一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車是否配備蓄(xu)能裝置，可把(ba)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車分(fen)為純燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車和混合型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)(chun)燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)上電(dian)能(neng)的唯一來(lai)源。這種(zhong)類型的燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)要求(qiu)燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)的功率(lv)大(da)，并且無法(fa)回收汽(qi)車(che)(che)制動能(neng)量。因此，純(chun)(chun)燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)目前應用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車上除燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)外，還同時(shi)(shi)配(pei)備(bei)了蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)（如蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等）。由于蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)可協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因而(er)可減(jian)小燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)功率(lv)，且(qie)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)還可用于汽車制動(dong)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)回(hui)收，所以可提高燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)利用率(lv)。因此(ci)，燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車多采用混(hun)合型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據(ju)混合型燃料(liao)電池電動汽車中(zhong)燃料(liao)電池和(he)蓄電池的電路(lu)結構，可將混合型燃料(liao)電池電動汽車分為串聯(lian)式和(he)并聯(lian)式兩(liang)種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相當于車(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通(tong)過(guo)DC/DC轉換(huan)(huan)器(qi)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)換(huan)(huan)后對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機提供驅動車(che)輛的(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)特點(dian)與普通(tong)的(de)串聯(lian)混合動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)相似。其優點(dian)是(shi)可采用小功率(lv)(lv)的(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)和功率(lv)(lv)要(yao)足夠大，且燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要(yao)經過(guo)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)轉換(huan)(huan)過(guo)程，從中(zhong)有能量(liang)的(de)轉換(huan)(huan)損(sun)失。目前，串聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)較為(wei)少見(jian)。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。根據燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能量(liang)大小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)配置不(bu)同，又可將其分為大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型和小(xiao)(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)。大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)主要由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)較小(xiao)(xiao)，只是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)起步、加速、爬(pa)坡等行駛工況時(shi)協(xie)(xie)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在車(che)輛(liang)減(jian)速與制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)進行能量(liang)回收。小(xiao)(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)則必須采(cai)用(yong)大容(rong)量(liang)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)主要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，而燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只是協(xie)(xie)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯(lian)式是目(mu)前燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)采(cai)用(yong)較多的(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)所提供(gong)的燃(ran)料(liao)不同(tong)，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車又可分(fen)為直接燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車和重整燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車兩大(da)類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)主要是純氫，也可以用(yong)甲醇等燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。采用(yong)純氫作燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車，其氫燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的儲存方(fang)式(shi)有(you)壓縮氫氣、液態氫和合金（碳納米管）吸附氫等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料主要有汽(qi)油(you)、天然氣、甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)、甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)、液化石油(you)氣等。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)結(jie)構要比(bi)氫燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)復(fu)雜得多。比(bi)如，甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)需(xu)要對(dui)甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)進行(xing)200℃左右的(de)(de)加熱(re)以分(fen)(fen)解(jie)出氫，汽(qi)油(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)也需(xu)要對(dui)汽(qi)油(you)進行(xing)1000℃左右的(de)(de)加熱(re)以分(fen)(fen)解(jie)出氫。無論采用(yong)什(shen)么燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)都需(xu)設置(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)裝置(zhi)，將(jiang)其他燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料轉(zhuan)化為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)氫。

直接以(yi)純氫為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車對(dui)儲氫裝置(zhi)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)較(jiao)高。但(dan)與重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車相比，直接燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)結構簡單、質量輕、能量效(xiao)率高、成本(ben)低。因此，目前(qian)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車采用重(zhong)整技術的(de)相對(dui)較(jiao)少，大都以(yi)純氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池(chi)汽車時，消費者應(ying)該充分考慮自己的(de)需(xu)求和(he)使用情(qing)況，并結(jie)合汽車的(de)性能、價格和(he)售后服務等因(yin)素做出正確的(de)決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者(zhe)首先應該對自己的(de)需求和(he)使用(yong)情況有一個清晰的(de)認識。如果是(shi)長途出行，需要考(kao)慮(lv)汽車(che)的(de)續航里程和(he)加氫(qing)設施的(de)覆蓋范圍；如果是(shi)市區代步，可(ke)考(kao)慮(lv)汽車(che)的(de)動力性能和(he)價(jia)格(ge)等因素(su)。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽車(che)的(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)是選擇時的(de)重要(yao)參考因素。消費者可根據自己的(de)使用需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)對汽車(che)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，選擇續(xu)航里程更(geng)長、動力性(xing)(xing)能(neng)更(geng)優(you)、充電(dian)(dian)速度更(geng)快的(de)車(che)型(xing)。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對(dui)于傳(chuan)統(tong)汽(qi)車(che)價格更高，消費者在(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)時需要(yao)(yao)根據自己的經濟實力做出(chu)決策。此外，還(huan)需要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)廠(chang)家售后服務的質量和(he)承諾(nuo)，確保汽(qi)車(che)能夠得到及時有效的維修和(he)保養。