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基本介紹

食(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)是發現于(yu)(yu)北美(mei)洲晚侏羅世莫里(li)遜組的(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)獸腳類恐龍(long)，與著名的(de)(de)(de)異特龍(long)同(tong)屬于(yu)(yu)異特龍(long)超科。該(gai)屬下目(mu)前(qian)只有(you)(you)一(yi)種，巨型(xing)食(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)。依據目(mu)前(qian)有(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)資料來(lai)看(kan)，食(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)是該(gai)組報道的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)型(xing)最大的(de)(de)(de)捕食(shi)(shi)者，體(ti)(ti)型(xing)大于(yu)(yu)發現于(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)地區的(de)(de)(de)異特龍(long)和(he)蠻龍(long)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)食(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)記錄非常(chang)少，古生物學家對于(yu)(yu)這種巨型(xing)獵手知之甚少。目(mu)前(qian)對于(yu)(yu)食(shi)(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)型(xing)估計認為(wei)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度可能接近霸王(wang)龍(long)和(he)其它(ta)大型(xing)鯊齒龍(long)類，但由(you)于(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)態較修長(chang)，因此體(ti)(ti)重要輕一(yi)些。

命名由來

“Sauros”意為(wei)蜥蜴，“phagein”是“以…為(wei)食(shi)”，“anax”的(de)意思是統治者。因此食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)屬名(ming)意為(wei)“以蜥蜴為(wei)食(shi)的(de)王(wang)者”。種名(ming)則是強調它巨大的(de)體型。

基本信息和形態學

關于(yu)食蜥王龍的研究可(ke)以追溯至(zhi)20世(shi)紀30年代。斯托瓦爾(er)(er)在(zai)俄(e)克拉荷馬州錫馬龍縣發(fa)現(xian)了一具大(da)型(xing)獸腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍化石，它將其命名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)“Saurophagus maximus”。由(you)于(yu)在(zai)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)時缺(que)乏對(dui)標本(ben)詳細的形態(tai)學描(miao)述，這一命名(ming)(ming)(ming)被(bei)認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)裸名(ming)(ming)(ming)(nomen nudum, 生(sheng)物(wu)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)中的無效命名(ming)(ming)(ming)）。之后(hou)的研究發(fa)現(xian)，屬名(ming)(ming)(ming)“Saurophagus”已(yi)經(jing)被(bei)用于(yu)一種(zhong)鳥類(lei)的命名(ming)(ming)(ming)，因此即使經(jing)過正式描(miao)述，原有的屬名(ming)(ming)(ming)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)無效的。在(zai)1995年，古生(sheng)物(wu)學家丹尼爾(er)(er).舒爾(er)(er)建(jian)立了一個(ge)(ge)新屬，即“Saurophaganax”，并選擇(ze)OMNH 01123，即一節神經(jing)棘作為(wei)食蜥王龍的正型(xing)標本(ben)。食蜥王龍的材料可(ke)能來自(zi)于(yu)4個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)體。

