芒果视频下载

基本介紹

異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)，又名躍龍(long)或異(yi)龍(long)，是(shi)(shi)蜥臀目(mu)獸腳(jiao)亞目(mu)肉(rou)食(shi)龍(long)下目(mu)恐龍(long)的一屬(shu)。異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)是(shi)(shi)種中型的二足、掠(lve)食(shi)性恐龍(long)，身長8.5米(mi)，最(zui)大9.7米(mi)，體重1.5~3噸最(zui)重3.6噸。它們生存于晚(wan)侏(zhu)羅紀(ji)，約1億5500萬年(nian)前(qian)到1億3500萬年(nian)前(qian)。自(zi)從在1877年(nian)被奧塞內爾(er)·查利斯(si)·馬什(Othniel Charles Marsh)命(ming)名以(yi)來，已有(you)(you)許多的可(ke)能(neng)種被歸(gui)類于異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)屬(shu)，但只(zhi)有(you)(you)少(shao)數被認為是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)效種。

常見種類

劃分標準

異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)于異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)，異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)是(shi)一個(ge)大(da)型獸(shou)腳(jiao)亞目的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)化支。奧塞內爾(er)·查利斯·馬什在1878年建立異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke);但(dan)在70年代以前(qian)，異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)很少被(bei)(bei)(bei)使(shi)用(yong)，取而代之的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)斑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)，但(dan)斑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)長期(qi)以來被(bei)(bei)(bei)當作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)"未歸類(lei)物(wu)種集中(zhong)地(di)"。在1976年麥迪遜(xun)公布他的(de)(de)(de)專題論文(wen)以前(qian)，跟異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)相同(tong)時(shi)期(qi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)命(ming)名的(de)(de)(de)腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)當作(zuo)(zuo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)義(yi)詞，而且更常(chang)(chang)(chang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)使(shi)用(yong)。數個(ge)研究人員曾在他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)斑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)來取代異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)，包含:吉爾(er)摩爾(er)、休尼(ni)(ni)博士(shi)、羅默博士(shi)、羅德尼(ni)(ni)·史提爾(er)、以及亞歷克·沃(wo)克。在麥迪遜(xun)公布他的(de)(de)(de)具影響力專題論文(wen)之后，異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)開始普遍使(shi)用(yong)，但(dan)沒(mei)有被(bei)(bei)(bei)明確的(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)。一些半(ban)科(ke)(ke)學性質的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)將異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)使(shi)用(yong)于不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，通常(chang)(chang)(chang)包含那些比斑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)更大(da)型、更著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)種。在獸(shou)腳(jiao)亞目中(zhong)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)認(ren)為是(shi)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)近(jin)親的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)種，包含:印度龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、皮亞尼(ni)(ni)茲基龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、皮爾(er)逖龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、永川(chuan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、高棘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、吉蘭泰龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、巧鱷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、史托龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、以及四川(chuan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。隨者相關恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)研究增(zeng)加，獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)開始變得多(duo)樣性。而親緣分支分類(lei)法研究則顯(xian)示，上述原本被(bei)(bei)(bei)認(ren)為是(shi)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)近(jin)親的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)種，都(dou)不(bu)是(shi)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)成員，只有少數屬(shu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)歸類(lei)于相近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)，例如(ru):高棘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、永川(chuan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。

異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)是(shi)(shi)肉食(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)的(de)三個(ge)(ge)科(ke)之(zhi)一(yi)，其(qi)他兩個(ge)(ge)分別為鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)與(yu)中華盜龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)。在(zai)1988年，葛瑞格(ge)利·保(bao)(bao)羅提(ti)出(chu)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)演化(hua)為暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)，因此成為并系(xi)群;但這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)看(kan)法已遭(zao)到否定，暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)已經(jing)被(bei)歸類為另一(yi)群獸腳類支系(xi)，虛骨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類。異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)是(shi)(shi)肉食(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)中成員最少(shao)的(de)一(yi)科(ke)，在(zai)大多(duo)數的(de)研究中，除了異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬以(yi)外，只有(you)食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)以(yi)及一(yi)個(ge)(ge)發現于(yu)法國的(de)未命名異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超科(ke)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)認為是(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)屬。Epanterias是(shi)(shi)另一(yi)個(ge)(ge)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)屬，但Epanterias與(yu)食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬的(de)大型個(ge)(ge)體。最近的(de)研究則保(bao)(bao)留了食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，而(er)將Epanterias歸類于(yu)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)。

實際情況

尚(shang)不(bu)清(qing)楚(chu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬究竟有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多少(shao)(shao)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。自(zi)從(cong)1988年以(yi)來，已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)七個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)種(zhong)(zhong)。例(li)如:模(mo)式種(zhong)(zhong)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. fragilis)、合(he)(he)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. amplexus)、歐洲異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. europaeus)、尚(shang)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)正式敘述的(de)(de)(de)(de)詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. jimmadseni)、坦(tan)達(da)(da)(da)格(ge)魯(lu)(lu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. tendagurensis)，但其中(zhong)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)(shao)數種(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)遍被(bei)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)。此外，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)至少(shao)(shao)10個(ge)(ge)可(ke)(ke)疑(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)稱或未敘述的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)曾被(bei)歸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)于(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬。在(zai)基(ji)礎(chu)堅尾(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究中(zhong)，只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)(wei)未命(ming)名(ming)(ming)種(zhong)(zhong))、以(yi)及(ji)坦(tan)達(da)(da)(da)格(ge)魯(lu)(lu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)承(cheng)認是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)種(zhong)(zhong);而合(he)(he)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(即為(wei)(wei)(wei)Epanterias)、殘(can)暴異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)，歐洲異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)并沒(mei)被(bei)承(cheng)認，巨異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)曾被(bei)建立為(wei)(wei)(wei)食蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。合(he)(he)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、巨異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石都來自(zi)于(yu)莫里(li)遜組(zu)，莫里(li)遜組(zu)散布于(yu)美國的(de)(de)(de)(de)科羅拉多州(zhou)(zhou)、蒙(meng)大(da)拿州(zhou)(zhou)、新墨(mo)西哥州(zhou)(zhou)、奧(ao)克拉荷(he)馬州(zhou)(zhou)、南達(da)(da)(da)科他(ta)州(zhou)(zhou)、猶(you)他(ta)州(zhou)(zhou)、以(yi)及(ji)懷(huai)俄(e)明(ming)州(zhou)(zhou)，年代(dai)(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上侏(zhu)羅紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)啟莫里(li)階(jie)到提通階(jie)。在(zai)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)，詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石標本最(zui)(zui)大(da)。脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)該(gai)地層最(zui)(zui)常發(fa)(fa)現(xian)、最(zui)(zui)著名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石，已發(fa)(fa)現(xian)至少(shao)(shao)60個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石。自(zi)從(cong)80年代(dai)(dai)以(yi)來，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)爭論懷(huai)疑(yi)(yi)莫里(li)遜組(zu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否存(cun)在(zai)者另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，殘(can)暴異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long):研(yan)究仍維(wei)持莫里(li)遜組(zu)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)看法，而該(gai)地層所發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，被(bei)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同(tong)個(ge)(ge)體間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)。歐洲異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石發(fa)(fa)現(xian)于(yu)葡萄牙勞爾哈組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)多諾伏，體長(chang)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)9米2噸，年代(dai)(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)啟莫里(li)階(jie)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)與脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)物。坦(tan)達(da)(da)(da)格(ge)魯(lu)(lu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)于(yu)坦(tan)尚(shang)尼亞姆特(te)(te)(te)瓦拉區的(de)(de)(de)(de)坦(tan)達(da)(da)(da)格(ge)魯(lu)(lu)，年代(dai)(dai)也為(wei)(wei)(wei)啟莫里(li)階(jie)。大(da)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究把(ba)坦(tan)達(da)(da)(da)格(ge)魯(lu)(lu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)種(zhong)(zhong)，但它有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)礎(chu)堅尾(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，或僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)獸(shou)腳亞目的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)疑(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)。雖然歸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)仍不(bu)確定，坦(tan)達(da)(da)(da)格(ge)魯(lu)(lu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，身長(chang)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)約9公尺(chi)，體重約有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)2.5公噸。

