一、柴油發電機基本結構

柴油(you)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的基本結構(gou)是由柴油(you)機(ji)(ji)和發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)成，柴油(you)機(ji)(ji)作動力帶動發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)發電(dian)。

柴油機的基本結構：由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的(de)柴油機(ji)一般(ban)是單缸(gang)(gang)或多缸(gang)(gang)四(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)柴油機(ji)，下(xia)面小(xiao)編說說單缸(gang)(gang)四(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)柴油機(ji)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)基本(ben)原理：柴油機(ji)起動(dong)是通過人力(li)或其它動(dong)力(li)轉(zhuan)動(dong)柴油機(ji)曲軸(zhou)使活塞(sai)在(zai)頂(ding)部密閉(bi)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)中作(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)往復運(yun)動(dong)。活塞(sai)在(zai)運(yun)動(dong)中完(wan)(wan)成四(si)(si)個行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、燃燒和(he)作(zuo)功(gong)（膨脹）行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當活塞(sai)由(you)上(shang)(shang)向下(xia)運(yun)動(dong)時進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)門打(da)開(kai)，經空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)濾(lv)清器過濾(lv)的(de)新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)完(wan)(wan)成進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活塞(sai)由(you)下(xia)向上(shang)(shang)運(yun)動(dong)，進(jin)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)門都(dou)關閉(bi)，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)被壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮，溫度和(he)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)增(zeng)高，完(wan)(wan)成壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活塞(sai)將(jiang)要到達最頂(ding)點(dian)時，噴(pen)油器把(ba)經過濾(lv)的(de)燃油以霧狀噴(pen)入燃燒室中與高溫高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)混合立即自行(xing)(xing)(xing)著火燃燒，形成的(de)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)推動(dong)活塞(sai)向下(xia)作(zuo)功(gong)，推動(dong)曲軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)，完(wan)(wan)成作(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)功(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)(wan)了后，活塞(sai)由(you)下(xia)向上(shang)(shang)移動(dong)，排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)門打(da)開(kai)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)，完(wan)(wan)成排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每個行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)半圈。經若干工(gong)作(zuo)循環后，柴油機(ji)在(zai)飛輪(lun)的(de)慣性下(xia)逐漸加速進(jin)入工(gong)作(zuo)。

柴油機曲(qu)軸旋轉便(bian)帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機轉動(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機有直流發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機和交流發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機。

直(zhi)流發(fa)電機(ji)主要由發(fa)電機(ji)殼、磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)鐵(tie)芯(xin)、磁(ci)(ci)場線圈、電樞和(he)炭(tan)刷(shua)等組成。工作發(fa)電原理：當柴油機(ji)帶動(dong)發(fa)電機(ji)電樞旋轉時，由于(yu)發(fa)電機(ji)的磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)鐵(tie)芯(xin)存在(zai)剩磁(ci)(ci)，所以電樞線圈便在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)場中切割磁(ci)(ci)力線，根據電磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)原理，由磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)產生電流并(bing)經炭(tan)刷(shua)輸出(chu)電流。

交(jiao)流發電機主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)(you)磁(ci)(ci)性材料(liao)制造多(duo)(duo)個南北極交(jiao)替排列的(de)(de)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)鐵（稱為轉子(zi)）和硅鑄鐵制造并(bing)(bing)繞有多(duo)(duo)組(zu)串聯線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電樞線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)（稱為定(ding)(ding)子(zi)）組(zu)成。工(gong)作發電原理(li)：轉子(zi)由(you)(you)柴油機帶(dai)動軸向切割磁(ci)(ci)力線(xian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)交(jiao)替排列的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)極在線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)鐵芯中(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)成交(jiao)替的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)，轉子(zi)旋轉一圈(quan)(quan)，磁(ci)(ci)通的(de)(de)方(fang)向和大小變(bian)換多(duo)(duo)次(ci)，由(you)(you)于磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)的(de)(de)變(bian)換作用，在線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)將產生大小和方(fang)向都變(bian)化的(de)(de)感應電流并(bing)(bing)由(you)(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)輸送出電流。

為了保護用電(dian)設(she)備，并維持其正常工作，發(fa)電(dian)機發(fa)出的電(dian)流還需要調節(jie)器進(jin)行調節(jie)控(kong)制等(deng)等(deng)。

