一、柴油發電機基本結構

柴油發電機的基本結構是(shi)由柴油機和發電機組成，柴油機作動(dong)力帶動(dong)發電機發電。

柴油機的基本結構：由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的(de)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)一般是(shi)單(dan)缸(gang)或多缸(gang)四(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)，下面(mian)小編說(shuo)說(shuo)單(dan)缸(gang)四(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)基本(ben)原理：柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)起動(dong)(dong)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)人(ren)力(li)(li)或其它動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)曲(qu)軸使(shi)活塞(sai)在頂部密閉(bi)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下往(wang)復運(yun)動(dong)(dong)。活塞(sai)在運(yun)動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成四(si)(si)個行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)：進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)、燃燒和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)（膨脹）行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)及排氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。當活塞(sai)由(you)(you)上(shang)向下運(yun)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)門(men)打(da)開，經(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)濾清器過(guo)(guo)濾的(de)新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。活塞(sai)由(you)(you)下向上(shang)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)排氣(qi)(qi)門(men)都(dou)關閉(bi)，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)被壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)，溫度和(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)增高(gao)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。活塞(sai)將要到達(da)最頂點時(shi)，噴(pen)油(you)器把經(jing)過(guo)(guo)濾的(de)燃油(you)以霧狀噴(pen)入(ru)燃燒室(shi)中(zhong)與高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)混合立即(ji)自行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)著(zhu)火燃燒，形成的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)推動(dong)(dong)活塞(sai)向下作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)，推動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)了后，活塞(sai)由(you)(you)下向上(shang)移動(dong)(dong)，排氣(qi)(qi)門(men)打(da)開排氣(qi)(qi)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成排氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。每個行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)半圈。經(jing)若干工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)循環后，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)在飛輪的(de)慣性下逐漸加速進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。

柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸旋轉便帶動發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)轉動發(fa)電，發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)有(you)直流發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)和交流發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)。

直流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)殼、磁(ci)極鐵芯、磁(ci)場(chang)線(xian)圈(quan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和炭刷(shua)等組成。工(gong)作發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理：當柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)(ji)帶動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)旋轉時，由于發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的磁(ci)極鐵芯存在剩磁(ci)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)線(xian)圈(quan)便在磁(ci)場(chang)中(zhong)切割磁(ci)力線(xian)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應原(yuan)理，由磁(ci)感應產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流并經炭刷(shua)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

交(jiao)(jiao)流發(fa)(fa)電機主要由磁(ci)性材(cai)料(liao)制造多(duo)個南北極(ji)交(jiao)(jiao)替(ti)排列的(de)永(yong)磁(ci)鐵(tie)（稱為轉(zhuan)子(zi)）和硅鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)制造并繞(rao)有多(duo)組串聯線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)電樞線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)（稱為定子(zi)）組成(cheng)。工作發(fa)(fa)電原理：轉(zhuan)子(zi)由柴油機帶(dai)動軸向(xiang)(xiang)切(qie)割磁(ci)力(li)線(xian)，定子(zi)中交(jiao)(jiao)替(ti)排列的(de)磁(ci)極(ji)在線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)鐵(tie)芯(xin)中形成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)替(ti)的(de)磁(ci)場，轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)一圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，磁(ci)通(tong)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)和大小變換多(duo)次，由于磁(ci)場的(de)變換作用，在線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)中將產(chan)生(sheng)大小和方向(xiang)(xiang)都變化的(de)感應電流并由定子(zi)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)輸送出(chu)電流。

為了(le)保(bao)護用電(dian)設備，并(bing)維持(chi)其正常工作，發電(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)的電(dian)流(liu)還需要調(diao)節器進行調(diao)節控(kong)制(zhi)等等。

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二、柴油發電機工作原理

簡(jian)而(er)言之，就是柴(chai)油(you)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)驅動發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)轉。