異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能異(yi)名有(you)腔軀龍(long)(long)(long)、Creosaurus、Epanterias、以及Labrosaurus。而異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根據(ju)(ju)零碎(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)來命(ming)名，許多被(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)破碎(sui)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)名，或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)(bei)錯誤歸類到異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)屬。其(qi)中一(yi)個(ge)(ge)例子是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Labrosaurus ferox，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)馬(ma)什在1884年(nian)所(suo)命(ming)名，但(dan)他是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根據(ju)(ju)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)外形(xing)奇怪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)下(xia)顎(e)，而顎(e)部(bu)(bu)(bu)前(qian)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒列(lie)有(you)個(ge)(ge)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺口，顎(e)部(bu)(bu)(bu)后(hou)段則延展并外翻。后(hou)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究人(ren)員提出這個(ge)(ge)下(xia)顎(e)骨頭具有(you)病(bing)狀，應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)該動物生前(qian)受傷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，而后(hou)段變形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)原(yuan)因為(wei)(wei)石(shi)膏重建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果。這個(ge)(ge)化(hua)石(shi)現被(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)脆弱異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)。被(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)散布于(yu)(yu)(yu)全世(shi)界(jie)，包含澳洲(zhou)、西伯利亞、以及瑞(rui)士，但(dan)這些化(hua)石(shi)被(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)。

生長與分布

異(yi)特龍(long)是(shi)該時期北美洲莫(mo)里遜(xun)組最常見(jian)的(de)大(da)型掠(lve)食者，并位在食物鏈(lian)的(de)頂(ding)層。它們(men)可能以其他大(da)型草食性(xing)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)為(wei)食，例如:鳥腳目、蜥腳下目恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)。異(yi)特龍(long)經常被認為(wei)采用(yong)群體合作方(fang)式攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)蜥腳類恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)，但很少證據顯示異(yi)特龍(long)具(ju)有(you)共同攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)社會行為(wei)。它們(men)可能采取伏擊(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)式攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)型獵物，使(shi)用(yong)上顎來(lai)撞擊(ji)(ji)(ji)獵物。

形態及特征

異特龍(long)(long)(long)(Allosaurus)又稱躍龍(long)(long)(long)或異龍(long)(long)(long)，是蜥臀(tun)目獸(shou)腳亞目恐龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)一屬。異特龍(long)(long)(long)是種中型的(de)二足、掠食(shi)性恐龍(long)(long)(long)，身長為9米，最大可達(da)9.7米。它(ta)們生(sheng)存于晚侏羅紀(ji)，約1億5500萬年~1億3500萬年前(qian)。

這是(shi)一(yi)種大家(jia)熟知的(de)恐(kong)龍。它已經(jing)成(cheng)為(wei)定義侏羅紀的(de)食(shi)肉者，以及(ji)食(shi)肉恐(kong)龍--大型(xing)獸腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍的(de)典范。

異(yi)特(te)龍具有(you)大(da)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)頭顱骨(gu)(gu)，上(shang)有(you)大(da)型(xing)洞孔，可(ke)減輕重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)，眼睛上(shang)方擁(yong)有(you)角冠(guan)。它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)頭顱骨(gu)(gu)是由幾個分開的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)頭組成的(de)(de)(de)，骨(gu)(gu)頭之間有(you)可(ke)活動關節，進食(shi)時頜部可(ke)先下上(shang)張(zhang)開，然后(hou)(hou)在左右撐開吞(tun)下食(shi)物;它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)下頜也可(ke)以前后(hou)(hou)滑動。嘴部擁(yong)有(you)70顆(ke)大(da)型(xing)、銳(rui)利、彎曲的(de)(de)(de)牙齒(chi)。相較于大(da)型(xing)、強壯的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)肢，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)前肢小，手(shou)部有(you)三指，指爪大(da)而(er)彎曲，長(chang)度(du)為25厘米。尾巴長(chang)而(er)重(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)平衡身(shen)體與(yu)頭部。異(yi)特(te)龍的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)和其它(ta)獸(shou)腳亞(ya)目恐龍一(yi)般，呈現出(chu)類似鳥類的(de)(de)(de)輕巧中(zhong)空特(te)征(zheng)。

異(yi)(yi)特龍(long)是(shi)該時(shi)期北(bei)美洲莫(mo)里(li)遜組最常見的(de)大型掠食(shi)動物，并位在食(shi)物鏈的(de)頂層。它們可(ke)能以其(qi)他(ta)大型草食(shi)性恐龍(long)為(wei)(wei)食(shi)，例如(ru):鳥(niao)腳下目、劍龍(long)科(ke)、蜥腳下目恐龍(long)。異(yi)(yi)特龍(long)常被認為(wei)(wei)采(cai)用(yong)群體(ti)合(he)作(zuo)方式攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)蜥腳類恐龍(long)，但很少有(you)證據顯(xian)示異(yi)(yi)特龍(long)具有(you)共同攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)的(de)社會行為(wei)(wei)。它們有(you)可(ke)能采(cai)取伏擊(ji)(ji)方式攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)大型獵物，使用(yong)上頜來撞擊(ji)(ji)獵物。

第一(yi)個可明(ming)確歸類(lei)于(yu)(yu)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)化(hua)石，是在1877年由(you)奧塞內爾·查利斯(si)·馬什(shen)(Othniel Charles Marsh)所發(fa)現。異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)具有復(fu)雜的(de)分(fen)類(lei)歷史，過去曾(ceng)有許多種最(zui)初被歸類(lei)于(yu)(yu)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)，腔軀龍(long)，直到在克利夫蘭勞埃(ai)德采石場發(fa)現大量的(de)化(hua)石后，異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)才成為常用的(de)名稱，并成為最(zui)廣受研究(jiu)的(de)恐龍(long)之一(yi)。

異(yi)(yi)特龍的(de)化(hua)石(shi)主(zhu)要來自于(yu)北美(mei)洲(zhou)的(de)莫里遜組，另外在葡(pu)萄(tao)牙、坦桑尼亞(ya)也發(fa)現了(le)可(ke)能的(de)化(hua)石(shi)。異(yi)(yi)特龍的(de)化(hua)石(shi)是美(mei)國猶他州(zhou)的(de)州(zhou)化(hua)石(shi)。由(you)于(yu)異(yi)(yi)特龍是最早被發(fa)現的(de)獸腳亞(ya)目恐龍之一(yi)，所以(yi)長(chang)期(qi)以(yi)來吸引(yin)了(le)一(yi)般(ban)大(da)眾的(de)注意，并出(chu)現在數個(ge)電(dian)影與電(dian)視節(jie)目中。

異特龍是種典型的大型獸腳類恐龍，擁有大型頭顱骨、粗壯的頸部、長尾巴、以及縮短的前肢。脆弱異特龍是最著名的種，平均身長為9米，而最大型的異特龍標本(編號AMNH 680)的身長估計為9·7米，體重為3.6噸。在1976年，詹姆斯·麥(mai)迪遜(James Madsen)的(de)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)專(zhuan)題論文(wen)中，他提出異(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)身長(chang)最大值(zhi)為(wei)13米。如同其他的(de)恐龍(long)，異(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)體(ti)重估計值(zhi)也有爭(zheng)議，自20世(shi)紀(ji)80年代以來(lai)，成年異(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)體(ti)重估計值(zhi)，已有1000公斤，以及1010公斤等不同的(de)數據。

