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基本介紹

馬普龍(long)是一種大型的(de)獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)，屬于異特龍(long)超(chao)科(ke)中的(de)鯊齒龍(long)類(lei)(lei)。馬普龍(long)屬下目(mu)前只有(you)一種，玫瑰馬普龍(long)，生存(cun)時代為晚(wan)白堊世的(de)晚(wan)塞(sai)諾曼期(qi)至早土倫期(qi)。馬普龍(long)的(de)化(hua)石于1997至2001年(nian)在加拿大-阿根廷(ting)聯合(he)科(ke)考項目(mu)中被發現于阿根廷(ting)地區的(de)烏因庫爾組。

命名由來

屬名mapu取(qu)自(zi)馬普切語(yu)中的(de)單詞意為“大地(di)的(de)”，即“大地(di)的(de)蜥(xi)蜴(yi)”。種名取(qu)自(zi)化石發(fa)現地(di)的(de)玫瑰色巖層，同時也是紀念聯合科考(kao)的(de)贊助商Rose Letwin。

基本信息和形態學

馬普龍的化石(shi)發現于一個包含有多個個體的骨床(chuang)。

正型標本MCF-PVPH-108.1：包含一件右側鼻骨(gu)。

馬普龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)厚實且具有氣腔化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)，表面具有粗(cu)糙(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋飾。左(zuo)右側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)未愈(yu)合(he)。鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)端較后(hou)(hou)端更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)窄。眶(kuang)前(qian)(qian)窩較南方巨獸龍(long)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)為寬大。上(shang)(shang)頜孔非常(chang)小，與(yu)(yu)眶(kuang)前(qian)(qian)窗之(zhi)間存在(zai)非常(chang)粗(cu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質間隔。淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)(tu)與(yu)(yu)下突(tu)(tu)交(jiao)界處背側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質突(tu)(tu)起較南方巨獸龍(long)要更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)加(jia)低矮(ai)。前(qian)(qian)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在(zai)內(nei)外側(ce)(ce)向加(jia)寬。齒(chi)(chi)間板(ban)較短(duan)且低矮(ai)。齒(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)內(nei)側(ce)(ce)麥氏溝(gou)位于(yu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)靠近背緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)。齒(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)腹側(ce)(ce)緣(yuan)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)加(jia)平滑，向后(hou)(hou)延申的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)多。顴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)方顴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)突(tu)(tu)分(fen)成(cheng)兩(liang)個(ge)分(fen)支。前(qian)(qian)部下頜舌骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)孔很小，位于(yu)齒(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)側(ce)(ce)，與(yu)(yu)夾(jia)板(ban)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)貼近。第三和第二掌骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)愈(yu)合(he)。肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠端較寬，兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)髁(ke)分(fen)隔不明顯。尾骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)短(duan)肌附(fu)著窩非常(chang)深，其上(shang)(shang)界達到了腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)坐骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背緣(yuan)。頸椎上(shang)(shang)骺呈柱狀，略微彎(wan)曲(qu)，向遠端延申的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)逐漸變細(xi)(xi)。樞椎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)右后(hou)(hou)關節(jie)突(tu)(tu)指(zhi)向內(nei)側(ce)(ce)。頸椎神(shen)經棘高聳，前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)向加(jia)寬，背側(ce)(ce)緣(yuan)較為鋒(feng)利。坐骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄呈現出明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲(qu)。腓(fei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)纖細(xi)(xi)。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.5：左側的(de)淚骨(gu)和前額骨(gu)。

歸入(ru)標本(ben)MCF-PVPH-108.45：右側肱骨。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.83：樞椎。

歸(gui)入標本MCF-PVPH-108.90：頸椎神(shen)經棘。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.115：右側上頜骨。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.125：左側(ce)齒骨。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.128：左側腸骨。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本MCF-PVPH-108.165：右(you)側腸(chang)骨。

歸入標本(ben)MCF-PVPH-108.167：顴骨。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.177：右側眶后骨。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.179：右側夾板骨。

歸入標本MCF-PVPH-108.202：右側(ce)腓骨。

體型估計

馬(ma)(ma)(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)無疑(yi)是非(fei)常巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)，其體型(xing)與(yu)它的(de)(de)(de)近親南(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)相仿。在(zai)(zai)對(dui)正(zheng)型(xing)標本描述的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)人員發現馬(ma)(ma)(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)較大的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)骼標本接近南(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)對(dui)應(ying)部位的(de)(de)(de)標本大小，于是粗略的(de)(de)(de)估計了(le)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)體長大約(yue)在(zai)(zai)12米左右。古生物學家托(tuo)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)斯(si).霍(huo)茲在(zai)(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中估計馬(ma)(ma)(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)體型(xing)大約(yue)在(zai)(zai)12.6米。而(er)另外(wai)一項(xiang)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)則認為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)體型(xing)略小于南(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍(long)，體長約(yue)11.5米，重5噸。

