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基本介紹

南(nan)方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)屬(shu)下(xia)僅有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)，為卡氏(shi)南(nan)方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)，是一(yi)種(zhong)發現(xian)于阿根廷的(de)大(da)(da)型獸(shou)腳類恐龍(long)(long)，生存年代為晚白(bai)堊世塞諾曼期，約距今9700萬年前。南(nan)方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)屬(shu)于異特(te)龍(long)(long)超科中(zhong)的(de)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)(long)類，并且(qie)很有(you)可(ke)能是地球歷史中(zhong)體型最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)陸地掠食動物(wu)。與霸王龍(long)(long)相(xiang)比(bi)，南(nan)方巨獸(shou)的(de)樣(yang)本量很小，且(qie)大(da)(da)個(ge)體標(biao)本的(de)完整度很差，因此(ci)對其體型的(de)準(zhun)確估計有(you)相(xiang)當的(de)難度。它與霸王龍(long)(long)相(xiang)比(bi)誰的(de)體型更大(da)(da)也是學術界一(yi)直在爭論的(de)話(hua)題(ti)。

命名由來

南方(fang)巨(ju)獸龍(long)屬名(ming)的(de)含(han)義是(shi)巨(ju)型南方(fang)蜥(xi)蜴，這(zhe)是(shi)由于(yu)它發現于(yu)南方(fang)大陸且體型巨(ju)大。種名(ming)卡氏是(shi)為了紀(ji)念化石的(de)發現者卡洛琳（Rubén D.Carolini）。

基本信息和形態學

南(nan)方(fang)巨獸龍的正(zheng)型標(biao)本約有(you)70%的完(wan)整度(du)，包含了大多數的脊(ji)椎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，肩(jian)帶(dai)和腰帶(dai)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼(ge)，股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，以及(ji)左(zuo)側的脛(jing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和腓(fei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)。這(zhe)件標(biao)本于1995年被描述，相(xiang)關(guan)成果發表在自然科學頂級雜志(zhi)Nature上(shang)。1998年，科里亞等人(ren)又將帶(dai)有(you)少數牙齒的一塊(kuai)下頜歸(gui)入到南(nan)方(fang)巨獸龍。這(zhe)件下頜標(biao)本比1995年描述的正(zheng)型標(biao)本還要大一些(xie)，科里亞等人(ren)甚至(zhi)認為這(zhe)件標(biao)本的頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)總長達到1.95米(mi)。

南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)骨整體較(jiao)為低(di)矮(ai)，其上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨的(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)列(lie)長(chang)度(du)(du)約為92厘米。其上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)一個非(fei)常發達的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨下突和一個較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)橢圓形上(shang)(shang)頜(he)孔。鼻(bi)骨的(de)(de)(de)背面(mian)(mian)非(fei)常粗(cu)糙，充滿褶皺。這樣(yang)粗(cu)糙的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)向(xiang)頭(tou)(tou)骨的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)向(xiang)延申，并覆(fu)蓋整個鼻(bi)骨背面(mian)(mian)。淚骨在(zai)前突和下突交(jiao)匯的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)形成一個非(fei)常發達的(de)(de)(de)脊(ji)，這一點與很(hen)多異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)相似。眶后(hou)骨下突與顴骨相接(jie)(jie)處(chu)具(ju)備一向(xiang)眼(yan)眶內(nei)深(shen)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)突起。方(fang)骨約44厘米長(chang)，其內(nei)部具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)氣腔化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)結構。額骨和頂骨寬闊，對上(shang)(shang)顳(nie)窩造成了(le)一定程度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)遮擋(dang)。齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)骨在(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)骨聯合處(chu)縱向(xiang)加高。每一個齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)骨可能有(you)(you)(you)12個齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)窩。除了(le)第一顆牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)較(jiao)小(xiao)以外(wai)，下頜(he)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)都(dou)比(bi)較(jiao)接(jie)(jie)近(jin)。牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)較(jiao)薄(bo)，在(zai)前緣(yuan)和后(hou)緣(yuan)處(chu)都(dou)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)密度(du)(du)約為一毫(hao)米9-12個鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)釉(you)質褶皺。生物(wu)(wu)力(li)學研(yan)究發現，南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)合力(li)弱于霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。因此(ci)，古生物(wu)(wu)學家認(ren)為南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)大嘴(zui)更(geng)適(shi)合撕(si)開獵物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)肉，而非(fei)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)那(nei)樣(yang)直接(jie)(jie)壓碎獵物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)骨骼。南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)很(hen)有(you)(you)(you)可能以同時代的(de)(de)(de)泰坦巨(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)為食。

