一、柴油發電機基本結構
柴油(you)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的基本結(jie)構是由(you)柴油(you)機(ji)和發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組成,柴油(you)機(ji)作動(dong)力(li)帶動(dong)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發電(dian)(dian)。
柴油機的基本結構:由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)一般是單(dan)缸(gang)或(huo)多缸(gang)四行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)的(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji),下(xia)(xia)面小(xiao)編說說單(dan)缸(gang)四行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)基本原理:柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)起動是通過(guo)人力或(huo)其它動力轉動柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)曲軸(zhou)使活塞(sai)在頂(ding)部密閉的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中作(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)往復運(yun)動。活塞(sai)在運(yun)動中完(wan)(wan)(wan)成四個行(xing)(xing)程(cheng):進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)、壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)、燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)和作(zuo)功(gong)(gong)(膨脹)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)及排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)。當(dang)活塞(sai)由上(shang)向下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動時進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門打開(kai),經(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器過(guo)濾的(de)(de)新鮮空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)。活塞(sai)由下(xia)(xia)向上(shang)運(yun)動,進(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門都關閉,空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo),溫(wen)度和壓(ya)力增高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),完(wan)(wan)(wan)成壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)過(guo)程(cheng)。活塞(sai)將要(yao)到(dao)達最頂(ding)點時,噴(pen)油(you)(you)器把經(jing)過(guo)濾的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)以霧狀噴(pen)入(ru)(ru)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)中與高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)的(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)混合(he)立即(ji)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)著火燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao),形(xing)成的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)推(tui)動活塞(sai)向下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)功(gong)(gong),推(tui)動曲軸(zhou)旋轉,完(wan)(wan)(wan)成作(zuo)功(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)。作(zuo)功(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)完(wan)(wan)(wan)了后,活塞(sai)由下(xia)(xia)向上(shang)移(yi)動,排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門打開(kai)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),完(wan)(wan)(wan)成排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)。每個行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)曲軸(zhou)旋轉半圈。經(jing)若干工作(zuo)循環(huan)后,柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)在飛輪的(de)(de)慣(guan)性下(xia)(xia)逐漸加速進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)工作(zuo)。
柴(chai)油機曲軸旋轉便帶動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機轉動發(fa)電(dian)(dian),發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機有直流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機和交流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機。
直(zhi)流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機殼、磁(ci)(ci)極鐵(tie)芯(xin)、磁(ci)(ci)場線(xian)圈(quan)、電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和炭刷(shua)等組成。工作發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)原理(li):當柴油(you)機帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)旋轉時,由(you)于發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的磁(ci)(ci)極鐵(tie)芯(xin)存在剩磁(ci)(ci),所以電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)線(xian)圈(quan)便在磁(ci)(ci)場中切割磁(ci)(ci)力線(xian),根據電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)原理(li),由(you)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)流并經炭刷(shua)輸出電(dian)(dian)流。
