房屋改造(zao)結構拆(chai)改之新建墻(qiang)體(ti) 裝修新建墻(qiang)體(ti)分類(lei)與施工工藝
房屋改(gai)造結(jie)構拆(chai)改(gai)之新(xin)建墻體(ti)(ti) 裝修新(xin)建墻體(ti)(ti)分類與施工(gong)工(gong)藝
房屋設計改造中,存在有新建(jian)墻(qiang)體的情(qing)況時,需要分(fen)清(qing)楚是建(jian)那(nei)種墻(qiang)體。下(xia)面我們(men)來了解一下(xia)裝修墻(qiang)體分(fen)類以及墻(qiang)體保溫的知(zhi)識(shi)。
一、新建墻體分類與施工
一般家裝(zhuang)多用的(de)輕質(zhi)磚砌隔墻(qiang)(qiang)、骨(gu)架隔墻(qiang)(qiang)、成品墻(qiang)(qiang)體板(ban)材隔墻(qiang)(qiang)等組成非承重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)輕質(zhi)內隔墻(qiang)(qiang),這樣的(de)結構墻(qiang)(qiang)身薄,自重(zhong)(zhong)小,具有隔聲、防潮、防火等功能,只起(qi)隔斷(duan)作(zuo)用而不承重(zhong)(zhong)。
1、輕體磚砌墻
輕體磚的種類:
輕體(ti)磚(zhuan)的品種有粘土(tu)空(kong)心磚(zhuan)、粘土(tu)多孔磚(zhuan)、混(hun)凝土(tu)空(kong)心磚(zhuan)、陶粒磚(zhuan)、膨脹(zhang)加(jia)氣(qi)混(hun)凝土(tu)磚(zhuan)等(deng),家(jia)裝常用的是膨脹(zhang)加(jia)氣(qi)混(hun)凝土(tu)磚(zhuan)。輕體(ti)磚(zhuan)質輕、保(bao)溫、隔(ge)音,多用于(yu)非(fei)承重(zhong)墻(qiang)體(ti),還可用于(yu)框架的填充(chong)墻(qiang)等(deng)
輕體磚的施工:
大面積壘(lei)砌(qi)(qi)隔斷墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)常用100x300x600加(jia)氣(qi)磚斗(dou)砌(qi)(qi),新建(jian)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)需錯縫(feng)砌(qi)(qi)筑,與承重墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之間銜接(jie)處要多處使用鋼(gang)筋(jin)生根,增加(jia)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)的(de)(de)牢固性(xing),避免墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)角出現(xian)裂縫(feng)。新建(jian)輕體(ti)磚墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)應每(mei)隔50公分左右(兩塊磚的(de)(de)高度(du))加(jia)一圈(quan)鋼(gang)筋(jin),每(mei)圈(quan)兩根鋼(gang)筋(jin)平行放置(zhi),將鋼(gang)筋(jin)插入結(jie)合處老墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),與新建(jian)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)通體(ti)長,而且(qie)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)角拐彎(wan)的(de)(de)地方(fang)必(bi)須是整條鋼(gang)筋(jin)彎(wan)過來的(de)(de)。
新(xin)建墻(qiang)體外(wai)(wai)側在抹(mo)水(shui)泥之前要加掛(gua)鐵絲網,以增加墻(qiang)體和(he)外(wai)(wai)面貼瓷(ci)磚(zhuan)的(de)穩固性,避(bi)免(mian)新(xin)建輕體墻(qiang)出現開(kai)裂、抹(mo)灰層出現脫(tuo)落(luo)等(deng)現象。用加氣磚(zhuan)斗砌外(wai)(wai)抹(mo)水(shui)泥灰比(bi)例要正(zheng)確,避(bi)免(mian)抹(mo)灰層表面大面積(ji)的(de)龜裂。
2、骨架隔墻
骨架隔墻的材料:
家裝(zhuang)中(zhong)的(de)骨架隔墻(qiang)大多用(yong)輕鋼龍骨或(huo)木龍骨作骨架,外(wai)面釘石(shi)膏板和(he)石(shi)棉水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)板。石(shi)膏板以(yi)石(shi)膏料漿為夾芯,兩面用(yong)紙作護面的(de)一種輕質(zhi)板材(cai),強(qiang)度(du)高(gao)、防火、易于加工,常用(yong)于內墻(qiang)、隔墻(qiang)和(he)吊(diao)頂(ding)。石(shi)棉水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)板以(yi)優質(zhi)高(gao)標號水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)為基體(ti)材(cai)料,配以(yi)天然(ran)石(shi)棉纖維增強(qiang),經成型、加壓、高(gao)溫蒸養等處理(li)制成,具(ju)有(you)耐壓強(qiang)度(du)高(gao)、使(shi)用(yong)壽命長、防火、防水(shui)(shui)、防潮(chao)、耐腐蝕(shi)、抗沖擊、易加工等優點。
骨架隔墻的施工:
隔(ge)墻(qiang)龍(long)骨的(de)(de)施工(gong):做骨架隔(ge)墻(qiang)先要(yao)搭建龍(long)骨框架,按(an)設(she)計要(yao)求,沿地、墻(qiang)、頂(ding)位放線(xian),準(zhun)確保(bao)證隔(ge)墻(qiang)垂直(zhi),預埋墻(qiang)內(nei)的(de)(de)水暖、電氣(qi)設(she)備鋪設(she)管線(xian)時(shi),不得(de)切(qie)斷橫、豎向龍(long)骨。
