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基本介紹

懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)是(shi)非常著名的(de)北美洲大(da)型(xing)暴龍(long)(long)(long)類，是(shi)其所處時代體(ti)型(xing)最大(da)的(de)捕食者。懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)屬下(xia)目前有兩個種，即模式種強(qiang)健懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)歸入(ru)種霍氏(shi)懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)。懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)體(ti)長約(yue)為(wei)9米，與蛇發(fa)女怪龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)阿爾伯塔(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)相似，但是(shi)卻更為(wei)健壯。一些研究認(ren)為(wei)懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)體(ti)重可以達到(dao)3.5噸以上。

與霸王龍(long)，特暴龍(long)，蛇(she)發女怪龍(long)和(he)阿爾(er)伯(bo)塔龍(long)一(yi)樣，懼龍(long)也有比較豐富的標本收藏(zang)，因此(ci)成為(wei)被研究(jiu)的最細(xi)致的大型暴龍(long)類之一(yi)。

命名由來

懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)屬(shu)名意為可怕的(de)蜥蜴，這一屬(shu)名經常也(ye)被譯作可畏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。模(mo)式種(zhong)種(zhong)名的(de)含義為強壯(zhuang)的(de)。相比于(yu)同(tong)體(ti)(ti)長的(de)阿爾伯(bo)塔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)，懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)確實更為健壯(zhuang)，頭(tou)骨也(ye)顯得更加厚(hou)實。歸入種(zhong)種(zhong)名是為了(le)紀(ji)(ji)念古(gu)生物(wu)學(xue)(xue)家杰(jie)(jie)克.霍(huo)納(na)在(zai)雙麥迪遜組(zu)(zu)的(de)野外工作，以(yi)及霍(huo)納(na)本人對恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)古(gu)生物(wu)學(xue)(xue)做出的(de)杰(jie)(jie)出貢獻。這里順帶說一下，杰(jie)(jie)克.霍(huo)納(na)曾是《侏羅紀(ji)(ji)公園》的(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)顧問(wen)，而在(zai)重(zhong)啟(qi)的(de)《侏羅紀(ji)(ji)世界(jie)》中(zhong)，劇組(zu)(zu)也(ye)在(zai)影片(pian)中(zhong)致敬了(le)他，讓他客串(chuan)了(le)一下（歐文第一次出場訓練(lian)伶盜龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)時候）。霍(huo)納(na)在(zai)TED上還有一個(ge)著名的(de)演(yan)講叫《恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)也(ye)變形》，主要講述的(de)是過去古(gu)生物(wu)學(xue)(xue)研究中(zhong)把同(tong)一物(wu)種(zhong)幼年個(ge)體(ti)(ti)當(dang)成新種(zhong)重(zhong)新命名的(de)問(wen)題，以(yi)及他在(zai)解決這方面問(wen)題上所(suo)做的(de)努(nu)力。

基本信息和形態學

懼(ju)龍(long)(long)兩(liang)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)頜骨(gu)(gu)鼻骨(gu)(gu)突緊(jin)(jin)緊(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貼(tie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)，將兩(liang)側鼻骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分開。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蛇(she)發(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)中(zhong)(zhong)，鼻骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)一(yi)(yi)內側突，將前(qian)頜骨(gu)(gu)鼻骨(gu)(gu)突的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)端分開。上頜骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)側緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)具(ju)(ju)有(you)兩(liang)排略呈平行排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滋養孔。懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)與上頜骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)(jie)與阿(a)爾伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)類似，但是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)年個體中(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)(jie)不(bu)會被(bei)鼻骨(gu)(gu)分開。懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻骨(gu)(gu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鼻骨(gu)(gu)-淚骨(gu)(gu)關節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)之后(hou)(hou)急劇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)縮，不(bu)同于(yu)蛇(she)發(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)和阿(a)爾伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)，它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻骨(gu)(gu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這一(yi)(yi)關節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)以后(hou)(hou)內外(wai)側擴展。鼻骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腹外(wai)側緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)具(ju)(ju)有(you)一(yi)(yi)條溝(gou)與上頜骨(gu)(gu)，淚骨(gu)(gu)和前(qian)額(e)骨(gu)(gu)相關節(jie)(jie)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)中(zhong)(zhong)，這條溝(gou)被(bei)一(yi)(yi)道脊(ji)分開，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蛇(she)發(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)和阿(a)爾伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)中(zhong)(zhong)是連續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蛇(she)發(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻骨(gu)(gu)上，這條溝(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)端具(ju)(ju)有(you)一(yi)(yi)指手指狀突起(qi)與淚骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)邊(bian)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)關節(jie)(jie)，而這一(yi)(yi)突起(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。

蛇(she)發(fa)(fa)(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和阿爾(er)伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)背外側面具有(you)一發(fa)(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)角，而(er)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)成年(nian)個體的(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)具有(you)一延(yan)長的(de)(de)脊(ji)。淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)后背側角的(de)(de)氣孔(kong)在蛇(she)發(fa)(fa)(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和阿爾(er)伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達，而(er)在懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)小且(qie)呈三角形。在蛇(she)發(fa)(fa)(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和阿爾(er)伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)，淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)氣孔(kong)之間由(you)較(jiao)短的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)分隔隔開，而(er)在懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)，這(zhe)一骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)分隔非常發(fa)(fa)(fa)達，甚至(zhi)比(bi)(bi)氣孔(kong)還要大(da)。與蛇(she)發(fa)(fa)(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)相比(bi)(bi)，懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)前(qian)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)要更加(jia)狹(xia)長，其(qi)前(qian)端一直延(yan)伸至(zhi)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)邊緣(yuan)的(de)(de)前(qian)面，而(er)蛇(she)發(fa)(fa)(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)前(qian)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)最多延(yan)伸至(zhi)與額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)邊緣(yuan)同一位置。

懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)四分之一(yi)隆起參(can)與(yu)(yu)到(dao)矢狀脊(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成中(zhong)，因(yin)此它的(de)(de)(de)(de)矢狀脊(ji)比(bi)蛇(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)女(nv)(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要更高(gao)聳。懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頸背脊(ji)較阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蛇(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)女(nv)(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低矮，但(dan)是(shi)更寬。懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)眶(kuang)后(hou)(hou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)質結節明(ming)顯比(bi)阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蛇(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)女(nv)(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)。位于(yu)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)上，眶(kuang)前窩后(hou)(hou)腹側角(jiao)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)孔(kong)在(zai)(zai)蛇(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)女(nv)(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)較為(wei)發(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)，而在(zai)(zai)懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)比(bi)較小。懼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)具有(you)前后(hou)(hou)向(xiang)變(bian)短但(dan)背腹向(xiang)加深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)狀突，這一(yi)點(dian)與(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蛇(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)女(nv)(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)不同(tong)。顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)位于(yu)眼眶(kuang)下部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)背腹向(xiang)深(shen)(shen)度(du)較阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蛇(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)女(nv)(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)所(suo)減小，但(dan)是(shi)內外側寬度(du)有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)加厚。方顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)鱗(lin)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關節面在(zai)(zai)前后(hou)(hou)向(xiang)延長(chang)，與(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成員有(you)明(ming)顯區別。基蝶骨(gu)(gu)(gu)竇較淺(qian)較寬，與(yu)(yu)多數暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)相似，不同(tong)于(yu)阿(a)(a)爾(er)(er)伯(bo)(bo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)。