生存環境及群體狩獵行為

發(fa)現馬普龍(long)(long)(long)化石的(de)烏因(yin)庫爾組整(zheng)體環境偏干燥，但是會有季節性的(de)溪流出現。與馬普龍(long)(long)(long)生存在同一地(di)區的(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)還包括屬于(yu)泰坦巨龍(long)(long)(long)類的(de)阿根廷龍(long)(long)(long)和喬(qiao)岡龍(long)(long)(long)，馳龍(long)(long)(long)類的(de)鷲龍(long)(long)(long)，以及屬于(yu)阿貝力龍(long)(long)(long)類的(de)蝎(xie)獵(lie)龍(long)(long)(long)和肌肉龍(long)(long)(long)。

馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)多件標本(ben)在(zai)(zai)一個(ge)骨床(chuang)里(li)被發現，里(li)面至少包括了7件處于不同(tong)(tong)(tong)個(ge)體發育階段(duan)的(de)標本(ben)。這種不同(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)齡(ling)段(duan)的(de)個(ge)體在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一地區被一同(tong)(tong)(tong)發現的(de)情況也見于其它大型(xing)獸腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，這其中包括馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)遠親異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，以及更晚出現的(de)大型(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和艾(ai)伯(bo)塔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。古生物(wu)學家認為多個(ge)處于不同(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)齡(ling)段(duan)的(de)個(ge)體在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一地區被發現顯示(shi)馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可能存在(zai)(zai)群體狩獵(lie)(lie)(lie)的(de)行為。群體狩獵(lie)(lie)(lie)可以增加狩獵(lie)(lie)(lie)的(de)成功率，尤其是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)對付(fu)諸(zhu)如阿(a)根廷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)這樣的(de)大型(xing)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)物(wu)的(de)時候(hou)。成年(nian)阿(a)根廷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)體長約40米，猶如一座移動的(de)肉山，即使是(shi)(shi)成年(nian)的(de)馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)單獨狩獵(lie)(lie)(lie)這種巨型(xing)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)物(wu)也是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分危(wei)險的(de)。

系統發育位置

目前對于(yu)(yu)馬(ma)普龍(long)的系統(tong)位置的主流觀點(dian)是屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)異(yi)特龍(long)超(chao)科的鯊齒龍(long)類，與南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍(long)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)姐妹群(qun)的關系。

影視作品

馬(ma)普(pu)龍(long)(long)登場(chang)于2011年的紀(ji)錄片《恐龍(long)(long)星球》。片中將馬(ma)普(pu)龍(long)(long)描述為體型巨大的群居掠食者，并合作捕食阿根廷龍(long)(long)。影片中還(huan)提到一(yi)種(zhong)觀點，認為諸如馬(ma)普(pu)龍(long)(long)這(zhe)樣(yang)的大型異特龍(long)(long)類并不(bu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)完全(quan)殺(sha)死獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)，只需(xu)(xu)(xu)從獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)身上撕(si)下足充饑的肉塊就可以(yi)了。至(zhi)于真實(shi)情況下馬(ma)普(pu)龍(long)(long)是否會群體狩獵(lie)，這(zhe)還(huan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)更(geng)多的證據支(zhi)持。

常見種類

2006年，科(ke)里(li)(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)柯爾的(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)支分(fen)類法研究顯(xian)示馬普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)于(yu)鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)，而馬普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)股骨上的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)物(wu)顯(xian)示它們(men)與(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)近(jin)，而離鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遠(yuan)。科(ke)里(li)(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)柯爾根據這(zhe)層關(guan)(guan)系，提出(chu)一(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)系群分(fen)類，南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)。該亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義為(wei):在(zai)鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)之中，親(qin)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)系較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)接(jie)近(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)馬普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，而離鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)物(wu)種。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)暫時(shi)被(bei)分(fen)類于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)，需要更(geng)(geng)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)敘述才(cai)能做更(geng)(geng)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類。經過2013年的(de)(de)(de)(de)重新研究，特別(bie)是(shi)對(dui)魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)骨骼的(de)(de)(de)(de)詳細(xi)研究，發現魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)以及(ji)馬普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系更(geng)(geng)為(wei)接(jie)近(jin)，而離鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遠(yuan)一(yi)點(dian)，隨后(hou)，科(ke)學界廢除了(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)，建立了(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)族，包括了(le)阿根廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)(ju)型鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，并將(jiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、馬普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)分(fen)入該族，并且(qie)將(jiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)歸入鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)之中，代表著鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、馬普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十分(fen)接(jie)近(jin)，并構(gou)成了(le)一(yi)個血緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)系很(hen)接(jie)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)演化支。