隔墻石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)施工(gong):石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)宜延龍(long)骨(gu)豎向鋪設(she),長邊(bian)接(jie)縫(feng)在(zai)豎龍(long)骨(gu)中心線(xian)上,龍(long)骨(gu)兩(liang)側的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)及(ji)龍(long)骨(gu)一側的(de)(de)雙層板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)接(jie)縫(feng)應(ying)(ying)錯開。木龍(long)骨(gu)用(yong)(yong)木螺(luo)釘(ding)(ding)固(gu)定(ding),固(gu)定(ding)石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)使用(yong)(yong)汽釘(ding)(ding)來連(lian)接(jie),應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)自(zi)攻螺(luo)絲(si)來連(lian)接(jie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),釘(ding)(ding)頭略(lve)埋入板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)內(nei),但不(bu)(bu)得(de)損壞紙面(mian),釘(ding)(ding)眼應(ying)(ying)進行防銹處理。自(zi)攻螺(luo)釘(ding)(ding)沿石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)周(zhou)邊(bian)釘(ding)(ding)間(jian)距不(bu)(bu)得(de)大(da)于200mm,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中釘(ding)(ding)間(jian)距不(bu)(bu)得(de)大(da)于300mm,螺(luo)釘(ding)(ding)與板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)邊(bian)距離應(ying)(ying)為10 ~15mm。
一般陽臺(tai)與衛生間(jian)用(yong)輕鋼(gang)龍骨裝水(shui)泥(ni)板(ban),粘(zhan)磚(zhuan)要掛金屬網(wang),抹灰拉毛。經過多年的試驗,我在水(shui)泥(ni)板(ban)上先用(yong)祝邦(bang)104膠調(diao)素水(shui)泥(ni)漿(jiang)拉毛,再用(yong)祝邦(bang)膠調(diao)水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)貼磚(zhuan),不用(yong)掛網(wang),堅固耐用(yong),施工(gong)便(bian)捷。
3、石膏砌塊隔墻
石膏砌塊的原材料及性能:
石膏砌塊是以(yi)天然(ran)石膏與適量(liang)功能(neng)性摻合料(liao)和添加(jia)劑,加(jia)水(shui)攪(jiao)拌(ban)澆注(zhu)成型制成的(de)輕(qing)質隔(ge)(ge)墻產(chan)品,具有防火(huo)、隔(ge)(ge)熱、隔(ge)(ge)音性能(neng),可增加(jia)室內面積(ji),施工方便,可鋸、可釘(ding)、可鉆(zhan),易于(yu)加(jia)工,主要用于(yu)框架結構和其(qi)他結構建筑(zhu)的(de)非承重墻體,一(yi)般作為內隔(ge)(ge)墻。
石膏砌塊的施工步驟:
石膏砌(qi)塊的施(shi)工步驟是:隔墻(qiang)(qiang)放線→安(an)裝門窗洞口木(mu)框→作墻(qiang)(qiang)墊→砌(qi)塊排列擺(bai)塊→砌(qi)筑砌(qi)塊墻(qiang)(qiang)→管線及掛件安(an)裝→墻(qiang)(qiang)面找平(ping)→飾面層施(shi)工。
二、墻體隔音保溫
一般居室中(zhong)的隔墻(qiang)需要墻(qiang)體隔音,外(wai)墻(qiang)的陽臺(tai)墻(qiang)需要墻(qiang)體保(bao)溫(wen),如(ru)果陽臺(tai)改造(zao)把里面的門連窗拆除了,就要對陽臺(tai)墻(qiang)體做(zuo)(zuo)保(bao)溫(wen)隔熱的措(cuo)施,一般是在陽臺(tai)墻(qiang)里面做(zuo)(zuo)保(bao)溫(wen)層,可(ke)(ke)用(yong)苯板(圖3)或巖棉在龍骨(gu)內盡量塞滿不留(liu)空隙,也(ye)可(ke)(ke)砌泡沫磚或用(yong)其他保(bao)溫(wen)隔熱效果好的材(cai)料(liao)(如(ru)陶粒)做(zuo)(zuo)保(bao)溫(wen)層,多數保(bao)溫(wen)墻(qiang)面都要掛(gua)金屬網做(zuo)(zuo)防裂(lie)縫處理。
家裝做墻體隔音保(bao)溫方(fang)法(fa)除了用(yong)(yong)輕體磚及在龍骨中(zhong)填加苯板(ban)或玻璃棉(mian)、巖(yan)棉(mian)等,近年(nian)來(lai)出現一種新型保(bao)溫材料(liao)擠塑板(ban),其(qi)內部為(wei)獨立的密閉式氣泡(pao)結構(gou),保(bao)溫性能(neng)明(ming)顯(xian)優(you)越(yue)于其(qi)他(ta)的保(bao)溫材料(liao),并且在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)幾十(shi)年(nian)后其(qi)保(bao)溫性能(neng)仍(reng)能(neng)在80%以上。