霍氏(shi)懼龍與強健懼龍的(de)(de)(de)區別包括以下特征組(zu)合：上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一個(ge)齒(chi)(chi)間板比較小。齒(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)向外側(ce)(ce)拱起(qi)。前(qian)頜(he)竇終止于(yu)(yu)(yu)第(di)(di)3和第(di)(di)4齒(chi)(chi)槽(cao)之間。內(nei)鼻孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)邊(bian)緣(yuan)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)第(di)(di)7個(ge)齒(chi)(chi)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)。淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)背面膨大，但(dan)是內(nei)側(ce)(ce)面沒有膨大。淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)降支內(nei)側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)氣孔(kong)(kong)不如強健懼龍的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達。淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)構成眼(yan)眶邊(bian)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)半(ban)部(bu)分具有明顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)凹陷(xian)。位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)顳窩(wo)前(qian)邊(bian)緣(yuan)為曲線(xian)(xian)，強健懼龍中是直線(xian)(xian)。頂(ding)(ding)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)后外側(ce)(ce)突的(de)(de)(de)基部(bu)被頂(ding)(ding)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)鱗骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)關節突覆蓋(gai)。鼓(gu)室脊延伸至前(qian)耳骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)。方顴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)外側(ce)(ce)面具有一明顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)穿孔(kong)(kong)。

懼(ju)龍(long)的(de)(de)化石標本也非常多，有一(yi)些甚至沒有經過正式的(de)(de)發表(biao)描(miao)述。以下先列出強健懼(ju)龍(long)的(de)(de)一(yi)些已發表(biao)的(de)(de)標本。

強健懼龍的(de)(de)正型標本在(zai)發(fa)現之初被當作是蛇發(fa)女(nv)怪龍的(de)(de)的(de)(de)標本。在(zai)戴爾.羅(luo)素1970年的(de)(de)文章系(xi)統描述和比較加拿(na)大地區的(de)(de)暴龍類時才(cai)被定為新屬種。

正(zheng)型(xing)標本：NMC 8506保存了(le)頭骨，肩(jian)帶骨骼，前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)，腰帶和股骨，大多數的頸(jing)椎，背椎和薦椎，還有(you)前(qian)(qian)11節尾椎。

歸入標本：AMNH 5438保存了薦椎，背椎和(he)尾椎，腰帶，右側股骨(gu)(gu)，左側脛骨(gu)(gu)和(he)第二跖骨(gu)(gu)。

歸入(ru)標本(ben)：NMC 350保存(cun)了(le)左側后肢。

歸入標本：AMNH 5346為(wei)一件上頜(he)骨。

歸入標本(ben)：UA 11右側股骨(gu)(gu)和第四(si)跖骨(gu)(gu)。

歸(gui)入(ru)標(biao)本：NMC 11594保存了不(bu)完整的，風(feng)化較(jiao)嚴重的頭骨。

歸入標本：BMNH R4863保存(cun)了前頜骨，上頜骨和齒骨。

歸(gui)入標本：RTMP 2001.36.1一件幾乎完整的(de)骨架(jia)。

歸入標(biao)本：FMNH PR308是一(yi)件保存質量很好的(de)標(biao)本，保存了頭骨(gu)和大多(duo)數頭后骨(gu)骼。起(qi)初被認為時阿爾(er)伯塔龍。后在托(tuo)馬斯.卡爾(er)1999年的(de)研究中歸入到懼龍模式種。

歸入標(biao)本：AMNH 5434曾經被歸入到蛇發女怪龍(long)模(mo)式種(zhong)，保存(cun)了幾乎完整(zheng)的頭(tou)骨(gu)。頭(tou)后(hou)骨(gu)骼缺乏尾椎和后(hou)肢，其它部位幾乎完整(zheng)。在(zai)托馬斯(si).卡爾1999年的工作(zuo)中歸入到懼龍(long)模(mo)式種(zhong)。

歸(gui)入標本：TMP 94.218.1為一(yi)個(ge)幼年(nian)個(ge)體。托馬斯.卡爾1999年(nian)的工作中列出。

歸(gui)入標本：NMC 841為一成年個體(ti)。托馬斯.卡爾(er)1999年的工作中(zhong)列出。

歸入標本：TMP 82.13.1為一個成(cheng)年個體(ti)。托馬斯.卡爾1999年的工作中列出。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：TMP 83.38.1為一個(ge)成年個(ge)體。托馬(ma)斯.卡(ka)爾(er)1999年的(de)工作中(zhong)列出。

歸入標本：TMP 85.62.1為一個(ge)成年個(ge)體。托馬(ma)斯.卡爾1999年的工作中(zhong)列出。

歸入標本：TMP 1994.143.0001屬(shu)于一只約5米(mi)長(chang)的年輕懼(ju)龍。頭(tou)骨幾乎完整，但頭(tou)后骨骼風(feng)化嚴重。

下面列出霍(huo)氏懼龍(long)的主(zhu)要標(biao)本：

正(zheng)型標本(ben)：MOR 590保(bao)存了完整(zheng)的(de)頭骨，部分保(bao)存的(de)肩帶(dai)和前(qian)肢以(yi)及完整(zheng)的(de)后肢。

歸入標本：MOR 1130保(bao)存(cun)了(le)一個不完整的頭骨，部(bu)分保(bao)存(cun)的中軸骨格序列，部(bu)分保(bao)存(cun)的腰帶(dai)骨骼和后肢。

歸入標(biao)本：MOR 553S/7.19.0.97一塊齒骨，屬于(yu)一個小(xiao)幼體。

歸入(ru)標本：AMNH FARB 5477包括(kuo)一(yi)塊上頜骨，部分保存的眶后骨和頂骨。

歸(gui)入標本：MOR 3068部分保(bao)存(cun)的下頜。

歸入(ru)標本(ben)：MOR 553D.9.19.91左側的外翼(yi)骨。

歸入標本：MOR 553E.7.6.91.196,右側的外(wai)翼骨。

除(chu)此之外，還有(you)一些被鑒定屬于(yu)懼龍(long)屬，但是(shi)沒有(you)明(ming)確定種的(de)標本。它們有(you)可能(neng)屬于(yu)已知的(de)兩種懼龍(long)，也有(you)可能(neng)是(shi)第三種。

系統發育位置

目前(qian)主要的暴龍(long)(long)(long)類或虛骨龍(long)(long)(long)類系統(tong)發育分析(xi)都支持懼龍(long)(long)(long)屬于暴龍(long)(long)(long)亞科，且與(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)和特(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)（有時會包括諸(zhu)城暴龍(long)(long)(long)）具有非常(chang)近的親緣關系。而排除掉亞洲的暴龍(long)(long)(long)類以后，懼龍(long)(long)(long)是北美大陸上與(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)親緣關系最近的成員。

