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基本介紹

食蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)是發現于(yu)北美洲(zhou)晚侏羅世(shi)莫里遜組的(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)獸(shou)腳類恐龍(long)，與著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)同屬(shu)于(yu)異特(te)龍(long)超科。該屬(shu)下(xia)目前(qian)(qian)只有(you)一種(zhong)，巨型(xing)(xing)(xing)食蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)。依據目前(qian)(qian)有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)化石資料來(lai)看，食蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)是該組報(bao)道的(de)(de)體型(xing)(xing)(xing)最大的(de)(de)捕食者，體型(xing)(xing)(xing)大于(yu)發現于(yu)同一地區(qu)的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)和蠻龍(long)。由于(yu)食蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)化石記錄(lu)非常少，古生(sheng)物學家對于(yu)這種(zhong)巨型(xing)(xing)(xing)獵手知(zhi)之甚少。目前(qian)(qian)對于(yu)食蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)體型(xing)(xing)(xing)估計認為它(ta)的(de)(de)長度可能接近霸王龍(long)和其它(ta)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)鯊齒龍(long)類，但由于(yu)體態(tai)較修長，因此體重要(yao)輕一些(xie)。

命名由來

“Sauros”意為蜥蜴(yi)，“phagein”是(shi)(shi)“以…為食”，“anax”的意思是(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)者。因此(ci)食蜥王龍(long)的屬名意為“以蜥蜴(yi)為食的王者”。種名則是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)調它巨大的體(ti)型。

基本信息和形態學

關于食蜥(xi)王(wang)龍的(de)(de)研究可以追溯至(zhi)20世紀30年代。斯托瓦爾在(zai)俄克拉(la)荷馬州錫馬龍縣發現(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)具大型(xing)(xing)獸腳類恐龍化石，它(ta)將其命(ming)(ming)(ming)名(ming)為(wei)“Saurophagus maximus”。由(you)于在(zai)命(ming)(ming)(ming)名(ming)時缺乏對(dui)標本詳細的(de)(de)形態學(xue)描述(shu)，這一(yi)(yi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)名(ming)被(bei)認為(wei)是裸名(ming)(nomen nudum, 生物命(ming)(ming)(ming)名(ming)中(zhong)的(de)(de)無效(xiao)命(ming)(ming)(ming)名(ming)）。之(zhi)后的(de)(de)研究發現(xian)，屬名(ming)“Saurophagus”已經被(bei)用于一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)鳥類的(de)(de)命(ming)(ming)(ming)名(ming)，因(yin)此即使經過(guo)正式描述(shu)，原有的(de)(de)屬名(ming)也是無效(xiao)的(de)(de)。在(zai)1995年，古生物學(xue)家丹尼(ni)爾.舒爾建立了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)新屬，即“Saurophaganax”，并選擇OMNH 01123，即一(yi)(yi)節神經棘作為(wei)食蜥(xi)王(wang)龍的(de)(de)正型(xing)(xing)標本。食蜥(xi)王(wang)龍的(de)(de)材(cai)料可能來(lai)自(zi)于4個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)體。