莫里遜組專家約翰(han)·福斯(si)特(te)(te)(te)(John Foster)提出，大型的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)年(nian)脆弱異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體重為1000公斤，但(dan)根據他(ta)所測量、參考(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨，合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)估計(ji)值應約750~800公斤。有(you)數個(ge)(ge)巨型標本(ben)被歸類(lei)于(yu)異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)屬(shu)，但(dan)可(ke)能(neng)事實上(shang)屬(shu)于(yu)其他(ta)恐(kong)龍(long)。異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)(jin)親食蜥王龍(long)(編(bian)號OMNH 1708)身長可(ke)能(neng)有(you)13米。曾被歸類(lei)于(yu)異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種，巨異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(A. maximus)，最近(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究多認(ren)為它們是個(ge)(ge)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)。另一個(ge)(ge)可(ke)能(neng)屬(shu)于(yu)異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標本(ben)(編(bian)號AMNH 5768)，曾長期被歸類(lei)于(yu)Epanterias，身長為12.1公尺。在(zai)新(xin)墨西哥州莫里遜組的(de)(de)(de)(de)彼得森采石場，發現一個(ge)(ge)大型的(de)(de)(de)(de)異特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)科部(bu)分(fen)骨骼，是食蜥王龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個(ge)(ge)標本(ben)。

頭顱骨

在獸腳亞目之中(zhong)(zhong)，異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨(gu)、牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒與(yu)身體的(de)(de)(de)比例適中(zhong)(zhong)。葛瑞(rui)格(ge)利·保羅(luo)(Gregory S. Paul)依據(ju)一個(ge)長(chang)度為(wei)(wei)84.5公分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)頭(tou)顱骨(gu)，估計該個(ge)體的(de)(de)(de)身長(chang)為(wei)(wei)7.9米。每(mei)(mei)塊前上顎骨(gu)各有5顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒，牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒的(de)(de)(de)橫剖面呈D形，而每(mei)(mei)塊上顎骨(gu)約有14到(dao)(dao)17顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒;異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒數(shu)量與(yu)骨(gu)頭(tou)大小并不(bu)(bu)呈正(zheng)比。而每(mei)(mei)塊齒骨(gu)約有14到(dao)(dao)17顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒，平均數(shu)量為(wei)(wei)16顆。越往嘴(zui)部深處，牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒就越短(duan)、狹(xia)窄(zhai)、彎曲(qu)。異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒都為(wei)(wei)鋸齒狀(zhuang)。這些(xie)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒很容(rong)易(yi)脫落，所以它們會不(bu)(bu)斷地生長(chang)、替(ti)代，并成為(wei)(wei)常發現的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石。霸王龍(long)嘴(zui)里有60顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒，異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒更(geng)多，有70顆，而且每(mei)(mei)顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒像匕(bi)首一樣(yang)鋒利，所有的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒向(xiang)后(hou)彎曲(qu)，用(yong)于撕開獵(lie)物的(de)(de)(de)肉。

異特龍(long)的(de)眼睛上方擁有(you)一(yi)對(dui)角(jiao)冠(guan)，由延伸(shen)的(de)淚骨所構成(cheng)。角(jiao)冠(guan)的(de)形狀與(yu)大小(xiao)隨著個體(ti)而不同(tong)。鼻骨的(de)上方也(ye)有(you)一(yi)對(dui)低矮的(de)棱(leng)脊，并(bing)沿者(zhe)(zhe)鼻骨，連接到眼睛上的(de)角(jiao)冠(guan)。這些角(jiao)冠(guan)可能(neng)覆蓋者(zhe)(zhe)角(jiao)質(zhi)，并(bing)具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)的(de)功能(neng)，例如(ru):替眼睛遮辟(pi)陽光、視覺展(zhan)示物(wu)(wu)、以及(ji)物(wu)(wu)種內的(de)打(da)斗行為(wei)(問(wen)題是(shi)它(ta)們非(fei)常脆弱)。頭顱骨后(hou)上方也(ye)有(you)一(yi)個棱(leng)脊，可供肌肉附著，這特征也(ye)可見于暴龍(long)科動物(wu)(wu)。

淚骨內(nei)側有(you)凹(ao)處，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)內(nei)藏(zang)腺體，例如(ru)(ru)鹽腺。上顎骨內(nei)側有(you)凹(ao)陷處，發展的(de)比基礎獸腳(jiao)類恐龍的(de)鼻竇還好，例如(ru)(ru)角鼻龍與馬什(shen)龍;這些凹(ao)陷處可(ke)(ke)能(neng)與嗅覺器(qi)官有(you)關，例如(ru)(ru)犁鼻器(qi)。異(yi)特(te)龍腦殼(ke)頂部較薄(bo)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)為(wei)促(cu)進腦部的(de)體溫調(diao)節。

異特龍的頭顱骨(gu)是由個(ge)別的骨(gu)頭所組(zu)成(cheng)，而骨(gu)頭之間有可(ke)活動關節。例如(ru)下顎的前半部與后半部可(ke)往外彎曲(qu)，增加骨(gu)頭間的空隙，因此可(ke)以吞下較大(da)的食物(wu)。腦殼與額(e)骨(gu)之間可(ke)能也(ye)有類似的關節。

借助下頜靈活的(de)關節，異(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)嘴可以張得很大，便于撕咬。這對獵物來說是致(zhi)命的(de)攻擊。

骨骸

異特龍擁有9節頸椎、14節背椎、5節支撐臀部的薦椎。尾椎的數量不明，可能隨者個體大小而不同;詹姆斯·麥迪遜估計異特龍有接近50節尾椎，而葛瑞格利·保羅認為這個數量過多，提(ti)出應(ying)該不超過(guo)45節。頸椎與(yu)前(qian)段(duan)背(bei)椎有(you)(you)中空區域，這(zhe)種空間也可見于(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代鳥類(lei)，被(bei)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)(you)類(lei)似鳥類(lei)的氣囊(nang)系統，使(shi)用(yong)于(yu)呼吸作(zuo)用(yong)上。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的肋骨(gu)(gu)寬廣，形成(cheng)桶狀胸腔，與(yu)較原始(shi)的獸腳類(lei)(例如角鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long))不同。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)也具(ju)有(you)(you)腹(fu)肋，但不常被(bei)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，可能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)稍微的骨(gu)(gu)化。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)個(ge)已公布標本(ben)中，這(zhe)些腹(fu)肋被(bei)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)前(qian)曾受過(guo)傷。有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)叉骨(gu)(gu)被(bei)保存下來，但直到1996年才被(bei)確認出來;在(zai)(zai)一(yi)些案例中，叉骨(gu)(gu)與(yu)腹(fu)肋則被(bei)混淆。主要的臀(tun)部(bu)骨(gu)(gu)頭腸骨(gu)(gu)巨大，恥(chi)骨(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)個(ge)明顯的尾端，可能(neng)(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)肌肉附著(zhu)處，以及(ji)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)躺在(zai)(zai)地(di)面時(shi)(shi)的支撐物。在(zai)(zai)1976年，麥迪遜(xun)(xun)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)克利(li)(li)夫蘭勞(lao)埃德恐龍(long)(long)(long)采石(shi)場(chang)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)化石(shi)，有(you)(you)接(jie)近一(yi)半個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的兩個(ge)恥(chi)骨(gu)(gu)上端，并(bing)未互相(xiang)固定者(zhe)。由于(yu)這(zhe)個(ge)特(te)征與(yu)體(ti)(ti)型無(wu)關(guan)，因(yin)此麥迪遜(xun)(xun)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)是種兩性(xing)異(yi)形，雌性(xing)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的恥(chi)骨(gu)(gu)上端沒(mei)有(you)(you)互相(xiang)固定著(zhu)，可使(shi)產卵(luan)時(shi)(shi)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)順利(li)(li)。然而，這(zhe)個(ge)理論并(bing)未引起進一(yi)步的討論。

