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基本介紹

魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)是一種大型異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)，體型接近霸王龍(long)(long)，其化(hua)石(shi)發(fa)現于(yu)阿根廷的(de)(de)巴塔(ta)哥尼亞地(di)區。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)屬下僅包含一種，丘(qiu)布(bu)特(te)魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)與同屬于(yu)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)鯊齒龍(long)(long)，南方巨獸龍(long)(long)和馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)有(you)很(hen)近的(de)(de)親緣關系。與這些近親相比，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)生存時間更早(zao)，年代(dai)為早(zao)白堊世的(de)(de)阿普(pu)特(te)期(qi)。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)發(fa)現對于(yu)認識(shi)巨型鯊齒龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)早(zao)期(qi)形態演化(hua)具有(you)重要意義。

命名由來

魁紂龍的(de)屬(shu)名(ming)是tyrannus和titan的(de)合成詞(ci)，意為“巨大的(de)暴君”，種名(ming)是阿根廷的(de)丘(qiu)布特省。

基本信息和形態學

魁(kui)紂龍(long)目前報道了兩件標本，正型標本MPEF-PV 1156包含了不完(wan)(wan)整的(de)齒骨(gu)(gu)，脫落(luo)的(de)牙齒；第3-8和11-14節背(bei)椎(zhui)，近端尾椎(zhui)，肋骨(gu)(gu)和脈弧；不完(wan)(wan)整的(de)左(zuo)側肩(jian)胛烏喙(hui)骨(gu)(gu)和右側肱骨(gu)(gu)以(yi)及尺骨(gu)(gu)；恥骨(gu)(gu)，坐骨(gu)(gu)，不完(wan)(wan)整的(de)左(zuo)側腸骨(gu)(gu)；幾(ji)乎(hu)完(wan)(wan)整的(de)左(zuo)側股骨(gu)(gu)，腓骨(gu)(gu)和第二跖骨(gu)(gu)。

樞(shu)椎(zhui)(zhui)之(zhi)后(hou)的頸椎(zhui)(zhui)均為后(hou)凹(ao)形。薦椎(zhui)(zhui)前(qian)的椎(zhui)(zhui)體都(dou)具備良好發育的氣(qi)腔。尾椎(zhui)(zhui)骨缺乏氣(qi)腔或者滋養孔，這一(yi)點(dian)于鯊齒龍(long)和高(gao)棘(ji)龍(long)不同。背椎(zhui)(zhui)神經棘(ji)延(yan)前(qian)后(hou)方向伸(shen)長(chang)，背腹向加深以(yi)及內外向加厚，其前(qian)后(hou)面都(dou)發育有強(qiang)大的韌(ren)帶(dai)附著(zhu)點(dian)。

烏喙骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和肩(jian)胛骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)愈合(he)。肩(jian)胛骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄較(jiao)窄，肩(jian)峰(feng)突(tu)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)高(gao)聳，與(yu)肩(jian)胛骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄略(lve)呈90度(du)(du)夾角。魁(kui)紂龍(long)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)纖細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肩(jian)帶(dai)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼與(yu)南(nan)方(fang)巨獸龍(long)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)粗壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肩(jian)帶(dai)形(xing)成(cheng)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對比(bi)，但是南(nan)方(fang)巨獸龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烏喙骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)更為(wei)(wei)退化(hua)。保(bao)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肱(gong)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和尺骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)表明魁(kui)紂龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前肢較(jiao)短但是比(bi)較(jiao)粗壯。股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)厚實，具備鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共近(jin)裔性狀組合(he)：股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)頭向近(jin)端內側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向延申，腓骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)小于(yu)股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)長(chang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)70%。魁(kui)紂龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)長(chang)度(du)(du)與(yu)南(nan)方(fang)巨獸龍(long)接近(jin)，股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內外側向寬度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)16.5厘米。

歸(gui)入標(biao)本MPEF-PV 1157包(bao)含(han)了顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，右(you)側齒骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，不關聯的牙齒，寰椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)，第9節(jie)(jie)頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)，第7，10和13節(jie)(jie)背椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)，不完整保存(cun)的1-5節(jie)(jie)合薦椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)，一(yi)些不關聯的遠端尾(wei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，肋(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，右(you)側股(gu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，不完整的第二跖骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，第一(yi)二腳趾的第二指節(jie)(jie)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和第三腳趾的第三指節(jie)(jie)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)。歸(gui)入標(biao)本的體型比正形(xing)標(biao)本更大(da)。

