972 Angle of Repose(靜止的角度) by Wallace Stegner
1971 No Award (沒有頒獎(jiang),無獲獎(jiang)作品)
1970 Collected Stories(故事集) by Jean Stafford
1969 House Made of Dawn(黎明之屋) by N. Scott Momaday
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron
1967 The Fixer(牢固(gu)) by Bernard Malamud
1966 Collected Stories(故事集) by Katherine Anne Porter
1965 The Keepers of the House(房子的守護者) by Shirley Ann Grau
非小(xiao)說類 Nonfiction
2003 A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide( 從(cong)地獄的一個問題:美國(guo)和年齡的種族屠殺
)by Samantha Power
2002 Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution(帶(dai)我回家(jia):伯明(ming)翰阿(a)拉(la)巴馬州:戰斗(dou)的(de)高潮民權(quan)革命) by Diane McWhorter
2001 Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan( 昭和天皇,而且也塑(su)造了人(ren)的現代(dai)日本)by Herbert P. Bix
2000 Embracing Defeat(擁抱失敗) by John W. Dower
1999 Annals of the Former World(這個前(qian)世界紀錄) by John McPhee
1998 Guns, Germs, and Steel( 槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵)by Jared Diamond
1997 Ashes to Ashes(灰(hui)飛煙滅) by Richard Kluger
1996 The Haunted Land(鬧鬼的土(tu)地) by Tina Rosenberg
1995 The Beak of the Finch(芬(fen)奇的嘴部(bu)) by Jonathan Weiner
1994 Lenin’s Tomb(列寧之墓(mu)) by David Remnick
1993 Lincoln at Gettysburg(林肯葛底斯堡) by Garry Wills
1992 The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power(這個獎:傳奇尋求石油、金(jin)錢和權力
) by Daniel Yergin
1991 The Ants(螞蟻) by Bert H?lldobler and Edward O. Wilson
1990 And Their Children After Them(和他們(men)的孩(hai)子在后頭) by Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson
1989 A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam( 一個(ge)明亮的(de)撒謊:約翰·保羅和美國在(zai)越(yue)南(nan))by Neil Sheehan
1988 The Making of the Atomic Bomb(制作原子(zi)彈) by Richard Rhodes
1987 Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land(阿(a)拉伯人(ren)和猶太人(ren):受傷的精神(shen)在(zai)應許之地)by David K. Shipler
1986 Common Ground(共同點) by J. Anthony Lukas
傳記類 Biography
2003 Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson(主(zhu)人的(de)參議(yi)院:多(duo)年(nian)的(de)約翰(han)遜) by Robert A. Caro
2002 John Adams(約翰(han)·亞(ya)當斯) by David McCullough
2001 W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963(W.E.B.機械化和(he)女性:爭取平(ping)等(deng)和(he)美國的(de)世紀(ji),1919 - 1963) by David Levering Lewis
2000 Véra by Stacy Schiff
1999 Lindbergh(林(lin)德伯格) by A. Scott Berg
1998 Personal History(個人歷史) by Katharine Graham
1997 Angela’s Ashes(安琪拉的(de)骨(gu)灰) by Frank McCourt
1996 God: A Biography(上帝:傳記) by Jack Miles
1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life(哈(ha)麗(li)特·比(bi)徹·斯(si)托(tuo):一(yi)種生命) by Joan D. Hedrick
1994 W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919( W.E.B.機械化和女(nv)性:傳記(ji)的一場比賽,1868 - 1919)by David Levering Lewis