腿部

與后肢(zhi)相(xiang)比，異特龍的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)相(xiang)當短，但比暴(bao)龍要長很多，約是(shi)后肢(zhi)長度的(de)35%。每個手(shou)(shou)(shou)部具(ju)有三根(gen)手(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)，以及大型、大幅彎曲(qu)的(de)指(zhi)爪(zhua)。異特龍的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)強壯，與其他(ta)的(de)獸腳類恐龍相(xiang)比，它們的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)適合抓握一(yi)定距離內的(de)獵物，或是(shi)將獵物拉近。前(qian)臂稍短于上臂，肱(gong)骨與尺骨的(de)比例為1:1.2。手(shou)(shou)(shou)腕具(ju)有類似半新月形的(de)腕骨，手(shou)(shou)(shou)盜龍類的(de)腕骨更為接(jie)近半新月形。異特龍的(de)三根(gen)手(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)中，內側第一(yi)根(gen)手(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)是(shi)最長的(de)。指(zhi)爪(zhua)的(de)狀態顯(xian)示手(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)可能用來(lai)鉤住東西(xi)。

智商

通過(guo)研究遺骸，我們了解(jie)到(dao)許多恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)體龐(pang)(pang)大(da)，但這不意味著他(ta)們很聰明。馬門溪龍(long)(long)(long)活著的(de)(de)時(shi)候約有(you)四五十噸重，而(er)腦子重量只有(you)500克(ke)左(zuo)右。又如劍(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)，他(ta)的(de)(de)身(shen)軀有(you)大(da)象那么大(da)，而(er)腦子卻(que)小得如約100克(ke)的(de)(de)核(he)桃。異特龍(long)(long)(long)也長著龐(pang)(pang)大(da)的(de)(de)身(shen)體，但據推測，他(ta)的(de)(de)大(da)腦可能很發達(da)，是(shi)侏羅(luo)紀(ji)時(shi)期智(zhi)商(shang)最高的(de)(de)大(da)型肉食(shi)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)，這也給它們的(de)(de)群居(ju)提供了方便。

生活習性

生長模式

異(yi)特龍(long)(long)的(de)大(da)量化(hua)石幾乎涵蓋了所有的(de)年(nian)齡層(ceng)，這(zhe)使(shi)得(de)科學家們可(ke)以研(yan)究(jiu)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)的(de)生(sheng)長模(mo)式與(yu)年(nian)齡上(shang)限(xian)。在(zai)科羅拉多州發(fa)現的(de)一堆壓碎的(de)蛋化(hua)石，可(ke)能屬于異(yi)特龍(long)(long)，這(zhe)是目前所發(fa)現最年(nian)幼的(de)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)化(hua)石。根據四(si)肢骨頭的(de)組織學分析，異(yi)特龍(long)(long)的(de)年(nian)齡上(shang)限(xian)大(da)約(yue)為22到28歲，相當(dang)于其他(ta)大(da)型獸腳類恐龍(long)(long)(例(li)如暴龍(long)(long))。異(yi)特龍(long)(long)的(de)最高生(sheng)長率大(da)約(yue)發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)15歲時，一年(nian)可(ke)以增加148公斤(jin)的(de)體(ti)重。

已在一個出土於克(ke)利夫蘭勞埃德(de)的(de)異特龍脛骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，發現(xian)了骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)組織(zhi)。除了異特龍以外，腱龍與暴(bao)龍也發現(xian)了骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)只存在于產(chan)卵的(de)雌性(xing)鳥類(lei)身上，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)富含鈣，可用來制造(zao)蛋(dan)殼的(de)。異特龍的(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)組織(zhi)，顯(xian)示(shi)該個體是雌性(xing)的(de)，而且(qie)正在繁衍(yan)期中。這(zhe)個雌性(xing)異特龍估(gu)計是在10歲時死亡，從此(ci)顯(xian)示(shi)異特龍在完(wan)全成長前，就已達到性(xing)成熟。

一(yi)個(ge)(ge)具有幾(ji)乎完整(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)肢(zhi)的幼(you)年異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)標本，顯示(shi)幼(you)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)的后(hou)(hou)(hou)肢(zhi)比例(li)較(jiao)成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)長(chang)，而(er)且后(hou)(hou)(hou)肢(zhi)下半部(bu)(bu)(bu)(小腿與腳部(bu)(bu)(bu))長(chang)於大(da)腿部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。這些差別顯示(shi)年輕(qing)異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的移動速度較(jiao)快，并具有不同于成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)的獵食(shi)方式，例(li)如(ru)追趕小型獵物(wu)，而(er)成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)則改采伏擊(ji)方式捕食(shi)大(da)型的獵物(wu)。隨(sui)者(zhe)異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的成(cheng)長(chang)，它們的大(da)腿骨頭變(bian)得更(geng)(geng)厚、更(geng)(geng)寬，而(er)橫剖面變(bian)得較(jiao)不圓形，隨(sui)者(zhe)肌肉(rou)附(fu)著點的改變(bian)，肌肉(rou)相(xiang)對更(geng)(geng)短(duan)，腿部(bu)(bu)(bu)的成(cheng)長(chang)減緩。這些改變(bian)顯示(shi)幼(you)年異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的腿部(bu)(bu)(bu)，承受的應力較(jiao)成(cheng)年異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)小，幼(you)年異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)可(ke)能以更(geng)(geng)規律的速度前(qian)進。

進食方式

異特龍被認為是種主動攻擊的大型掠食者。根據蜥腳類恐龍骨頭上的異特龍齒痕，以及與蜥腳類化石一起發現的零散異特龍牙齒來判斷，異特龍可能以蜥腳類恐龍為獵食對象，或是搜尋它們的尸體為食。另外有明確證據顯示異特龍曾經攻擊過劍龍，例如一個異特龍的尾椎上有個部分痊愈的傷口，這個被刺穿傷口的形狀符合劍龍的尾刺;另外，在一個劍龍的頸部骨板上有個U形的傷口，與異特龍的嘴部形狀符合。在1988年，葛瑞格利·保羅(Gregory Paul)提出異特龍不可能以蜥腳類恐龍為食，除非采取群體方式獵食;因為異特龍的頭部大小屬中型、牙齒相對較小，體型也無法與同時代的大型蜥腳類恐龍相比。另一個可能則是異特龍以幼年蜥腳類恐龍為獵食對象，而不獵食完全成長的蜥腳類恐龍。90年代與2000年的研究可能解答了這個問題。羅伯特·巴克(Robert T. Bakker)將異特龍與一些生存于新生代肉食性哺乳類相比，發現類似的適(shi)應演(yan)化，例(li)如:顎部(bu)肌(ji)肉(rou)的縮小、頸(jing)部(bu)肌(ji)肉(rou)的增大、以及將(jiang)顎部(bu)左右撐開的能力(li)。雖然異特(te)龍(long)的牙(ya)齒并非(fei)如這些哺乳(ru)類呈軍刀狀(zhuang)，巴克提出了(le)另(ling)一種異特(te)龍(long)的攻擊方式:上顎的短牙(ya)齒會形成類似鋸(ju)子的小型(xing)鋸(ju)齒表面，可(ke)切入獵(lie)(lie)物肉(rou)體。這種型(xing)態的顎部(bu)可(ke)使異特(te)龍(long)采取撕咬方式攻擊大型(xing)獵(lie)(lie)物，消耗獵(lie)(lie)物的體力(li)。