歸入標(biao)本的(de)齒(chi)(chi)骨長度為68厘米，吻(wen)端(duan)的(de)深度為14厘米。齒(chi)(chi)骨聯合(he)處背腹向加深且(qie)呈方形。齒(chi)(chi)骨上(shang)大(da)約有16個齒(chi)(chi)槽。牙齒(chi)(chi)的(de)遠中(zhong)脊唇側具(ju)有邊緣(yuan)釉質褶(zhe)皺，這(zhe)一特征也(ye)存在(zai)于其它鯊齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)類中(zhong)。牙齒(chi)(chi)前中(zhong)脊的(de)鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)具(ju)有二裂式的(de)前邊緣(yuan)。二裂式的(de)鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)邊緣(yuan)在(zai)巨齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)類中(zhong)也(ye)有發現(xian)。

分類位置

目前主流的系統發(fa)育分(fen)(fen)(fen)析認為魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)屬于異特(te)龍(long)(long)超科的鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)類(lei)。在鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)類(lei)內部，它與(yu)鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)，馬普龍(long)(long)和南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)形(xing)成(cheng)了一個小單系。這(zhe)一單系的成(cheng)員(yuan)都具有異常巨大的體型，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)代(dai)表了岡瓦納古陸不同部分(fen)(fen)(fen)的頂級捕(bu)食者(zhe)，且除了鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)發(fa)現于非洲以外，其(qi)余成(cheng)員(yuan)都發(fa)現于阿根廷(ting)。魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)是這(zhe)一單系中(zhong)最早出現的成(cheng)員(yuan)。

科學意義以及體型估算

根據估算，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體長(chang)可以(yi)達(da)(da)到11.4-12米(mi)，甚至13米(mi)。體重大(da)約(yue)為4.9-7噸。作為早期出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南半(ban)球(qiu)巨型(xing)(xing)(xing)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現有助于古生物學家更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究中晚白堊(e)階段恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)動(dong)物類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變。從阿(a)普特期至塞諾曼期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段，岡瓦納古陸上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)主要包(bao)括(kuo)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和棘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，而植(zhi)食性恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)則(ze)以(yi)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泰坦巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和基(ji)(ji)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)為主。在北非地(di)區還有體長(chang)達(da)(da)到12米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱷(e)魚(yu)。在土倫期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后期，大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和棘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)在南美洲化石(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現頻率減少。在南美洲，馬(ma)達(da)(da)加斯(si)加和印度等(deng)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)中取而代(dai)(dai)之的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是體型(xing)(xing)(xing)略小(xiao)一些的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿(a)貝力龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。巧(qiao)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，伴隨著這兩(liang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消失，其它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些動(dong)物也(ye)逐漸消失，包(bao)括(kuo)大(da)頭鱷(e)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)（典型(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)表包(bao)括(kuo)帝(di)鱷(e)），大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)干(gan)禽(qin)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)以(yi)及梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。

這種在(zai)南(nan)方(fang)大(da)(da)陸上(shang)出現的(de)(de)動物(wu)類(lei)(lei)群(qun)替換現象(xiang)在(zai)北半(ban)球(qiu)(qiu)也平(ping)行出現。如(ru)以高(gao)棘龍(long)西亞茨龍(long)為代(dai)表的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)異特龍(long)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)失(shi)，取而代(dai)之的(de)(de)是大(da)(da)型(xing)暴龍(long)類(lei)(lei)。植食(shi)性動物(wu)方(fang)面(mian)，隨(sui)著泰(tai)坦巨龍(long)類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)基干禽(qin)龍(long)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)失(shi)，角龍(long)類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)鴨嘴龍(long)逐(zhu)漸繁盛。這種在(zai)南(nan)半(ban)球(qiu)(qiu)和(he)(he)北半(ban)球(qiu)(qiu)平(ping)行發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)動物(wu)類(lei)(lei)群(qun)替代(dai)現象(xiang)說(shuo)明在(zai)這一時期發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)全球(qiu)(qiu)性的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性變革(ge)事件。對于(yu)這一事件的(de)(de)詳細(xi)研究將會使古(gu)生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)家更加深入(ru)的(de)(de)了(le)解白堊紀(ji)末(mo)大(da)(da)滅(mie)絕前的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)變化。