體型估計

懼龍的(de)頭(tou)骨長(chang)度可以超過1米。戴爾.羅素對于(yu)懼龍的(de)體(ti)型估計(ji)是體(ti)長(chang)8-9米。而體(ti)重估計(ji)一般(ban)在2.5噸左右，但是具有(you)較大的(de)波動范圍（1.8至3.8噸）。2014年(nian)的(de)一項研究估計(ji)值(zhi)為3.6噸。

面部軟組織以及感官能力

2017年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項研究參考現(xian)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主龍(long)(long)類(lei)復(fu)原了懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)部軟組(zu)織。研究人員認為懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)部具有(you)種類(lei)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)皮(pi)組(zu)織，除(chu)了鱗(lin)片以外，在它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前頜骨，鼻骨和(he)淚骨還有(you)顴骨，以及齒(chi)骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吻(wen)(wen)端(duan)(duan)應該(gai)會(hui)覆蓋一些骨質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小突(tu)起，而眶后骨角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)應該(gai)會(hui)覆蓋有(you)非(fei)常(chang)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角質(zhi)層。除(chu)此之外，懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吻(wen)(wen)端(duan)(duan)還具有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神經(jing)陷(xian)窩。懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吻(wen)(wen)端(duan)(duan)可(ke)能(neng)與現(xian)生鱷(e)魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吻(wen)(wen)端(duan)(duan)具有(you)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)，包括捕(bu)獵，感受(shou)溫度(du)和(he)不同物體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材質(zhi)，以及同類(lei)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)性(xing)行為。吻(wen)(wen)部表(biao)面(mian)(mian)覆蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨質(zhi)小突(tu)起可(ke)能(neng)能(neng)夠起到對(dui)感受(shou)系統(tong)保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

群居的巨型獵手

關于懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)群(qun)(qun)居性的(de)(de)證據在雙麥迪遜組被找到。在一個(ge)產出(chu)懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石的(de)(de)骨(gu)床中，至(zhi)少(shao)(shao)有屬于三個(ge)不同(tong)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)骨(gu)骼(ge)被發現。除此之(zhi)外，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里還發現了5具(ju)鴨嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)類的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)骨(gu)骼(ge)中，至(zhi)少(shao)(shao)有一只大型的(de)(de)成年個(ge)體(ti)(ti)，一只中等大小(xiao)的(de)(de)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)，還有一只小(xiao)幼體(ti)(ti)。依(yi)據對于化(hua)(hua)(hua)石點(dian)的(de)(de)埋(mai)藏學分(fen)析，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些尸體(ti)(ti)不像是(shi)(shi)被從別的(de)(de)地方沖下(xia)來的(de)(de)，而像是(shi)(shi)在較短的(de)(de)時間(jian)內被同(tong)時埋(mai)藏的(de)(de)。5具(ju)鴨嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)骨(gu)骼(ge)上都有暴龍(long)(long)類的(de)(de)齒痕(hen)，顯示這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)群(qun)(qun)懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)在死前可能進食過這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些尸體(ti)(ti)。菲利普.柯瑞(rui)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)批(pi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石是(shi)(shi)懼(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)群(qun)(qun)居性行為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)證據，并且推測它們會(hui)成群(qun)(qun)出(chu)動協(xie)同(tong)捕獵。其他古生物(wu)學家則對此持懷疑態(tai)度(du)。

同類相殘

同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)相(xiang)殘(can)在(zai)現(xian)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)食(shi)肉動(dong)物中是(shi)一種常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。化石證(zheng)據顯示(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種現(xian)象在(zai)獸腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中也比較常(chang)(chang)見。一件年輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)標(biao)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)面部留有(you)(you)(you)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)(yao)痕。咬(yao)(yao)痕有(you)(you)(you)愈(yu)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，顯示(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)只動(dong)物在(zai)襲擊中活了(le)下(xia)來。另外一件成(cheng)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)標(biao)本也有(you)(you)(you)大(da)型(xing)(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)(yao)痕。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些證(zheng)據顯示(shi)，大(da)型(xing)(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)相(xiang)殘(can)行為不止局(ju)限于(yu)傷(shang)害小體(ti)(ti)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)，同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)打斗在(zai)大(da)型(xing)(xing)個體(ti)(ti)間(jian)也存(cun)在(zai)。其(qi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)如大(da)型(xing)(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)蛇發女怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，還有(you)(you)(you)大(da)型(xing)(xing)異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中華盜龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，以(yi)及小體(ti)(ti)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馳龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)蜥鳥盜龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨上(shang)也會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)被(bei)其(qi)它(ta)動(dong)物咬(yao)(yao)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡。菲利普(pu).柯瑞認為，獸腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)攻擊性行為主要(yao)是(shi)由于(yu)種間(jian)競爭和領域(yu)保護(hu)性行為導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

個體發育與形態變化

大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)暴(bao)龍類(lei)在(zai)個體(ti)(ti)發育過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)增(zeng)加符合(he)“S”型(xing)(xing)曲線。懼龍的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速(su)度為每(mei)年180千(qian)克，大(da)(da)于(yu)蛇發女怪龍和(he)阿爾伯塔龍，而這樣(yang)的(de)(de)結果還只(zhi)是(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了較低估(gu)(gu)計(ji)的(de)(de)成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)（1.8噸）。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)將(jiang)會增(zeng)加最大(da)(da)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速(su)率(lv)的(de)(de)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)值(zhi)，但(dan)是(shi)并不會改變擬合(he)曲線的(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)形狀。懼龍的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速(su)率(lv)遠(yuan)低于(yu)霸王龍，且“S”型(xing)(xing)曲線更早達到(dao)漸進(jin)平緩。這也表明，暴(bao)龍類(lei)在(zai)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)化的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)可能同(tong)時使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了增(zeng)加最大(da)(da)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速(su)度和(he)增(zeng)加生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)時間(jian)的(de)(de)策略。

懼龍(long)在(zai)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)會(hui)經歷一(yi)(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態變(bian)化(hua)。最(zui)為明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)點是牙(ya)齒數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)。對(dui)于霍氏懼龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現，最(zui)年輕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上頜(he)骨(gu)齒有(you)15個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)（AMNH FARB 5477），而亞(ya)成體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)到(dao)了(le)17個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)（(MOR 590），之后成年個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)又下(xia)降到(dao)15個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)（MOR 1130）。與(yu)上頜(he)相比，齒骨(gu)齒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)中(zhong)沒有(you)變(bian)化(hua)。強(qiang)健懼龍(long)在(zai)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)也存(cun)(cun)在(zai)牙(ya)齒數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。強(qiang)健懼龍(long)最(zui)年輕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)（TMP 1994.143.0001）具有(you)13顆上頜(he)骨(gu)齒，更大一(yi)(yi)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亞(ya)成體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)（AMNH 5346）有(you)15或16顆，而再(zai)老(lao)一(yi)(yi)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)會(hui)減(jian)少到(dao)14顆（NMC 8506）。這種牙(ya)齒數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)在(zai)霸王龍(long)中(zhong)也得到(dao)了(le)證(zheng)實。這一(yi)(yi)研究(jiu)表明個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)先增加(jia)再(zai)減(jian)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象可能廣泛(fan)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)于暴龍(long)亞(ya)科中(zhong)。