埃米莉·雷菲爾德(Emily J. Rayfield)等人使用(yong)有限元分析，研(yan)究(jiu)了(le)異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨(gu)，也(ye)(ye)得到了(le)類(lei)(lei)似的(de)(de)結果。根(gen)據其中(zhong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)物力(li)(li)學研(yan)究(jiu)結果，異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨(gu)非常強壯，咬(yao)(yao)合力(li)(li)相當大。異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)(de)咬(yao)(yao)合力(li)(li)可(ke)以達(da)到3-8噸(dun)，而且它們(men)的(de)(de)頭(tou)顱可(ke)承(cheng)受約55000牛頓(dun)來自于齒(chi)列的(de)(de)垂直壓強。這(zhe)個(ge)研(yan)究(jiu)也(ye)(ye)提出異(yi)特龍(long)使用(yong)頭(tou)部來撞(zhuang)擊(ji)(ji)獵(lie)物，并張開(kai)大口、撕咬(yao)(yao)獵(lie)物。這(zhe)個(ge)研(yan)究(jiu)認為異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)(de)頭(tou)部結構允許它們(men)采(cai)取(qu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)獵(lie)食(shi)模(mo)式來攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)不(bu)同的(de)(de)獵(lie)物:它們(men)的(de)(de)頭(tou)部較輕型(xing)，可(ke)攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)較小(xiao)、較靈(ling)活的(de)(de)鳥腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long);但(dan)頭(tou)部有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)強度承(cheng)受撞(zhuang)擊(ji)(ji)，可(ke)允取(qu)它們(men)采(cai)取(qu)伏擊(ji)(ji)方式攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)較大型(xing)的(de)(de)劍龍(long)科與蜥腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)。

其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)家則對(dui)這(zhe)個研究表示(shi)(shi)異(yi)(yi)(yi)議(yi)，他們(men)認為現存(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有采取(qu)撞(zhuang)擊(ji)方(fang)式(shi)獵(lie)(lie)食的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)，并提出異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部(bu)有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)，應可(ke)(ke)承(cheng)受(shou)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)掙扎(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)。雷(lei)菲爾德等人對(dui)異(yi)(yi)(yi)議(yi)提出回應，他們(men)承(cheng)認現存(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有類(lei)似(si)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)，但異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒列適合(he)這(zhe)種攻(gong)擊(ji)方(fang)式(shi)，而它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部(bu)結構可(ke)(ke)保(bao)護上顎、減低承(cheng)受(shou)力量(liang)。另一(yi)種可(ke)(ke)能(neng)則是，獸腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(例如異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long))不(bu)必費(fei)力將獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)殺(sha)死，而是從(cong)活生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蜥腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)身上咬下足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肉塊(kuai)(kuai)，肉塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小只(zhi)需(xu)維持(chi)獵(lie)(lie)食者生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)即可(ke)(ke)。這(zhe)種獵(lie)(lie)食方(fang)式(shi)也使(shi)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有機(ji)(ji)會痊愈(yu)，而獵(lie)(lie)食者也可(ke)(ke)能(neng)以(yi)類(lei)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)再度(du)獵(lie)(lie)食。另外，鳥腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)是當(dang)地最常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，因此異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)采偷襲方(fang)式(shi)獵(lie)(lie)食鳥腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)，使(shi)用前(qian)肢(zhi)抓住(zhu)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，并咬斷獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)喉嚨的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣管(guan)，類(lei)似(si)今日的(de)(de)(de)(de)大型貓(mao)科動物(wu)(wu)(wu)。異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)強壯，能(neng)夠(gou)抓緊(jin)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)個獵(lie)(lie)食方(fang)式(shi)是可(ke)(ke)能(neng)成立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。其他影響(xiang)進食方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)包含(han):眼睛、前(qian)肢(zhi)、以(yi)及后(hou)肢(zhi)。異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部(bu)形狀將立(li)體視覺限(xian)制在20°的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內(nei)，略小于(yu)現代鱷魚(yu)。如同鱷魚(yu)，這(zhe)個范(fan)圍已(yi)足夠(gou)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)判斷獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)與攻(gong)擊(ji)時機(ji)(ji)。相(xiang)較于(yu)其他獸腳(jiao)類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)，異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)適合(he)抓住(zhu)一(yi)定距(ju)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，還有將獵(lie)(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)拉近(jin);而指爪的(de)(de)(de)(de)構造顯示(shi)(shi)它們(men)可(ke)(ke)用來勾取(qu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)體。經推算(suan)，異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最高奔跑速度(du)可(ke)(ke)達每小時30到55公(gong)里。

社會行為

長(chang)久以來，半科學文獻與(yu)大眾讀物(wu)都將異特(te)龍描述(shu)成(cheng)以群體方式獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)，并以蜥(xi)腳類恐龍與(yu)其他大型(xing)恐龍為獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)對象。羅伯(bo)特(te)·巴(ba)克(Robert T.Bakker)從脫落的(de)牙齒(chi)、大型(xing)獵(lie)物(wu)的(de)被咬(yao)過骨頭研判，異特(te)龍具有親代養(yang)育(yu)的(de)社會行為。巴(ba)克認為成(cheng)年(nian)異特(te)龍將食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)帶(dai)到巢穴中，以供幼年(nian)異特(te)龍食(shi)(shi)(shi)用，并防止其他肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性動物(wu)找到它們(men)的(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)。

研究提(ti)出異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)(yu)其他獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)具有侵略性的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種內(nei)行為(wei)，而(er)非(fei)合作(zuo)性的(de)(de)行為(wei)，如同其他的(de)(de)雙弓動物(wu)(wu)。一個(ge)研究則推論獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)會合作(zuo)獵(lie)食(shi)，而(er)非(fei)個(ge)別(bie)獵(lie)食(shi);這種行為(wei)在(zai)(zai)脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)較(jiao)少(shao)見，而(er)現(xian)存雙弓動物(wu)(wu)(包(bao)括(kuo)蜥蜴、鱷(e)魚(yu)、鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei))很少(shao)合作(zuo)獵(lie)食(shi)。許多現(xian)代的(de)(de)掠食(shi)性雙弓動物(wu)(wu)是領域性，會將侵入領地(di)的(de)(de)同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)殺死、并吞食(shi)它(ta)們的(de)(de)尸體;另(ling)外當聚(ju)集在(zai)(zai)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)周(zhou)圍時，它(ta)們會將企圖搶(qiang)先的(de)(de)較(jiao)小個(ge)體殺死。克(ke)(ke)利夫蘭勞埃德采石場的(de)(de)大(da)量異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石可(ke)能源于它(ta)們在(zai)(zai)同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)相食(shi)時被(bei)淹死。這也可(ke)以解釋異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石中(zhong)，幼(you)年(nian)與(yu)(yu)近成年(nian)個(ge)體所(suo)占的(de)(de)比(bi)例較(jiao)高;因(yin)為(wei)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)代的(de)(de)鱷(e)魚(yu)與(yu)(yu)科莫多龍(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)，幼(you)年(nian)與(yu)(yu)近成年(nian)個(ge)體較(jiao)少(shao)在(zai)(zai)聚(ju)食(shi)地(di)點(dian)中(zhong)被(bei)殺死。這理論也可(ke)解釋巴克(ke)(ke)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)巢(chao)穴(xue)狀(zhuang)況。有些證據顯示異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)具有同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)相食(shi)的(de)(de)行為(wei)，例如肋骨碎片(pian)上有脫落的(de)(de)同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)牙齒(chi)、一個(ge)肩胛骨上有可(ke)能的(de)(de)齒(chi)痕、巴克(ke)(ke)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)巢(chao)穴(xue)中(zhong)的(de)(de)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)骨骸可(ke)能遭(zao)到(dao)同類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)相食(shi)。

腦部感覺

一個針對(dui)異特(te)(te)龍(long)腦(nao)(nao)部(bu)的(de)電腦(nao)(nao)斷(duan)層掃描，發(fa)現它們的(de)腦(nao)(nao)部(bu)與鱷魚和鳥(niao)類有較多的(de)共(gong)同(tong)點(dian)。前庭器官的(de)結(jie)構(gou)顯(xian)示(shi)它們的(de)頭部(bu)保持在幾乎水平的(de)位(wei)置，而非朝上或朝下(xia)。內耳的(de)結(jie)構(gou)類似鱷魚，所以異特(te)(te)龍(long)可(ke)能(neng)容易聽(ting)到低頻的(de)聲音，也(ye)可(ke)以聽(ting)到細微的(de)聲音。異特(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)嗅球大，可(ke)能(neng)適合感(gan)覺(jue)氣味。

