普(pu)利(li)策文學獎不是一個獨立的(de)獎項,而(er)是美國普(pu)利(li)策獎眾多分(fen)枝中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一個。約瑟夫·普(pu)利(li)策在去世前第7年——1904年,立下遺囑,將(jiang)自己的(de)財產捐獻(xian)給美國的(de)哥倫比亞大學,由他們建立一個新(xin)聞學院。這筆高達200萬美元的(de)款(kuan)項中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)四分(fen)之一被用(yong)來設立獎項,后(hou)來這筆錢成為了普(pu)利(li)策獎的(de)基(ji)金。1917年,該獎的(de)第一屆頒獎儀式舉(ju)行,此后(hou)每年頒發(fa)一次。
約(yue)瑟(se)夫·普利(li)(li)策(ce)(ce)(ce)生前(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)美(mei)國最(zui)著名的(de)(de)報(bao)人,他創立的(de)(de)編輯寫作制度至(zhi)今都(dou)在(zai)影響著報(bao)業的(de)(de)運作,因而普利(li)(li)策(ce)(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)(de)組成部分就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)新聞類獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項。目前(qian)(qian)共(gong)包含突發新聞報(bao)道獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、調查報(bao)道獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)等14個。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)“由于普利(li)(li)策(ce)(ce)(ce)敏(min)銳、有(you)遠見的(de)(de)洞察力”,該獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)還設立了文(wen)藝類獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項,目前(qian)(qian)包括6個文(wen)學(xue)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和一(yi)個音樂獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),而且正是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)非(fei)新聞類的(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度上擴(kuo)大了普利(li)(li)策(ce)(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)影響力。目前(qian)(qian)普利(li)(li)策(ce)(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)每個獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)項的(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金為一(yi)萬美(mei)元。
最初普利策只設(she)立了(le)13個獎(jiang)項,其中文學獎(jiang)有5個,包括小說類(lei)(lei)、戲(xi)劇類(lei)(lei)和(he)傳(chuan)記類(lei)(lei)等(deng)等(deng)。但是出(chu)于長遠考慮,他決定(ding)(ding)設(she)立一個監督咨詢委(wei)員會,由(you)后者在將(jiang)來確(que)定(ding)(ding)獎(jiang)項的設(she)立、變更等(deng)等(deng)。幾十年來,這個委(wei)員會做出(chu)了(le)一些很有突破性(xing)的決定(ding)(ding),曾先后增設(she)了(le)攝影類(lei)(lei)和(he)詩(shi)類(lei)(lei)獎(jiang)項,并(bing)打破了(le)“音樂(le)獎(jiang)的評選范圍僅限(xian)于古典音樂(le)領域”的界限(xian)。
普利(li)策文(wen)學獎的(de)標新立(li)異之處在于它與(yu)大眾口味的(de)背(bei)道(dao)而馳,暢銷的(de)文(wen)學作品從不受它的(de)垂青,即便大作家的(de)作品也不例外。
諸(zhu)如,1941年它(ta)就(jiu)“拋棄”了(le)紅極一時的(de)(de)(de)《喪鐘為誰而鳴》,直(zhi)到12年后《老(lao)人(ren)與海》問世時,它(ta)才將(jiang)文學獎授(shou)予海明威。同樣如福(fu)克(ke)納的(de)(de)(de)《八月之光(guang)》也有此“待遇”。這種(zhong)評選使得它(ta)經常被置于爭議之中(zhong),在一本《美國普利策獎金內(nei)幕(mu)》的(de)(de)(de)書中(zhong)就(jiu)曾提到,1988年曾有近50位作家給媒體(ti)寫信,怒稱兩(liang)名最受(shou)讀(du)者推崇的(de)(de)(de)美國黑人(ren)作家從未進入普利策獎的(de)(de)(de)視野,并認為它(ta)有種(zhong)族主(zhu)義傾向。而且普利策文學獎空(kong)缺多屆,迄(qi)今已不下10次(ci)。
實際上很多優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)作品還(huan)是沒有被普利策文學獎(jiang)(jiang)錯(cuo)過的(de)(de)(de),其中(zhong)包括伊迪絲·華頓的(de)(de)(de)《天真(zhen)時代》(1921年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))、賽珍珠的(de)(de)(de)《大(da)地》(1932年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))、瑪(ma)格麗(li)特(te)·米切爾的(de)(de)(de)《飄》(1937年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))、約翰·斯坦(tan)貝(bei)克的(de)(de)(de)《憤怒的(de)(de)(de)葡萄》(1940年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))、赫爾曼·沃克的(de)(de)(de)《凱恩艦嘩變》(1952年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))、哈珀(po)·李的(de)(de)(de)《殺死(si)一只知更鳥》(1961年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))、艾(ai)麗(li)斯·沃克的(de)(de)(de)《紫(zi)色》(1983年(nian)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang))等等。這些(xie)作品都曾在中(zhong)國出版過。