正型標(biao)本(ben)：OMNH 01123一節背椎(zhui)神經棘(ji)。

食蜥王(wang)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)材(cai)料僅包括一(yi)件右側眶后(hou)骨(gu)(gu)，兩件不(bu)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂骨(gu)(gu)，以(yi)及(ji)三顆牙(ya)冠(guan)。方(fang)骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有一(yi)方(fang)骨(gu)(gu)孔。寰椎(zhui)(zhui)很(hen)大(da)，缺乏(fa)與前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)寰椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)面。頸椎(zhui)(zhui)為后(hou)凹形(xing)(xing)(xing)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部頸椎(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有中(zhong)等發(fa)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上突(tu)。椎(zhui)(zhui)體兩側具(ju)(ju)(ju)有大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔與內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣腔(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)構造相連通。中(zhong)段(duan)頸椎(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有發(fa)育氣腔(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)構造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)弓橫突(tu)。中(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有沙漏型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體。椎(zhui)(zhui)體與神經(jing)棘相連接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有一(yi)個(ge)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)凹陷(xian)。背(bei)(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)椎(zhui)(zhui)體也(ye)為后(hou)凹形(xing)(xing)(xing)。唯(wei)一(yi)完整保存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)神經(jing)棘可(ke)能(neng)來自(zi)于(yu)(yu)一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)神經(jing)棘。這枚神經(jing)棘與其(qi)它(ta)獸腳類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神經(jing)棘有很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別。在它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基部延伸出(chu)了一(yi)對類(lei)似(si)于(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)關節(jie)突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)骨(gu)(gu)片。尾(wei)椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體呈前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)凹形(xing)(xing)(xing)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)弧具(ju)(ju)(ju)有前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)突(tu)。肱骨(gu)(gu)粗壯，與異特龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)相似(si)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)肢也(ye)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有三個(ge)指，但是第一(yi)指沒有比(bi)其(qi)它(ta)手指強(qiang)壯太(tai)多。腸骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)骨(gu)(gu)短肌(ji)附著脊(ji)。恥骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉孔，以(yi)及(ji)膨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠端。坐(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉孔突(tu)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)靠(kao)近近端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。股骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)轉子比(bi)較靠(kao)近近端。

歸入標本：OMNH 01135寰椎。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本：OMNH 01444前(qian)部頸椎。

歸入標本(ben)：OMNH 01190背椎椎體。

歸入標本(ben)：OMNH 01685中段(duan)尾椎。

歸(gui)入標本：OMNH 01338左側腸骨。

歸入(ru)標(biao)本：OMNH 01737右側坐骨的近端。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：OMNH 01425右側恥骨的遠端。

歸入標本：OMNH 01707左側恥骨的近端(duan)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01708右側股骨(gu)。

歸入(ru)標本：OMNH 01370右側脛骨。

歸(gui)入標(biao)本：OMNH 01935左(zuo)側肱(gong)骨。

其(qi)余(yu)歸入(ru)標本：舒爾1995年的描述文獻中所描述的一些(xie)材料沒(mei)有提及標本號，包括一些(xie)頭骨骨塊，細節見舒爾1995年和2000年的文獻。

古生態學

發(fa)現(xian)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)莫里遜組也(ye)(ye)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)眾多恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)。與(yu)它同(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還(huan)有(you)角(jiao)(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，史托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。植食(shi)(shi)性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包(bao)括屬于蜥(xi)(xi)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)圓頂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腕(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，重(zhong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，還(huan)有(you)屬于鳥臀(tun)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，侏儒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)那個(ge)時(shi)代最大的(de)(de)(de)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)，可(ke)(ke)能會以大型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)蜥(xi)(xi)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為食(shi)(shi)，但同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)會面臨多方的(de)(de)(de)競爭壓力(li)。史托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和和嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都是(shi)小(xiao)型(xing)獸(shou)(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，角(jiao)(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)中等體型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)掠食(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)似，高居食(shi)(shi)物鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)上游。一些異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)標本表面具有(you)大型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)痕，這些齒(chi)痕很可(ke)(ke)能來自(zi)一種比異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物，最有(you)可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)選擇就(jiu)是(shi)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，暗示著這兩種頂級捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)能會發(fa)生沖突(tu)。

系統發育位置

目前的主流觀點(dian)認為(wei)食蜥王龍(long)(long)屬(shu)于異(yi)特龍(long)(long)超科中的異(yi)特龍(long)(long)類，與異(yi)特龍(long)(long)具有很(hen)近的親緣關(guan)系。

影視作品

食(shi)(shi)蜥王龍登場(chang)于BBC的(de)紀錄片《恐龍星(xing)球(qiu)》中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)片中(zhong)(zhong)，食(shi)(shi)蜥王龍對(dui)一只異(yi)特(te)龍大打出手(shou)，撕咬對(dui)手(shou)的(de)頭部，并搶走了對(dui)方的(de)獵物(wu)。