價值及其他

相關研究

早期研究

早在1869年，科羅拉多州(zhou)格蘭比郡附近的(de)中央公園d當地(di)居民將(jiang)一個(ge)馬蹄化石交(jiao)給了(le)費迪(di)(di)南德·范迪(di)(di)威(wei)爾·海(hai)登(Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden);該地(di)可能屬(shu)于莫(mo)里遜組。海(hai)登將(jiang)這標(biao)本交(jiao)給約瑟(se)夫·萊迪(di)(di)(Joseph Leidy)，萊迪(di)(di)發現這個(ge)"馬蹄"化石其實是半節尾(wei)椎骨。約瑟(se)夫·萊迪(di)(di)起(qi)初暫(zan)時將(jiang)它(ta)歸類為(wei)歐洲雜肋龍的(de)一個(ge)種(Poicilopleurodon valens)。萊迪(di)(di)后來將(jiang)它(ta)建立為(wei)一個(ge)新(xin)的(de)屬(shu)，腔(qiang)軀龍(Antrodemus)。

異特(te)龍的原型(xing)標(biao)本(ben)(編號(hao)YPM 1930)被發現于科(ke)羅(luo)拉多(duo)州卡農城北方的花園(yuan)公園(yuan)，由一小群破碎骨(gu)頭所構(gou)成，包含三節脊(ji)椎、一個肋骨(gu)碎片(pian)、一顆牙(ya)齒(chi)、一個趾骨(gu)、以及(ji)右(you)肱(gong)骨(gu)主干部分;而(er)右(you)肱(gong)骨(gu)最常被后來的研究(jiu)提及(ji)。在(zai)1877年，奧塞(sai)內爾·查(cha)利斯·馬什(Othniel Charles Marsh)根據(ju)這(zhe)些化石，把這(zhe)種生(sheng)物定(ding)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)異特(te)龍，并把其模(mo)式種正(zheng)式命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)脆(cui)弱(ruo)異特(te)龍(Allosaurus fragilis)。種名(ming)fragilis來自拉丁(ding)語，意(yi)即"脆(cui)弱(ruo)的"，是(shi)指(zhi)它們脊(ji)椎骨(gu)的輕盈特(te)點。

在18世紀后期的(de)化石戰爭(zheng)期間，馬什與(yu)愛德華·德林(lin)克·科普(Edward Drinker Cope)之(zhi)間有過激烈的(de)競爭(zheng)。兩人(ren)曾根據(ju)許多零散、相似的(de)化石建(jian)立了(le)數個屬(shu)(shu)，但之(zhi)后被證明屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)異(yi)特龍，使(shi)得異(yi)特龍的(de)發現與(yu)早期研究非常復雜(za)。兩人(ren)所建(jian)立的(de)名(ming)(ming)稱包含:馬什命(ming)名(ming)(ming)的(de)Creosaurus(意為"肌(ji)肉蜥蜴")、Labrosaurus(意為"貪(tan)吃的(de)蜥蜴")、以(yi)及(ji)科普命(ming)名(ming)(ming)的(de)Epanterias(意為"拱起的(de)")。

在競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)過程中，科普(pu)與馬什(shen)并沒有持(chi)續(xu)地(di)進(jin)行(xing)他(ta)們與他(ta)們下屬的(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)作。舉例而言，班杰明(ming)·福蘭(lan)克(ke)林·馬奇(Benjamin Franklin Mudge)在科羅拉多(duo)州(zhou)花園(yuan)公園(yuan)發(fa)(fa)現異(yi)(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)原(yuan)型標(biao)本(ben)后，馬什(shen)便轉向懷(huai)俄明(ming)州(zhou)進(jin)行(xing)新的(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)作;而在1883年，M.P.Felch重新開始(shi)花園(yuan)公園(yuan)的(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)作后，卻發(fa)(fa)現了(le)一(yi)個(ge)幾乎完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)化(hua)石，以及數個(ge)部分(fen)骸骨。另(ling)外，科普(pu)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)人H.F.Hubbell，在1879年于懷(huai)俄明(ming)州(zhou)的(de)(de)科摩崖發(fa)(fa)現了(le)一(yi)個(ge)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)標(biao)本(ben)(編號AMNH 5753)，但(dan)他(ta)沒有提到化(hua)石的(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)整程度，所(suo)以科普(pu)從(cong)未看過這(zhe)個(ge)化(hua)石。在1903年，科普(pu)死后數年，這(zhe)個(ge)標(biao)本(ben)被發(fa)(fa)現是(shi)當時最完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)獸腳類恐龍(long)(long)之一(yi)，并在1908年開始(shi)展(zhan)覽(lan)。在一(yi)個(ge)由(you)查(cha)爾斯(si)·耐特(Charles R.Knight)所(suo)繪制的(de)(de)圖(tu)畫中，編號AMNH 5753的(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特龍(long)(long)跨越(yue)在一(yi)只迷(mi)惑龍(long)(long)身(shen)上，吞食著迷(mi)惑龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)尸體(ti)。雖然這(zhe)是(shi)第一(yi)次將獸腳類恐龍(long)(long)描繪成(cheng)站立姿態(tai)，但(dan)當時并沒有科學證據可以支持(chi)。

異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)復(fu)(fu)使得研究變的(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜，并隨者馬(ma)什(shen)與(yu)科普的(de)(de)競爭而(er)惡化。在當時便(bian)有一些科學家，例如塞繆爾(er)(er)(er)·溫德爾(er)(er)(er)·威利斯頓(Samuel Wendell Williston)，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)有太(tai)多相(xiang)關名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)被重(zhong)復(fu)(fu)建(jian)立。在1901年(nian)，威利斯頓便(bian)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)馬(ma)什(shen)自(zi)己(ji)也(ye)無法(fa)分辨出(chu)(chu)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)與(yu)Creosaurus的(de)(de)差異(yi)(yi)。查爾(er)(er)(er)斯·懷特(te)尼·吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)摩爾(er)(er)(er)(Charles W.Gilmore)在1920年(nian)嘗試將(jiang)這些復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)整理、歸類(lei)。吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)摩爾(er)(er)(er)認(ren)為萊(lai)迪(di)(di)用(yong)來(lai)命名(ming)(ming)腔(qiang)軀龍(long)的(de)(de)尾椎，其實跟異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)尾椎一樣(yang);因為腔(qiang)軀龍(long)較早命名(ming)(ming)，所以取(qu)(qu)代(dai)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)。在接下來(lai)的(de)(de)50年(nian)，腔(qiang)軀龍(long)取(qu)(qu)代(dai)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)，成為正(zheng)式的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)，直到(dao)詹(zhan)姆斯·麥(mai)迪(di)(di)遜(xun)在克利夫蘭勞埃(ai)德采石(shi)場(chang)發(fa)現新的(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)化石(shi)，并出(chu)(chu)腔(qiang)軀龍(long)的(de)(de)化石(shi)材料無法(fa)鑒定，發(fa)現地點也(ye)不清楚(chu)，應該(gai)采用(yong)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)這名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)。腔(qiang)軀龍(long)為非正(zheng)式的(de)(de)用(yong)法(fa)，只用(yong)在區分吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)摩爾(er)(er)(er)與(yu)麥(mai)迪(di)(di)遜(xun)兩人重(zhong)建(jian)的(de)(de)不同形(xing)態頭(tou)顱骨。