對(dui)于(yu)(yu)霍氏(shi)懼龍(long)的研究發現，其面部紋飾(shi)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)著(zhu)個(ge)體發育(yu)階(jie)段(duan)的變化(hua)而變化(hua)，尤(you)其是鼻骨的紋飾(shi)會(hui)(hui)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)著(zhu)年(nian)齡增(zeng)大而減(jian)弱。這(zhe)種現象(xiang)也(ye)見于(yu)(yu)霸王(wang)龍(long)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)角龍(long)類和腫頭(tou)龍(long)類的研究發現，頭(tou)部的裝飾(shi)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)著(zhu)個(ge)體發育(yu)而減(jian)弱。結(jie)合系統(tong)發育(yu)框架以及簡約性原則(ze)可以推(tui)測(ce)，頭(tou)部裝飾(shi)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)個(ge)體發育(yu)減(jian)弱是整個(ge)恐龍(long)單系的共近裔特征。

存活曲線

對于懼龍的(de)(de)(de)種群生物學研(yan)究發現，它(ta)與(yu)霸王龍，蛇發女(nv)怪龍和阿爾伯塔龍具有相(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)活(huo)曲(qu)線，即較(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)生個體(ti)(ti)(ti)存(cun)活(huo)率(lv)，較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)幼年(nian)個體(ti)(ti)(ti)存(cun)活(huo)率(lv)，以(yi)及從中(zhong)年(nian)期開(kai)始(shi)死亡率(lv)又再一次升高。懼龍以(yi)及其它(ta)大型暴龍類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)群居性(xing)行為可能(neng)能(neng)夠有效(xiao)降低(di)年(nian)輕個體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)死亡率(lv)。同(tong)時大型暴龍類(lei)較(jiao)快的(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)速度(du)也能(neng)使它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)幼體(ti)(ti)(ti)快速度(du)過危險(xian)期，達(da)到普通捕(bu)食(shi)者無(wu)法捕(bu)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)型閾值。而(er)同(tong)類(lei)相(xiang)(xiang)殘行為可能(neng)是死亡率(lv)從中(zhong)年(nian)時期開(kai)始(shi)再度(du)增加的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原因。

與蛇發女怪龍共存

懼(ju)龍(long)(long)的(de)生(sheng)活范圍(wei)與蛇(she)發女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)有所重疊(die)。戴爾.羅(luo)素認為懼(ju)龍(long)(long)身體(ti)更為龐大(da)，適合捕食防御(yu)能(neng)力較(jiao)好的(de)角(jiao)龍(long)(long)類(lei)，而(er)蛇(she)發女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)的(de)體(ti)態較(jiao)為輕盈，適合捕食鴨(ya)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)類(lei)。然(ran)而(er)一(yi)(yi)件懼(ju)龍(long)(long)標本的(de)胃容物里發現了幼年(nian)鴨(ya)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)殘骸。另外一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)是兩(liang)種(zhong)大(da)型暴龍(long)(long)類(lei)雖然(ran)棲息在(zai)一(yi)(yi)片區(qu)域，但(dan)是它們(men)生(sheng)活的(de)微生(sheng)境是不同的(de)，因此(ci)兩(liang)者可(ke)能(neng)沒有太多(duo)的(de)機會(hui)見(jian)面(mian)打(da)架。

影視表現

懼(ju)(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)登(deng)場于BBC的紀錄片《恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)球(qiu)》。在(zai)片中(zhong)(zhong)，懼(ju)(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)被描(miao)(miao)述為(wei)群居的巨型(xing)殺(sha)手，依(yi)靠(kao)團(tuan)隊(dui)合作捕食(shi)落單(dan)的開角龍(long)(long)(long)，同(tong)時也會(hui)埋(mai)伏在(zai)尖角龍(long)(long)(long)群遷徙的必經之路上，伺機對獵物(wu)展開屠殺(sha)。懼(ju)(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)還登(deng)場于Discovery的同(tong)名紀錄片《恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)球(qiu)》中(zhong)(zhong)。片中(zhong)(zhong)的懼(ju)(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)會(hui)團(tuan)隊(dui)合作捕食(shi)慈母(mu)龍(long)(long)(long)，同(tong)時影片中(zhong)(zhong)還將懼(ju)(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)描(miao)(miao)述為(wei)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)的祖先。這(zhe)種描(miao)(miao)述是(shi)不嚴謹的，但依(yi)據現階段的大多數系(xi)(xi)統發(fa)育分析，如果(guo)除去亞洲的諸城暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)和特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)，懼(ju)(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)確實(shi)是(shi)北(bei)美大型(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類中(zhong)(zhong)和霸王龍(long)(long)(long)親緣關系(xi)(xi)最(zui)近(jin)的成員。

常見種類

在暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)科中，達(da)斯布雷(lei)龍(long)(long)與特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)、暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)及(ji)分支(zhi)龍(long)(long)同(tong)屬于暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科。暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科的(de)物(wu)種都是(shi)較接近暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)，而較不(bu)類(lei)似艾伯塔龍(long)(long)，特征都是(shi)粗(cu)壯(zhuang)的(de)體型(xing)、比例上較大(da)的(de)頭顱骨、以(yi)及(ji)較長的(de)股骨。

達斯布雷(lei)(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)通常(chang)被認為(wei)是(shi)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)近親，或是(shi)往暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)前(qian)進演(yan)化的(de)直接祖先(xian)。格(ge)里高(gao)利·保羅(Gregory S.Paul)曾(ceng)將強健(jian)達斯布雷(lei)(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)編入暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)屬中，但這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)分(fen)(fen)類卻一般不被接受(shou)。很(hen)多學者認為(wei)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)及暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)是(shi)姊妹(mei)分(fen)(fen)類單(dan)元，或甚至是(shi)同(tong)屬，而達斯布雷(lei)(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)是(shi)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)演(yan)化支(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基礎物(wu)種。菲力·柯爾(Phil Currie)等人提出一個(ge)(ge)不同(tong)的(de)理論，分(fen)(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)與特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)這(zhe)兩個(ge)(ge)亞洲(zhou)屬構成一個(ge)(ge)演(yan)化支(zhi)(zhi)，而達斯布雷(lei)(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)較接近這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)演(yan)化支(zhi)(zhi)，而離北美洲(zhou)的(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)較遠。要待所(suo)有(you)的(de)達斯布雷(lei)(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)物(wu)種被研究、描述，才可以得(de)到較清晰的(de)達斯布雷(lei)(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)分(fen)(fen)類關(guan)系。

形態及特征

大小

對于(yu)現今的(de)獵食動物而(er)言，達斯布雷龍(long)體(ti)(ti)型非常(chang)巨大(da)，相當(dang)于(yu)一(yi)頭(tou)成年亞洲象的(de)大(da)小。成年的(de)強健懼龍(long)的(de)一(yi)般身長(chang)最大(da)可(ke)達10米，平均體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)估計(ji)約(yue)為(wei)4噸，最大(da)個體(ti)(ti)可(ke)超過6噸。一(yi)個懼龍(long)屬(shu)的(de)暫(zan)時(shi)未命名(ming)種超懼龍(long)(暫(zan)時(shi)代(dai)稱)則可(ke)以達到7.5噸重(zhong)。