生長與分布

丘布特魁紂龍是由奧尼拉斯·諾瓦(Fernando E.Novas)、Sil發現與種vina de Valais、帕(pa)特(te)·里奇(qi)(Pat Vickers-Rich)、以及(ji)托馬斯·里奇(qi)(Tom Rich)等人在2005年所(suo)敘述。魁紂龍的(de)(de)正模標(biao)本和副模標(biao)本被(bei)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)阿根廷丘布(bu)特(te)省帕(pa)索印第歐東北方28公(gong)里的(de)(de)La Juanita牧場(chang)。該地(di)方被(bei)認為屬于(yu)(yu)Cerro Barcino地(di)層，地(di)質年代為阿爾必階，約1.08億年前的(de)(de)白堊紀(ji)早期(qi)到中期(qi)。已有兩個完(wan)整度(du)一般的(de)(de)骨骼化石標(biao)本被(bei)發現(xian)(xian)。

形態及特征

魁紂龍Tyrannotitan

魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)名字(zi)含(han)義是"暴君(jun)巨人"，最大(da)(da)體長可達12.5米，最大(da)(da)體重(zhong)9.3噸。骨(gu)骼的(de)結(jie)構表明魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)親(qin)緣(yuan)關(guan)系屬于(yu)(yu)在南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)之間的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬于(yu)(yu)鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)，親(qin)緣(yuan)關(guan)系更接近南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，并且與南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)共同組成南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)族，而離(li)鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)相對較遠。體重(zhong)指數(shu)(shu)和(he)身(shen)體粗壯度(du)超過了(le)除(chu)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)外的(de)所有(you)獸(shou)腳亞(ya)目(mu)和(he)食(shi)肉(rou)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，但頭部比例比南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)小一些，體重(zhong)指數(shu)(shu)和(he)身(shen)體粗壯程度(du)在食(shi)肉(rou)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里僅次于(yu)(yu)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。它有(you)著細(xi)小的(de)前(qian)肢和(he)爪子，就像(xiang)白堊紀的(de)其他巨型掠(lve)食(shi)者--其他鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)，暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)和(he)阿貝力龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)那樣。已發現了(le)兩個(ge)完整(zheng)度(du)較高的(de)骨(gu)骼化石(shi)。

體腔極寬

此外，在所有(you)獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)和(he)食(shi)(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里，除了(le)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)以外，魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)里，按(an)(an)比(bi)例身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)最粗壯(zhuang)厚重(zhong)和(he)寬大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(特別是(shi)在同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下)，魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)和(he)粗壯(zhuang)程度(du)僅(jin)僅(jin)次于霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。一(yi)般(ban)個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)大(da)(da)概相(xiang)當于同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)85%甚(shen)(shen)至90%，股骨粗壯(zhuang)、肩胛骨巨大(da)(da)、肋(lei)骨很粗厚、骨盆大(da)(da)、脊椎骨很寬，都使得魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)和(he)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗壯(zhuang)度(du)，將其他食(shi)(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(除霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long))遠(yuan)遠(yuan)甩在了(le)身(shen)后(hou)，同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)腔寬度(du)和(he)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)厚實度(du)穩(wen)穩(wen)地(di)超過了(le)其他獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)。魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超科(ke)鯊齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)最壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)是(shi)整個獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)、堅尾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類、食(shi)(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里第二壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)著霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)85-90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)，雖然粗壯(zhuang)程度(du)和(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)還(huan)是(shi)遜色(se)于霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)一(yi)些(xie)，但是(shi)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)最大(da)(da)個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗壯(zhuang)度(du)按(an)(an)比(bi)例甚(shen)(shen)至超過了(le)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)較(jiao)瘦的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)如MOR555。