小說類 Fiction
2003 Middlesex(中性) by Jeffrey Eugenides
2002 Empire Falls(帝(di)國(guo)的崩塌) by Richard Russo
2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay(卡瓦利(li)與克雷的神奇(qi)冒(mao)險) by Michael Chabon
2000 Interpreter of Maladies(醫生的翻譯員) by Jhumpa Lahiri
1999 The Hours(小時) by Michael Cunningham
1998 American Pastoral(美(mei)國(guo)田(tian)園)by Philip Roth
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer(馬丁·迪熱思爾:一個美國(guo)夢的故事(shi)) by Steven Millhauser
1996 Independence Day(獨立(li)日(ri)) by Richard Ford
1995 The Stone Diaries(石頭日記) by Carol Shields
1994 The Shipping News(航運(yun)新(xin)聞) by E. Annie Proulx
1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain(一個(ge)(ge)好(hao)的氣味從一個(ge)(ge)奇怪的山(shan)) by Robert Olen Butler
1992 A Thousand Acres(一千英畝) by Jane Smiley
1991 Rabbit at Rest(兔子安(an)眠) by John Updike
1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love(馬博王愛的歌曲) by Oscar Hijuelos
1989 Breathing Lessons(呼吸課(ke)程) by Anne Tyler
1988 Beloved(心愛) by Toni Morrison
1987 A Summons to Memphis(傳(chuan)票孟菲斯) by Peter Taylor
1986 Lonesome Dove(寂寞之(zhi)鴿) by Larry McMurtry
1985 Foreign Affairs(外交事務) by Alison Lurie
1984 Ironweed(紫苑(yuan)草) by William Kennedy
1983 The Color Purple(紫色姊妹(mei)花) by Alice Walker
1982 Rabbit Is Rich(兔子很有錢) by John Updike
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces(偉(wei)人有(you)缺點是愚人的同謀) by John Kennedy Toole
1980 The Executioner’s Song(劊(gui)子(zi)手之(zhi)歌(ge)) by Norman Mailer
1979 The Stories of John Cheever(約翰·奇弗的故(gu)事)by John Cheever
1978 Elbow Room(擁擠的世界) by James Alan McPherson
1977 No Award (沒有頒(ban)獎,無獲獎作(zuo)品(pin))
1976 Humboldt’s Gifths(洪堡的(de)禮物) by Saul Bellow
1975 The Killer Angels(殺手天使) by Michael Shaara
1974 No Award (沒有頒(ban)獎,無獲獎作品(pin))
1973 The Optimist’s Daughter(樂觀主義者(zhe)的女兒) by Eudora Welty
1972 Angle of Repose(靜止的(de)角(jiao)度) by Wallace Stegner
1971 No Award (沒有頒獎(jiang),無獲獎(jiang)作(zuo)品)
1970 Collected Stories(故事集) by Jean Stafford
1969 House Made of Dawn(黎明之屋(wu)) by N. Scott Momaday
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron
1967 The Fixer(牢固(gu)) by Bernard Malamud
1966 Collected Stories(故事集) by Katherine Anne Porter
1965 The Keepers of the House(房子的守護者) by Shirley Ann Grau
非小說類 Nonfiction
2003 A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide( 從地獄(yu)的(de)一(yi)個問題:美國和年齡的(de)種族屠殺
)by Samantha Power
2002 Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution(帶我回家:伯明翰阿(a)拉巴馬州:戰斗的高潮民(min)權革命(ming)) by Diane McWhorter
2001 Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan( 昭和(he)天皇,而且也塑造了(le)人的(de)現(xian)代日(ri)本)by Herbert P. Bix
2000 Embracing Defeat(擁(yong)抱失敗) by John W. Dower
1999 Annals of the Former World(這(zhe)個(ge)前(qian)世界紀錄(lu)) by John McPhee
1998 Guns, Germs, and Steel( 槍炮、病菌與(yu)鋼鐵(tie))by Jared Diamond
1997 Ashes to Ashes(灰飛煙滅) by Richard Kluger