頭骨

達(da)斯(si)布雷龍有(you)(you)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，約有(you)(you)1.1米長(chang)。頭(tou)顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構造特別(bie)堅固，例(li)如口鼻(bi)(bi)部(bu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)互相愈合，以增加強度，而(er)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)洞(dong)孔(kong)則可(ke)減低重量。成年的(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)斯(si)布雷龍約有(you)(you)60多顆牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)，每只牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)都非(fei)常(chang)長(chang)而(er)厚重。牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫切(qie)面(mian)呈橢(tuo)圓形而(er)非(fei)短刃形。前上(shang)(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)卻是呈D型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這種(zhong)異(yi)齒(chi)(chi)型(xing)在(zai)(zai)暴龍科中是非(fei)常(chang)普(pu)遍的(de)(de)(de)(de)。達(da)斯(si)布雷龍頭(tou)顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特處在(zai)(zai)于，上(shang)(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)凹凸不(bu)(bu)平，以及眼睛周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、眶后骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)及顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)隆起。眼窩呈長(chang)橢(tuo)圓形，介(jie)于蛇發女怪龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓形及暴龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑰(yao)孔(kong)形之間(jian)。吻(wen)部(bu)很寬，96厘米頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)吻(wen)寬35厘米，最大(da)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(超懼龍唯一和最大(da)個體(ti))137厘米吻(wen)寬可(ke)能達(da)到50厘米，吻(wen)寬比同體(ti)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸王(wang)龍都寬不(bu)(bu)少。

比較

與其(qi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)都有(you)(you)著(zhu)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)體型(xing)，都是由(you)呈(cheng)S型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)頸部支撐著(zhu)沉(chen)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)頭部。它的(de)(de)(de)前肢非(fei)常的(de)(de)(de)短小，只有(you)(you)二指(zhi)，不過在暴龍(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)中，達(da)斯布雷龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)前肢與身體比例是目前發現(xian)最(zui)長的(de)(de)(de)。達(da)斯布雷龍(long)(long)(long)具(ju)有(you)(you)兩個巨(ju)大而(er)長后肢，上有(you)(you)四趾，第一(yi)趾為反爪(zhua)，無法(fa)接(jie)觸地面(mian)。達(da)斯布雷龍(long)(long)(long)具(ju)有(you)(you)長及重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)尾巴，可平衡頭部與胸部，使重(zhong)心(xin)位在臀(tun)部上。

目前科學家表明，同體型的情況下(xia)，達斯(si)布雷龍攻擊力不亞于霸王龍。

生活習性

達斯布雷(lei)龍(屬名:Daspletosaurus)又名懼龍。是暴(bao)龍科下的(de)一屬恐龍。它(ta)(ta)們(men)極少群居，大多是零(ling)零(ling)散散的(de)分布在(zai)各處。只(zhi)有(you)(you)在(zai)遷移或遠行時才有(you)(you)例(li)外。它(ta)(ta)們(men)有(you)(you)時住在(zai)山林中的(de)洞穴里、有(you)(you)時住在(zai)濃密的(de)叢(cong)林中，它(ta)(ta)們(men)是以突襲的(de)方式(shi)獵捕食物。它(ta)(ta)用那粗(cu)大有(you)(you)力的(de)尾巴(ba)橫掃獵物，將其一口咬住。

達斯(si)布雷龍的棲息(xi)環境很廣，主(zhu)要(yao)分布在樹林、山(shan)谷、溪邊，它不喜歡在山(shan)上，因為(wei)這樣不善于奔跑。

繁殖(zhi)方式跟(gen)別的恐(kong)龍一樣，也是(shi)通過產卵方式繁殖(zhi)。

價值及其他

發現及命名

強健達(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(Daspletosaurus torosus)的(de)模式標本是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)完(wan)(wan)(wan)整性(xing)約75%的(de)骨(gu)(gu)骼，包括了完(wan)(wan)(wan)整的(de)頭顱骨(gu)(gu)、幾乎(hu)完(wan)(wan)(wan)整的(de)頸椎、完(wan)(wan)(wan)整的(de)脊椎骨(gu)(gu)、前11節尾椎、肩膀、一(yi)(yi)個(ge)完(wan)(wan)(wan)整的(de)前肢、骨(gu)(gu)盆(pen)及(ji)兩根股(gu)骨(gu)(gu)。這些化石是(shi)(shi)于1921年由(you)查爾斯(si)(si)·斯(si)(si)騰伯(bo)格(Charles Mortram Sternberg)所發(fa)(fa)現，他最(zui)初認為這些化石屬于蛇發(fa)(fa)女怪(guai)龍(long)的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)新(xin)(xin)種。但是(shi)(shi)，這些標本要直到1970年才(cai)由(you)戴爾·羅素(Dale Russell)完(wan)(wan)(wan)全(quan)的(de)描述，并建立新(xin)(xin)的(de)達(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)屬。達(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)的(de)學(xue)名是(shi)(shi)由(you)古希臘文的(de)"δασπλητo-"(意(yi)即(ji)"懼怕")及(ji)"σαυρο?"(意(yi)即(ji)"蜥(xi)蜴")組合而來(lai)。種名的(de)torosus是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)拉丁文，意(yi)指"強壯"或(huo)"結實"。除了模式標本，在(zai)2001年發(fa)(fa)現一(yi)(yi)個(ge)完(wan)(wan)(wan)整的(de)達(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)骨(gu)(gu)骼標本。這兩個(ge)標本都是(shi)(shi)來(lai)自加拿大的(de)阿爾伯(bo)塔(ta)省，發(fa)(fa)現于朱(zhu)迪(di)斯(si)(si)河群(qun)中的(de)奧爾德(de)(de)曼組。另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)年代較晚的(de)馬蹄峽谷組發(fa)(fa)現的(de)標本，被重新(xin)(xin)歸類于艾伯(bo)塔(ta)龍(long)。奧爾德(de)(de)曼組是(shi)(shi)在(zai)上白堊紀的(de)坎帕階(jie)中期形(xing)成的(de)，距今約有7700萬-7600萬年前。

