東道(dao)主(zhu),是漢(han)語的一則成語,語出春秋(qiu)·左丘明(ming)《左傳·僖公三十年》。
春(chun)秋時(shi)鄭(zheng)大(da)夫燭之武(wu)見(jian)秦穆公(gong),要(yao)求秦軍停(ting)止進攻(gong)鄭(zheng)國(guo),鄭(zheng)國(guo)今后(hou)作(zuo)為東路上的居(ju)停(ting)主人招待(dai)來往的秦國(guo)使者(zhe)。因(yin)鄭(zheng)國(guo)在(zai)(zai)秦國(guo)東面,所(suo)以稱為“東道主”。這則成(cheng)語泛(fan)指接(jie)待(dai)或(huo)宴(yan)客的主人。其結(jie)構為偏正式(shi),在(zai)(zai)句子(zi)中可作(zuo)主語、賓(bin)語。
九(jiu)月甲(jia)午,晉(jin)侯秦(qin)伯圍鄭(zheng)(zheng),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)無(wu)禮於(wu)晉(jin),且貳於(wu)楚也。晉(jin)軍(jun)函陵,秦(qin)軍(jun)氾南。佚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狐言於(wu)鄭(zheng)(zheng)伯曰:“國危矣(yi)!若使燭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)見秦(qin)君(jun)(jun)(jun),師必退。”公從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。辭(ci)曰:“臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯(zhuang)也,猶不(bu)如人;今老矣(yi),無(wu)能(neng)為(wei)也已。”公曰:“吾不(bu)能(neng)早用(yong)子,今急而(er)求子,是寡(gua)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過也。然鄭(zheng)(zheng)亡,子亦有不(bu)利(li)焉。”許之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夜縋而(er)出,見秦(qin)伯曰:“秦(qin)晉(jin)圍鄭(zheng)(zheng),鄭(zheng)(zheng)既知(zhi)亡矣(yi)。若鄭(zheng)(zheng)亡而(er)有益於(wu)君(jun)(jun)(jun),敢以(yi)(yi)煩執事。越國以(yi)(yi)鄙遠,君(jun)(jun)(jun)知(zhi)其(qi)難(nan)也;焉用(yong)亡鄭(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)倍鄰(lin)?鄰(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚,君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薄也。若舎(she)鄭(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)東道主,行李之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往來,共其(qi)乏(fa)困,君(jun)(jun)(jun)亦無(wu)所害(hai)。且君(jun)(jun)(jun)嘗為(wei)晉(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)賜矣(yi),許君(jun)(jun)(jun)焦(jiao)、瑕(xia),朝濟而(er)夕設版焉,君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所知(zhi)也。夫(fu)晉(jin)何厭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有?既東封鄭(zheng)(zheng),又(you)欲肆其(qi)西封,若不(bu)闕秦(qin),將(jiang)焉取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?闕秦(qin)以(yi)(yi)利(li)晉(jin),唯(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)圖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”秦(qin)伯說(shuo),與鄭(zheng)(zheng)人盟,使杞(qi)子、逄孫、楊孫戍(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃(nai)還。(《左傳·僖公三十年》)
后人由(you)此典故(gu)提(ti)煉出成語“東道(dao)主(zhu)”,也作“東道(dao)主(zhu)人”。
春秋時代(dai),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)子重(zhong)耳(er)逃亡(wang)到(dao)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)曾經阻止(zhi)他進(jin)人(ren)(ren)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。后來重(zhong)耳(er)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做了國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),一(yi)直忘(wang)不掉這件事情,時刻想(xiang)要報仇,就聯合秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共同出兵(bing)攻打(da)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文公(gong)(gong)非常害怕,佚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狐(hu)向鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家危險了,如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)派(pai)燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武去(qu)見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)君(jun),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)隊一(yi)定退走。”鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文公(gong)(gong)聽了他的(de)(de)(de)意見,派(pai)燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武勸(quan)說(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)退兵(bing)。燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武推辭說(shuo):“臣壯年時,尚(shang)且不如(ru)(ru)別(bie)人(ren)(ren),現在(zai)老(lao)了,無(wu)(wu)能為(wei)力了。”鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文公(gong)(gong)說(shuo):“我沒(mei)有(you)及早重(zhong)用您(nin),危急時才來求您(nin),這是(shi)(shi)我的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)錯(cuo)。然而鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)亡(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了,對(dui)您(nin)也不利啊!”燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武答應了。夜里,把燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武用繩子從城上(shang)墜下(xia)去(qu)求見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)將(jiang)士禁(jin)止(zhi)他進(jin)去(qu),他便在(zai)城外放聲大(da)(da)哭起來。兵(bing)士們(men)把他抓到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)面前,問他為(wei)什么(me)哭,他說(shuo):“我為(wei)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)哭同時也為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)哭。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)東邊(bian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)西邊(bian),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)亡(wang),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)更強大(da)(da),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就顯(xian)得(de)(de)弱了。幫人(ren)(ren)家攻打(da)別(bie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地,反而削弱自(zi)己國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)力量,聰明(ming)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)不會做這種事情的(de)(de)(de)。”秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)聽了,大(da)(da)吃(chi)一(yi)驚,連聲說(shuo)道(dao):“對(dui),很(hen)對(dui)!”燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武又說(shuo):“如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)現在(zai)肯撤兵(bing)解圍,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就脫離(li)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),像臣子一(yi)樣服(fu)侍秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)讓(rang)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東邊(bian)道(dao)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren),那么(me),也可以供應秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)旅行(xing)來往中缺乏的(de)(de)(de)東西,對(dui)你也有(you)益無(wu)(wu)害呀!”秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)聽了,非常興(xing)奮,便同鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)訂立盟(meng)約,派(pai)將(jiang)軍(jun)杞子、逢孫、揚孫三人(ren)(ren)去(qu)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)駐防,自(zi)己帶著大(da)(da)軍(jun)秘(mi)密回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)因秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)背盟(meng),不得(de)(de)不撤兵(bing),于是(shi)(shi)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圍被(bei)解除(chu)了。
這則典故給人的啟示是(shi)(shi)(shi),“世界(jie)上沒(mei)有永遠(yuan)(yuan)的敵(di)人,也(ye)沒(mei)有永遠(yuan)(yuan)的朋友(you),只(zhi)有永遠(yuan)(yuan)的利(li)益(yi)。”對于(yu)國與國之間而言,這句話無疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)至理名言。燭之武很懂這一點,他知道(dao)秦君(jun)出錢(qian)出力(li),大老遠(yuan)(yuan)趕來,無非利(li)益(yi)使然(ran)。但(dan)問題是(shi)(shi)(shi),滅了鄭(zheng)國,秦國實際上是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)晉君(jun)打(da)工幫晉國增強實力(li)。相(xiang)反,如果不滅鄭(zheng)國而使它成為(wei)東(dong)方道(dao)路(lu)上的主人,秦國使臣經過,鄭(zheng)國供應他們的食宿、給養。無需動刀動槍,卻能得到莫大的好(hao)處(chu),亡(wang)鄭(zheng)保鄭(zheng),結果大相(xiang)徑(jing)庭(ting)。曉之以(yi)利(li),是(shi)(shi)(shi)燭之武成功的關鍵(jian)。
“東道主(zhu)”通常用于泛稱接(jie)待或宴請賓(bin)客(ke)的(de)主(zhu)人。這則成語在句子中可作(zuo)主(zhu)語、賓(bin)語。
唐(tang)·李白《望九華贈青陽韋仲堪(kan)》:“君為東(dong)道主,于此臥云松。”