早(zao)在(zai)1927年開始，猶他州艾麥里縣的(de)(de)(de)克(ke)利夫蘭勞埃德恐龍采石(shi)場便有(you)了(le)(le)零散的(de)(de)(de)發現，威廉·斯托克(ke)斯(William J. Stokes)在(zai)1945年于(yu)《科學(xue)(xue)》雜志描述了(le)(le)這個采石(shi)場，但(dan)直到(dao)60年代(dai)，才開始了(le)(le)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)挖掘計(ji)畫。在(zai)1960年到(dao)1965年期間，在(zai)接(jie)近40個機構的(de)(de)(de)合力挖掘之(zhi)下，該(gai)采石(shi)場出土(tu)了(le)(le)數千塊骨(gu)頭(tou)。克(ke)利夫蘭勞埃德采石(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)著名(ming)原因包含:大(da)部分骨(gu)頭(tou)都屬(shu)于(yu)脆弱異特(te)(te)龍，例(li)如在(zai)2006年，73個出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)恐龍個體中，至少有(you)46個屬(shu)于(yu)脆弱異特(te)(te)龍;這些化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)不呈天然狀(zhuang)態(tai)，而且互相(xiang)混(hun)合;將近有(you)10多個科學(xue)(xue)研究討(tao)論了(le)(le)該(gai)地點的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)埋葬(zang)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，形成不同、互相(xiang)矛盾的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋。對于(yu)該(gai)地的(de)(de)(de)成因，包含大(da)群動物深陷在(zai)泥(ni)濘之(zhi)中、乾(qian)旱導致大(da)群動物困在(zai)水(shui)洼之(zhi)中。無論正確的(de)(de)(de)成因為何，當地發現的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量異特(te)(te)龍化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)使(shi)得科學(xue)(xue)家可以詳細地研究它們，使(shi)得異特(te)(te)龍成為了(le)(le)解(jie)最多的(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)腳類恐龍之(zhi)一。該(gai)地所出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)異特(te)(te)龍化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)幾乎包含各種(zhong)年齡與大(da)小，身長(chang)范圍從1公尺到(dao)9公尺。

80年代研究

自從(cong)麥迪遜的(de)專題論文公布(bu)以(yi)(yi)來，已有許多(duo)研究(jiu)討(tao)論異(yi)特龍的(de)古生物學(xue)以(yi)(yi)及古生態學(xue)。這些研究(jiu)涵蓋了異(yi)特龍的(de)骨骼差異(yi)、生長模(mo)式(shi)、頭顱(lu)骨重(zhong)建、獵食模(mo)式(shi)、腦部構造、以(yi)(yi)及群居(ju)生活(huo)與親代養育的(de)可能(neng)性。早期(qi)異(yi)特龍標本的(de)重(zhong)新研究(jiu)、在葡(pu)萄(tao)牙新發(fa)現的(de)化石、以(yi)(yi)及數個非常完整(zheng)的(de)標本也有助(zhu)于(yu)對異(yi)特龍的(de)了解。

"大艾爾"

在1991年發現(xian)的"大(da)(da)艾(ai)(ai)爾(er)(er)(er)"標(biao)本(編號(hao)MOR 593)，是(shi)最(zui)著名(ming)的異(yi)特龍(long)化石(shi)之一。"大(da)(da)艾(ai)(ai)爾(er)(er)(er)"是(shi)個(ge)相當(dang)完整(zheng)(zheng)的天(tian)然狀態標(biao)本，接近95%完整(zheng)(zheng)度，身長(chang)約8米。"大(da)(da)艾(ai)(ai)爾(er)(er)(er)"最(zui)初是(shi)由卡比(bi)·希伯(bo)(Kirby Siber)所(suo)率領的瑞(rui)士(shi)團(tuan)隊發現(xian)于懷(huai)俄明州的比(bi)格霍恩縣，并由懷(huai)俄明大(da)(da)學地理博(bo)物(wu)館與洛磯山博(bo)物(wu)館共同挖(wa)掘出土。因(yin)為該化石(shi)相當(dang)完整(zheng)(zheng)，因(yin)此(ci)取(qu)了個(ge)昵稱:"大(da)(da)艾(ai)(ai)爾(er)(er)(er)"。發現(xian)"大(da)(da)艾(ai)(ai)爾(er)(er)(er)"的瑞(rui)士(shi)團(tuan)隊后來在同一地點發現(xian)另(ling)一異(yi)特龍(long)化石(shi)，并取(qu)名(ming)為"大(da)(da)艾(ai)(ai)爾(er)(er)(er)二(er)號(hao)"，這具化石(shi)是(shi)到目前為止，保存狀態最(zui)好的異(yi)特龍(long)化石(shi)。

"大艾爾(er)(er)"的(de)體型小于脆弱異特龍(long)的(de)平(ping)均(jun)大小，可能(neng)是個(ge)近成年體，估(gu)計只成長到了87%，或是另一較小的(de)種(zhong)。"大艾爾(er)(er)"由布(bu)(bu)倫特·布(bu)(bu)萊特豪普特(Brent Breithaupt)是在1996年所敘述。其中有19個(ge)骨(gu)頭(tou)是斷裂的(de)，呈現出感染(ran)的(de)跡象，這(zhe)可能(neng)導(dao)致"大艾爾(er)(er)"的(de)死亡。這(zhe)些感染(ran)的(de)骨(gu)頭(tou)包(bao)含五個(ge)肋骨(gu)、五節脊椎、四個(ge)腳(jiao)(jiao)部骨(gu)頭(tou);數個(ge)骨(gu)頭(tou)則具有骨(gu)髓(sui)炎。右腳(jiao)(jiao)上的(de)感染(ran)與傷(shang)口可能(neng)影響了"大艾爾(er)(er)"的(de)行(xing)走，從步態的(de)改(gai)變研判，右腳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)傷(shang)口可能(neng)感染(ran)了另一只腳(jiao)(jiao)。

古生態研究

異(yi)特龍是美國西部莫里遜組地(di)層(ceng)中最常見的(de)大型(xing)獸腳(jiao)亞目(mu)化石，它們(men)位在該地(di)食(shi)物鏈的(de)最上層(ceng)。莫里遜組被認為(wei)是半干旱的(de)環(huan)境，具有明顯的(de)雨(yu)季(ji)和旱季(ji)，地(di)形為(wei)平坦的(de)泛濫(lan)平原。該地(di)層(ceng)的(de)植被是由(you)針葉樹(shu)(shu)、樹(shu)(shu)蕨、蕨類所構(gou)成的(de)樹(shu)(shu)林，以及由(you)蕨類所構(gou)成的(de)疏(shu)林莽原。

莫里遜組是個富含(han)化石的(de)(de)挖(wa)掘地(di)點(dian)，該(gai)地(di)曾發現(xian)綠藻、真菌、苔蘚、木(mu)賊、蕨類、蘇(su)鐵(tie)、銀(yin)杏(xing)、以及數科(ke)針葉樹等植物(wu)化石;其他的(de)(de)動物(wu)化石則(ze)包含(han):雙殼綱、蝸(gua)牛、輻鰭魚綱、青(qing)蛙、蠑螈、烏龜、喙頭目(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴、陸生(sheng)與水生(sheng)的(de)(de)鱷(e)形超目(mu)(mu)、數種翼(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)目(mu)(mu)、大量的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)、以及早期的(de)(de)哺乳類，例(li)如:柱齒(chi)獸(shou)(shou)目(mu)(mu)、多瘤(liu)齒(chi)目(mu)(mu)、對齒(chi)獸(shou)(shou)目(mu)(mu)、三(san)尖齒(chi)獸(shou)(shou)目(mu)(mu)。莫里遜組所發現(xian)的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)則(ze)包含(han)了獸(shou)(shou)腳亞目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)角鼻龍(long)(long)(long)、嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)、蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)，蜥腳下目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)、腕龍(long)(long)(long)、圓頂龍(long)(long)(long)、梁(liang)龍(long)(long)(long)，鳥臀目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)彎(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)、橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)、劍龍(long)(long)(long)。