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二、柴油發電機工作原理

簡(jian)而言之，就是柴油(you)發(fa)電(dian)機驅動(dong)發(fa)電(dian)機運(yun)轉。

在(zai)汽缸(gang)內(nei)，經(jing)過(guo)空氣(qi)濾清器過(guo)濾后的潔凈(jing)空氣(qi)與噴油嘴噴射出(chu)的高壓(ya)霧化柴油充分(fen)混(hun)合(he)，在(zai)活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)上行的擠壓(ya)下，體(ti)積縮小，溫度迅(xun)速升高，達到(dao)柴油的燃(ran)(ran)點。柴油被點燃(ran)(ran)，混(hun)合(he)氣(qi)體(ti)劇烈(lie)燃(ran)(ran)燒，體(ti)積迅(xun)速膨脹(zhang)，推動活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)下行，稱(cheng)為‘作(zuo)功(gong)(gong)’。各汽缸(gang)按一定順序依次作(zuo)功(gong)(gong)，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)上的推力經(jing)過(guo)連桿變成了推動曲(qu)(qu)(qu)軸(zhou)轉動的力量，從而帶動曲(qu)(qu)(qu)軸(zhou)旋(xuan)轉。將無刷同步(bu)交(jiao)流發電(dian)(dian)機與柴油發電(dian)(dian)機曲(qu)(qu)(qu)軸(zhou)同軸(zhou)安裝，就(jiu)可(ke)以利(li)用(yong)柴油發電(dian)(dian)機的旋(xuan)轉帶動發電(dian)(dian)機的轉子，利(li)用(yong)‘電(dian)(dian)磁感應’原(yuan)理，發電(dian)(dian)機就(jiu)會輸出(chu)感應電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)，經(jing)閉(bi)合(he)的負載回路就(jiu)能(neng)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)流。

這里只描述(shu)發電(dian)(dian)機組最基本的工作原理。要(yao)想(xiang)得到可(ke)使用的、穩定的電(dian)(dian)力輸(shu)出(chu)，還需要(yao)一系列(lie)的柴油發電(dian)(dian)機和(he)發電(dian)(dian)機控制(zhi)、保護器(qi)件和(he)回路。

二、柴油發電機操作規程

在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱為孤(gu)島(dao)操作(zuo)模式。并聯的(de)(de)工作(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)機可以(yi)在部分負載(zai)下獲得更(geng)好的(de)(de)效率。用于(yu)孤(gu)立(li)社(she)區的(de)(de)主電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)孤(gu)島(dao)電(dian)(dian)廠通(tong)常將具有至少(shao)三個柴油(you)發電(dian)(dian)機，其中任意(yi)兩個均被額(e)定承載(zai)所需的(de)(de)負載(zai)。

發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可以通(tong)過同(tong)步(bu)(bu)過程電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)連(lian)接在一起(qi)。同(tong)步(bu)(bu)涉(she)及在將發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)連(lian)接到(dao)系(xi)統(tong)之前匹配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，頻率和(he)相位。在連(lian)接之前無法同(tong)步(bu)(bu)可能會導(dao)致高短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流或發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或其開關(guan)設備的磨損(sun)。同(tong)步(bu)(bu)過程可以由(you)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)模塊自(zi)(zi)動(dong)完(wan)成，或由(you)指導(dao)的操作員手動(dong)完(wan)成。自(zi)(zi)動(dong)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)器將從發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)母(mu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)讀取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，頻率和(he)相位參數(shu)，同(tong)時通(tong)過發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)調速器或ECM（發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)模塊）調節速度(du)。

負(fu)載(zai)可以通過負(fu)載(zai)共享在并聯運行的(de)(de)發電(dian)機(ji)之間共享。負(fu)載(zai)共享可以通過使用由發電(dian)機(ji)頻率(lv)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)下降速度(du)控制(zhi)來實現(xian)，同時(shi)其不斷地(di)調(diao)節發動(dong)機(ji)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)控制(zhi)以將負(fu)載(zai)轉移(yi)到剩(sheng)余電(dian)源或從(cong)剩(sheng)余電(dian)源轉移(yi)負(fu)載(zai)。當向(xiang)其燃(ran)燒系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)供應增加時(shi)，柴(chai)油發電(dian)機(ji)將承擔更多(duo)的(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)，而如(ru)果燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)供應減(jian)少，則釋放負(fu)載(zai)。