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基本介紹

食蜥(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)是(shi)發現于(yu)北(bei)美洲晚侏羅(luo)世莫里遜組的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)獸腳類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)，與著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)同(tong)(tong)屬于(yu)異(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)超科。該(gai)屬下目(mu)前(qian)只有一(yi)(yi)種，巨型(xing)食蜥(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)。依據目(mu)前(qian)有限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化石資料來看，食蜥(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)是(shi)該(gai)組報(bao)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)型(xing)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)捕食者，體(ti)(ti)(ti)型(xing)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)發現于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)和(he)蠻龍(long)(long)。由(you)于(yu)食蜥(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化石記錄非常少(shao)，古(gu)生物學家對于(yu)這種巨型(xing)獵手知之甚(shen)少(shao)。目(mu)前(qian)對于(yu)食蜥(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)型(xing)估計認為它的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度可能接近霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)和(he)其它大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)鯊齒龍(long)(long)類(lei)，但(dan)由(you)于(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)態較修長(chang)，因此體(ti)(ti)(ti)重要(yao)輕一(yi)(yi)些。

命名由來

“Sauros”意(yi)為(wei)蜥蜴(yi)，“phagein”是“以…為(wei)食”，“anax”的意(yi)思是統治(zhi)者。因此食蜥王龍的屬名意(yi)為(wei)“以蜥蜴(yi)為(wei)食的王者”。種(zhong)名則是強調它巨大的體型。

基本信息和形態學

關于食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)的研究可(ke)以(yi)追(zhui)溯至20世紀30年代。斯(si)托瓦爾在俄克(ke)拉荷馬(ma)州(zhou)錫馬(ma)龍(long)(long)(long)縣發(fa)現了(le)一具大型(xing)獸(shou)腳類恐龍(long)(long)(long)化石，它將(jiang)其命(ming)名(ming)(ming)為“Saurophagus maximus”。由于在命(ming)名(ming)(ming)時(shi)缺乏對標(biao)本詳細的形態學描述，這一命(ming)名(ming)(ming)被認為是裸名(ming)(ming)(nomen nudum, 生(sheng)物(wu)命(ming)名(ming)(ming)中的無(wu)效(xiao)命(ming)名(ming)(ming)）。之后(hou)的研究發(fa)現，屬(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)“Saurophagus”已經被用(yong)于一種鳥(niao)類的命(ming)名(ming)(ming)，因此即(ji)使經過正式描述，原有的屬(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)也是無(wu)效(xiao)的。在1995年，古(gu)生(sheng)物(wu)學家丹(dan)尼爾.舒爾建立了(le)一個新(xin)屬(shu)(shu)，即(ji)“Saurophaganax”，并選擇OMNH 01123，即(ji)一節神經棘作為食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)的正型(xing)標(biao)本。食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)的材(cai)料可(ke)能(neng)來自于4個個體(ti)。

