太陽(yang)能(neng)如何(he)轉化(hua) 太陽(yang)能(neng)轉化(hua)成熱能(neng)和電能(neng)的(de)方式(shi)
太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)如何轉(zhuan)化(hua) 太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)熱能(neng)和電能(neng)的方式(shi)
太陽能是一種輻射能,具(ju)有(you)即時性,必須(xu)即時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其它(ta)形式能量(liang)(liang)(liang)才能利用和貯存。將(jiang)太陽能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不同形式的(de)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)需要不同的(de)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)器:集熱器通(tong)過吸(xi)收面可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)太陽能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熱能,利用光伏(fu)效應(ying)太陽電(dian)池可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)太陽能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)能,通(tong)過光合(he)作用植物可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)太陽能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)物質(zhi)能,等(deng)等(deng)。原則上,太陽能可(ke)以(yi)直接或間接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)任何形式的(de)能量(liang)(liang)(liang),但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)次數越(yue)多,最(zui)終太陽能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)的(de)效率便越(yue)低。
太陽能-熱能轉換
黑色(se)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)面吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)輻射(she)(she),可以(yi)將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng),其吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好,但輻射(she)(she)熱損(sun)失大(da),所(suo)以(yi)黑色(se)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)面不是(shi)(shi)理想的(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)面。選(xuan)擇性(xing)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)面具有高的(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)比和低的(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)比,吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)輻射(she)(she)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好,且輻射(she)(she)熱損(sun)失小,是(shi)(shi)比較理想的(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)面。這種(zhong)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)面由選(xuan)擇性(xing)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)材料制成(cheng),簡稱為選(xuan)擇性(xing)涂(tu)層。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)在本世紀(ji)40年代提出的(de),1955年達到實用(yong)要求(qiu),70年代以(yi)后研制成(cheng)許多新型選(xuan)擇性(xing)涂(tu)層并進行批量生產和推廣應(ying)用(yong),目前已研制成(cheng)上百種(zhong)選(xuan)擇性(xing)涂(tu)層。
太陽能-電能轉換
電(dian)(dian)能是(shi)一種(zhong)高品(pin)位(wei)能量,利(li)用、傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配(pei)都(dou)比較方(fang)便(bian)。將太(tai)陽(yang)能轉換為電(dian)(dian)能是(shi)大規模利(li)用太(tai)陽(yang)能的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要技術基礎,世界各國(guo)都(dou)十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視,其轉換途徑很(hen)多,有光(guang)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)接(jie)轉換,有光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)間接(jie)轉換等。這(zhe)里重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點介紹光(guang)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)接(jie)轉換器(qi)件--太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池。
世界上,1941年出現(xian)有關硅(gui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)報導,1954年研制成(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)率達6%的(de)單晶硅(gui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi),1958年太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)應(ying)用于衛星(xing)供電(dian)。在(zai)70年代(dai)以前(qian),由于太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)效(xiao)率低(di),售價(jia)昂(ang)貴,主要(yao)應(ying)用在(zai)空(kong)間。70年代(dai)以后,對太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)材料、結構和工(gong)藝進行了廣泛研究(jiu),在(zai)提高效(xiao)率和降低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)本方面(mian)取得較(jiao)大(da)(da)進展,地面(mian)應(ying)用規模(mo)逐漸擴(kuo)大(da)(da),但從大(da)(da)規模(mo)利用太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能而言(yan),與(yu)常規發電(dian)相比,成(cheng)(cheng)本仍然大(da)(da)高。
目前,世界(jie)上太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)實驗(yan)室效(xiao)率最高水(shui)準(zhun)為:單晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)24%(4cm2),多晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)18.6%(4cm2),InGaP/GaAs雙結電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)30.28%(AM1),非晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)14.5%(初(chu)始)、12.8(穩定),碲(di)化鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)15.8%,硅(gui)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)14.6%,二氧化鈦有機納米電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)10.96%。