在汽缸(gang)(gang)內，經過空(kong)(kong)氣濾清器過濾后的(de)(de)潔凈(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣與(yu)噴油(you)(you)嘴(zui)噴射出的(de)(de)高壓霧化柴油(you)(you)充分(fen)混(hun)合(he)，在活(huo)塞上行的(de)(de)擠壓下(xia)，體積縮小，溫(wen)度迅速(su)升(sheng)高，達到柴油(you)(you)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)點。柴油(you)(you)被點燃(ran)(ran)，混(hun)合(he)氣體劇烈燃(ran)(ran)燒，體積迅速(su)膨脹(zhang)，推動(dong)(dong)活(huo)塞下(xia)行，稱為‘作(zuo)功’。各(ge)汽缸(gang)(gang)按一定順序依次作(zuo)功，作(zuo)用在活(huo)塞上的(de)(de)推力經過連(lian)桿(gan)變成了推動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)力量，從而帶動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)旋轉。將無刷同(tong)步交流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)柴油(you)(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)同(tong)軸(zhou)安裝，就(jiu)可以利(li)用柴油(you)(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)旋轉帶動(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉子，利(li)用‘電(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應’原理(li)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)會輸(shu)出感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢，經閉合(he)的(de)(de)負載回路就(jiu)能產生電(dian)(dian)流。

這里只描述發(fa)電機(ji)組(zu)最基(ji)本的工作原理。要(yao)想(xiang)得到可使用的、穩定(ding)的電力輸出，還需要(yao)一系列的柴油(you)發(fa)電機(ji)和發(fa)電機(ji)控制、保護器件和回(hui)路。

二、柴油發電機操作規程

在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱為(wei)孤島(dao)操作模式。并(bing)聯(lian)的工作發電(dian)機可以在部分負載(zai)下獲得更好的效(xiao)率。用于(yu)孤立(li)社區的主(zhu)電(dian)源的孤島(dao)電(dian)廠(chang)通常將具有至(zhi)少三個(ge)(ge)柴油發電(dian)機，其中任意(yi)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)均被額定承載(zai)所(suo)需的負載(zai)。

發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機可以通(tong)過(guo)同(tong)步過(guo)程電(dian)(dian)連接(jie)在(zai)一起。同(tong)步涉及在(zai)將發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機連接(jie)到(dao)系統之前(qian)匹配(pei)電(dian)(dian)壓，頻率(lv)和(he)相(xiang)位。在(zai)連接(jie)之前(qian)無(wu)法同(tong)步可能(neng)會導致高短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流或(huo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機或(huo)其(qi)開關設備的(de)磨損。同(tong)步過(guo)程可以由自(zi)動(dong)同(tong)步模(mo)(mo)塊自(zi)動(dong)完成(cheng)，或(huo)由指導的(de)操作員手動(dong)完成(cheng)。自(zi)動(dong)同(tong)步器將從發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)母線電(dian)(dian)壓讀取電(dian)(dian)壓，頻率(lv)和(he)相(xiang)位參數，同(tong)時通(tong)過(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機調速器或(huo)ECM（發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機控(kong)制模(mo)(mo)塊）調節速度。

負(fu)(fu)載(zai)可以通過(guo)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)共(gong)享在(zai)并聯運(yun)行的發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)之(zhi)間共(gong)享。負(fu)(fu)載(zai)共(gong)享可以通過(guo)使(shi)用由發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)頻率控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的下降速(su)度控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)來實現，同時(shi)其(qi)不(bu)斷地調(diao)節發動(dong)機(ji)燃(ran)料控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)以將負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)移(yi)到剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)或從(cong)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)移(yi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)。當向其(qi)燃(ran)燒(shao)系(xi)統(tong)的燃(ran)料供應增(zeng)加(jia)時(shi)，柴油(you)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)將承擔更多的負(fu)(fu)載(zai)，而如果燃(ran)料供應減少，則(ze)釋放負(fu)(fu)載(zai)。