正型標本(ben)：OMNH 01123一節背椎神經棘。

食蜥王龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)材料僅包(bao)括(kuo)一(yi)件(jian)右側(ce)眶后(hou)(hou)骨(gu)(gu)，兩件(jian)不完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)骨(gu)(gu)，以及(ji)三顆牙冠。方骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)一(yi)方骨(gu)(gu)孔。寰椎(zhui)(zhui)很(hen)大，缺乏與前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)寰椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節面。頸(jing)椎(zhui)(zhui)為后(hou)(hou)凹(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部頸(jing)椎(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)等發(fa)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上突。椎(zhui)(zhui)體兩側(ce)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔與內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)腔化構造相(xiang)連(lian)通(tong)。中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)頸(jing)椎(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)發(fa)育氣(qi)腔化構造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)弓橫突。中(zhong)(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)沙漏型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體。椎(zhui)(zhui)體與神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)(ji)相(xiang)連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢圓形凹(ao)陷。背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)椎(zhui)(zhui)體也為后(hou)(hou)凹(ao)形。唯一(yi)完整保存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)(ji)可能來自于一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)(ji)。這(zhe)枚神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)(ji)與其它(ta)(ta)(ta)獸腳(jiao)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)經(jing)棘(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別。在它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基部延(yan)伸出了(le)一(yi)對類似于前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)關節突的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小骨(gu)(gu)片。尾(wei)(wei)椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體呈(cheng)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)凹(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈弧(hu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)突。肱骨(gu)(gu)粗壯，與異特龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)相(xiang)似。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)也具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)三個(ge)指，但是(shi)第一(yi)指沒有(you)(you)比其它(ta)(ta)(ta)手指強壯太多。腸骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)(wei)骨(gu)(gu)短(duan)肌附(fu)著脊。恥骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)孔，以及(ji)膨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)端(duan)。坐骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)孔突位于靠近近端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置。股骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小轉(zhuan)子比較靠近近端(duan)。

歸(gui)入標本(ben)：OMNH 01135寰椎(zhui)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01444前部頸椎。

歸入標(biao)本：OMNH 01190背椎椎體。

歸(gui)入標本：OMNH 01685中段尾椎。

歸入標本(ben)：OMNH 01338左(zuo)側腸(chang)骨。

歸入(ru)標本：OMNH 01737右側(ce)坐骨的(de)近端。

歸入標本：OMNH 01425右側恥骨的遠端。

歸(gui)入標本(ben)：OMNH 01707左側(ce)恥骨的近端。

歸(gui)入標本：OMNH 01708右(you)側股(gu)骨。

歸入標本(ben)：OMNH 01370右(you)側(ce)脛骨。

歸入標本：OMNH 01935左側肱骨(gu)。

其余歸入(ru)標本：舒爾(er)1995年(nian)的描述文獻中所(suo)描述的一(yi)些材(cai)料沒有(you)提及標本號(hao)，包括一(yi)些頭(tou)骨骨塊，細節見舒爾(er)1995年(nian)和2000年(nian)的文獻。

古生態學

發(fa)現(xian)食(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莫里遜(xun)組也發(fa)現(xian)了(le)眾多恐(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化石。與它同(tong)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獸腳類恐(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還(huan)有(you)(you)角(jiao)鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，史托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。植食(shi)性恐(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括屬于(yu)蜥(xi)(xi)腳類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腕(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，重龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，還(huan)有(you)(you)屬于(yu)鳥臀類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，侏儒(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)彎(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是那個(ge)時(shi)(shi)代最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)捕(bu)食(shi)者，可(ke)能(neng)會以大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜥(xi)(xi)腳類恐(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)食(shi)，但同(tong)時(shi)(shi)也會面臨多方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭壓力。史托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)和(he)(he)嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都是小型獸腳類恐(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，角(jiao)鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是中等體型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掠食(shi)者。異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與食(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類似(si)，高居(ju)食(shi)物鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上游。一些(xie)異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標本表面具有(you)(you)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒痕(hen)，這些(xie)齒痕(hen)很(hen)可(ke)能(neng)來自一種比異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物，最有(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇就是食(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，暗示著這兩種頂級捕(bu)食(shi)者可(ke)能(neng)會發(fa)生沖突。

系統發育位置

目(mu)前的主流觀(guan)點認為食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)屬于異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)超(chao)科中的異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)類，與異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)具有很近的親緣關系(xi)。

影視作品

食(shi)蜥王龍(long)登場于BBC的(de)紀錄片《恐龍(long)星球》中，在片中，食(shi)蜥王龍(long)對(dui)(dui)一只異特(te)龍(long)大打出手(shou)，撕(si)咬(yao)對(dui)(dui)手(shou)的(de)頭(tou)部，并搶走了(le)對(dui)(dui)方的(de)獵物。

