食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)是發現于(yu)北(bei)美洲晚侏羅世莫里遜組的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)獸腳類恐(kong)龍(long),與(yu)著名的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)同屬于(yu)異特(te)龍(long)超(chao)科(ke)。該屬下目前只(zhi)有一(yi)種(zhong),巨型(xing)(xing)食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)。依(yi)據目前有限的(de)(de)化(hua)石資(zi)料(liao)來看(kan),食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)是該組報道的(de)(de)體型(xing)(xing)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)捕(bu)食(shi)者,體型(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)于(yu)發現于(yu)同一(yi)地區的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)和(he)蠻龍(long)。由(you)于(yu)食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)化(hua)石記(ji)錄非常少(shao),古(gu)生物學家(jia)對(dui)于(yu)這種(zhong)巨型(xing)(xing)獵手知(zhi)之甚少(shao)。目前對(dui)于(yu)食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)體型(xing)(xing)估計(ji)認為(wei)它的(de)(de)長(chang)度可能接(jie)近霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)和(he)其它大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)類,但由(you)于(yu)體態較修長(chang),因此體重要(yao)輕(qing)一(yi)些。
“Sauros”意(yi)為(wei)(wei)蜥蜴(yi),“phagein”是(shi)“以…為(wei)(wei)食(shi)”,“anax”的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)統(tong)治(zhi)者。因此(ci)食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍的(de)屬(shu)名(ming)意(yi)為(wei)(wei)“以蜥蜴(yi)為(wei)(wei)食(shi)的(de)王(wang)者”。種名(ming)則是(shi)強(qiang)調(diao)它巨(ju)大的(de)體型。
關于(yu)食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)研(yan)究可(ke)以(yi)追溯(su)至20世紀30年代。斯托瓦爾在俄克(ke)拉(la)荷馬州錫馬龍(long)(long)(long)縣發現了(le)一(yi)(yi)具(ju)大型(xing)獸腳類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化石,它將其命(ming)名為“Saurophagus maximus”。由于(yu)在命(ming)名時(shi)缺乏(fa)對(dui)標本(ben)詳細的(de)(de)形態學描述,這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)命(ming)名被(bei)認(ren)為是裸(luo)名(nomen nudum, 生(sheng)物命(ming)名中的(de)(de)無(wu)效命(ming)名)。之后的(de)(de)研(yan)究發現,屬(shu)(shu)名“Saurophagus”已經被(bei)用于(yu)一(yi)(yi)種鳥類(lei)的(de)(de)命(ming)名,因此即(ji)使經過正(zheng)式描述,原有的(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)名也是無(wu)效的(de)(de)。在1995年,古生(sheng)物學家丹(dan)尼爾.舒(shu)爾建立了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)新(xin)屬(shu)(shu),即(ji)“Saurophaganax”,并選擇OMNH 01123,即(ji)一(yi)(yi)節神經棘作為食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)正(zheng)型(xing)標本(ben)。食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)材料可(ke)能來自(zi)于(yu)4個(ge)個(ge)體。
正型標本:OMNH 01123一節背椎(zhui)神(shen)經棘。
食蜥王龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)材(cai)料僅包(bao)括一(yi)(yi)(yi)件右側眶(kuang)后骨(gu),兩件不完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)骨(gu),以及三(san)顆牙冠。方骨(gu)具(ju)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)方骨(gu)孔(kong)。寰椎(zhui)很(hen)大(da),缺乏與前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)寰椎(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)面。頸(jing)椎(zhui)為后凹(ao)(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部(bu)頸(jing)椎(zhui)具(ju)有中(zhong)等發育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)突(tu)。椎(zhui)體兩側具(ju)有大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)與內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣腔(qiang)(qiang)化構(gou)造(zao)相連(lian)通。中(zhong)段頸(jing)椎(zhui)具(ju)有發育氣腔(qiang)(qiang)化構(gou)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)弓橫突(tu)。中(zhong)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背椎(zhui)具(ju)有沙(sha)漏型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)體。