1993 Truman(杜魯門(men)) by David McCullough
1992 Fortunate Son(幸運的兒子) by Lewis B. Puller Jr.
1991 Jackson Pollock(杰克(ke)遜·波洛克(ke)) by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith
1990 Machiavelli in Hell(馬基雅維里在地(di)獄) by Sebastian de Grazia
1989 Oscar Wilde(奧斯卡·王爾德(de)) by Richard Ellmann
1988 Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe(看(kan)起(qi)來歸途上(shang):托馬斯(si)·沃(wo)爾夫(fu)的生活) by David Herbert Donald
1987 Bearing the Cross by David J. Garrow
1986 Louise Bogan: A Portrait(路易斯·博甘:一幅肖像) by Elizabeth Frank
歷史類 History
2003 An Army at Dawn: The War in Africa, 1942-1943(軍(jun)隊在黎(li)明的戰爭,在非洲(zhou),1942 - 1943) by Rick Atkinson
2002 The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America(形而上學的俱樂部,一個故事的想法在美國) by Louis Menand
2001 Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation(成(cheng)立兄(xiong)弟:革命的一代(dai)) by Joseph J. Ellis
2000 Freedom from Fear(免除恐懼(ju)的自由)by David M. Kennedy
1999 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898(高譚市:一個歷史的紐(niu)約1898) by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace
1998 Summer for the Gods(眾神之夏) by Edward J. Larson
1997 Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution(原始含(han)義:政治和思(si)想使憲法的規定) by Jack N. Rakove
1996 William Cooper’s Town( 威廉·庫珀的城(cheng)鎮)by Alan Taylor
1995 No Ordinary Time(一(yi)個不(bu)平凡的時間) by Doris Kearns Goodwin
1994 No Award (沒有獲獎作品)
1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution(美國革命的激進) by Gordon S. Wood
1992 The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties( 自(zi)由(you)的命運:亞伯(bo)拉罕(han)·林肯(ken)和(he)民權)by Mark E. Neely Jr.
1991 A Midwife’s TaleI(一(yi)個助產士(shi)的故(gu)事) by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1990 In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines by Stanley Karnow
1989 Battle Cry of Freedom(吶(na)喊的自(zi)由) by James M. McPherson
And Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63(穿(chuan)過(guo)水:美國(guo)在王年(nian),1954 - 63)
by Taylor Branch
1988 The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1976(開展現(xian)代美國科學,1846 - 1976)by Robert V. Bruce
1987 Voyagers to the West(西部的星(xing)際旅客說有(you)著特殊) by Bernard Bailyn
1986 The Heavens and the Earth(諸(zhu)天與地) by Walter A. McDougall
戲劇類(lei) Drama
2003 Anna in the Tropics(安(an)娜在熱帶) by Nilo Cruz
2002 Topdog/Underdog by Suzan-Lori Parks
2001 Proof(證(zheng)明) by David Auburn
2000 Dinner with Friends(友情(qing)晚餐) by Donald Margulies
1999 Wit(機智) by Margaret Edson
1998 How I Learned to Drive(我學(xue)會了(le)開車嗎) by Paula Vogel
1997 No Award (沒有獲獎(jiang)作品(pin))
1996 Rent(租) by Jonathan Larson
1995 The Young Man from Atlanta by Horton Foote
1994 Three Tall Women(三個(ge)(ge)高個(ge)(ge)子女性) by Edward Albee
1993 Angels in America(天使(shi)在美國(guo)) by Tony Kushner
1992 The Kentucky Cycle(在肯塔基州(zhou)的周期)by Robert Schenkkan
1991 Lost in Yonkers(迷失在揚克(ke)斯) by Neil Simon
1990 The Piano Lesson(鋼琴課) by August Wilson
1989 The Heidi Chronicles(海(hai)蒂(di)的記載(zai))by Wendy Wasserstein
1988 Driving Miss Daisy(為戴(dai)茜(qian)小姐開車(che))by Alfred Uhry
1987 Fences(柵(zha)欄(lan)) by August Wilson
1986 No Award(沒有獲獎(jiang)作品)
詩(shi)歌類 Poetry
2003 Moy Sand and Gravel(莫(mo)伊沙礫) by Paul Muldoon
2002 Practical Gods(實踐神(shen)) by Carl Dennis
2001 Different Hours(不同小時) by Stephen Dunn
2000 Repair(修復) by C.K. Williams
1999 Blizzard of One(暴雪) by Mark Strand
1998 Black Zodiac(黑色黃道帶) by Charles Wright
1997 Alive Together(一起活著(zhu)) by Lisel Mueller
1996 The Dream of the Unified Front(夢想的統一戰線) by Jorie Graham
1995 The Simple Truth(簡單的(de)事實(shi)) by Philip Levine
1994 Neon Vernacular(彩虹方言) by Yusef Komunyakaa
1993 The Wild Iris(野鳶尾(wei)) by Louise Gluck
1992 Selected Poems(詩選) by James Tate
1991 Near Changes(變(bian)化附近(jin)) by Mona Van Duyn
1990 The World Doesn’t End(世界上還沒有結束) by Charles Simic
1989 New and Collected Poems(新作(zuo)與(yu)詩(shi)集) by Richard Wilbur
1988 Partial Accounts(部分(fen)賬戶) by William Meredith
1987 Thomas and Beulah by Rita Dove
1986 The Flying Changez(飛行改(gai)變) by Henry Taylor