恐龍公園物種

在建立(li)強健達(da)(da)斯(si)布雷龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正模(mo)(mo)標(biao)本(ben)時，羅(luo)素將由巴納姆(mu)·布郎(Barnum Brown)于1913年(nian)(nian)所挖掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)本(ben)，建立(li)為(wei)強健達(da)(da)斯(si)布雷龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)副(fu)模(mo)(mo)標(biao)本(ben)。這個標(biao)本(ben)包含了一(yi)(yi)個骨(gu)(gu)(gu)盆、部份(fen)(fen)后肢、及(ji)一(yi)(yi)些相(xiang)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)脊椎，是(shi)發現(xian)于阿爾(er)(er)(er)伯(bo)塔省的(de)(de)(de)(de)奧爾(er)(er)(er)德曼組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)。這個較(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)后被更名(ming)(ming)為(wei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)公(gong)園組(zu)(zu)，屬(shu)于坎帕階晚期，距今7600萬-7400萬年(nian)(nian)前。于1914年(nian)(nian)，布郎從同一(yi)(yi)地層(ceng)(ceng)發現(xian)接近(jin)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼及(ji)頭(tou)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，并于40年(nian)(nian)后由美(mei)國自然歷(li)史(shi)博物(wu)館(guan)售予芝加(jia)哥(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)菲爾(er)(er)(er)德自然歷(li)史(shi)博物(wu)館(guan)。這顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)目(mu)前在芝加(jia)哥(ge)菲爾(er)(er)(er)德博物(wu)館(guan)展出中，并多(duo)年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來都被歸類(lei)為(wei)是(shi)"Albertosaurus libratus"。但(dan)在發現(xian)幾個頭(tou)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)特(te)征(zheng)(包括大部份(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒)被石(shi)膏隱藏(zang)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)后，這個標(biao)本(ben)才被重(zhong)置在達(da)(da)斯(si)布雷龍(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)中。在恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)公(gong)園組(zu)(zu)一(yi)(yi)共(gong)發現(xian)了八具(ju)標(biao)本(ben)，大部份(fen)(fen)都是(shi)在恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)省立(li)公(gong)園的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內。菲力(li)·柯(ke)爾(er)(er)(er)(Phil Currie)發現(xian)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)公(gong)園標(biao)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有一(yi)(yi)些不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)，認為(wei)這代(dai)表一(yi)(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)斯(si)布雷龍(long)(long)(long)物(wu)種(zhong)。這個新物(wu)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖畫(hua)經已被出版，但(dan)仍有待正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)命名(ming)(ming)及(ji)描述。

新墨西哥州物種

在(zai)1990年(nian)，新(xin)墨西(xi)哥(ge)州(zhou)的(de)嘉德蘭組發現了一個(ge)(ge)新(xin)的(de)暴龍科(ke)標本(ben)，包括(kuo)頭顱(lu)骨碎片、肋骨及(ji)部份(fen)后(hou)肢，被(bei)編入后(hou)彎齒(chi)龍，后(hou)彎齒(chi)龍的(de)狀態是(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)疑(yi)名(ming)。后(hou)來(lai)很多學者都將這個(ge)(ge)標本(ben)，連同一些其他新(xin)墨西(xi)哥(ge)州(zhou)發現的(de)化石，重(zhong)新(xin)歸類于達斯布雷龍屬(shu)中的(de)未命名(ming)種。在(zai)2010年(nian)的(de)一個(ge)(ge)研(yan)(yan)究，認為這個(ge)(ge)新(xin)墨西(xi)哥(ge)物種，其實是(shi)(shi)早(zao)期(qi)的(de)暴龍科(ke)，并建立為新(xin)屬(shu)，Bistahieversor。目(mu)前對嘉德蘭組的(de)年(nian)代有所爭議，一些研(yan)(yan)究指出其年(nian)代屬(shu)于坎帕階(jie)(jie)晚期(qi)，而(er)其他研(yan)(yan)究則認為是(shi)(shi)麥斯特里希特階(jie)(jie)早(zao)期(qi)。

雙麥迪遜物種

于(yu)1992年，杰克·霍納(Jack Horner)及他的(de)同僚發(fa)(fa)表一(yi)份有關美國蒙大拿(na)州雙麥(mai)迪(di)遜(xun)組較上(shang)(shang)層的(de)新發(fa)(fa)現暴(bao)龍(long)(long)科恐龍(long)(long)的(de)初步報(bao)告，認為這(zhe)些(xie)新化(hua)(hua)石是(shi)達(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷龍(long)(long)及后期暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)過渡物種(zhong)，其(qi)年代為坎潘(pan)階(jie)。在(zai)2001年，雙麥(mai)迪(di)遜(xun)組的(de)上(shang)(shang)層發(fa)(fa)現另(ling)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)部份骨(gu)骼(ge)，在(zai)其(qi)下腹(fu)內保(bao)存了一(yi)頭鴨嘴龍(long)(long)科的(de)幼(you)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)石。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)標(biao)本(ben)(ben)被(bei)歸(gui)類于(yu)達(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷龍(long)(long)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)，但卻沒有明定是(shi)哪一(yi)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)。在(zai)雙麥(mai)迪(di)遜(xun)的(de)骨(gu)床中(zhong)，曾發(fa)(fa)現最少(shao)三(san)個(ge)(ge)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)達(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷龍(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)石。這(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)本(ben)(ben)都(dou)沒有被(bei)詳細描(miao)述，但柯(ke)爾認為所有的(de)雙麥(mai)迪(di)遜(xun)化(hua)(hua)石都(dou)是(shi)達(da)斯(si)(si)布(bu)雷龍(long)(long)屬中(zhong)的(de)第三(san)個(ge)(ge)未(wei)被(bei)命名種(zhong)。

古生物學

雖然達斯布雷龍(long)的化(hua)石并不像著名(ming)的近親霸(ba)王龍(long)那樣(yang)地(di)驚人地(di)常見和(he)普(pu)遍(bian)被(bei)發現，但都足以讓古生物學家來研究其生物學的某(mou)些范疇。目前至少發現了(le)14個標本，不算上零(ling)碎的骨骼碎片和(he)私人收藏家的化(hua)石。

與蛇發女怪龍的競爭

于坎(kan)帕(pa)階晚期(qi)的(de)北美洲(zhou)，達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷龍(long)(long)(long)與蛇(she)發女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)生存于相同時代的(de)相同地區(qu)。這(zhe)是少數兩個暴龍(long)(long)(long)科的(de)屬共存的(de)例子。在現今的(de)獵食(shi)動(dong)物中，體型相似的(de)獵食(shi)動(dong)物因(yin)為(wei)解剖學(xue)、行為(wei)或地理(li)的(de)原因(yin)，會區(qu)分成不同的(de)生態(tai)位，以(yi)限制競(jing)爭。有(you)幾個研究嘗試解釋達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷龍(long)(long)(long)及蛇(she)發女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)生態(tai)位差異。

戴爾·羅素(su)假設較輕盈(ying)、常見的蛇發女(nv)(nv)怪(guai)龍(long)可(ke)能獵食當時繁盛的鴨嘴(zui)龍(long)科(ke)，而(er)較強(qiang)壯(zhuang)、稀少的達(da)(da)斯布雷龍(long)則(ze)專門獵食數量較小、防御(yu)較好的角龍(long)科(ke)。但是，在(zai)雙(shuang)麥迪(di)遜組發現的達(da)(da)斯布雷龍(long)標本，在(zai)其胃(wei)部保存(cun)了鴨嘴(zui)龍(long)科(ke)幼(you)年體的已消化化石(shi)。暴(bao)龍(long)亞科(ke)(例如(ru)達(da)(da)斯布雷龍(long))有著(zhu)較高及較寬的口鼻(bi)(bi)部，比有較低口鼻(bi)(bi)部的艾伯塔龍(long)亞科(ke)(例如(ru)蛇發女(nv)(nv)怪(guai)龍(long))更為強(qiang)壯(zhuang)，不(bu)過(guo)牙齒的強(qiang)度則(ze)差異不(bu)大。這顯(xian)示兩(liang)者在(zai)攝(she)食的技巧或食性都有所不(bu)同(tong)。

