一、柴油發電機基本結構

柴(chai)(chai)油(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的基本結構是由柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組成，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)機(ji)作(zuo)動力帶動發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。

柴油機的基本結構：由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一般是單(dan)缸或多缸四(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)面小(xiao)編說(shuo)說(shuo)單(dan)缸四(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的工(gong)作(zuo)基本(ben)原理：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)是通(tong)過人力或其它動(dong)(dong)(dong)力轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)使活(huo)塞在頂部(bu)密閉的氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸中(zhong)作(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)往復(fu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。活(huo)塞在運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)完(wan)成(cheng)四(si)個行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、燃燒(shao)和作(zuo)功(gong)（膨脹）行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當活(huo)塞由(you)上(shang)向下(xia)(xia)(xia)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門打(da)開，經空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾(lv)(lv)清器(qi)過濾(lv)(lv)的新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸完(wan)成(cheng)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)塞由(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)向上(shang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，進(jin)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門都關閉，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被(bei)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)，溫(wen)度和壓(ya)(ya)力增高，完(wan)成(cheng)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)塞將要到(dao)達最(zui)頂點時(shi)，噴油(you)(you)器(qi)把經過濾(lv)(lv)的燃油(you)(you)以霧狀噴入(ru)燃燒(shao)室中(zhong)與高溫(wen)高壓(ya)(ya)的空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)混合(he)立即自行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)著火燃燒(shao)，形(xing)成(cheng)的高壓(ya)(ya)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)活(huo)塞向下(xia)(xia)(xia)作(zuo)功(gong)，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)，完(wan)成(cheng)作(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)了后，活(huo)塞由(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)向上(shang)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)，排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門打(da)開排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，完(wan)成(cheng)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每個行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)半圈。經若干工(gong)作(zuo)循環后，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在飛輪的慣性下(xia)(xia)(xia)逐漸加速進(jin)入(ru)工(gong)作(zuo)。

柴(chai)油(you)機曲軸旋轉(zhuan)便帶動發電機轉(zhuan)動發電，發電機有直流發電機和(he)交流發電機。

直流發電(dian)(dian)機主要由(you)發電(dian)(dian)機殼、磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)鐵芯、磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場線(xian)圈(quan)、電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)(shu)和炭刷(shua)等組成。工作發電(dian)(dian)原理(li)：當柴油機帶動發電(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)(shu)旋轉時，由(you)于發電(dian)(dian)機的磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)鐵芯存在剩(sheng)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)，所以電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)(shu)線(xian)圈(quan)便在磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場中切割磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力線(xian)，根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)(gan)應原理(li)，由(you)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)(gan)應產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流并經炭刷(shua)輸出電(dian)(dian)流。

交(jiao)流發(fa)電機主要由(you)磁(ci)性(xing)材料制(zhi)造多個南(nan)北極(ji)交(jiao)替(ti)排列(lie)(lie)的(de)永磁(ci)鐵(tie)（稱為轉子(zi)）和硅鑄鐵(tie)制(zhi)造并繞有多組串聯(lian)線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)電樞線(xian)圈(quan)（稱為定子(zi)）組成。工作(zuo)發(fa)電原(yuan)理(li)：轉子(zi)由(you)柴(chai)油機帶動軸向切割磁(ci)力線(xian)，定子(zi)中交(jiao)替(ti)排列(lie)(lie)的(de)磁(ci)極(ji)在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)鐵(tie)芯中形成交(jiao)替(ti)的(de)磁(ci)場，轉子(zi)旋轉一圈(quan)，磁(ci)通的(de)方(fang)向和大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)變換多次(ci)，由(you)于磁(ci)場的(de)變換作(zuo)用，在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)中將(jiang)產生大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)和方(fang)向都變化(hua)的(de)感應電流并由(you)定子(zi)線(xian)圈(quan)輸送出電流。