在猶他州(zhou)的克利(li)夫(fu)蘭(lan)勞埃德(de)采石場，有(you)一(yi)個數量眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)的化(hua)(hua)(hua)石層(ceng)。這(zhe)(zhe)個化(hua)(hua)(hua)石層(ceng)包含超(chao)過10,000個骨頭(tou)，大(da)部分(fen)屬(shu)于(yu)異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石，但也有(you)其他恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石，例如劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)角鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。如此眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)的動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石為何集中于(yu)同(tong)一(yi)地(di)點(dian)，仍(reng)不清(qing)楚。而(er)且肉食(shi)(shi)性(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的比例大(da)于(yu)草食(shi)(shi)性(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，這(zhe)(zhe)種狀況(kuang)非常(chang)的少(shao)見。這(zhe)(zhe)個化(hua)(hua)(hua)石層(ceng)被解(jie)釋成群體獵食(shi)(shi)所造成的，但很難(nan)證實。另(ling)一(yi)個可(ke)能性(xing)是(shi)克利(li)夫(fu)蘭(lan)勞埃德(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)采石場在過去是(shi)個"掠食(shi)(shi)者陷阱"，類似(si)拉(la)布(bu)雷亞瀝青(qing)坑，造成大(da)量的掠食(shi)(shi)者陷入無法掙脫的沉積(ji)層(ceng)中。葡(pu)萄(tao)牙所發現異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的地(di)層(ceng)，年代屬(shu)于(yu)晚侏羅紀(ji)，被認為環境類似(si)莫里(li)遜(xun)(xun)組，但受到(dao)海洋的影響較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)。這(zhe)(zhe)個葡(pu)萄(tao)牙地(di)層(ceng)也發現了許多(duo)(duo)莫里(li)遜(xun)(xun)組的恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，主要有(you)異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、角鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，或者是(shi)相近物(wu)種，例如腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的近親(qin)葡(pu)萄(tao)牙巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、彎(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的近親(qin)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)爪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。

異特(te)龍(long)(long)與(yu)其(qi)他侏羅紀獸(shou)(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)共同生存在(zai)莫里(li)遜組與(yu)葡(pu)萄牙，包含:角(jiao)鼻(bi)(bi)龍(long)(long)、體(ti)(ti)型(xing)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)，食蜥王龍(long)(long)，依潘龍(long)(long)。這(zhe)(zhe)點很(hen)不尋常(chang)。根據生理結構(gou)與(yu)化石位(wei)置，它(ta)們(men)三者似乎擁(yong)有(you)(you)不同的(de)(de)生態位(wei)。角(jiao)鼻(bi)(bi)龍(long)(long)與(yu)蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能活躍于(yu)河道附(fu)近(jin)，角(jiao)鼻(bi)(bi)龍(long)(long)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)較(jiao)細，叫矮，而蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)則(ze)十分粗壯，擁(yong)有(you)(you)威力(li)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)爪子和威力(li)無窮(qiong)的(de)(de)放血牙加(jia)碎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)牙，但體(ti)(ti)型(xing)至少(shao)有(you)(you)10-12米+，可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)它(ta)們(men)躲藏(zang)在(zai)森(sen)林(lin)中突襲迷惑龍(long)(long)，腕龍(long)(long)這(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)大(da)(da)型(xing)蜥腳(jiao)類(lei)，有(you)(you)時也(ye)會去捕獵(lie)劍(jian)龍(long)(long)家(jia)族(zu)的(de)(de)成員(yuan);異特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)腿(tui)部較(jiao)長、速度較(jiao)快，但它(ta)們(men)在(zai)森(sen)林(lin)或矮樹叢中較(jiao)不靈活，因此可(ke)(ke)(ke)能活躍于(yu)干燥的(de)(de)泛濫平原中。對(dui)于(yu)角(jiao)鼻(bi)(bi)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)研究比蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)還深入。角(jiao)鼻(bi)(bi)龍(long)(long)與(yu)異特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)差別在(zai)于(yu)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)頭顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)較(jiao)高、較(jiao)狹(xia)窄，而牙齒(chi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)、較(jiao)寬廣(guang)。在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)異特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)恥(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)末端發現了(le)另一(yi)個(ge)獸(shou)(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)齒(chi)痕(hen)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)能是(shi)由(you)角(jiao)鼻(bi)(bi)龍(long)(long)或蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)所留下的(de)(de)，異特(te)龍(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能也(ye)是(shi)其(qi)他獸(shou)(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)食物(wu)來源選(xuan)擇之(zhi)一(yi)，但是(shi)恥(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)位(wei)于(yu)腹部下緣，夾在(zai)兩腿(tui)之(zhi)間，處于(yu)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)最龐大(da)(da)的(de)(de)地方之(zhi)一(yi)。顯示這(zhe)(zhe)只異特(te)龍(long)(long)是(shi)在(zai)死后，尸體(ti)(ti)被其(qi)他恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)所吞食。

大眾文化

在(zai)大眾文化中(zhong)，異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)與(yu)暴龍(long)(long)皆是(shi)大型(xing)肉食性恐(kong)龍(long)(long)的代表。異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)也是(shi)博物(wu)館常見的恐(kong)龍(long)(long)之(zhi)一，部分(fen)原(yuan)因(yin)為克(ke)利夫蘭勞(lao)埃(ai)德恐(kong)龍(long)(long)采(cai)石場所出(chu)土(tu)的大量(liang)異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)化石;到了1976年(nian)，已經有三大洲、八個(ge)國家的38個(ge)博物(wu)館具有從克(ke)利夫蘭勞(lao)埃(ai)德恐(kong)龍(long)(long)采(cai)石場所出(chu)土(tu)的異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)化石。異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)是(shi)猶他(ta)州(zhou)的官方州(zhou)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)。

自20世(shi)紀初期開始，異特(te)龍便已出現(xian)在大眾文化之中(zhong)。在BBC(迷(mi)失的(de)世(shi)界(jie))中(zhong)就出現(xian)過異特(te)龍的(de)身影并襲(xi)擊(ji)了主角和(he)原(yuan)始人(ren)，另(ling)外本片中(zhong)有三只異特(te)龍。

異特龍還短暫的(de)出現在(zai)2009年的(de)電影(ying)《失落的(de)大(da)陸》在(zai)影(ying)片(pian)中與霸王(wang)龍展開了(le)對決但(dan)之后(hou)又和(he)霸王(wang)龍一起(qi)襲擊(ji)了(le)主(zhu)角和(he)他的(de)朋友，但(dan)在(zai)影(ying)片(pian)的(de)最后(hou)被主(zhu)角的(de)杯子炸死。

異特(te)龍也出現(xian)在BBC的(de)電視(shi)節目《與(yu)恐龍共舞》(Walking with Dinosaurs)的(de)第(di)二集與(yu)第(di)五集。而《與(yu)恐龍共舞》的(de)特(te)別節目《異特(te)龍之(zhi)謎(mi)》(Ballad of Big Al)，則是以著(zhu)名的(de)"大艾(ai)爾"作為主角(jiao)，敘述了它的(de)一(yi)生。

異(yi)特龍(long)也出(chu)現在《恐(kong)龍(long)x檔案》中。

另有紀錄片《恐龍(long)革命》第一(yi)季的(de)第二集《異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)故事》講述一(yi)只下顎被打斷的(de)異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)生活。

在(zai)CAPCOM于2000年推出的電子游戲《恐龍危機2》中(zhong)，異特龍也有多次登場。

異(yi)特龍也(ye)出現在(zai)IOS的(de)游(you)戲(xi)(侏羅紀世(shi)界)中被(bei)錯誤(wu)的(de)描(miao)述成有2個(ge)爪子(zi)類似霸(ba)王(wang)龍實際上真(zhen)實的(de)異(yi)特龍是有三個(ge)爪子(zi)，不要被(bei)游(you)戲(xi)欺騙了(le)。