生活習性

和絕大多數鯊齒龍科一(yi)樣，魁(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍也被(bei)(bei)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)到巨型(xing)(xing)蜥(xi)(xi)腳亞目恐龍為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們(men)極快的(de)(de)(de)撕(si)咬(yao)(yao)速(su)度、異常鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)牙齒、大的(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)(yao)合力(li)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)張合度很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)嘴巴，很(hen)適合快速(su)和高頻率地撕(si)咬(yao)(yao)動作緩慢的(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)蜥(xi)(xi)腳類恐龍，從獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)身上咬(yao)(yao)下皮肉，并且給獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)迅速(su)地放血，以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)最(zui)終(zhong)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傷(shang)勢過重倒下。而(er)和它(ta)們(men)生(sheng)活(huo)在同一(yi)地區(qu)和時代的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)蜥(xi)(xi)腳類恐龍丘(qiu)布特龍，也被(bei)(bei)研究認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)主要食(shi)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)一(yi)。除此之(zhi)外，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)近親(qin)高棘龍和馬普(pu)龍都有直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)化石證據，顯(xian)示(shi)它(ta)們(men)會采用群居(ju)團結的(de)(de)(de)方式，一(yi)起生(sheng)活(huo)和捕食(shi)，如(ru)同現今(jin)非洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)獅子一(yi)樣，因此，魁(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍也被(bei)(bei)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)很(hen)可能具有群居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)習性，但(dan)缺少直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)化石證據來徹底證實這一(yi)點。和其他近親(qin)一(yi)樣，魁(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍也被(bei)(bei)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)到巨型(xing)(xing)蜥(xi)(xi)腳亞目恐龍為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主要食(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)。

前肢研究

魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)自身(shen)相比，只(zhi)能算(suan)是中(zhong)等大(da)(da)(da)小，前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小和(he)(he)與自身(shen)比例(li)(li)總體和(he)(he)近親高(gao)棘龍(long)(long)大(da)(da)(da)致相當，但從(cong)比例(li)(li)和(he)(he)絕對(dui)值上來看(kan)，它的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小和(he)(he)力量(liang)明顯超過(guo)了南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)和(he)(he)馬普龍(long)(long)，如果從(cong)絕對(dui)值上看(kan)，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)擁有(you)著鯊齒龍(long)(long)科(ke)最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)爪(zhua)(zhua)子。此(ci)(ci)外，科(ke)學家(jia)們(men)認為，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)主要獵(lie)食和(he)(he)搏(bo)斗，具有(you)著大(da)(da)(da)咬(yao)合力的(de)(de)(de)嘴巴是它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)主力武器，它們(men)很少會用到前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)爪(zhua)(zhua)子來攻擊(ji)敵(di)人(ren)，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)它們(men)長度較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部使(shi)得它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)置較(jiao)為靠后(hou)，在獵(lie)殺和(he)(he)戰斗時，嘴巴比前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爪(zhua)(zhua)子更容(rong)易先攻擊(ji)到目標。

前肢活動

如(ru)同(tong)絕大部分其他(ta)的(de)(de)獸腳類(lei)恐龍，魁(kui)紂龍的(de)(de)手掌心無法(fa)接觸地(di)面(mian)，因此前肢(zhi)沒有(you)支(zhi)撐身(shen)體四足行走的(de)(de)功能(neng)，前肢(zhi)的(de)(de)主要(yao)用途(tu)被認為是(shi)在獵食(shi)時(shi)用到。MPEF-PV 1156標本的(de)(de)保(bao)存(cun)下來的(de)(de)絕大部分前肢(zhi)骨骼，有(you)助(zhu)于(yu)研(yan)究魁(kui)紂龍前肢(zhi)的(de)(de)功能(neng)與活動范圍(wei)。一個研(yan)究檢驗了(le)骨頭(tou)(tou)與其相連(lian)骨頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)，以計算關節(jie)能(neng)有(you)多少(shao)活動范圍(wei)，而(er)不會關節(jie)脫(tuo)位(wei)。如(ru)同(tong)許多現存(cun)初(chu)龍類(lei)，許多手部關節(jie)的(de)(de)骨頭(tou)(tou)并沒有(you)完全相吻合，顯示這(zhe)(zhe)些關節(jie)有(you)一定的(de)(de)軟骨。這(zhe)(zhe)個研(yan)究并指出當魁(kui)紂龍休息時(shi)，前肢(zhi)會從肩膀下垂，肱骨微向后(hou)擺，手肘彎曲，指爪朝內。