其他學者認(ren)為(wei)它們(men)之間的(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭受到地(di)理(li)區(qu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)限制。不(bu)像其他的(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)類，它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)分(fen)似乎(hu)與(yu)離(li)海岸的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)沒有(you)關聯，而(er)(er)也與(yu)海拔高或低無關。但是，雖然生(sheng)活區(qu)域有(you)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)疊，蛇(she)發女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)似乎(hu)在北方(fang)較為(wei)普遍，而(er)(er)達斯(si)布(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)則傾向于(yu)南方(fang)。其他的(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)亦(yi)有(you)類似的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)分(fen)布(bu)。在坎潘(pan)階，鴨(ya)嘴(zui)(zui)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)與(yu)開(kai)角龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)繁盛(sheng)于(yu)雙麥(mai)迪遜(xun)組與(yu)北美洲西(xi)南部(bu)。湯(tang)瑪斯(si)·荷茲(zi)(Thomas Holtz)指出這個地(di)理(li)分(fen)布(bu)型式，顯示(shi)暴龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)、開(kai)角龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)及鴨(ya)嘴(zui)(zui)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)都有(you)著同樣的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態位傾向。他認(ren)為(wei)于(yu)麥(mai)斯(si)特(te)里希(xi)特(te)階末期(qi)，暴龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)(如暴龍(long)(long))、鴨(ya)嘴(zui)(zui)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)及開(kai)角龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)(如三角龍(long)(long))廣泛分(fen)布(bu)在北美洲西(xi)部(bu)，而(er)(er)艾伯塔龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)及尖角龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)已滅絕，賴氏龍(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)則已很稀少。

群體活動

在(zai)恐龍(long)(long)公園地層發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)年輕(qing)達斯布(bu)(bu)雷龍(long)(long)標本，面部上(shang)有(you)被其(qi)(qi)他暴龍(long)(long)科咬(yao)傷的(de)(de)痕(hen)跡(ji)。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)咬(yao)痕(hen)已(yi)經(jing)痊愈(yu)，顯示它在(zai)這(zhe)次事件(jian)后存活過來。在(zai)同一地層發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)成年達斯布(bu)(bu)雷龍(long)(long)標本也有(you)相(xiang)似咬(yao)痕(hen)，可(ke)見這(zhe)類攻擊并不(bu)限(xian)于年輕(qing)的(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)。雖然這(zhe)些攻擊可(ke)能是來自其(qi)(qi)他物(wu)種，但獵(lie)食動(dong)物(wu)常發(fa)(fa)(fa)生物(wu)種內(nei)的(de)(de)打斗、攻擊行為。目(mu)前已(yi)在(zai)其(qi)(qi)他的(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)科(如蛇發(fa)(fa)(fa)女(nv)怪龍(long)(long)及暴龍(long)(long))以及其(qi)(qi)他的(de)(de)獸腳亞目(mu)(如中華盜龍(long)(long)及蜥鳥盜龍(long)(long))發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)這(zhe)種面部的(de)(de)攻擊痕(hen)跡(ji)。Darren Tanke與菲力·柯爾(Phil Currie)提出(chu)假說，指出(chu)這(zhe)些攻擊是因為競(jing)爭疆域、食物(wu)資源(yuan)、或(huo)支配群族而(er)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)種內(nei)競(jing)爭。

達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)群體生活的(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據(ju)是(shi)發(fa)現(xian)于蒙大(da)拿州雙麥迪遜組骨床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)化石。骨床(chuang)內有三頭達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)骸(hai)，包括一(yi)(yi)頭大(da)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)年(nian)個體、一(yi)(yi)頭小的(de)(de)(de)幼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、及另一(yi)(yi)頭中型大(da)小的(de)(de)(de)達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。同一(yi)(yi)地點還發(fa)現(xian)最少(shao)五頭鴨(ya)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科化石。地質學(xue)證(zheng)據(ju)顯(xian)示，這(zhe)些(xie)遺(yi)骸(hai)并(bing)非被河流沖(chong)積在一(yi)(yi)起，而是(shi)在短暫時間遭到集體掩(yan)葬。鴨(ya)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)骸(hai)是(shi)分散的(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)且(qie)有很多暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科牙齒的(de)(de)(de)咬痕，可見達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在死(si)(si)前曾吃過這(zhe)些(xie)鴨(ya)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科動物。這(zhe)些(xie)動物的(de)(de)(de)死(si)(si)亡(wang)原因并(bing)不清楚。菲力·柯爾猜測達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)群體狩獵的(de)(de)(de)，但無(wu)法確定。其他科學(xue)家則對(dui)達(da)斯布(bu)(bu)雷(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)及其他大(da)型獸腳(jiao)亞目的(de)(de)(de)群體活動證(zheng)據(ju)抱(bao)有懷疑。

成長及壽命

古(gu)生物學家格里高(gao)利(li)(li)·艾(ai)利(li)(li)克森(Gregory Erickson)及其(qi)同(tong)(tong)僚研究了暴(bao)龍科的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)及壽(shou)命。透過骨頭組(zu)織學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析，可(ke)以確定標(biao)本死亡(wang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)齡。將不同(tong)(tong)個體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)齡與體(ti)型繪制為(wei)圖表(biao)，就(jiu)可(ke)得到生長(chang)曲線。艾(ai)利(li)(li)克森指出暴(bao)龍科經歷長(chang)時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼龍狀態(tai)，會(hui)(hui)在4年(nian)(nian)內(nei)急(ji)(ji)速成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)。這個急(ji)(ji)速成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)會(hui)(hui)在達(da)(da)(da)到性成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟時(shi)完結，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)率會(hui)(hui)減慢。艾(ai)利(li)(li)克森只研究了從雙(shuang)麥迪遜組(zu)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布雷(lei)龍標(biao)本，但這些標(biao)本都有相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)模(mo)(mo)式。與艾(ai)伯塔(ta)龍相(xiang)比(bi)，因達(da)(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布雷(lei)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)重較高(gao)，在急(ji)(ji)速成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)期有著(zhu)較快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)率。達(da)(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布雷(lei)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)生長(chang)率為(wei)每年(nian)(nian)180公(gong)斤(假設成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布雷(lei)龍體(ti)重是3500公(gong)斤)。其(qi)他學者指出達(da)(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布雷(lei)龍應為(wei)更重，不過這只會(hui)(hui)影響達(da)(da)(da)斯(si)(si)布雷(lei)龍生長(chang)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量，而(er)非整體(ti)模(mo)(mo)式。