椎(zhui)體與神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)棘(ji)相連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方具(ju)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢(tuo)圓形凹(ao)(ao)陷(xian)。背椎(zhui)椎(zhui)體也為后凹(ao)(ao)形。唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)完整(zheng)保存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背椎(zhui)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)棘(ji)可能來自于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背椎(zhui)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)棘(ji)。這枚(mei)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)棘(ji)與其它(ta)獸腳類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)棘(ji)有很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別。在它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基部(bu)延伸出了一(yi)(yi)(yi)對(dui)類(lei)似于(yu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后關節(jie)突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小骨(gu)片。尾椎(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)體呈(cheng)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)凹(ao)(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈弧具(ju)有前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)突(tu)。肱(gong)骨(gu)粗壯(zhuang),與異特龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)相似。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)肢也具(ju)有三(san)個(ge)指,但是第一(yi)(yi)(yi)指沒有比其它(ta)手指強壯(zhuang)太多。腸骨(gu)具(ju)有窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾骨(gu)短肌附著脊。恥(chi)骨(gu)具(ju)有開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)孔(kong),以及膨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠端(duan)。坐骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)孔(kong)突(tu)位于(yu)靠(kao)近(jin)近(jin)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置。股骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小轉子比較靠(kao)近(jin)近(jin)端(duan)。
歸入標本:OMNH 01135寰(huan)椎(zhui)。
歸入標本:OMNH 01444前部頸椎。
歸(gui)入標本:OMNH 01190背椎(zhui)椎(zhui)體。
歸入標(biao)本:OMNH 01685中段(duan)尾(wei)椎。
歸入標本(ben):OMNH 01338左側(ce)腸(chang)骨。
歸入標本:OMNH 01737右側坐骨的近端。
歸入標本:OMNH 01425右側(ce)恥骨的遠端。
歸入標本:OMNH 01707左(zuo)側恥骨的近端。
歸入(ru)標本:OMNH 01708右側股骨(gu)。
歸入標(biao)本:OMNH 01370右側脛骨。
歸入標本:OMNH 01935左側(ce)肱骨(gu)。
其(qi)余歸入標本(ben):舒(shu)爾1995年的描述文(wen)獻(xian)中所(suo)描述的一些(xie)(xie)材(cai)料沒(mei)有提及(ji)標本(ben)號,包括一些(xie)(xie)頭骨(gu)骨(gu)塊,細節見舒(shu)爾1995年和2000年的文(wen)獻(xian)。
發現食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莫里遜(xun)組也(ye)發現了眾多(duo)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)。與(yu)它同時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還有角鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),史(shi)(shi)托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和嗜鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。植食(shi)(shi)性恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括(kuo)屬于蜥(xi)腳(jiao)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),重龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),還有屬于鳥(niao)臀類的(de)(de)(de)(de)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),侏儒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是那個時代最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)捕食(shi)(shi)者(zhe),可(ke)能(neng)會以大(da)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蜥(xi)腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為食(shi)(shi),但同時也(ye)會面(mian)臨多(duo)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭壓力。史(shi)(shi)托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和和嗜鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都(dou)是小型(xing)(xing)獸腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),角鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是中(zhong)等體型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)掠食(shi)(shi)者(zhe)。