正型標(biao)本：OMNH 01123一節背椎神經棘(ji)。

食蜥王(wang)龍的(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)材料僅包括一(yi)(yi)件右側(ce)眶后(hou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，兩件不完整的(de)(de)(de)頂骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，以(yi)及三顆牙冠。方骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)方骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)孔(kong)。寰椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)很(hen)大，缺乏與前(qian)(qian)寰椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)關節面。頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)為后(hou)凹(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)部(bu)頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中等發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)上突(tu)(tu)。椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)兩側(ce)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大的(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)與內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)氣腔化(hua)構(gou)造相(xiang)連(lian)通。中段頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)育(yu)氣腔化(hua)構(gou)造的(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)弓橫(heng)突(tu)(tu)。中部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)沙(sha)漏型的(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)。椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)與神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)相(xiang)連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)地方具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)深的(de)(de)(de)橢(tuo)圓形凹(ao)陷。背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)也為后(hou)凹(ao)形。唯一(yi)(yi)完整保存的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)可能(neng)來自(zi)于一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)中段的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)。這枚神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)與其它獸腳類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)差別。在它的(de)(de)(de)基部(bu)延伸出了一(yi)(yi)對類(lei)似(si)于前(qian)(qian)后(hou)關節突(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)小骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片。尾(wei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)呈前(qian)(qian)凹(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)脈弧具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)(tu)。肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)粗壯，與異特(te)龍的(de)(de)(de)很(hen)相(xiang)似(si)。前(qian)(qian)肢也具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三個(ge)(ge)指(zhi)，但是第一(yi)(yi)指(zhi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)比其它手指(zhi)強壯太多。腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)窄的(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)短(duan)肌(ji)附(fu)著脊。恥骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)開放的(de)(de)(de)閉孔(kong)，以(yi)及膨大的(de)(de)(de)遠端。坐骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)閉孔(kong)突(tu)(tu)位于靠(kao)近近端的(de)(de)(de)位置。股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)小轉(zhuan)子比較靠(kao)近近端。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本(ben)：OMNH 01135寰椎(zhui)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01444前(qian)部頸椎。

歸入標本：OMNH 01190背椎椎體(ti)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01685中段尾椎(zhui)。

歸入標(biao)本：OMNH 01338左側腸骨(gu)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01737右側坐骨的近端。

歸入(ru)標本：OMNH 01425右側恥骨的遠端。

歸入標本(ben)：OMNH 01707左側恥骨的(de)近(jin)端。

歸入(ru)標本：OMNH 01708右側股(gu)骨。

歸(gui)入標本：OMNH 01370右側(ce)脛(jing)骨(gu)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01935左側肱骨(gu)。

其余(yu)歸入標本(ben)：舒爾1995年的(de)(de)描述文(wen)獻(xian)中所描述的(de)(de)一些材料沒有提及標本(ben)號，包括一些頭骨骨塊，細(xi)節(jie)見舒爾1995年和2000年的(de)(de)文(wen)獻(xian)。

古生態學

發(fa)(fa)(fa)現食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)莫里遜組(zu)也(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現了眾多恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)化石。與(yu)它(ta)同(tong)(tong)時期的(de)獸腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還(huan)有(you)角鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，史托龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)嗜(shi)鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。植食(shi)性恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括屬(shu)于蜥腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)的(de)圓頂(ding)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，重龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，還(huan)有(you)屬(shu)于鳥(niao)臀類(lei)(lei)的(de)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，侏儒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)那個時代最大的(de)捕(bu)食(shi)者(zhe)，可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)以大型的(de)蜥腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為食(shi)，但同(tong)(tong)時也(ye)會(hui)面臨(lin)多方的(de)競爭壓力。史托龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)(he)嗜(shi)鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都(dou)是(shi)小(xiao)型獸腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，角鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)中等(deng)體型的(de)掠食(shi)者(zhe)。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)似，高(gao)居食(shi)物鏈(lian)的(de)上游。一些異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)標本(ben)表面具有(you)大型的(de)齒痕，這些齒痕很可(ke)(ke)能來(lai)自一種比(bi)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都(dou)巨大的(de)動物，最有(you)可(ke)(ke)能的(de)選擇就(jiu)是(shi)食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，暗示(shi)著這兩種頂(ding)級(ji)捕(bu)食(shi)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生沖突。

系統發育位置

目前的主流觀點認為(wei)食蜥王龍(long)屬于(yu)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)超科中(zhong)的異(yi)特(te)龍(long)類，與(yu)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)具有很近的親緣關(guan)系。

影視作品

食蜥王龍(long)登(deng)場于BBC的紀錄(lu)片(pian)《恐龍(long)星球》中，在片(pian)中，食蜥王龍(long)對(dui)(dui)一只異特(te)龍(long)大打(da)出手，撕(si)咬(yao)對(dui)(dui)手的頭部，并搶走了對(dui)(dui)方的獵物。

常見種類

中(zhong)文名稱(chinese)→食蜥王龍

其(qi)它中文(wen)名稱(chinese[other])→無(wu)