與(yu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)相比，魁紂龍的(de)(de)肩膀的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動范圍很小。它們的(de)(de)手(shou)臂(bei)(bei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)做出(chu)360°的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)幅度，但可(ke)后擺(bai)至(zhi)離(li)垂(chui)直(zhi)面(mian)約(yue)109°，所以(yi)(yi)肱骨(gu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)后擺(bai)至(zhi)斜微上方。手(shou)臂(bei)(bei)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)前轉(zhuan)至(zhi)超過垂(chui)直(zhi)面(mian)約(yue)25°。手(shou)臂(bei)(bei)往無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)垂(chui)直(zhi)地(di)(di)往下擺(bai)，但可(ke)外展至(zhi)超于水平面(mian)約(yue)9°。與(yu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)相比，手(shou)肘(zhou)的(de)(de)活動范圍也很小，大約(yue)只有57°的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動幅度。手(shou)臂(bei)(bei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)完全地(di)(di)180度伸直(zhi)，也無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)大幅彎(wan)曲(qu)，而肱骨(gu)不能做出(chu)90°彎(wan)曲(qu)。橈骨(gu)與(yu)尺骨(gu)互相固定，所以(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)如人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)前臂(bei)(bei)，做出(chu)往內(nei)側(ce)或外側(ce)旋轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)動作(zuo)。

每個(ge)腕骨之(zhi)間沒有(you)準確地相接合，顯示手(shou)(shou)腕有(you)大量的(de)軟骨，可(ke)使手(shou)(shou)腕堅韌。當手(shou)(shou)指(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)外扳(ban)時，能(neng)幾乎碰觸到手(shou)(shou)腕。手(shou)(shou)指(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)內(nei)彎(wan)曲時，第(di)一指(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)與第(di)二指(zhi)(zhi)平行，第(di)三指(zhi)(zhi)只能(neng)內(nei)彎(wan)。第(di)一指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)爪(zhua)最大，而且(qie)總是往內(nei)彎(wan)曲。第(di)二指(zhi)(zhi)爪(zhua)也總是彎(wan)曲的(de)，而最小的(de)第(di)三指(zhi)(zhi)爪(zhua)則(ze)可(ke)往內(nei)側、外側擺(bai)動。

除了計(ji)算(suan)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)節的(de)活(huo)動范圍(wei)以外，這個研究還提出了魁紂龍(long)(long)的(de)獵(lie)食習性假設(she)。它們的(de)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)的(de)前(qian)(qian)擺幅(fu)度不大(da)，遠(yuan)距離時(shi)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)勾抓到獵(lie)物(wu)的(de)背部(bu)(bu)。因此前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)在與獵(lie)物(wu)較遠(yuan)距離時(shi)派上(shang)用(yong)(yong)場，魁紂龍(long)(long)應(ying)當(dang)會主要使用(yong)(yong)嘴部(bu)(bu)來獵(lie)食。此外，前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)先一(yi)步于嘴部(bu)(bu)先碰觸到獵(lie)物(wu)，只有當(dang)嘴部(bu)(bu)咬(yao)住(zhu)獵(lie)物(wu)時(shi)，強壯(zhuang)的(de)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)才能(neng)將獵(lie)物(wu)拉近、緊(jin)緊(jin)抓住(zhu)，防(fang)止獵(lie)物(wu)逃脫(tuo)。當(dang)獵(lie)物(wu)企圖逃脫(tuo)時(shi)，魁紂龍(long)(long)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)彎曲的(de)第一(yi)、第二(er)指爪(zhua)刺(ci)住(zhu)獵(lie)物(wu)的(de)身(shen)體(ti)。手指的(de)大(da)幅(fu)外扳(ban)幅(fu)度是種(zhong)演化適應(ying)，可(ke)讓(rang)魁紂龍(long)(long)不需要冒著手指關(guan)節脫(tuo)臼的(de)風險就能(neng)抓住(zhu)掙扎的(de)獵(lie)物(wu)。一(yi)旦獵(lie)物(wu)被緊(jin)抓到身(shen)體(ti)旁(pang)，魁紂龍(long)(long)便可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)嘴巴對其造成致命的(de)撕咬(yao)傷。