常見種類

中(zhong)文(wen)名稱(chinese)→食蜥(xi)王龍

其它(ta)中文名稱(chinese[other])→無

拉丁文學(xue)名( name )→ saurophaganax

發(fa)音( pronounced )→ sawr-oh-fag-ah-naks

含義( meaning )→食蜥蜴(恐龍(long))的龍(long)的國王

目(mu)( order )→蜥臀目(mu)(saurischia)

亞(ya)目( suborder)→獸(shou)腳亞(ya)目(theropoda)

類(lei)( infraorder)→新獸腳類(lei)(neotheropoda)

堅尾龍類(tetanurae)

鳥獸腳類(avetheropoda)

肉食(shi)龍類(carnosauria)

超科(ke)(super family)→ 異特龍超科(ke)(allosauroidea)

科( family)→ 異特龍科(allosauridae)

屬(shu)( genus )→食蜥王龍(saurophaganax)

模(mo)式(shi)種( type species )→巨(ju)食蜥王龍(s. maximus)

其它種( other species )→ 無

錯誤歸(gui)屬種( misassigned species )→無

時(shi)代( period )→ 侏羅(luo)紀晚期到末期( kimmeridgian- tithonian)

分布( found in )→美(mei)國(The United States)、西班牙(Spain)

發現地層(ceng)(ceng)( stratum )→莫(mo)里森層(ceng)(ceng)(morrison)

食(shi)性( diet )→ 肉食(shi)(meat)

典型狀態( length up to )→ 長10-13.9米(The length of the10-13m)

推測體重( mass )→ 4-8.2噸

發現者( discoverer )→ hunt &lucas,1987

命名者(zhe)( first described )→chure,1995

在世界出現的(de)地方(fang):美(mei)國的(de)俄(e)克拉(la)何(he)馬州

生長與分布

食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)是侏羅紀晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)北美洲的(de)(de)(de)最大型(xing)肉食(shi)(shi)性(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)之一(yi)，早期(qi)(qi)身長估計(ji)值(zhi)約14到15公尺，近年估計(ji)值(zhi)則略短。食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)發現于(yu)新(xin)墨西哥州與奧克拉荷馬州的(de)(de)(de)莫里(li)(li)遜(xun)組最晚(wan)層(ceng)，顯示它們很晚(wan)才(cai)出現于(yu)該地區、或者是數量比較稀少。食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)是種晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特龍(long)科(ke)，體型(xing)大于(yu)年代相近的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特龍(long)、蠻龍(long)。但在莫里(li)(li)遜(xun)組的(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)中(zhong)，食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)很稀少，因(yin)此(ci)無法(fa)得知其食(shi)(shi)性(xing)、行為。奧克拉荷馬州的(de)(de)(de)莫里(li)(li)遜(xun)組曾發現許多迷惑龍(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)，食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)可能會以它們為食(shi)(shi)。

形態及特征

食蜥王龍數件著名標本情況如(ru)下:

正模omnh 1708長10.95米，重5噸。化石包括:薦椎，尾椎，頸椎，髂(qia)骨(gu)，坐骨(gu)，大(da)腿(tui)骨(gu)1.135米，脛骨(gu)，腓骨(gu)，趾骨(gu)(williamson and chure 1996)。

OMNH 1935，發現于美國(guo)，，一塊(kuai)完整(zheng)的(de)肱(gong)骨化(hua)石，這塊(kuai)化(hua)石的(de)數據有多(duo)個版(ban)本(ben)，根(gen)據最小的(de)版(ban)本(ben)，這只恐龍體重約5噸(dun)，和正模相仿;根(gen)據最大版(ban)本(ben)，則(ze)超(chao)過8噸(dun)甚至有9噸(dun)。

歐洲西班牙的一(yi)個長達(da)102厘米的足(zu)跡化石，但(dan)屬于食(shi)蜥王龍還存在一(yi)些爭(zheng)議。