一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)是否配備蓄能裝置，可把燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)分(fen)為純燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)和(he)混合型燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)兩(liang)大類(lei)。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車上(shang)電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)唯一來源。這種(zhong)類型的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車要求(qiu)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)功(gong)率大，并且無法回收(shou)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車制動能量。因此，純(chun)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車目前(qian)應用(yong)較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合型燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車上除燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)外(wai)，還(huan)同時(shi)配備了(le)蓄(xu)能裝置（如(ru)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超(chao)級電(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)池(chi)(chi)等）。由于(yu)蓄(xu)能裝置可協助供(gong)電(dian)，因而可減(jian)小燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功(gong)率，且蓄(xu)能裝置還(huan)可用于(yu)汽車制動(dong)時(shi)的(de)(de)能量回收，所以可提高燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)能量利(li)用率。因此，燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車多采用混合型結(jie)構(gou)。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合(he)型(xing)(xing)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車中(zhong)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)路結構，可(ke)將混合(he)型(xing)(xing)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車分為串聯式(shi)和(he)并聯式(shi)兩(liang)種(zhong)。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串聯(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相當于車(che)(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通(tong)過DC/DC轉(zhuan)換器進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)換后(hou)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛的全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)。串聯(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的特點(dian)與(yu)普(pu)通(tong)的串聯(lian)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)相似。其優點(dian)是可采用小功率的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要求(qiu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)和功率要足夠大(da)，且燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)需要經過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉(zhuan)換過程(cheng)，從(cong)中(zhong)有能(neng)(neng)量(liang)的轉(zhuan)換損失(shi)。目前，串聯(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)較為少見(jian)。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)由燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提(ti)(ti)供(gong)動(dong)力。根據燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)大小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)配置不(bu)同，又(you)可將其分為大燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型和小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩(liang)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)。大燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)主要(yao)由燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)較小(xiao)，只是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)起步、加速、爬坡等行駛工況時(shi)協(xie)助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車(che)輛減速與(yu)制(zhi)動(dong)時(shi)進行能量(liang)(liang)(liang)回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)則必須(xu)采用(yong)(yong)大容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，而(er)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只是協(xie)助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式是目前燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)采用(yong)(yong)較多的(de)(de)(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)所提供的燃(ran)料(liao)不同，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)又可分為(wei)直接燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)和重整燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的燃(ran)(ran)料主要是純氫(qing)(qing)，也可以用(yong)(yong)甲醇等燃(ran)(ran)料。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)純氫(qing)(qing)作燃(ran)(ran)料的燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車，其氫(qing)(qing)燃(ran)(ran)料的儲存方式有壓縮氫(qing)(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)(qing)和合(he)金（碳納米(mi)管）吸附氫(qing)(qing)等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料主要(yao)有汽(qi)(qi)油(you)、天(tian)然氣、甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)、甲(jia)(jia)烷、液化(hua)石(shi)油(you)氣等。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)結(jie)構要(yao)比氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車復雜得多。比如，甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車需(xu)要(yao)對甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)進行200℃左右的(de)加熱以(yi)分(fen)(fen)解出(chu)氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)油(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車也需(xu)要(yao)對汽(qi)(qi)油(you)進行1000℃左右的(de)加熱以(yi)分(fen)(fen)解出(chu)氫(qing)。無論采用什(shen)么燃(ran)(ran)料，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車都需(xu)設(she)置重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)裝置，將其他燃(ran)(ran)料轉化(hua)為燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池所(suo)需(xu)的(de)氫(qing)。

直(zhi)接(jie)以純(chun)(chun)氫(qing)為燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)對儲氫(qing)裝置的(de)要求較高(gao)。但與重整燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)相比，直(zhi)接(jie)燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)結(jie)構簡單、質量輕、能量效率高(gao)、成(cheng)本(ben)低。因此，目前的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)采用重整技術的(de)相對較少，大都以純(chun)(chun)氫(qing)為車(che)載氫(qing)源(yuan)。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇(ze)燃料電池汽(qi)車(che)時，消費者應該充分考(kao)慮自己的需求和使用(yong)情況，并結合(he)汽(qi)車(che)的性能、價格和售后服務等(deng)因素做(zuo)出正確(que)的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消(xiao)費者首先應該對自己的(de)需(xu)求和使用情(qing)況(kuang)有一個清晰(xi)的(de)認識。如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)長途(tu)出行，需(xu)要考慮汽車(che)的(de)續(xu)航里程和加(jia)氫設施的(de)覆蓋范(fan)圍；如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)市(shi)區代步，可考慮汽車(che)的(de)動(dong)力(li)性能和價(jia)格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料(liao)電(dian)池汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)是選擇(ze)時(shi)的(de)(de)重要(yao)參(can)考因素(su)。消費者可根據自(zi)己的(de)(de)使用需求和(he)對汽(qi)車(che)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)要(yao)求，選擇(ze)續航(hang)里(li)程更(geng)長、動(dong)力性(xing)(xing)能(neng)更(geng)優、充電(dian)速度(du)更(geng)快(kuai)的(de)(de)車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對于傳統汽車(che)價(jia)格更高(gao)，消費者在選(xuan)擇時需(xu)要根據自己的(de)(de)經濟實力做出決策。此外(wai)，還需(xu)要考(kao)慮廠(chang)家(jia)售后服務(wu)的(de)(de)質量(liang)和承諾，確保(bao)汽車(che)能夠得到及(ji)時有效的(de)(de)維(wei)修(xiu)和保(bao)養(yang)。