拉(la)丁(ding)文學名( name )→ saurophaganax

發音( pronounced )→ sawr-oh-fag-ah-naks

含義( meaning )→食蜥蜴(恐龍)的龍的國王

目(mu)(mu)( order )→蜥臀目(mu)(mu)(saurischia)

亞目( suborder)→獸腳亞目(theropoda)

類(lei)( infraorder)→新獸腳類(lei)(neotheropoda)

堅尾(wei)龍(long)類(tetanurae)

鳥獸(shou)腳類(lei)(avetheropoda)

肉食龍(long)類(carnosauria)

超科(super family)→ 異特(te)龍(long)超科(allosauroidea)

科( family)→ 異特龍(long)科(allosauridae)

屬( genus )→食蜥王龍(saurophaganax)

模式種( type species )→巨食蜥王龍(s. maximus)

其它種( other species )→ 無

錯誤歸屬種(zhong)( misassigned species )→無

時代( period )→ 侏羅紀晚期(qi)到(dao)末期(qi)( kimmeridgian- tithonian)

分布( found in )→美國(guo)(The United States)、西班牙(Spain)

發現地層( stratum )→莫里森層(morrison)

食性(xing)( diet )→ 肉食(meat)

典型狀(zhuang)態( length up to )→ 長10-13.9米(The length of the10-13m)

推測體重(zhong)( mass )→ 4-8.2噸

發現者( discoverer )→ hunt &lucas,1987

命名者( first described )→chure,1995

在世(shi)界(jie)出現(xian)的(de)地方(fang):美(mei)國的(de)俄克拉何馬州

生長與分布

食(shi)蜥王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)是侏羅紀晚期(qi)北美(mei)洲的(de)(de)最大型(xing)(xing)肉食(shi)性(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)之(zhi)一，早期(qi)身(shen)長估(gu)計(ji)值(zhi)約14到(dao)15公尺(chi)，近年估(gu)計(ji)值(zhi)則略短。食(shi)蜥王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)發現(xian)于新墨(mo)西(xi)哥州與奧克(ke)拉荷馬州的(de)(de)莫里遜(xun)組最晚層(ceng)，顯示它們(men)很(hen)(hen)晚才出(chu)現(xian)于該(gai)地(di)區、或(huo)者是數(shu)量(liang)比較稀(xi)少。食(shi)蜥王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)是種晚期(qi)的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)(long)科，體(ti)型(xing)(xing)大于年代(dai)相近的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)。但在莫里遜(xun)組的(de)(de)獸腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)化石(shi)(shi)中，食(shi)蜥王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)很(hen)(hen)稀(xi)少，因此無法得知其(qi)食(shi)性(xing)、行為(wei)。奧克(ke)拉荷馬州的(de)(de)莫里遜(xun)組曾發現(xian)許多迷惑龍(long)(long)化石(shi)(shi)，食(shi)蜥王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)可能(neng)會以(yi)它們(men)為(wei)食(shi)。

形態及特征

食蜥王龍(long)數件著名(ming)標本情(qing)況如(ru)下(xia):

正模omnh 1708長10.95米，重5噸。化石包括:薦椎，尾椎，頸椎，髂骨，坐(zuo)骨，大腿骨1.135米，脛骨，腓骨，趾骨(williamson and chure 1996)。

OMNH 1935，發現于美國，，一塊完整(zheng)的(de)肱(gong)骨化(hua)石(shi)，這塊化(hua)石(shi)的(de)數據有多個版(ban)(ban)本，根據最(zui)小的(de)版(ban)(ban)本，這只恐龍體(ti)重約5噸，和(he)正模(mo)相仿(fang);根據最(zui)大版(ban)(ban)本，則超過8噸甚至有9噸。

歐(ou)洲(zhou)西班牙的(de)(de)一個長達102厘米的(de)(de)足跡化石，但屬于(yu)食蜥王龍還存在一些爭議(yi)。