一、柴油發電機基本結構

柴(chai)油發電(dian)機(ji)的(de)基本結構是由柴(chai)油機(ji)和發電(dian)機(ji)組成，柴(chai)油機(ji)作(zuo)動力帶(dai)動發電(dian)機(ji)發電(dian)。

柴油機的基本結構：由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)一(yi)般(ban)是單(dan)缸(gang)(gang)或多缸(gang)(gang)四行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)，下面小編說說單(dan)缸(gang)(gang)四行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)基本原理：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是通過人(ren)力(li)或其它動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)曲(qu)(qu)軸使活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)在頂部密閉(bi)(bi)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)中(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)上下往復運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)在運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)四個行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、燃(ran)燒和(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)（膨脹(zhang)）行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)由(you)上向下運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門打開，經(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器過濾的(de)新(xin)鮮空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)由(you)下向上運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門都關閉(bi)(bi)，空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)，溫(wen)度和(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)增高(gao)，完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)將要到達最頂點時，噴油(you)器把(ba)經(jing)過濾的(de)燃(ran)油(you)以霧狀噴入燃(ran)燒室中(zhong)與高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)混合立即自行(xing)(xing)著火(huo)燃(ran)燒，形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)向下作(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)曲(qu)(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉，完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)(wan)了后(hou)，活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)由(you)下向上移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門打開排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每個行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉半圈。經(jing)若干工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)循(xun)環后(hou)，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)在飛輪的(de)慣(guan)性下逐(zhu)漸加速進(jin)(jin)(jin)入工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

柴油機(ji)曲軸(zhou)旋轉便帶(dai)動發(fa)電機(ji)轉動發(fa)電，發(fa)電機(ji)有直流發(fa)電機(ji)和交(jiao)流發(fa)電機(ji)。

直流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要由發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)殼、磁極(ji)鐵芯(xin)、磁場線(xian)圈(quan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)炭(tan)刷(shua)等(deng)組(zu)成。工作發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理：當柴油機(ji)(ji)帶(dai)動發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞旋(xuan)轉時，由于發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的磁極(ji)鐵芯(xin)存在剩(sheng)磁，所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞線(xian)圈(quan)便在磁場中切割(ge)磁力(li)線(xian)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應原(yuan)理，由磁感應產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流并(bing)經炭(tan)刷(shua)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

交(jiao)(jiao)流發電(dian)機(ji)主(zhu)要由磁(ci)性材料制造多(duo)個(ge)南(nan)北極交(jiao)(jiao)替排列(lie)的(de)永磁(ci)鐵(tie)（稱為(wei)轉(zhuan)子）和硅鑄鐵(tie)制造并(bing)繞有多(duo)組(zu)串聯線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)電(dian)樞線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)（稱為(wei)定子）組(zu)成。工作發電(dian)原理：轉(zhuan)子由柴油(you)機(ji)帶動軸(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)切(qie)割磁(ci)力線(xian)(xian)，定子中交(jiao)(jiao)替排列(lie)的(de)磁(ci)極在(zai)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鐵(tie)芯中形成交(jiao)(jiao)替的(de)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)，轉(zhuan)子旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)一圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，磁(ci)通(tong)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)和大(da)小變換多(duo)次，由于磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)變換作用，在(zai)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)中將產生大(da)小和方向(xiang)(xiang)都變化的(de)感應電(dian)流并(bing)由定子線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)輸送出電(dian)流。

為(wei)了(le)保護用電設備(bei)，并維持其(qi)正(zheng)常工作，發(fa)電機(ji)發(fa)出的電流還需要調節(jie)器進行調節(jie)控制(zhi)等等。

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二、柴油發電機工作原理

簡(jian)而言之，就是柴油發電機(ji)驅動發電機(ji)運(yun)轉。

在(zai)汽缸內(nei)，經過(guo)空氣濾清器過(guo)濾后的(de)(de)(de)(de)潔凈空氣與(yu)噴(pen)油嘴噴(pen)射(she)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)霧化柴油充分混(hun)合(he)，在(zai)活塞上(shang)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擠壓(ya)下，體積縮小，溫(wen)度(du)迅速升高(gao)，達(da)到柴油的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)點。柴油被點燃(ran)(ran)，混(hun)合(he)氣體劇(ju)烈燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)，體積迅速膨脹，推動(dong)活塞下行(xing)，稱為‘作功’。各汽缸按一定(ding)順序依次作功，作用在(zai)活塞上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推力經過(guo)連桿變成了(le)推動(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)，從而帶(dai)動(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。將無刷同步(bu)交(jiao)流發電(dian)機與(yu)柴油發電(dian)機曲(qu)軸(zhou)同軸(zhou)安(an)裝(zhuang)，就可以利(li)用柴油發電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)帶(dai)動(dong)發電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，利(li)用‘電(dian)磁感(gan)應’原理(li)，發電(dian)機就會輸出(chu)感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)勢，經閉(bi)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負載回路就能產生電(dian)流。

這里(li)只描述發電(dian)機組最基本的工作原理。要(yao)(yao)想(xiang)得到可使用的、穩定的電(dian)力輸出(chu)，還需要(yao)(yao)一(yi)系列(lie)的柴油發電(dian)機和(he)發電(dian)機控制、保護器件和(he)回路(lu)。

二、柴油發電機操作規程

在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱為(wei)孤(gu)島操(cao)作(zuo)模式。并聯的(de)工作(zuo)發電(dian)機可以在部分負載(zai)(zai)下獲得更好的(de)效率。用于孤(gu)立社區的(de)主電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)孤(gu)島電(dian)廠通常將具有至(zhi)少三個柴(chai)油發電(dian)機，其中任意兩個均被額定承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)所(suo)需的(de)負載(zai)(zai)。

發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可以(yi)(yi)通過同(tong)步(bu)過程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)連接在(zai)一起。同(tong)步(bu)涉及在(zai)將發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機連接到系(xi)統之前(qian)匹(pi)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，頻率(lv)和(he)相位(wei)。在(zai)連接之前(qian)無(wu)法同(tong)步(bu)可能(neng)會導致高短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流或(huo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機或(huo)其開(kai)關設備的磨損。同(tong)步(bu)過程(cheng)可以(yi)(yi)由自動(dong)(dong)(dong)同(tong)步(bu)模(mo)塊自動(dong)(dong)(dong)完成，或(huo)由指導的操(cao)作(zuo)員手動(dong)(dong)(dong)完成。自動(dong)(dong)(dong)同(tong)步(bu)器(qi)將從發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)母線電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓讀取電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，頻率(lv)和(he)相位(wei)參數，同(tong)時通過發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機調(diao)速(su)器(qi)或(huo)ECM（發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機控(kong)制模(mo)塊）調(diao)節速(su)度(du)。

負(fu)載可(ke)以(yi)通過負(fu)載共享(xiang)(xiang)在并聯運行的(de)發(fa)電(dian)機之間(jian)共享(xiang)(xiang)。負(fu)載共享(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)以(yi)通過使用由發(fa)電(dian)機頻率控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)下降(jiang)速度控(kong)制(zhi)來實現，同時其不(bu)斷地調(diao)節發(fa)動機燃料控(kong)制(zhi)以(yi)將(jiang)負(fu)載轉移到(dao)剩余電(dian)源或從剩余電(dian)源轉移負(fu)載。當向其燃燒系統的(de)燃料供(gong)應增(zeng)加時，柴油發(fa)電(dian)機將(jiang)承擔(dan)更多的(de)負(fu)載，而如果燃料供(gong)應減(jian)少(shao)，則(ze)釋放負(fu)載。