南方巨獸龍的(de)(de)頸部非常強(qiang)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)，具有粗壯(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)樞椎(zhui)(zhui)。其余(yu)的(de)(de)頸椎(zhui)(zhui)具有短(duan)(duan)且(qie)略扁的(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體，椎(zhui)(zhui)體內(nei)(nei)部有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)氣腔化(hua)構造(zao)。尾椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體粗壯(zhuang)(zhuang)，前端尾椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)脈(mo)弓呈刀片狀。肩帶骨(gu)骼較短(duan)(duan)，肩胛骨(gu)的(de)(de)長(chang)度少于股(gu)(gu)骨(gu)長(chang)度的(de)(de)一半。肩胛骨(gu)柄具有很強(qiang)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)肌(ji)肉附著點。腸骨(gu)的(de)(de)北緣向(xiang)(xiang)上拱起，髖臼窩后突低矮，尾骨(gu)短(duan)(duan)肌(ji)附著脊(ji)較窄。恥骨(gu)遠(yuan)端的(de)(de)突起發達，且(qie)前緣較后緣短(duan)(duan)。股(gu)(gu)骨(gu)呈S形。股(gu)(gu)骨(gu)頭非常強(qiang)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)，并(bing)(bing)指向(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)(nei)上側。小轉子呈翅膀狀，其近端位于大轉子之下(xia)。第四轉子發達并(bing)(bing)指向(xiang)(xiang)后方。

系統發育位置

目前的(de)(de)主(zhu)流觀點(dian)認為(wei)南方(fang)巨(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)于異特龍(long)(long)(long)超科的(de)(de)鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，與同屬(shu)于這一類(lei)(lei)(lei)群的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)普(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)構成姐妹單(dan)元(yuan)。這一類(lei)(lei)(lei)群中不乏巨(ju)型化的(de)(de)捕(bu)食(shi)者(zhe)，例如非洲(zhou)的(de)(de)鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)，以及(ji)同樣(yang)發現于南美的(de)(de)魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)和馬(ma)(ma)普(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)，還有(you)北美洲(zhou)的(de)(de)高(gao)棘龍(long)(long)(long)和西雅茨龍(long)(long)(long)，它們(men)的(de)(de)體型都與霸王龍(long)(long)(long)十(shi)分接近甚至(zhi)更為(wei)巨(ju)大。這些(xie)巨(ju)型的(de)(de)異特龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)統治(zhi)著早白堊世至(zhi)晚(wan)白堊世初(chu)期(qi)的(de)(de)陸地生態系統。在它們(men)滅(mie)絕以后，它們(men)在北半(ban)球的(de)(de)統治(zhi)權移交(jiao)給了暴龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，而(er)在南半(ban)球的(de)(de)位置則由大型的(de)(de)阿貝力龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)取(qu)代(dai)。

科學意義以及體型估算

南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學意義(yi)之一(yi)(yi)就在(zai)(zai)于(yu)它可能刷新了人們對于(yu)陸(lu)地食(shi)肉動(dong)(dong)物體(ti)(ti)型(xing)極限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認知早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)認為(wei)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)可能長(chang)達(da)1.8米(mi)以上。在(zai)(zai)2001年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)，科學家給出了南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)為(wei)6.6噸。2002年，科里(li)亞(ya)與(yu)柯里(li)在(zai)(zai)對南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦顱進行(xing)形態描述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候給出了南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)正(zheng)(zheng)型(xing)標(biao)(biao)本頭(tou)骨(gu)長(chang)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)，大(da)(da)約(yue)為(wei)1.6米(mi)，并(bing)依據(ju)股骨(gu)中(zhong)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周長(chang)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)得到體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)約(yue)為(wei)4.16噸。2004年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)研(yan)究(jiu)通(tong)過股骨(gu)和(he)脛腓骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)種測(ce)量(liang)數據(ju)對體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)進行(xing)估(gu)(gu)算，認為(wei)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)正(zheng)(zheng)型(xing)標(biao)(biao)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)可能為(wei)6.604噸，而更(geng)(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那具標(biao)(biao)本可能為(wei)8.47噸。如(ru)果這一(yi)(yi)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，那么(me)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)確實是(shi)歷(li)史上最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)地肉食(shi)動(dong)(dong)物。當然相比于(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)擁有非(fei)常多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)存精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)本，以及較(jiao)為(wei)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)發(fa)育序列，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)標(biao)(biao)本數量(liang)以及標(biao)(biao)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整程度(du)都(dou)不(bu)及前(qian)者，并(bing)且頭(tou)骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上多(duo)(duo)個骨(gu)塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節面(mian)沒有保(bao)存，因此(ci)使(shi)得推算頭(tou)長(chang)以及體(ti)(ti)型(xing)變得極為(wei)困難。同時(shi)(shi)，鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)可能擁有比暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)更(geng)(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)身比，因此(ci)，更(geng)(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)定代表南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)就擁有比霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)型(xing)。另外(wai)，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)正(zheng)(zheng)型(xing)標(biao)(biao)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨(gu)雖然比霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)“蘇”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨(gu)更(geng)(geng)強壯更(geng)(geng)長(chang)，但是(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脛骨(gu)卻更(geng)(geng)短。短期內，它和(he)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)相比誰(shui)大(da)(da)誰(shui)小還很難確認。但毫無疑(yi)問的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)點是(shi)，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現動(dong)(dong)搖了霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王位，并(bing)揭示了一(yi)(yi)個在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)型(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)崛起之前(qian)由巨(ju)(ju)(ju)型(xing)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)，同時(shi)(shi)對于(yu)研(yan)究(jiu)在(zai)(zai)白(bai)堊(e)紀陸(lu)地革(ge)命（Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution）期間恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)動(dong)(dong)物類(lei)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變具有重(zhong)要意義(yi)。