價值及其他

物種學史

2014年5月(yue)，在(zai)阿根廷丘布(bu)特(te)省(sheng)，發(fa)現(xian)了保(bao)存很完整(zheng)的(de)巨型蜥腳類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，包括兩具比較完整(zheng)的(de)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)一(yi)些(xie)零散的(de)四肢(zhi)骨骼和(he)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，這(zhe)(zhe)種恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)命名為(wei)馬約氏·巴塔哥巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)Patagotitan mayorum，隨即，幾乎(hu)在(zai)同一(yi)時(shi)(shi)間，該地區又發(fa)現(xian)了200多(duo)塊(kuai)其他古(gu)生(sheng)物的(de)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。據當地博物館古(gu)生(sheng)物學家何塞(sai)·路易斯·卡(ka)爾(er)(er)巴利多(duo)表(biao)示，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應屬(shu)于(yu)至少(shao)7只恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)中包括了55顆(ke)鯊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科的(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、1顆(ke)阿貝(bei)力(li)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)1顆(ke)馳龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科的(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。雖然這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)發(fa)現(xian)于(yu)同一(yi)組(zu)，但該組(zu)跨度較長，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)屬(shu)于(yu)同一(yi)段，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)所屬(shu)地層的(de)年代被(bei)發(fa)現(xian)為(wei)白堊紀中期(qi)的(de)森諾曼階(jie)(jie)，魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)地層被(bei)發(fa)現(xian)屬(shu)于(yu)阿爾(er)(er)布(bu)階(jie)(jie)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)。因為(wei)時(shi)(shi)間和(he)魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)并不(bu)一(yi)致，所以這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)并不(bu)一(yi)定是魁(kui)(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)，而是來自(zi)于(yu)一(yi)個新物種。

名字含義

魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)(zi)含(han)義(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，"巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴君(jun)(jun)蜥蜴(yi)"，也可(ke)以(yi)譯(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)"暴君(jun)(jun)泰坦"或"暴君(jun)(jun)巨人(ren)"，意指其駭(hai)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體型(xing)以(yi)及粗壯厚實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐怖外表(biao)。而(er)在(zai)它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)所(suo)生存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代里，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)無(wu)(wu)(wu)疑是(shi)頂(ding)級掠(lve)食者(zhe)和當(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)愧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)主，在(zai)它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)所(suo)統治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)國里無(wu)(wu)(wu)疑是(shi)令所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食草(cao)恐龍(long)(long)都聞風(feng)喪膽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殘暴君(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)。除(chu)此之(zhi)(zhi)外，在(zai)它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)生活(huo)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿根廷，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)是(shi)它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領域里無(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)爭議、至高無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)，令所(suo)有食草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)全都因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現和存在(zai)而(er)感到(dao)恐懼，在(zai)屬于它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代，根據它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)強有力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頜骨以(yi)及它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)至高無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生態位置，科(ke)學家們(men)(men)(men)幾乎一致認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)捕食過程和方式(shi)也一定相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)地兇殘和血腥，如果是(shi)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)是(shi)白堊紀末期(qi)北美(mei)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴君(jun)(jun)，那么將魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)形容為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)白堊紀早期(qi)到(dao)中期(qi)南美(mei)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴君(jun)(jun)，絲毫不為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)過。在(zai)科(ke)學界(jie)被一致認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)很有意思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)和著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)(zi)含(han)義(yi)極其相(xiang)似，霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)(zi)含(han)義(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)"暴君(jun)(jun)蜥蜴(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)王(wang)(wang)"，而(er)魁紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)(zi)含(han)義(yi)是(shi)"暴君(jun)(jun)泰坦"。

化石標本

魁紂(zhou)龍的正模標本(編(bian)號MPEF-PV 1156)包含:部分齒(chi)骨(gu)、牙齒(chi)、第3到8個與第11到14個背椎、脈(mo)弧、一個肩胛(jia)喙軟骨(gu)、肱骨(gu)、尺骨(gu)、部分腸骨(gu)、一個接近完整的股骨(gu)、腓骨(gu)、以及左跖骨(gu)。長度(du)為(wei)12米，體重8噸。

