太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)如何(he)轉化 太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)轉化成熱能(neng)和(he)電(dian)能(neng)的方(fang)式

太陽能如何轉化 太陽能轉化成熱(re)能和電能的方式

太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)是一(yi)種(zhong)輻射(she)能(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有即時性(xing)，必須即時轉換(huan)成其它形式(shi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)才能(neng)(neng)利用和貯存(cun)。將(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成不(bu)同形式(shi)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需要不(bu)同的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)轉換(huan)器(qi)(qi)：集熱(re)器(qi)(qi)通過(guo)吸收面可以將(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成熱(re)能(neng)(neng)，利用光伏效(xiao)(xiao)應太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池可以將(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，通過(guo)光合作用植(zhi)物可以將(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成生物質能(neng)(neng)，等(deng)等(deng)。原則(ze)上(shang)，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)可以直(zhi)接或間接轉換(huan)成任何(he)形式(shi)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，但轉換(huan)次數越多，最終太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)的效(xiao)(xiao)率便越低。

太陽能-熱能轉換

黑(hei)色(se)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)太陽(yang)(yang)輻(fu)射(she)，可(ke)以將(jiang)太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)轉換成熱能(neng)，其(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，但輻(fu)射(she)熱損(sun)失(shi)大，所(suo)以黑(hei)色(se)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)不是理想(xiang)的(de)太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)。選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)具有高的(de)太陽(yang)(yang)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)比(bi)和(he)低的(de)發射(she)比(bi)，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)太陽(yang)(yang)輻(fu)射(she)的(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，且輻(fu)射(she)熱損(sun)失(shi)小，是比(bi)較理想(xiang)的(de)太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)。這種吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)由(you)選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)材料制成，簡(jian)稱為選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)。它(ta)是在本世(shi)紀40年代提出的(de)，1955年達到實用要求，70年代以后研制成許多新(xin)型(xing)選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)并進行批量(liang)生產和(he)推(tui)廣應(ying)用，目前已研制成上百種選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)。

太陽能-電能轉換

電能(neng)是一種(zhong)高品位(wei)能(neng)量，利(li)用(yong)、傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配都(dou)比較方便(bian)。將太(tai)陽能(neng)轉換(huan)(huan)為電能(neng)是大規模利(li)用(yong)太(tai)陽能(neng)的重(zhong)要技術基(ji)礎(chu)，世界各國都(dou)十分(fen)重(zhong)視，其轉換(huan)(huan)途徑很多，有光(guang)電直接轉換(huan)(huan)，有光(guang)熱電間接轉換(huan)(huan)等。這里重(zhong)點介(jie)紹光(guang)電直接轉換(huan)(huan)器件--太(tai)陽電池。

世界上(shang)，1941年(nian)出現有關(guan)硅太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)報(bao)導(dao)，1954年(nian)研制成(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)率達6%的單晶硅太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，1958年(nian)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)應用(yong)于衛星(xing)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在70年(nian)代(dai)以(yi)前，由于太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效(xiao)率低，售價昂貴，主要(yao)應用(yong)在空間。70年(nian)代(dai)以(yi)后，對太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)材料、結構和工藝進行了廣泛研究，在提(ti)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)率和降低成(cheng)(cheng)本方面(mian)(mian)取得較大(da)進展(zhan)，地面(mian)(mian)應用(yong)規(gui)模逐漸擴大(da)，但從大(da)規(gui)模利用(yong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能而(er)言，與(yu)常規(gui)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相比，成(cheng)(cheng)本仍然大(da)高(gao)(gao)。

目前，世界上太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的實驗(yan)室效率最高水準為：單晶硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)24%（4cm2），多晶硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)18.6%（4cm2），InGaP/GaAs雙結(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)30.28%（AM1），非(fei)晶硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)14.5%（初(chu)始）、12.8（穩定），碲化(hua)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)15.8%，硅(gui)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)14.6%，二氧化(hua)鈦有機納米電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)10.96%。