1996 The Haunted Land(鬧鬼的土(tu)地) by Tina Rosenberg
1995 The Beak of the Finch(芬(fen)奇的嘴部(bu)) by Jonathan Weiner
1994 Lenin’s Tomb(列寧之墓) by David Remnick
1993 Lincoln at Gettysburg(林肯葛(ge)底斯堡) by Garry Wills
1992 The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power(這(zhe)個獎:傳奇尋求石油、金錢和權力
) by Daniel Yergin
1991 The Ants(螞蟻(yi)) by Bert H?lldobler and Edward O. Wilson
1990 And Their Children After Them(和他(ta)們的(de)孩(hai)子在(zai)后頭) by Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson
1989 A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam( 一個明亮的撒(sa)謊:約翰·保羅和美(mei)國在越南(nan))by Neil Sheehan
1988 The Making of the Atomic Bomb(制作原子(zi)彈) by Richard Rhodes
1987 Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land(阿(a)拉伯人和(he)猶太人:受傷的精神在應許之地)by David K. Shipler
1986 Common Ground(共同(tong)點) by J. Anthony Lukas
傳記(ji)類 Biography
2003 Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson(主人的參議(yi)院:多年(nian)的約翰遜(xun)) by Robert A. Caro
2002 John Adams(約翰·亞(ya)當斯) by David McCullough
2001 W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963(W.E.B.機械化和(he)女性:爭取平(ping)等和(he)美(mei)國的世紀,1919 - 1963) by David Levering Lewis
2000 Véra by Stacy Schiff
1999 Lindbergh(林德伯格) by A. Scott Berg
1998 Personal History(個(ge)人(ren)歷(li)史) by Katharine Graham
1997 Angela’s Ashes(安琪拉(la)的骨灰) by Frank McCourt
1996 God: A Biography(上帝:傳(chuan)記) by Jack Miles
1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life(哈麗(li)特·比徹·斯(si)托:一種生命) by Joan D. Hedrick
1994 W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919( W.E.B.機(ji)械化(hua)和女性:傳記的(de)一場(chang)比賽,1868 - 1919)by David Levering Lewis
1993 Truman(杜魯門) by David McCullough
1992 Fortunate Son(幸(xing)運的兒子) by Lewis B. Puller Jr.
1991 Jackson Pollock(杰(jie)克遜·波洛克) by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith
1990 Machiavelli in Hell(馬基雅維里在地(di)獄) by Sebastian de Grazia
1989 Oscar Wilde(奧斯卡·王爾(er)德) by Richard Ellmann
1988 Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe(看起來歸途上(shang):托馬斯·沃爾夫的生活) by David Herbert Donald
1987 Bearing the Cross by David J. Garrow
1986 Louise Bogan: A Portrait(路易斯(si)·博(bo)甘:一幅肖像) by Elizabeth Frank
歷史類 History
2003 An Army at Dawn: The War in Africa, 1942-1943(軍(jun)隊(dui)在(zai)黎明(ming)的戰爭(zheng),在(zai)非洲,1942 - 1943) by Rick Atkinson
2002 The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America(形而上學的(de)俱樂(le)部,一個故事(shi)的(de)想法在美國) by Louis Menand
2001 Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation(成立(li)兄弟:革命(ming)的一代) by Joseph J. Ellis
2000 Freedom from Fear(免除(chu)恐懼的自由(you))by David M. Kennedy
1999 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898(高譚市:一個歷史的(de)紐(niu)約1898) by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace
1998 Summer for the Gods(眾神之夏(xia)) by Edward J. Larson
1997 Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution(原始(shi)含義(yi):政治和思想使憲(xian)法的規定) by Jack N. Rakove
1996 William Cooper’s Town( 威廉·庫珀的城(cheng)鎮)by Alan Taylor
1995 No Ordinary Time(一個不平凡的時間) by Doris Kearns Goodwin
1994 No Award (沒有獲獎(jiang)作(zuo)品)
1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution(美國革(ge)命的(de)激進) by Gordon S. Wood