侏羅紀世界3中的南方巨獸龍

在(zai)(zai)電影侏羅紀世界3中(zhong)，南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)描述(shu)為地(di)球(qiu)歷史上(shang)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)陸地(di)肉食(shi)動物，比霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)為巨(ju)(ju)大(da)。在(zai)(zai)電影的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)頭，一只噩兆龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)（一種小型暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類，與(yu)(yu)西亞(ya)茨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)發現(xian)于同(tong)(tong)一地(di)區(qu)）在(zai)(zai)進食(shi)南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)嘴(zui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)物殘渣，之后南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)(yu)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)大(da)戰并殺死(si)對(dui)手(shou)(shou)。在(zai)(zai)最(zui)終(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)戰中(zhong)，被(bei)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和鐮刀(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)聯手(shou)(shou)殺死(si)。導演所設計的(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)情(qing)似乎暗示了巨(ju)(ju)型異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類與(yu)(yu)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類在(zai)(zai)漫長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)演化(hua)歷史中(zhong)綿延8000多(duo)萬年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)糾葛。然而(er)，在(zai)(zai)真實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)(yu)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不可能(neng)相遇的(de)(de)(de)，因為兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)生存年(nian)(nian)代差了3000多(duo)萬年(nian)(nian)。除了侏羅紀世界3以外(wai)，南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還出現(xian)在(zai)(zai)BBC的(de)(de)(de)紀錄(lu)片(pian)(pian)《與(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)同(tong)(tong)行特輯：尋爪記》和紀錄(lu)片(pian)(pian)《巴塔(ta)哥(ge)尼亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)》，在(zai)(zai)這兩(liang)部(bu)紀錄(lu)片(pian)(pian)中(zhong)，南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)描述(shu)為群體獵(lie)殺阿(a)(a)根(gen)廷(ting)(ting)(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)(ju)型獵(lie)手(shou)(shou)。阿(a)(a)根(gen)廷(ting)(ting)(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)陸地(di)脊椎(zhui)動物的(de)(de)(de)種子選手(shou)(shou)之一，體長(chang)可達(da)約40米，其化(hua)石同(tong)(tong)樣被(bei)發現(xian)于阿(a)(a)根(gen)廷(ting)(ting)(ting)。然而(er)南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)與(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)根(gen)廷(ting)(ting)(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不處(chu)于同(tong)(tong)一時(shi)代，反而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)近親馬普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)阿(a)(a)根(gen)廷(ting)(ting)(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)天敵。南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)也出現(xian)在(zai)(zai)英劇(ju)《遠古入侵(qin)》中(zhong)，被(bei)親切的(de)(de)(de)成為G.rex。

常見種類

物種學史

南方(fang)巨獸龍生存于1億年前中(zhong)生代(dai)中(zhong)白堊(e)世森諾(nuo)曼期(qi)巴塔哥尼亞(ya)。

恐龍(long)(long)(long)種類(lei):蜥(xi)臀目·獸(shou)腳類(lei)·堅尾龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei).肉食龍(long)(long)(long)下目.異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)超科.鯊齒龍(long)(long)(long)科.鯊齒龍(long)(long)(long)亞科.南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)族