為了保護(hu)用電設(she)備，并維持(chi)其正常工作，發(fa)電機發(fa)出的電流還(huan)需要調節(jie)器進行調節(jie)控制等等。

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二、柴油發電機工作原理

簡而言之，就(jiu)是柴油(you)發電(dian)(dian)機驅動發電(dian)(dian)機運(yun)轉。

在汽缸內，經過(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)清器過(guo)濾(lv)后的(de)潔(jie)凈(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)與噴(pen)油(you)(you)嘴噴(pen)射出的(de)高壓霧(wu)化柴(chai)油(you)(you)充分混合，在活(huo)塞(sai)上行(xing)的(de)擠壓下，體(ti)積縮小，溫度迅速(su)升高，達到柴(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)燃點。柴(chai)油(you)(you)被(bei)點燃，混合氣(qi)體(ti)劇烈燃燒，體(ti)積迅速(su)膨脹，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)活(huo)塞(sai)下行(xing)，稱為‘作(zuo)功(gong)’。各汽缸按一定(ding)順序依次作(zuo)功(gong)，作(zuo)用在活(huo)塞(sai)上的(de)推力經過(guo)連桿變成了推動(dong)(dong)(dong)曲軸轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)力量，從(cong)而(er)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)曲軸旋(xuan)轉。將(jiang)無刷同(tong)步交(jiao)流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與柴(chai)油(you)(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)曲軸同(tong)軸安(an)裝，就(jiu)可(ke)以利用柴(chai)油(you)(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)旋(xuan)轉帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉子，利用‘電(dian)(dian)磁感應’原理，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)就(jiu)會輸出感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)勢(shi)，經閉合的(de)負載回路就(jiu)能產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流。

這里只描述發(fa)電(dian)機組最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)的工作原理(li)。要想得到可使用的、穩定的電(dian)力(li)輸出，還需要一系列的柴油發(fa)電(dian)機和發(fa)電(dian)機控制、保護器件和回路。

二、柴油發電機操作規程

在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱為孤島操(cao)作模式(shi)。并聯的工(gong)作發電(dian)機可(ke)以在部分負載下獲得更好的效率。用于(yu)孤立社區的主(zhu)電(dian)源的孤島電(dian)廠通常將(jiang)具有至少三個柴油發電(dian)機，其中(zhong)任意兩(liang)個均被額定承載所(suo)需的負載。

發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)以(yi)通過同(tong)步(bu)過程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)連接在(zai)一起。同(tong)步(bu)涉及在(zai)將發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機連接到系(xi)統之(zhi)(zhi)前匹配電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，頻率(lv)和(he)相位。在(zai)連接之(zhi)(zhi)前無法同(tong)步(bu)可(ke)能會導致(zhi)高(gao)短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)或(huo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機或(huo)其開(kai)關設(she)備的(de)磨損。同(tong)步(bu)過程(cheng)可(ke)以(yi)由(you)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)同(tong)步(bu)模塊自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)完成，或(huo)由(you)指導的(de)操作員手動(dong)完成。自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)同(tong)步(bu)器將從發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)母線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)讀取電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，頻率(lv)和(he)相位參數，同(tong)時通過發(fa)動(dong)機調速器或(huo)ECM（發(fa)動(dong)機控制模塊）調節速度。

負(fu)載(zai)(zai)可(ke)(ke)以通過負(fu)載(zai)(zai)共享(xiang)在并聯(lian)運行(xing)的(de)(de)發電(dian)機(ji)之間共享(xiang)。負(fu)載(zai)(zai)共享(xiang)可(ke)(ke)以通過使用由發電(dian)機(ji)頻率控(kong)制的(de)(de)下降速度控(kong)制來實現，同(tong)時其不斷地調(diao)節發動(dong)機(ji)燃料(liao)控(kong)制以將負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉移到(dao)剩(sheng)余電(dian)源或從(cong)剩(sheng)余電(dian)源轉移負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。當向其燃燒系統的(de)(de)燃料(liao)供(gong)應增加時，柴(chai)油(you)發電(dian)機(ji)將承(cheng)擔更多的(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，而(er)如果燃料(liao)供(gong)應減少，則釋放(fang)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。