1992 The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties( 自由的命運(yun):亞伯拉罕(han)·林肯和(he)民權)by Mark E. Neely Jr.
1991 A Midwife’s TaleI(一個助(zhu)產(chan)士的(de)故事(shi)) by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1990 In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines by Stanley Karnow
1989 Battle Cry of Freedom(吶喊(han)的自由) by James M. McPherson
And Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63(穿(chuan)過水:美國在王年(nian),1954 - 63)
by Taylor Branch
1988 The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1976(開展現代美國(guo)科學,1846 - 1976)by Robert V. Bruce
1987 Voyagers to the West(西部(bu)的星(xing)際旅客說有著特殊) by Bernard Bailyn
1986 The Heavens and the Earth(諸天與地) by Walter A. McDougall
戲劇類 Drama
2003 Anna in the Tropics(安娜在熱(re)帶) by Nilo Cruz
2002 Topdog/Underdog by Suzan-Lori Parks
2001 Proof(證明) by David Auburn
2000 Dinner with Friends(友情晚餐) by Donald Margulies
1999 Wit(機智(zhi)) by Margaret Edson
1998 How I Learned to Drive(我學會了(le)開車嗎) by Paula Vogel
1997 No Award (沒有(you)獲獎(jiang)作品)
1996 Rent(租) by Jonathan Larson
1995 The Young Man from Atlanta by Horton Foote
1994 Three Tall Women(三個高個子女性) by Edward Albee
1993 Angels in America(天(tian)使在美國(guo)) by Tony Kushner
1992 The Kentucky Cycle(在肯塔基州(zhou)的(de)周期)by Robert Schenkkan
1991 Lost in Yonkers(迷失在(zai)揚克斯(si)) by Neil Simon
1990 The Piano Lesson(鋼琴(qin)課) by August Wilson
1989 The Heidi Chronicles(海蒂的記載(zai))by Wendy Wasserstein
1988 Driving Miss Daisy(為戴(dai)茜小姐開車)by Alfred Uhry
1987 Fences(柵欄) by August Wilson
1986 No Award(沒有(you)獲獎作品)
詩歌類(lei) Poetry
2003 Moy Sand and Gravel(莫伊沙礫) by Paul Muldoon
2002 Practical Gods(實踐神(shen)) by Carl Dennis
2001 Different Hours(不同(tong)小時) by Stephen Dunn
2000 Repair(修(xiu)復(fu)) by C.K. Williams
1999 Blizzard of One(暴雪) by Mark Strand
1998 Black Zodiac(黑色黃道帶) by Charles Wright
1997 Alive Together(一起活(huo)著) by Lisel Mueller
1996 The Dream of the Unified Front(夢(meng)想的統(tong)一戰線) by Jorie Graham
1995 The Simple Truth(簡單的事實) by Philip Levine
1994 Neon Vernacular(彩虹(hong)方言) by Yusef Komunyakaa
1993 The Wild Iris(野鳶尾) by Louise Gluck
1992 Selected Poems(詩選) by James Tate
1991 Near Changes(變化附近(jin)) by Mona Van Duyn
1990 The World Doesn’t End(世界上還(huan)沒有結束) by Charles Simic
1989 New and Collected Poems(新作與詩集(ji)) by Richard Wilbur
1988 Partial Accounts(部分賬(zhang)戶) by William Meredith
1987 Thomas and Beulah by Rita Dove
1986 The Flying Changez(飛行改(gai)變) by Henry Taylor