形態及特征

古生物學家羅多爾夫·科里(li)亞(ya)否定(ding)他之前所提出的(de)假說，他在一個會(hui)議上(shang)提出這個化石集合(he)處(chu)，直接顯示了馬(ma)(ma)普(pu)龍會(hui)以(yi)群體團(tuan)結合(he)作(zuo)的(de)方(fang)式獵(lie)食(shi)，共同圍(wei)捕(bu)大(da)型(xing)獵(lie)物，例如巨大(da)的(de)蜥腳類(lei)恐龍。這骨床是除了異特龍以(yi)外的(de)大(da)型(xing)獸(shou)腳類(lei)恐龍群體獵(lie)食(shi)的(de)第一個大(da)量證據。但(dan)有少(shao)數科學家表(biao)示，他們仍(reng)不(bu)肯定(ding)馬(ma)(ma)普(pu)龍是以(yi)有組織的(de)群體合(he)作(zuo)方(fang)式獵(lie)食(shi)，還是以(yi)隨機聚集的(de)方(fang)式獵(lie)食(shi)。但(dan)絕大(da)多數的(de)研究人(ren)員都同意前者，并認為馬(ma)(ma)普(pu)龍很(hen)可能時(shi)常過(guo)著群居生活，一起合(he)作(zuo)捕(bu)食(shi)。

馬普(pu)龍的屬名為Mapusaurus，其中(zhong)"Mapu"來自于馬普(pu)切人的字詞(ci)，意(yi)為"陸(lu)地的"或"大地的"，而(er)"sauros"在希臘文中(zhong)意(yi)為"蜥(xi)蜴"。模式種為玫瑰馬普(pu)龍(Mapusaurus roseae)，是以化石所發(fa)現的玫瑰色巖石為名。

科里(li)亞與(yu)柯(ke)爾在2006年將馬普龍(long)鑒定為一(yi)種(zhong)獸(shou)腳亞目鯊齒(chi)龍(long)科恐龍(long)，與(yu)南方巨獸(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)差異(yi)為頭顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)厚、多(duo)皺紋(wen)、未固定的(de)(de)鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎(e)(e)(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)接合(he)處前段較(jiao)(jiao)狹(xia)窄;眶前窩在上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎(e)(e)(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)延伸;較(jiao)(jiao)小的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎(e)(e)(e)孔(kong);眶前孔(kong)與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎(e)(e)(e)孔(kong)之(zhi)間有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)寬的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)棒;位置較(jiao)(jiao)低、較(jiao)(jiao)平坦的(de)(de)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)角;額前骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)橫切面(mian)與(yu)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)寬度相比較(jiao)(jiao)寬;眼瞼骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腹側(ce)面(mian)往后緣(yuan)彎曲;較(jiao)(jiao)淺的(de)(de)齒(chi)間骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)板;美克耳氏館的(de)(de)位置較(jiao)(jiao)高;齒(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后腹側(ce)緣(yuan)更往后傾斜。

玫瑰馬普(pu)龍的獨特處在(zai)于:顴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的上(shang)方(fang)顴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)突(tu)分(fen)裂成(cheng)兩叉、下顎舌骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的前孔小(xiao)，位于齒骨(gu)(gu)(gu)與夾骨(gu)(gu)(gu)連接處上(shang)方(fang)、第二與第三(san)掌骨(gu)(gu)(gu)固定、肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)有較寬的末端，跟髁狀突(tu)之間有小(xiao)分(fen)隔、腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的短肌窩往坐骨(gu)(gu)(gu)腳延伸。

主要(yao)辨認要(yao)訣:腦袋很(hen)長很(hen)大(da)，前肢(zhi)很(hen)短小，軀干瘦，眶前孔很(hen)大(da)，牙齒(chi)非常鋒利。

價值及其他

年代糾正

馬普龍(long)(long)(long)的化石(shi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)于(yu)阿(a)根廷的烏因(yin)庫爾組(Huincul Formation)。烏因(yin)庫爾組(Huincul Formation)地層的年代大致為白堊紀(ji)中期(qi)的森諾曼階(jie)到(dao)白堊紀(ji)晚期(qi)的科尼亞克階(jie)，距(ju)今約9700萬年到(dao)8600萬年前(qian)。蜥腳下(xia)目的阿(a)根廷龍(long)(long)(long)，也是在烏因(yin)庫爾組里被發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，此外(wai)該組發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的還有阿(a)貝(bei)力龍(long)(long)(long)科的食肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)肌肉(rou)龍(long)(long)(long)和蝎獵龍(long)(long)(long)。

馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)化(hua)石所處的(de)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)，以前(qian)被認為來自于9700萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)前(qian)至9400萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)前(qian)之間森(sen)諾曼階的(de)地層(ceng)。這也意(yi)味著(zhu)，和它們的(de)近親(qin)南方巨獸龍(long)(long)以及(ji)龐大的(de)阿(a)根廷龍(long)(long)生活在同一時(shi)期(qi)。但在2013年(nian)(nian)，其他科(ke)學(xue)家重新鑒定馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)化(hua)石發(fa)現地層(ceng)的(de)地質(zhi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)，發(fa)現馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)化(hua)石的(de)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)其實應為晚白(bai)堊紀(ji)時(shi)的(de)科(ke)尼亞克階，約8700萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)前(qian)的(de)白(bai)堊紀(ji)晚期(qi)。馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)的(de)生存時(shi)代(dai)(dai)相(xiang)當晚期(qi)，是生存時(shi)期(qi)最晚的(de)已命名的(de)鯊齒龍(long)(long)科(ke)恐龍(long)(long)。