化石發現

1993年阿根廷(ting)一(yi)個驚人發現，南方巨獸龍正模(mo)被發現了。

1993年，考古學(xue)家ruben d. carolini在1993年在阿根廷巴塔(ta)哥(ge)尼亞平(ping)原進行(xing)考古發掘的(de)(de)時候意外(wai)地發現了(le)一個重(zhong)(zhong)大的(de)(de)秘密, 原來在遠古的(de)(de)阿根廷曾經存在過一種可怕(pa)的(de)(de)怪獸。這種可怕(pa)的(de)(de)怪獸是地球上(shang)有史以來第(di)二大的(de)(de)兩足(zu)生物，最大體長13米，最大體重(zhong)(zhong)可以達到(dao)11噸(dun)，這種恐龍1995年被(bei)命名為(wei)南方巨(ju)獸龍，意思是南方巨(ju)大的(de)(de)蜥蜴。

所有化石標本

MUCPv-Ch1，長12米，體重8.5噸，40%的完整骨架，部分頭骨、一點零碎(sui)的小部分前肢(zhi)、完整脖子、絕大部分軀干、部分后肢(zhi)、大部分尾(wei)巴。

MUCPv-95，長13米，體重11噸，一個完整的(de)下頜骨。

形態及特征

南方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)腦袋就身體而(er)言較大，下巴(ba)略(lve)呈(cheng)方形。它(ta)碩大的(de)(de)嘴巴(ba)長(chang)著一口鋒(feng)(feng)利的(de)(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)，每顆牙(ya)有(you)(you)9厘(li)米長(chang)。巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)作(zuo)為鯊齒(chi)龍(long)科(ke)的(de)(de)成(cheng)員，有(you)(you)個又(you)細又(you)尖又(you)長(chang)的(de)(de)尾巴(ba)。巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)走(zou)路時用兩(liang)條(tiao)腿。南方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)長(chang)達1.8米左右，顎部(bu)長(chang)滿9-13厘(li)米長(chang)的(de)(de)鋒(feng)(feng)利牙(ya)齒(chi)。南方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)體重最重可達10.52噸，所以它(ta)們發展出強(qiang)大的(de)(de)骨(gu)骼及肌肉網絡(luo)來(lai)支撐沉重的(de)(de)身軀，同時保(bao)證它(ta)們在(zai)捕(bu)食獵(lie)物的(de)(de)時候有(you)(you)可接受(shou)的(de)(de)速度。長(chang)長(chang)的(de)(de)尾巴(ba)則在(zai)快速奔跑的(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)起了平衡的(de)(de)作(zuo)用和快速轉向的(de)(de)能力。

體重數據

LENGTH IN THEROPODS給出了13.1米，13.8噸，但是(shi)顯(xian)然這個計(ji)算(suan)完全忽(hu)略了恐龍體形的(de)(de)差別，和頭骨的(de)(de)體積(ji)，僅僅計(ji)算(suan)長(chang)度，因此可靠性非常(chang)低(di)。

第一(yi)個(ge)南方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍和霸王龍(FNMH PR 2081)的對比:

FNMH PR 2081俗名"蘇(su)"，1990年出土，也是"完整腿骨的霸(ba)王龍(long)"中(zhong)最大的(所有霸(ba)王龍(long)中(zhong)不(bu)綜合年齡，蘇(su)第(di)4/5大，綜合年齡以后并列第(di)6)

頭(tou)骨中線長度(midline):南方(fang)巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1 1530mm，蘇(su)1394mm

頭骨全長:南方巨獸(shou)龍MUCPv-Ch1 1700mm，蘇1435mm

下頜骨長度:南方巨獸龍(long)MUCPv-Ch1(推測)1800mm，蘇1395mm

大腿骨長度:南方(fang)巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1 1430mm，蘇1380mm

大腿(tui)骨(gu)周長:南方巨獸(shou)龍MUCPv-Ch1 520mm，蘇580mm

小(xiao)腿骨(gu)長(chang)度(du):南方(fang)巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1 1120mm，蘇1200mm

頭骨寬度:南方巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1，520mm，蘇860mm

大(da)小腿骨(gu)聯合長度:南方(fang)巨獸龍(long)MUCPv-Ch1 2540mm，蘇2580mm

骨盆大小:南方巨獸龍(long)MUCPv-Ch1 1180mm，蘇(su)1220mm

頭骨體積:霸(ba)王龍略大(da)。

文獻記載

2004年Mazzeta在(zai)其論文中也指(zhi)出(chu)MUCPv-Ch1的(de)(de)體積和一(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)霸王龍(long)相等，"體積"比(bi)(bi)蘇小2.5噸，但是至少和一(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)霸王龍(long)體重(zhong)相等，可(ke)以從圖片看出(chu)南方巨獸龍(long)比(bi)(bi)較瘦，和身體長度(du)接近的(de)(de)霸王龍(long)相比(bi)(bi)明顯單薄一(yi)(yi)些。

