一、柴油發電機基本結構

柴油發電機的基本結構(gou)是由柴油機和發電機組成，柴油機作動(dong)力(li)帶動(dong)發電機發電。

柴油機的基本結構：由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的(de)(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機一般(ban)是(shi)單(dan)缸(gang)(gang)或多缸(gang)(gang)四行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機，下(xia)(xia)面小編說說單(dan)缸(gang)(gang)四行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)基本(ben)原理：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機起動是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)人力(li)或其它動力(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機曲(qu)軸使活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)在頂部密閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)中(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)往復運(yun)動。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)在運(yun)動中(zhong)完成(cheng)四個行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)(ya)縮行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、燃燒和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功（膨脹）行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)由(you)上(shang)向下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動時進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)打開(kai)(kai)，經空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾(lv)清器過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)完成(cheng)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)由(you)下(xia)(xia)向上(shang)運(yun)動，進(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)都關(guan)閉(bi)，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)被壓(ya)(ya)縮，溫(wen)度和(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)增高(gao)，完成(cheng)壓(ya)(ya)縮過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)將要到達最頂點時，噴油(you)(you)器把(ba)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油(you)(you)以霧(wu)狀噴入(ru)燃燒室中(zhong)與高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)混(hun)合立即(ji)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)著(zhu)火燃燒，形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)推動活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)向下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功，推動曲(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，完成(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)功行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完了后，活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)由(you)下(xia)(xia)向上(shang)移動，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)打開(kai)(kai)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，完成(cheng)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每個行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)半圈(quan)。經若干工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)循環后，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機在飛(fei)輪的(de)(de)(de)(de)慣性(xing)下(xia)(xia)逐(zhu)漸加速進(jin)入(ru)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。

柴油機(ji)(ji)曲軸旋轉(zhuan)便帶動發電機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動發電，發電機(ji)(ji)有直流發電機(ji)(ji)和交流發電機(ji)(ji)。

直流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主要由(you)(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)殼(ke)、磁(ci)(ci)極鐵芯、磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)線圈、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和炭刷(shua)(shua)等組成(cheng)。工(gong)作發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理：當(dang)柴油(you)機(ji)帶動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)旋轉時，由(you)(you)于發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)極鐵芯存在(zai)剩磁(ci)(ci)，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)線圈便在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中切割磁(ci)(ci)力線，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應原理，由(you)(you)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流并(bing)經炭刷(shua)(shua)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

交流發電機主要(yao)由(you)磁(ci)性材料制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)多(duo)個南北極交替排列(lie)的(de)永磁(ci)鐵（稱為轉子(zi)）和(he)硅鑄(zhu)鐵制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)并繞有(you)多(duo)組串聯線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)電樞線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)（稱為定子(zi)）組成(cheng)。工作(zuo)發電原理：轉子(zi)由(you)柴油(you)機帶動軸(zhou)向切(qie)割磁(ci)力線(xian)，定子(zi)中交替排列(lie)的(de)磁(ci)極在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)鐵芯中形成(cheng)交替的(de)磁(ci)場(chang)，轉子(zi)旋轉一(yi)圈(quan)(quan)，磁(ci)通的(de)方(fang)向和(he)大小變(bian)換多(duo)次，由(you)于磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)變(bian)換作(zuo)用，在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中將產生大小和(he)方(fang)向都變(bian)化的(de)感應電流并由(you)定子(zi)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)輸送出電流。

為了(le)保護用電設備，并維持其(qi)正常工作，發(fa)電機發(fa)出的(de)電流還需要調節器進行(xing)調節控制等等。

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二、柴油發電機工作原理

簡而言之(zhi)，就是柴油發電(dian)機驅動(dong)發電(dian)機運轉。

在(zai)汽缸內，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)濾清器過(guo)濾后的(de)潔(jie)凈空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)與噴(pen)油嘴噴(pen)射出的(de)高(gao)壓霧化柴油充分混(hun)合(he)，在(zai)活(huo)塞上行的(de)擠壓下(xia)，體(ti)(ti)積(ji)縮小，溫度迅速升高(gao)，達到柴油的(de)燃(ran)點。柴油被(bei)點燃(ran)，混(hun)合(he)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)劇烈(lie)燃(ran)燒，體(ti)(ti)積(ji)迅速膨脹，推動(dong)活(huo)塞下(xia)行，稱為‘作功’。各汽缸按一定順序依次(ci)作功，作用在(zai)活(huo)塞上的(de)推力經(jing)(jing)過(guo)連桿(gan)變(bian)成了推動(dong)曲軸轉動(dong)的(de)力量(liang)，從(cong)而帶動(dong)曲軸旋(xuan)轉。將無刷同步交流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與柴油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)曲軸同軸安裝，就(jiu)可(ke)以利(li)用柴油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)旋(xuan)轉帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉子，利(li)用‘電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)(ying)’原理，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)會輸出感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢，經(jing)(jing)閉合(he)的(de)負載回路就(jiu)能產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

這(zhe)里(li)只描述發電機組最(zui)基本的工作(zuo)原理。要想(xiang)得到可(ke)使用的、穩定的電力輸(shu)出，還需要一系列的柴油(you)發電機和發電機控制、保(bao)護器件和回路。

二、柴油發電機操作規程

在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱(cheng)為孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)操作模(mo)式。并聯的(de)工作發電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)以在部分負載下獲得(de)更好的(de)效率。用于孤(gu)(gu)立社區的(de)主電(dian)源的(de)孤(gu)(gu)島(dao)電(dian)廠通常將具有至少三個(ge)柴油發電(dian)機(ji)，其中任意兩個(ge)均被額定承載所需的(de)負載。

發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過同(tong)步(bu)過程電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接(jie)在一起。同(tong)步(bu)涉及在將發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)連(lian)接(jie)到(dao)系(xi)統之前(qian)匹配電(dian)(dian)壓，頻率(lv)和相(xiang)位(wei)。在連(lian)接(jie)之前(qian)無法(fa)同(tong)步(bu)可(ke)能(neng)會導致高短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)或(huo)(huo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或(huo)(huo)其開(kai)關設備的磨損。同(tong)步(bu)過程可(ke)以(yi)由(you)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)同(tong)步(bu)模塊(kuai)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)完成，或(huo)(huo)由(you)指導的操(cao)作員手動(dong)(dong)完成。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)同(tong)步(bu)器(qi)將從(cong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和母線電(dian)(dian)壓讀(du)取電(dian)(dian)壓，頻率(lv)和相(xiang)位(wei)參數，同(tong)時通(tong)過發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)調速器(qi)或(huo)(huo)ECM（發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制模塊(kuai)）調節速度。

負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)共(gong)享(xiang)在(zai)并(bing)聯運行的(de)發(fa)電機之間共(gong)享(xiang)。負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)共(gong)享(xiang)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)使用由(you)發(fa)電機頻率控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)下(xia)降速度控(kong)制(zhi)來(lai)實現，同時(shi)(shi)其不斷地調節發(fa)動(dong)機燃(ran)料控(kong)制(zhi)以(yi)(yi)將(jiang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉移(yi)到剩(sheng)余電源或從剩(sheng)余電源轉移(yi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)。當向其燃(ran)燒系統的(de)燃(ran)料供應(ying)增加時(shi)(shi)，柴油發(fa)電機將(jiang)承擔(dan)更多的(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)，而如果燃(ran)料供應(ying)減少(shao)，則釋放負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)。