副模標本(編號MPEF-PV 1157)包(bao)含(han):顴骨(gu)、一個(ge)右(you)齒(chi)骨(gu)、牙齒(chi)、寰椎(包(bao)含(han)髓突)、第9個(ge)頸椎、背(bei)椎(第7、第10、第13個(ge))、固定的薦椎(總共5個(ge))、肋骨(gu)、右(you)股骨(gu)、一個(ge)破(po)碎的左(zuo)跖骨(gu)、以(yi)及三(san)個(ge)趾(zhi)骨(gu)(2-1、2-2、3-3)。體(ti)(ti)長12.5米，體(ti)(ti)重9.3噸。

魁紂龍的標準特征為:小齒(chi)從中脊(ji)裂(lie)成(cheng)兩(liang)個部(bu)分、沿(yan)著齒(chi)骨后部(bu)表面有(you)個次(ci)要(yao)溝槽、背部(bu)神(shen)經棘(ji)有(you)韌帶嵌入的痕跡。

主(zhu)要特(te)征:肩胛骨(gu)巨大(da)，體(ti)腔很寬，身體(ti)非常粗(cu)壯(zhuang)和厚實(shi)，骨(gu)骼構(gou)造異常寬和大(da)，體(ti)形粗(cu)壯(zhuang)。

古生物學

魁紂龍(long)(long)的(de)小齒(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)中央有可辨認的(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)溝，將每個小齒(chi)(chi)(chi)分成(cheng)兩部分。不像已知(zhi)的(de)其他(ta)鯊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)科恐(kong)龍(long)(long)，魁紂龍(long)(long)的(de)薦椎與(yu)尾椎缺乏空腔(qiang)。而魁紂龍(long)(long)的(de)肩胛喙軟骨已被固定住，并(bing)發(fa)展得比卡洛琳南方巨獸龍(long)(long)的(de)還好。

但大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)的肩胛骨干部(bu)(bu)的化石已經缺失。肩峰(Acromion)與軸干之間大約有90度(du)的彎曲，使這個部(bu)(bu)位看起來(lai)稍微類似暴龍(long)科恐龍(long)。在咬(yao)合(he)力(li)和撕咬(yao)速(su)度(du)上，由(you)于魁紂(zhou)龍(long)的頭(tou)骨相對較小而(er)且身體(ti)結構較原始，所以不如南方巨獸龍(long)和馬(ma)普龍(long)。此外，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)整(zheng)體(ti)身體(ti)都呈粗壯、厚實、寬大的形態，特別是肩胛骨和胸腔以及后肢。

科學分類

在2005年(nian)發(fa)現后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)中，科里亞的(de)(de)親緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)支(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)法研究(jiu)表明了(le)魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科，而(er)(er)它們(men)的(de)(de)同科近親南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)股骨上的(de)(de)結構(gou)物顯示它們(men)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)血緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)很接近，而(er)(er)離鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)較遠一(yi)些。科里亞與(yu)柯爾根據這層(ceng)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，提出一(yi)個新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)單系(xi)群分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)，南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科。該亞科的(de)(de)定義為:在鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科之(zhi)中，親緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)較接近南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，而(er)(er)離鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)較遠的(de)(de)所(suo)有物種。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)暫時被分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科，需要更詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)敘(xu)述才能做(zuo)更正(zheng)確的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)。經過(guo)2013年(nian)的(de)(de)重新(xin)(xin)研究(jiu)，特別是對魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)骨骼的(de)(de)詳(xiang)細(xi)研究(jiu)，發(fa)現魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)以及(ji)馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)更為接近，而(er)(er)離鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)較遠一(yi)點，隨后(hou)(hou)，科學界廢除了(le)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科，建立了(le)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)族，包括了(le)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布在阿(a)根廷的(de)(de)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)型(xing)鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，將南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)入(ru)該族,并(bing)且將南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科歸入(ru)鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科(Carcharodontosaurinae)之(zhi)中，代表著(zhu)鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)親緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)接近，并(bing)構(gou)成了(le)一(yi)個血緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)很接近的(de)(de)演(yan)化支(zhi)。根據魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)所(suo)表現出來的(de)(de)特征(zheng)，古生物學家(jia)認為其屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科-鯊(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科-南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)族，其與(yu)馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有著(zhu)很近的(de)(de)親緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。