蘇的(de)體重(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)2004年Henderson保守估(gu)算為10噸，Mazzeta在(zai)估(gu)算南方巨獸龍的(de)論(lun)文里(li)面(mian)認為蘇的(de)體重(zhong)(zhong)8噸左(zuo)右，但2013年研究蘇有13噸重(zhong)(zhong)。部分資料根據保羅和Henderson 1999年對(dui)一只10.7米霸王(wang)龍ANMH5027，估(gu)測上限7.9噸的(de)，把(ba)放大，蘇11.3噸，而根據Anderson1990年對(dui)10.7米的(de)雄霸王(wang)龍的(de)估(gu)算是4.5噸，較(jiao)粗壯的(de)雌龍蘇的(de)體重(zhong)(zhong)7.4噸

那么(me)南方巨(ju)獸龍(long)是否(fou)比一般的霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)重?答案是:比霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)略輕

Seebacher在(zai)2001年的計(ji)算估計(ji)南方巨獸龍正模(mo)(mo)MUCPv-Ch1 6594kg，霸(ba)王龍正模(mo)(mo)CM 9380的體(ti)重6650kg

Coria在最初公(gong)布南(nan)巨(ju)的時候給出(chu)了6000+

南方巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1的體重的最低估測(ce)是4160kg，

南方巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍的體重(zhong)(zhong)進行過最(zui)詳細計算的Mazzeta給出了可靠(kao)上限8.48噸，最(zui)可靠(kao)體重(zhong)(zhong)6.604-6.8噸，Mazzeta也認為MUCPv-Ch1體重(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)限4160kg是計算方式(shi)不(bu)可靠(kao)，否定(ding)了南方巨(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍4160kg的說法。Mazzeta認可的下(xia)限是4860kg

Mazzeta認為(wei)比MUCPv-Ch1長8%的MUCPv-95，按三次方計(ji)算，可(ke)達8.5-11.5噸。體重(zhong)超過了(le)蘇，但仍(reng)舊沒有霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍中MOR008，LACM 23844，MOR1126，UCMP118742重(zhong)。但神秘的最大(da)南(nan)方巨獸龍超過了(le)最大(da)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍MOR1126。

南方巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1總結大小:13米，8.5噸

南方(fang)巨獸龍MUCPv-95總結大小(xiao):14米.11.5噸

其他最大獸腳類

撒(sa)哈拉(la)鯊齒龍:13.4米，7-11.4噸

玫瑰馬(ma)普龍(long)MCF-PVPH-108.185:14.4米(mi)，8-13.25噸

玫瑰(gui)馬普龍MCF-PVPH-108.145:13.4米，7.2-11噸(dun)

玫(mei)瑰馬普(pu)龍MCF-PVPH-108.202:12.2米(mi)，7-8噸

霸(ba)王龍(FNMH PR2081)12.2米，7.4-11噸(dun)

霸王龍(MOR008) 13.4米，8.5-13噸

紂(zhou)魁龍:12米，8.5噸

埃及(ji)棘龍MSNM 4047,17-18米(mi)

南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸龍是南(nan)美洲歷史上最大(da)陸地肉(rou)食動(dong)物和最大(da)的(de)食肉(rou)恐(kong)龍。也是歷史上第2大(da)的(de)食肉(rou)恐(kong)龍。

南美洲中生代最大(da)的鱷(e)(e)魚巴西哈(ha)氏(shi)(shi)肌(ji)鱷(e)(e)(最大(da)個體估計哈(ha)氏(shi)(shi)帝王(wang)鱷(e)(e)10-11米(mi)，3-4噸(dun)，種(zhong)群體形9-10米(mi)，3噸(dun)。)哈(ha)氏(shi)(shi)肌(ji)鱷(e)(e)是非洲帝王(wang)肌(ji)鱷(e)(e)的近親，唯一(yi)化石是一(yi)塊有11顆牙槽的43厘米(mi)的下(xia)頜骨殘

片(pian)，大概帝王鱷(e)對應部分是50厘米。

比霸王龍小

南方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸龍(long)出土后不久因(yin)為(wei)體型巨(ju)大被認為(wei)超過霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)，因(yin)為(wei)最大的南方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸龍(long)大于(yu)霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)蘇最小的體重(zhong)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)。然(ran)而霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)蘇的體重(zhong)根據其他版本可(ke)(ke)(ke)以估(gu)測(ce)(ce)到12.8噸，遠(yuan)超過南方(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸龍(long)。霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)還(huan)有多個更(geng)大的標本，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以證明霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)的體重(zhong)更(geng)大，甚至(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)達(da)到17.72噸