太陽能(neng)如(ru)何轉化 太陽能(neng)轉化成熱(re)能(neng)和電(dian)能(neng)的方式(shi)

太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)如(ru)何轉(zhuan)化 太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化成熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)方(fang)式

太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是一種輻射能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有(you)即(ji)時(shi)性，必須即(ji)時(shi)轉換(huan)成其它形式能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)利用(yong)和貯存(cun)。將(jiang)(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成不(bu)(bu)同(tong)形式的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量需要不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)器：集熱器通過(guo)吸收面可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，利用(yong)光伏效應太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)電池可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，通過(guo)光合作用(yong)植物可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)(jiang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，等等。原則(ze)上，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)直接(jie)或間接(jie)轉換(huan)成任何形式的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量，但轉換(huan)次數越多，最終太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)的(de)效率便越低。

太陽能-熱能轉換

黑色吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽輻射(she)，可以(yi)將太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)，其吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好，但輻射(she)熱損失(shi)大(da)，所以(yi)黑色吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)不是(shi)理(li)想的(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)。選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)具有高的(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)比(bi)和(he)低的(de)發射(she)比(bi)，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽輻射(she)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好，且(qie)輻射(she)熱損失(shi)小，是(shi)比(bi)較理(li)想的(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)。這種吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)由選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)材料(liao)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)，簡稱為選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)涂(tu)層。它(ta)是(shi)在本世紀40年(nian)代提出(chu)的(de)，1955年(nian)達(da)到實用要求，70年(nian)代以(yi)后研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)許多(duo)新型選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)涂(tu)層并進行批量生產和(he)推廣(guang)應用，目前(qian)已研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)上百種選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)涂(tu)層。

太陽能-電能轉換

電(dian)(dian)能是(shi)一種(zhong)高品位能量，利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)、傳輸和(he)分(fen)配都(dou)比較方便(bian)。將太(tai)陽(yang)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能是(shi)大規模利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)太(tai)陽(yang)能的重(zhong)要技術基礎，世界各國都(dou)十分(fen)重(zhong)視，其轉(zhuan)換(huan)途(tu)徑很多(duo)，有光(guang)電(dian)(dian)直接轉(zhuan)換(huan)，有光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)間接轉(zhuan)換(huan)等。這里重(zhong)點介紹(shao)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)直接轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)件--太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池。

世界上，1941年出現有關硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)報(bao)導(dao)，1954年研制成(cheng)效率(lv)達6%的單晶硅(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，1958年太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)應(ying)用于(yu)衛(wei)星供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在70年代以前，由于(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效率(lv)低(di)，售價昂貴，主要應(ying)用在空間。70年代以后，對太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)材料、結構(gou)和工藝進行(xing)了廣泛研究，在提高效率(lv)和降低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)方面取(qu)得較大(da)進展，地面應(ying)用規模(mo)逐漸(jian)擴大(da)，但從大(da)規模(mo)利用太(tai)陽(yang)能而言，與常規發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相比(bi)，成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)仍(reng)然大(da)高。

目前，世界上(shang)太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)實驗室效率最高水準為(wei)：單晶硅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)24%（4cm2），多晶硅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)18.6%（4cm2），InGaP/GaAs雙結(jie)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)30.28%（AM1），非晶硅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)14.5%（初始(shi)）、12.8（穩(wen)定），碲化鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)15.8%，硅帶(dai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)14.6%，二氧化鈦(tai)有機納米電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)10.96%。