常見種類

中(zhong)文(wen)名稱(chinese)→食蜥王龍

其它中文(wen)名稱(chinese[other])→無

拉丁文(wen)學名( name )→ saurophaganax

發音( pronounced )→ sawr-oh-fag-ah-naks

含(han)義( meaning )→食蜥蜴(恐(kong)龍)的龍的國王

目(mu)( order )→蜥臀目(mu)(saurischia)

亞目(mu)( suborder)→獸腳(jiao)亞目(mu)(theropoda)

類(lei)( infraorder)→新獸腳類(lei)(neotheropoda)

堅尾(wei)龍類(tetanurae)

鳥(niao)獸腳類(lei)(avetheropoda)

肉食(shi)龍類(carnosauria)

超科(super family)→ 異特(te)龍(long)超科(allosauroidea)

科( family)→ 異(yi)特龍科(allosauridae)

屬( genus )→食(shi)蜥王龍(saurophaganax)

模式種(zhong)( type species )→巨食蜥王龍(s. maximus)

其(qi)它種( other species )→ 無

錯誤歸(gui)屬(shu)種( misassigned species )→無(wu)

時代(dai)( period )→ 侏羅紀(ji)晚期到末期( kimmeridgian- tithonian)

分(fen)布( found in )→美國(The United States)、西班牙(Spain)

發現地層( stratum )→莫里森層(morrison)

食性( diet )→ 肉(rou)食(meat)

典型狀態( length up to )→ 長(chang)10-13.9米(The length of the10-13m)

推測體重( mass )→ 4-8.2噸

發現(xian)者(zhe)( discoverer )→ hunt &lucas,1987

命名者(zhe)( first described )→chure,1995

在世界(jie)出現的地方:美國的俄克拉何馬州

生長與分布

食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是侏羅紀晚期北美(mei)洲的最大型肉食(shi)性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之一，早期身(shen)長估計值(zhi)(zhi)約14到15公尺，近年(nian)估計值(zhi)(zhi)則略短。食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的化(hua)石發(fa)現(xian)于(yu)新墨西哥州(zhou)(zhou)與奧克拉荷馬州(zhou)(zhou)的莫里遜(xun)組(zu)(zu)最晚層(ceng)，顯示它(ta)們(men)很晚才出(chu)現(xian)于(yu)該地區、或者是數(shu)量比較稀少。食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是種晚期的異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科，體型大于(yu)年(nian)代(dai)相近的異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。但在莫里遜(xun)組(zu)(zu)的獸腳類恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石中，食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的化(hua)石很稀少，因此無(wu)法得知其食(shi)性、行為。奧克拉荷馬州(zhou)(zhou)的莫里遜(xun)組(zu)(zu)曾發(fa)現(xian)許多迷(mi)惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石，食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)會以它(ta)們(men)為食(shi)。

形態及特征

食蜥王龍數件著名標(biao)本情況如下:

正模omnh 1708長10.95米，重(zhong)5噸。化石包(bao)括:薦椎，尾椎，頸椎，髂骨(gu)，坐骨(gu)，大腿(tui)骨(gu)1.135米，脛骨(gu)，腓骨(gu)，趾骨(gu)(williamson and chure 1996)。

OMNH 1935，發現于美(mei)國，，一(yi)塊完整(zheng)的肱骨化石，這塊化石的數(shu)據(ju)有(you)多個版本(ben)，根(gen)據(ju)最小的版本(ben)，這只恐龍體重約5噸(dun)，和正模(mo)相仿;根(gen)據(ju)最大版本(ben)，則超過8噸(dun)甚至有(you)9噸(dun)。

歐洲西班(ban)牙的一個長達(da)102厘米的足(zu)跡化(hua)石，但屬于(yu)食蜥王龍還存在(zai)一些爭(zheng)議。