交(jiao)流發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)主(zhu)要由磁(ci)性材料制造(zao)多個南北極交(jiao)替(ti)排(pai)列(lie)的(de)永磁(ci)鐵(tie)(稱為轉子(zi))和硅鑄鐵(tie)制造(zao)并繞有多組串(chuan)聯線圈(quan)(quan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞線圈(quan)(quan)(稱為定子(zi))組成(cheng)。工作(zuo)(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)原理:轉子(zi)由柴油(you)機(ji)帶動(dong)軸向(xiang)(xiang)切(qie)割磁(ci)力線,定子(zi)中(zhong)交(jiao)替(ti)排(pai)列(lie)的(de)磁(ci)極在線圈(quan)(quan)鐵(tie)芯中(zhong)形成(cheng)交(jiao)替(ti)的(de)磁(ci)場,轉子(zi)旋(xuan)轉一圈(quan)(quan),磁(ci)通(tong)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)和大(da)小變換多次,由于磁(ci)場的(de)變換作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),在線圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)將產生大(da)小和方向(xiang)(xiang)都變化的(de)感應電(dian)(dian)流并由定子(zi)線圈(quan)(quan)輸送出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流。
為了保護用電設備,并維持(chi)其正常工作,發(fa)電機(ji)發(fa)出的(de)電流還需要(yao)調節器進行調節控制等等。
二、柴油發電機工作原理
簡而(er)言(yan)之,就(jiu)是柴油發電機驅(qu)動發電機運(yun)轉。
在汽缸內,經過(guo)空氣(qi)濾清器過(guo)濾后的(de)潔凈空氣(qi)與噴(pen)油(you)(you)嘴噴(pen)射(she)出的(de)高壓(ya)霧化柴(chai)油(you)(you)充分混合(he),在活塞上行的(de)擠(ji)壓(ya)下,體(ti)積縮(suo)小,溫(wen)度迅速(su)升高,達到柴(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)燃點。柴(chai)油(you)(you)被(bei)點燃,混合(he)氣(qi)體(ti)劇烈燃燒,體(ti)積迅速(su)膨脹,推(tui)動(dong)(dong)活塞下行,稱為(wei)‘作功’。各汽缸按一定順序(xu)依次作功,作用在活塞上的(de)推(tui)力經過(guo)連(lian)桿變成(cheng)了推(tui)動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)(qu)軸(zhou)轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)力量(liang),從而帶動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)(qu)軸(zhou)旋轉。將無(wu)刷同步(bu)交流發電(dian)機(ji)與柴(chai)油(you)(you)發電(dian)機(ji)曲(qu)(qu)軸(zhou)同軸(zhou)安裝,就(jiu)可以利用柴(chai)油(you)(you)發電(dian)機(ji)的(de)旋轉帶動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉子(zi),利用‘電(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)’原理,發電(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)會輸出感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢,經閉(bi)合(he)的(de)負載回路就(jiu)能(neng)產生電(dian)流。
這里只描述發電(dian)機(ji)組最基本的(de)工作原理。要想得到(dao)可使用的(de)、穩(wen)定的(de)電(dian)力輸(shu)出,還需要一系列的(de)柴油發電(dian)機(ji)和發電(dian)機(ji)控制、保護器件(jian)和回路。
二、柴油發電機操作規程
在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱為孤(gu)(gu)島操(cao)作(zuo)模式。并聯的工作(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)機可以在部分負(fu)載(zai)(zai)下獲(huo)得更好的效率。用于孤(gu)(gu)立社(she)區的主電(dian)(dian)源的孤(gu)(gu)島電(dian)(dian)廠通常(chang)將具有至少三個(ge)柴油發電(dian)(dian)機,其(qi)中任意兩個(ge)均(jun)被額定(ding)承載(zai)(zai)所需的負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。
發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)以通過同(tong)步(bu)(bu)過程電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起。同(tong)步(bu)(bu)涉及在(zai)(zai)將發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)連(lian)接到系統之前匹配電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),頻(pin)率和相位(wei)。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)接之前無法同(tong)步(bu)(bu)可(ke)能會導(dao)致高短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)或發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)或其開關設備的(de)磨損。同(tong)步(bu)(bu)過程可(ke)以由自(zi)動(dong)(dong)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)模(mo)塊自(zi)動(dong)(dong)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng),或由指導(dao)的(de)操作員(yuan)手動(dong)(dong)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)器將從發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和母線(xian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)讀(du)取電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),頻(pin)率和相位(wei)參數,同(tong)時(shi)通過發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)調速(su)器或ECM(發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)控(kong)制模(mo)塊)調節速(su)度。
負(fu)(fu)載可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)負(fu)(fu)載共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)在并聯運行的(de)發(fa)電(dian)機之間(jian)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)。負(fu)(fu)載共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)使用由發(fa)電(dian)機頻率控(kong)制的(de)下降速度控(kong)制來實現,同時其不斷地調(diao)節發(fa)動機燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)控(kong)制以(yi)將負(fu)(fu)載轉移到剩余(yu)電(dian)源或從剩余(yu)電(dian)源轉移負(fu)(fu)載。當向其燃(ran)燒系統的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)供(gong)應增加時,柴油發(fa)電(dian)機將承擔更(geng)多(duo)的(de)負(fu)(fu)載,而(er)如(ru)果燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)供(gong)應減少(shao),則釋放負(fu)(fu)載。