【開關電源(yuan)種類(lei)】開關電源(yuan)一般怎么(me)分類(lei) 開關電源(yuan)類(lei)型

開關電源一(yi)般(ban)有(you)(you)三種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)：頻率、脈(mo)(mo)沖寬度固(gu)定模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，頻率固(gu)定、脈(mo)(mo)沖寬度可變模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，頻率、脈(mo)(mo)沖寬度可變模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。前一(yi)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)多用于DC/AC逆(ni)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，或DC/DC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變換；后(hou)(hou)兩(liang)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)多用于開關(guan)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。另外，開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也有(you)(you)三種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)：直接輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、平均值(zhi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、幅值(zhi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。同樣，前一(yi)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)多用于DC/AC逆(ni)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，或DC/DC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變換；后(hou)(hou)兩(liang)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)多用于開關(guan)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

開關(guan)電源(yuan)可(ke)分為(wei)AC/DC和(he)(he)(he)DC/DC兩大類(lei)，DC/DC變換器現已(yi)實現模(mo)塊化(hua)，且(qie)設計技術及生產工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在國(guo)內外均已(yi)成(cheng)熟和(he)(he)(he)標準化(hua)；AC/DC的模(mo)塊化(hua)，因(yin)其自身的特性使得在模(mo)塊化(hua)的進程中(zhong)，遇到較為(wei)復雜(za)的技術和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)制(zhi)造問題(ti)。

（1）DC/DC變換

DC/DC變(bian)(bian)換(huan)是(shi)(shi)將固定的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)壓變(bian)(bian)換(huan)成可變(bian)(bian)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)壓，也稱為直(zhi)流(liu)斬波。斬波器的(de)工(gong)作方式(shi)有兩(liang)種，一是(shi)(shi)脈寬(kuan)調制方式(shi)Ts不變(bian)(bian)，改變(bian)(bian)ton（通用），二(er)是(shi)(shi)頻率調制方式(shi)，ton不變(bian)(bian)，改變(bian)(bian)Ts（易產生干擾）。其(qi)具體(ti)的(de)電(dian)路由以下幾類：

A、Buck電(dian)(dian)路——降(jiang)壓斬波器(qi)，其(qi)輸出平均(jun)電(dian)(dian)壓U0小于輸入電(dian)(dian)壓Ui，極性相同。

B、Boost電(dian)路(lu)——升壓(ya)斬波器(qi)，其輸(shu)出(chu)平(ping)均(jun)電(dian)壓(ya)U0大于(yu)輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)Ui，極性相(xiang)同(tong)。

C、Buck-Boost電(dian)(dian)路——降壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)斬波(bo)器，其輸(shu)出(chu)平均電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)U0大于(yu)或(huo)小于(yu)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Ui，極性相反，電(dian)(dian)感傳輸(shu)。

D、Cuk電(dian)路——降壓(ya)或升壓(ya)斬波器(qi)，其輸(shu)出(chu)平均電(dian)壓(ya)U0大于或小于輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓(ya)Ui，極性相反，電(dian)容傳輸(shu)。

當今(jin)軟(ruan)開(kai)關技(ji)術(shu)(shu)使(shi)得DC/DC發生了質的飛躍(yue)，美國VICOR公(gong)司設計制造的多種(zhong)ECI軟(ruan)開(kai)關DC/DC變換(huan)器，其(qi)最(zui)大輸(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)有300W、600W、800W等，相應的功率(lv)(lv)密度為(wei)（6.2、10、17）W/cm3，效率(lv)(lv)為(wei)（80～90）%。日本NemicLambda公(gong)司最(zui)新推(tui)出的一種(zhong)采(cai)用軟(ruan)開(kai)關技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的高(gao)頻開(kai)關電源(yuan)模塊(kuai)RM系列，其(qi)開(kai)關頻率(lv)(lv)為(wei)（200～300）kHz，功率(lv)(lv)密度已達到27W/cm3，采(cai)用同步整(zheng)流(liu)器（MOSFET代(dai)替(ti)肖(xiao)特基二極管），使(shi)整(zheng)個電路效率(lv)(lv)提高(gao)到90%。

（2）AC/DC變換

AC/DC變(bian)換(huan)(huan)是將交流(liu)變(bian)換(huan)(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)，其功(gong)(gong)率流(liu)向(xiang)可以是雙(shuang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)，功(gong)(gong)率流(liu)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)流(liu)向(xiang)負載的(de)(de)稱為(wei)“整(zheng)流(liu)”，功(gong)(gong)率流(liu)由(you)負載返回電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)稱為(wei)“有源(yuan)(yuan)逆變(bian)”。AC/DC變(bian)換(huan)(huan)器輸入為(wei)50/60Hz的(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因必須經整(zheng)流(liu)、濾波，因此體(ti)積(ji)相對較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器是必不可少的(de)(de)，同時(shi)因遇到安全標準（如UL、CCEE等(deng)）及(ji)EMC指令的(de)(de)限制(zhi)（如IEC、、FCC、CSA），交流(liu)輸入側必須加EMC濾波及(ji)使用符(fu)合安全標準的(de)(de)元件，這(zhe)樣(yang)就限制(zhi)AC/DC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)積(ji)的(de)(de)小型化，另外，由(you)于內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)頻、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)、大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)(kai)關動作，使得(de)解決EMC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)兼容問(wen)題難度(du)加大(da)(da)，也(ye)就對內部(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)密度(du)安裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路設(she)計(ji)提出了很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)要求，由(you)于同樣(yang)的(de)(de)原因，高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)(kai)關使得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)工作損耗增大(da)(da)，限制(zhi)了AC/DC變(bian)換(huan)(huan)器模塊化的(de)(de)進程，因此必須采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統優化設(she)計(ji)方(fang)法才能使其工作效率達到一定(ding)的(de)(de)滿意程度(du)。

AC/DC變(bian)換按電路(lu)的接線方式可分為，半波電路(lu)、全波電路(lu)。按電源相(xiang)數可分為，單相(xiang)、三相(xiang)、多相(xiang)。按電路(lu)工作象(xiang)限(xian)又可分為一象(xiang)限(xian)、二象(xiang)限(xian)、三象(xiang)限(xian)、四象(xiang)限(xian)。