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類似,高居食(shi)(shi)物(wu)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)上游。一(yi)些異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標本(ben)表(biao)面(mian)具有大(da)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒痕,這些齒痕很可(ke)能(neng)來自一(yi)種比異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都(dou)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu),最有可(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇就是食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),暗示著這兩種頂級捕食(shi)(shi)者(zhe)可(ke)能(neng)會發生沖突。
目前的主流觀點認為食蜥王龍(long)屬于異特龍(long)超科中的異特龍(long)類,與(yu)異特龍(long)具有很(hen)近的親緣(yuan)關系。
食蜥王龍(long)(long)登(deng)場于BBC的(de)紀錄片(pian)《恐龍(long)(long)星球(qiu)》中(zhong),在片(pian)中(zhong),食蜥王龍(long)(long)對一(yi)只異特龍(long)(long)大打出手,撕(si)咬對手的(de)頭部,并搶走了對方的(de)獵物。
中文名稱(chinese)→食蜥王龍
其它中文名稱(chinese[other])→無(wu)
拉丁文學(xue)名( name )→ saurophaganax
發音(yin)( pronounced )→ sawr-oh-fag-ah-naks
含義( meaning )→食蜥蜴(恐龍)的龍的國王
目( order )→蜥臀目(saurischia)
亞目( suborder)→獸腳亞目(theropoda)
類(lei)( infraorder)→新(xin)獸腳類(lei)(neotheropoda)
堅尾(wei)龍類(tetanurae)
鳥獸腳類(lei)(avetheropoda)
肉食(shi)龍類(carnosauria)
超科(super family)→ 異特龍(long)超科(allosauroidea)
科(ke)(ke)( family)→ 異特龍科(ke)(ke)(allosauridae)
屬( genus )→食蜥王龍(saurophaganax)
模式(shi)種( type species )→巨食蜥王龍(long)(s. maximus)
其它(ta)種( other species )→ 無(wu)
錯誤歸屬種(zhong)( misassigned species )→無
時代(dai)( period )→ 侏羅紀晚期(qi)到(dao)末期(qi)( kimmeridgian- tithonian)
分布( found in )→美國(The United States)、西班牙(Spain)
發現地(di)層( stratum )→莫(mo)里森層(morrison)
食性( diet )→ 肉(rou)食(meat)
典(dian)型狀態( length up to )→ 長10-13.9米(The length of the10-13m)
推測(ce)體重( mass )→ 4-8.2噸
發現者( discoverer )→ hunt &lucas,1987
命名者( first described )→chure,1995
在世(shi)界(jie)出現的地(di)方(fang):美國的俄克拉(la)何(he)馬州(zhou)
食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)是侏羅紀晚期北美洲的(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)型(xing)肉食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)之(zhi)一(yi),早期身長估計(ji)值約14到15公(gong)尺,近(jin)年(nian)估計(ji)值則略(lve)短。食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)化(hua)石(shi)發現于(yu)新墨西(xi)哥州與(yu)奧(ao)克拉荷馬州的(de)莫(mo)里(li)(li)遜(xun)組最(zui)(zui)晚層,顯示它們很(hen)(hen)晚才出現于(yu)該地區(qu)、或(huo)者(zhe)是數量比較稀少(shao)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)是種晚期的(de)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)科(ke),體型(xing)大(da)于(yu)年(nian)代相近(jin)的(de)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)、蠻龍(long)。但(dan)在莫(mo)里(li)(li)遜(xun)組的(de)獸腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)化(hua)石(shi)中,食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)化(hua)石(shi)很(hen)(hen)稀少(shao),因此無法(fa)得知其食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)、行為(wei)。奧(ao)克拉荷馬州的(de)莫(mo)里(li)(li)遜(xun)組曾發現許(xu)多(duo)迷惑龍(long)化(hua)石(shi),食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)可能(neng)會以它們為(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
食蜥(xi)王龍數件(jian)著名標本情(qing)況(kuang)如下:
正模omnh 1708長10.95米,重5噸(dun)。化(hua)石包括:薦椎,尾(wei)椎,頸椎,髂骨(gu),坐骨(gu),大(da)腿骨(gu)1.135米,脛骨(gu),腓(fei)骨(gu),趾骨(gu)(williamson and chure 1996)。
OMNH 1935,發現于美國,,一塊(kuai)(kuai)完(wan)整的(de)肱(gong)骨(gu)化(hua)石,這塊(kuai)(kuai)化(hua)石的(de)數據(ju)有(you)多個版本,根(gen)(gen)據(ju)最小的(de)版本,這只(zhi)恐龍體(ti)重約5噸,和正模相仿(fang);根(gen)(gen)據(ju)最大版本,則(ze)超過(guo)8噸甚至有(you)9噸。
歐洲(zhou)西班(ban)牙的一個(ge)長達102厘米(mi)的足跡(ji)化石,但(dan)屬于食蜥王龍還存在一些爭議。