艾(ai)利(li)克(ke)(ke)(ke)森(sen)(sen)等人將每一個(ge)(ge)年齡層的(de)(de)標本(ben)作(zuo)成(cheng)表格，整理出艾(ai)伯塔龍群族的(de)(de)生(sheng)長模式。艾(ai)利(li)克(ke)(ke)(ke)森(sen)(sen)指出艾(ai)伯塔龍的(de)(de)幼年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)石紀錄較為(wei)(wei)稀少，處(chu)在急速成(cheng)長期(qi)的(de)(de)接近成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)及成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)則更為(wei)(wei)常見。這(zhe)可能是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)化(hua)(hua)石化(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)與挖掘化(hua)(hua)石的(de)(de)偏差。艾(ai)利(li)克(ke)(ke)(ke)森(sen)(sen)假(jia)設(she)這(zhe)些差異(yi)是來自幼龍在某一體(ti)型的(de)(de)低死(si)亡(wang)率(lv)，就像(xiang)現今(jin)的(de)(de)某些大型哺乳類(例如象(xiang))一樣。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)暴(bao)龍科在兩歲時體(ti)型就超越了(le)所有同期(qi)的(de)(de)獵食動物，所以在缺乏被獵食的(de)(de)情況下，出現低死(si)亡(wang)率(lv)。古生(sheng)物學(xue)家并(bing)沒有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)達斯布雷龍化(hua)(hua)石來進(jin)行類似的(de)(de)分析(xi)，但艾(ai)利(li)克(ke)(ke)(ke)森(sen)(sen)則認為(wei)(wei)達斯布雷龍也(ye)有類似的(de)(de)生(sheng)長趨勢。

古生態學

目前已發現的達斯布雷龍化石(shi)都(dou)發現于上白堊紀(ji)坎(kan)帕階中(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)晚期(qi)的地層，距(ju)今約7700萬(wan)-7400萬(wan)年(nian)前。在白堊紀(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)，北美洲(zhou)被西(xi)(xi)部(bu)內陸海(hai)(hai)道(dao)(dao)一分為二(er)，蒙大(da)(da)(da)拿州及(ji)阿(a)爾(er)伯塔省大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)份都(dou)在海(hai)(hai)平面(mian)之下。在這段達斯布雷龍存活的時期(qi)，西(xi)(xi)部(bu)拉拉米造(zao)山(shan)(shan)運(yun)動(dong)使得落基山(shan)(shan)脈隆起，使海(hai)(hai)道(dao)(dao)向(xiang)東方及(ji)南(nan)方后退。大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)河流從西(xi)(xi)側的山(shan)(shan)脈流至(zhi)東側的海(hai)(hai)道(dao)(dao)，當中(zhong)(zhong)的沉積物(wu)形成廣大(da)(da)(da)的海(hai)(hai)岸平原，成為朱迪斯河群的雙麥迪遜組與其(qi)他的地層。約7300萬(wan)年(nian)前，海(hai)(hai)道(dao)(dao)再次向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)方與北方海(hai)(hai)侵，逐漸淹(yan)沒(mei)恐龍公園(yuan)組，涵蓋美國西(xi)(xi)部(bu)及(ji)加(jia)拿大(da)(da)(da)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)。

達斯布雷(lei)龍生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在西(xi)部內陸海道西(xi)岸(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣大(da)沖積平原(yuan)。大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河流流經土(tu)地(di)，有時(shi)(shi)會(hui)出(chu)現泛濫，形成(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉積層。當水源充足時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)以維持(chi)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植物及動(dong)(dong)物生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)，但(dan)這個(ge)區域會(hui)發生(sheng)(sheng)周期性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干旱，造成(cheng)大(da)量生(sheng)(sheng)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死亡，形成(cheng)朱(zhu)迪(di)斯河群與雙(shuang)麥迪(di)遜組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多骨床。在現今的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東非也(ye)有相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。平原(yuan)西(xi)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周期性火山(shan)噴發，產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火山(shan)灰(hui)會(hui)影響整個(ge)地(di)區，這成(cheng)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死亡，而同時(shi)(shi)豐富了土(tu)壤，有助于日后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植物生(sheng)(sheng)長。科學家(jia)也(ye)借(jie)由這些火山(shan)灰(hui)得出(chu)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放射(she)性測(ce)年。海平面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變，在不(bu)同時(shi)(shi)期對朱(zhu)迪(di)斯河群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同地(di)區，造成(cheng)許多環境變動(dong)(dong)，包括離岸(an)(an)及近岸(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海洋(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)態、海岸(an)(an)濕地(di)、三角(jiao)洲(zhou)及礁湖、內陸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泛濫平原(yuan)等(deng)。與朱(zhu)迪(di)斯河群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他地(di)層相比，雙(shuang)麥迪(di)遜組(zu)是在更內陸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高海拔(ba)地(di)區。

在雙麥迪(di)遜組及(ji)朱迪(di)斯(si)河群(qun)有良好的(de)(de)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)紀(ji)錄(lu)，這是因為豐富(fu)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物群(qun)、周期性的(de)(de)自然(ran)災害(hai)及(ji)大量的(de)(de)沉(chen)積巖所造成的(de)(de)。這些地區(qu)有多樣性的(de)(de)淡水(shui)及(ji)入海口魚(yu)類化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，包括(kuo)鯊魚(yu)、鰩目、鱘魚(yu)、雀鱔目及(ji)其(qi)他魚(yu)類。朱迪(di)斯(si)河群(qun)也保存(cun)很多水(shui)生爬行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物及(ji)兩棲動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，包括(kuo)有青蛙、鯢、龜、鱷龍(long)及(ji)鱷魚(yu)。陸地上(shang)的(de)(de)爬行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物，則(ze)有叉舌(she)蜥(xi)(xi)科(ke)、石(shi)(shi)龍(long)子科(ke)、巨蜥(xi)(xi)科(ke)及(ji)蛇蜥(xi)(xi)科(ke)。天空(kong)的(de)(de)飛行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物則(ze)包含:神龍(long)翼龍(long)科(ke)及(ji)新鳥(niao)亞綱(如(ru)虛椎鳥(niao)等)。哺(bu)乳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物則(ze)包含:多瘤齒(chi)目、有袋目及(ji)真獸(shou)類哺(bu)乳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物。除(chu)此上(shang)述物種(zhong)之外，還有達斯(si)布雷龍(long)及(ji)其(qi)他恐龍(long)。

在奧(ao)爾德曼(man)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，強健達(da)斯(si)布(bu)雷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可能獵食(shi)鴨嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(如短冠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)及亞(ya)(ya)冠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long))、小(xiao)型的(de)(de)鳥腳下目(mu)(如奔山龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long))、角龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(如尖角龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long))、腫頭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)、似鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)、鐮刀(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超科(ke)(ke)(ke)及甲龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)。其他(ta)獵食(shi)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括:傷(shang)齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、竊(qie)蛋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)、馳龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)蜥鳥盜龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、及艾伯塔(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)科(ke)(ke)(ke)。恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)及雙(shuang)麥(mai)迪(di)遜(xun)組(zu)(zu)(zu)有著類似奧(ao)爾德曼(man)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)動物群組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，而恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)則沒有互相競(jing)爭的(de)(de)多種大(da)型獵食(shi)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。蛇發女怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與達(da)斯(si)布(bu)雷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)同時生(sheng)活于恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)與雙(shuang)麥(mai)迪(di)遜(xun)組(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)層。幼年暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)位，介乎成(cheng)年暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)及小(xiao)型的(de)(de)獸(shou)腳亞(ya)(ya)目(mu)之間，它們之間的(de)(de)體(ti)重(zhong)有數倍的(de)(de)差距。